Mobility:Land is not geographically mobile. But, it is occupationally mobile. In most parts of India, for example, land has many alternative uses. It might be used for farmland, roads, rail ways, airlines, public parks, playgrounds, resi dential housing, office buildings, shopping complex, and so on. Some of the land, for example, in hill area, of say, Shillong, or Darjeeling, has an extremely limited degree of occupational mobility, being useful perhaps for sheep grazing, golf course or as a centre of tourism. Return: The income received by the owner of land is known as rent. It may be noted that rent is usually paid for something more than the use of land or another natural resource, but includes also an element of payment for another factor which is involved in making the resource available in a usable form. Characteristics of Capital as a factor of productionCapital is manmade factor of productionIts mobileIt s a passive factor of productionTypes of capitalFixedWorkingventureCharacteristics of an entrepreneurX-tics of an entrepreneurConsumer concerns addressed in the production of goods and servicesLearners to check on thisMarketing of Goods and ServicesA market can be defined as a place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods, services and other relevant information is called a market. Both these parties can meet in a city, state, province, country and region. The market may be a physical or virtual. The one party seller sells a product or service to a buyer for money benefits. Most of the time there are more than single buyers and seller in the marketplace. The value and prices of product and service are based on the law demand and supply in the market. Types of MarketsPhysical Markets. Any physical market is a place where buyers and sellers physically meet that involve both parties in a transaction in exchange for money. Few good examples are departmental stores, shopping malls and retail storesVirtual Markets Internet Markets. Todays business environment such type of markets are increasing on a fast track. It is a place where the seller offers goods and services via online platform i.e. internet. Buyers and sellers are not required to physically meet or interact. Examples are Freelancer.com, Amazon.com. Auction Market. An auction market is a place where sellers and buyers indicate the lowest and highest prices they are willing to exchange.


Examples are Freelancer.com, Amazon.com. Auction Market. An auction market is a place where sellers and buyers indicate the lowest and highest prices they are willing to exchange. This exchange takes place when both the sellers and buyers agree on a price. A good example is the New York Stock Exchange NYSE . What is Market SizeMarket size refers to the total number of people in a specific market who has the potential to buy and sell products and services. Whenever companies launch a new product they are very interested to know the market size. For any market, two factors are very importantTotal number of buyers and sellersTotal money in the market on the annual basisMarketingMarketing is a process by which a product or service is introduced and promoted to potential customers. Without marketing, your business may offer the best products or services in your industry, but none of your potential customers would know about it. Without marketing, sales may crash and companies may have to close. Types of MarketingWhere your marketing campaigns live depends entirely on where your customers spend their time. It's up to you to conduct market research that determines which types of marketing -- and which mix of tools within each type -- is best for building your brand. Here are several types of marketing that are relevant today, some of which have stood the test of time:Internet marketing: Inspired by an Excedrin product campaign that took place online, the very idea of having a presence on the internet for business reasons is a type of marketing in and of itself. Search engine optimization: Abbreviated "SEO," this is the process of optimizing content on a website so that it appears in search engine results. It's used by marketers to attract people who perform searches that imply they're interested in learning about a particular industry. Blog marketing: Blogs are no longer exclusive to the individual writer. Brands now publish blogs to write about their industry and nurture the interest of potential customers who browse the internet for information. Social media marketing: Businesses can use Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, and similar social networks to create impressions on their audience over time. Print marketing: As newspapers and magazines get better at understanding who subscribes to their print material, businesses continue to sponsor articles, photography, and similar content in the publications their customers are reading. Search engine marketing: This type of marketing is a bit different than SEO, which is described above. Businesses can now pay a search engine to place links on pages of its index that get high exposure to their audience.


Print marketing: As newspapers and magazines get better at understanding who subscribes to their print material, businesses continue to sponsor articles, photography, and similar content in the publications their customers are reading. Search engine marketing: This type of marketing is a bit different than SEO, which is described above. Businesses can now pay a search engine to place links on pages of its index that get high exposure to their audience. It's a concept called "pay-per-click" -- I'll show you an example of this in the next section . Video marketing: While there were once just commercials, marketers now put money into creating and publishing all kinds of videos that entertain and educate their core customers. The 4 Ps of MarketingEssentially, these 4 Ps explain how marketing interacts with each stage of the business. ConsumersA consumer is any individual or group that uses goods or services. Generally, this means an individual who pays for goods or services, although sometimes the good or service is not paid for, but is instead received as a gift or favor. Usually, the term is used when referring to the demand side of the market. For example, in economics, it is often said that consumers are influenced by price when they make their buying decisions. Following are the things that customers look at for before buying a product. 1 Price: The price of the product is the first thing that almost 80 of the customers look at before buying a product. Because every customer has their own budget and they usually tend to spend within the budget unless they get some extraordinary quality. 2 Experience: Nowadays, everyone is busy and they want to buy things which are easily available and also there are so many alternatives available in the market for a certain product. Therefore, it is important to make the shopping experience as well as the quality of the product excellent. So, they don t move to some other product. 3 Design: Design of the product should be attractive. 4 Functionality: The product should have all the functionalities that a customer expects while buying a product. 5 Convenience: The product and services should be convenient for the customer, otherwise, he she will not buy the product. 6 Reliability: The product should be reliable and it should meet the customer s needs every single time. 7 Compatibility: The product should be compatible with the other products that the customer is already using. Following is a list of different types of customers. Need-based customers :These customers shop for only specific products when they need them.


7 Compatibility: The product should be compatible with the other products that the customer is already using. Following is a list of different types of customers. Need-based customers :These customers shop for only specific products when they need them. They already know the section they are heading to when they enter a store. They usually don t require an assistant to choose a product because they usually have knowledge about the product they want to buy. Therefore, it is very important to approach them with a planned strategy. Loyal customers :These types of customers are very important for a business. This segment of the customers should be kept satisfied. They not only stay loyal to the company but also praise and recommend the product to their family and friends. Therefore, they also help the company to market its product by word -of mouth free of cost. Usually, this segment of customers is small and they hardly make 20 of the total customers, but they are responsible for generating the maximum part of the total revenue of the company. 3 Discount customers :These are the types of customers who never buy a product on full price. They always look for a discount on the product they want to buy. Such customers never shop for anything off-sale. These types of customers make the biggest portion of total customers of a company. Discount customers are the least loyal customers and they easily move on when getting better offers by some other company. Impulsive customers :Impulsive customers segment is a bonus segment for any business, as these customers don t shop as per their need or because of ongoing sale. The shopping of these types of customers is highly influenced by their current mood. They usually tend to buy a product, if, at the time of shopping, they find it useful and good at that point in time. Potential customers:Potential customers are not your customer yet, but they just need a little bit of convincing and assistance to make a purchase. These types of customers need a little bit of encouragement and attention before buying your product. To deal with such customers, you should show them some value and assist them by providing information about the products they are interested in.


Potential customers:Potential customers are not your customer yet, but they just need a little bit of convincing and assistance to make a purchase. These types of customers need a little bit of encouragement and attention before buying your product. To deal with such customers, you should show them some value and assist them by providing information about the products they are interested in. Factors to consider when selecting a suitable market for goods and servicesThe product to be sold or producedPersonnel to manage the businessAmount of finance and other resources requiredThe market to be served customers Types of employees requiredProjection level of achievement in future in terms of profit The name for the businessAn attractive market has the following characteristics:It is sizeable large enough to be profitable given your operating cost. Only a tiny fraction of the consumers in China can afford to buy cars. However, because the country s population is so large nearly 1.5 billion people , more cars are sold in China than in Europe and in the United States, depending on the month . Three billion people in the world own cell phones. But that still leaves three billion who don t Corbett, 2008 . It is growing. The middle class of India is growing rapidly, making it a very attractive market for consumer products companies. People under thirty make up the majority of the Indian population, fueling the demand for Bollywood Indian-made films. It is not already swamped by competitors, or you have found a way to stand out in a crowd. IBM used to make PCs. However, after the marketplace became crowded with competitors, IBM sold the product line to a Chinese company called Lenovo. Either it is accessible or you can find a way to reach it. Accessibility, or the lack of it, could include geographic accessibility, political and legal barriers, technological barriers, or social barriers. For example, to overcome geographic barriers, the consumer products company Unilever hires women in third-world countries to distribute the company s products to rural consumers who lack access to stores. The company has the resources to compete in it. You might have a great idea to compete in the wind-power market. However, it is a business that is capital intensive. What this means is that you will either need a lot of money or must be able to raise it. You might also have to compete with the likes of T. Boone Pickens, an oil tycoon who is attempting to develop and profit from the wind-power market.


What this means is that you will either need a lot of money or must be able to raise it. You might also have to compete with the likes of T. Boone Pickens, an oil tycoon who is attempting to develop and profit from the wind-power market. Does your organization have the resources to do this? It fits in with your firm s mission and objectives. Consider TerraCycle, which has made its mark by selling organic products in recycled packages. Fertilizer made from worm excrement and sold in discarded plastic beverage bottles is just one of its products. It wouldn t be a good idea for TerraCycle to open up a polluting, coal-fired power plant, no matter how profitable the market for the service might be. ICT platforms for marketing Goods and servicesThey include:Online advertising many businesses advertise through banners on websites. It provides to the customers quickly and easy response. Email marketing it s a form of direct marketing. It s very fast and less expensive. Social media marketing it s a collection of online communication channels. It s a community based input, interaction, content sharing and collaboration. Examples include: Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, TiktokBlogging Target marketing- it s about attracting a customer who will buy what you are selling. AdvantagesAnywhere, anytime marketingCost effectiveFastBy using ICT, we can market anywhere, anytime in the world without being their physically. STRAND THREEGOVERNMENT AND GLOBAL INFLUENCE IN BUSINESSGovernment and businessGovernment involvement in business activities is one of the commercial duties it owes its citizens. It is the one that provides the necessary environment for investments to be undertaken by itself, or by the local and foreign investors. This, the government may do in various ways, these include;a Producing goods and servicesb Distributing goods and servicesc Advising producers and tradersd Promoting trade and economic developmente Protecting consumers against exploitation by producers and tradersf As a consumer of goods and servicesReasons for Government involvement in businessThe following are the major reasons for the government s involvement and participation in business activities;1 To prevent exploitation of the public by private businesspersons especially in the provision of essential goods and services such as sugar, transport, communication etc. The Kenya Bureau of standards KEBS regulates the quality of goods consumed in Kenya.


It is the one that provides the necessary environment for investments to be undertaken by itself, or by the local and foreign investors. This, the government may do in various ways, these include;a Producing goods and servicesb Distributing goods and servicesc Advising producers and tradersd Promoting trade and economic developmente Protecting consumers against exploitation by producers and tradersf As a consumer of goods and servicesReasons for Government involvement in businessThe following are the major reasons for the government s involvement and participation in business activities;1 To prevent exploitation of the public by private businesspersons especially in the provision of essential goods and services such as sugar, transport, communication etc. The Kenya Bureau of standards KEBS regulates the quality of goods consumed in Kenya. 2 To provide essential goods and services in areas where private individuals and organizations are unwilling to venture because of low profits high risks involved. 3 To provide essential goods and services which private organizations and individuals are unable to provide due to the large amount of initial capital required b e.g. generation of electricity, establishment of airlines etc. 4 To attract foreign investment by initiating major business projects5 To stimulate economic development in the country e.g. by providing social services6 To provide goods and services which are too sensitive to be left in the hands of the private sector e.g. provision of firearms. 7 To create employment opportunities by initiating projects such as generation of electricity. 8 To prevent foreign dominance of the economy by investing in areas where the locals are not able to9 To redistribute wealth where returns are very high10 To prevent establishment of monopolies. Roles METHODS OF GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN BUSINESSThe government gets involved in business activities through the following methods: i RegulationThis refers to Rules and restrictions the government requires business units to follow in their business activities. Through this method, the government ensures high quality goods and services and puts in control measures to protect consumers from exploitation. The government regulation measuresinclude;a LicensingA license is a document that shows that a business has been permitted by the government to operate. It is usually issued upon payment of a small fee. Licensing is the process of issuing licenses to businesses. Some of the reasons why the government issues licenses include; Regulating the number of businesses in a given place at any given time to avoid unhealthy competition.


It is usually issued upon payment of a small fee. Licensing is the process of issuing licenses to businesses. Some of the reasons why the government issues licenses include; Regulating the number of businesses in a given place at any given time to avoid unhealthy competition. To control the type of goods entering and leaving the country. To ensure there are no illegal businesses. To ensure that traders engage only in trade activities that they have been licensed for. To ensure that those who engage in professional activities meet the requirements of the profession. To raise revenue for the government. B Ensuring standards enforcing standards; The government regulates business activities by setting standards that businesses should and ensuring that the standards are adhered to. To achieve this purpose, the government has established bodies such as; Kenya bureau of standards KEBS whose main responsibility is to set standards especially for the manufactured goods and see to it that the set standards are adhered to met. Goods that meet such standards are given a diamond mark of quality, to show that they are of good quality. The ministry of public health to ensure that businesses meet certain standards as concerning facilities before such businesses can be allowed to operate. Such standards may include clean toilets, clean water and well aerated buildings. C Legislation; The Government may come up with rules and regulations laws that regulate business activities e.g. banning hawking in certain areas, matatus required to carry certain number of passengers e.t.c. Ii TrainingThe government takes keen interest in training and advising people in business about business management strategies and better ways of producing goods and services. The government offers these services through seminars and courses. This is mainly done by the Kenya Business Training Institute K.B.T.I . Iii Trade promotionThis is a government initiated and supported policy to encourage local business people to enter into business. This is aimed at increasing the volume and variety of goods and services traded in. Trade promotion is classified as either external trade promotion or internaltrade promotion. Legal Requirements for Starting and operating a simple business in KenyaBusiness PermitA business permit indicates that you are licensed to operate by the local county government. KRA PINA Kenya Revenue Authority PIN is among the legal requirements that you need to start a business in Kenya. It is used to facilitate tax compliance with all Kenyans and businesses required to file their tax returns yearly.


Legal Requirements for Starting and operating a simple business in KenyaBusiness PermitA business permit indicates that you are licensed to operate by the local county government. KRA PINA Kenya Revenue Authority PIN is among the legal requirements that you need to start a business in Kenya. It is used to facilitate tax compliance with all Kenyans and businesses required to file their tax returns yearly. TAXATION IN KENYATax: is a compulsory payment by either individuals or organizations to thegovernment without any direct benefit to the payer. Taxation-refers to the process through which the government raises revenue by collecting taxes. Purposes reasons for taxationi. Raising revenue for government expenditure. This is the main reason for taxation. Ii. Discouraging controlling consumption of certain commodities e.g. alcohol and cigarattes which are considered to be harmful. Iii. Discouraging importation of certain commodities in order to protect local industries. This is done by imposing heavy taxes on such commodities. Iv. Controlling inflation. Taxation reduces money supply by reducing peoples disposable income thereby controlling inflation. V. Reducing inequality in income distribution; this is done by taxing the rich heavily and using the finances raised in provision of goods and services that benefit the poor. Vi. Influencing locations of businesses. This is done by taxing businesses located in urban areas heavily and those in rural areas lightly hence businesses moving to rural areas. Vii. Correcting unfavorable balance of payments. High taxes are imposed on imported commodities thereby discouraging their importation leading to an improvement in the balance of payments. Viii. To protect the key selectors of the economy such as the agricultural sector, by stimulating their growth. Factors that determine the amount of money raised through taxationi. Distribution of incomesii. Social and political factorsiii. Honesty and efficiency of tax authoritiesiv. Citizens level of real incomev. Economic structure of the country i.e. relative size of the country s commercial and subsistence sectors. Principles of taxationThese are the characteristics that a good tax system should have. They are also referred to as the cannons of taxation. A good tax system should be;Equitable principle of equity-Every subject of the state should pay tax in proportion to their income. Certain principle of certainty-The tax that an individual should pay should be clear in terms of the amount, time and manner in which it should be paid.


They are also referred to as the cannons of taxation. A good tax system should be;Equitable principle of equity-Every subject of the state should pay tax in proportion to their income. Certain principle of certainty-The tax that an individual should pay should be clear in terms of the amount, time and manner in which it should be paid. The government should also be fairly certain of the amount of tax expected so that planning can be easier. Convenient principle of convenience-Tax levied ought to be convenient to both the contributor and collector, it should be levied at a time when the payer has money and mode of payment should be convenient to both the payer and the payeeEconomical principle of economy-The cost of collecting and administeringthe tax should be lower than the tax so collected. Flexible principle of flexibility-It should be readily adaptable to changing economic times i.e. when the economic conditions of the people improve it should give raised revenue e.g. VATAbility to pay non-oppressive-A tax system should be designed in a way that the amount charged is not too high to the extent that the contributors are unable to pay or is discouraged from working hard. Diversified principle of diversity-There should be different types of taxes so that the tax burden is on different groups in the society. This also ensures that the government has money at all times. Simplicity-A good tax system should be simple enough to be understood by each tax payer. This will motivate them to pay tax. Elastic principle of elasticity-The tax system should be able to generate more revenue for the government by targeting items of mass consumption. STRAND FOURFINANCIAL RECORDS IN BUSINESSBusiness TransactionsA business transaction is a deal between two or more people involving exchange of goods and services in terms of money. Business transaction may take place on cash basis; in which case goods are paid for before or on delivery or a short while after deliveryBusiness transaction may also take place on credit basis; which means payment is made after a specified period from the date of delivery of the goods or the provision of the servicesa Documents used at the inquiry stageThis is the first stage in transaction. An inquiry is a request by a prospective buyer for information on available goods and services.


STRAND FOURFINANCIAL RECORDS IN BUSINESSBusiness TransactionsA business transaction is a deal between two or more people involving exchange of goods and services in terms of money. Business transaction may take place on cash basis; in which case goods are paid for before or on delivery or a short while after deliveryBusiness transaction may also take place on credit basis; which means payment is made after a specified period from the date of delivery of the goods or the provision of the servicesa Documents used at the inquiry stageThis is the first stage in transaction. An inquiry is a request by a prospective buyer for information on available goods and services. It is aimed at establishing the following; Whether the goods or services required are available for sale The quality or nature of the products available The prices at which the goods or services are being sold The terms of sale in respect to payment and delivery of goods or services Some of the documents used at this stage include;i Letter of inquiry;This is a letter written by a potential buyer to the seller to find out the goods and services offered by the seller. A letter of inquiry can be general or specific. A specific letter of inquiry seeks for information about a particular product. Reply to an inquiryThe seller may reply to the letter of inquiry by sending any of the following documents;-Price list-A catalogue-Quotation-A tenderi A price listThis is a list of items sold by the trader together with their prices. The information contained in a price list is usually brief and not illustrated and may include;-Name and address of the Seller-List of the goods and services-The recommended unit prices of the products -Any discounts offeredPrice list show the prices of the commodities at that time. Ii A catalogue; A catalogue is a basket which briefly describes the goods a seller stocks. It is normally sent by the seller to the buyer when the buyer sends a general letter of inquiry.


The information contained in a price list is usually brief and not illustrated and may include;-Name and address of the Seller-List of the goods and services-The recommended unit prices of the products -Any discounts offeredPrice list show the prices of the commodities at that time. Ii A catalogue; A catalogue is a basket which briefly describes the goods a seller stocks. It is normally sent by the seller to the buyer when the buyer sends a general letter of inquiry. It usually carries illustrations on the goods stocked, and could be in the form of attractive and colorful picturesThe content of a catalogue includes the following; Name and address of the seller Details of the products to be sold; inform of pictures and illustrations The prices of the products After-sales services offered by the seller Packaging and posting expenses to be incurred Delivery services to be used Terms of sale-Catalogues carry more information than the price list and they are more expensive to print. Iii Quotation; This is a document sent by a seller to a buyer in response to a specific letter of inquiry. It specifies the conditions and terms under which the seller is willing to supply the specified goods and services to the buyer. The content of a quotation includes the following;-Name and address of Seller-Name and address of the buyer-Description of goods to be supplied -Prices of the commodities-Terms of sale i.e. discounts, time of supply, delivery-Total of the goods to be suppliedQuotations are normally in form of letters, but many large-scale businesses have pre-printed quotations forms which they readily send to the potential customers. Iv A TenderThis is a document of offer to sell sent by a seller to a buyer in response to an advertised requestTenders contain the following;-Date when the tender advertisement was made -Mode of payment-Date of making document -Discounts given-Name and address of prospective seller called the tenderer-The prices at which the goods can be provided-Period of delivery -Mode of delivery-Tenders are delivered in sealed envelopes which are opened by the buyer on a specified dateThe winning tender is usually awarded on the of the lowest quoted price although the buyer is not obliged to accept this especially if quality is likely to be lowTenders are not binding unless accepted by the buyer.


The content of a quotation includes the following;-Name and address of Seller-Name and address of the buyer-Description of goods to be supplied -Prices of the commodities-Terms of sale i.e. discounts, time of supply, delivery-Total of the goods to be suppliedQuotations are normally in form of letters, but many large-scale businesses have pre-printed quotations forms which they readily send to the potential customers. Iv A TenderThis is a document of offer to sell sent by a seller to a buyer in response to an advertised requestTenders contain the following;-Date when the tender advertisement was made -Mode of payment-Date of making document -Discounts given-Name and address of prospective seller called the tenderer-The prices at which the goods can be provided-Period of delivery -Mode of delivery-Tenders are delivered in sealed envelopes which are opened by the buyer on a specified dateThe winning tender is usually awarded on the of the lowest quoted price although the buyer is not obliged to accept this especially if quality is likely to be lowTenders are not binding unless accepted by the buyer. B Documents used at the order stageAfter receiving replies to inquiry in form of price list, catalogue or Quotation, a prospective buyer will study the terms and conditions stated in them, and then may decide to buy products or not. I An OrderIf a prospective buyer decides to purchase an item s , he or she then places an orderAn order is a document sent by a potential buyer to a seller requesting to be provided with specified products under specified terms and conditions-An order issued for goods is called a local purchase order LPO An order issued for services is called a local service order LSO Ways of making an orderi Filling an order form. This is a pre-printed document that is used for making ordersii Writing an order letteriii Sending an e-mail, faxing or sending a short text messageiv Giving a verbal order. Verbal orders have the disadvantage in that they can be misunderstood and there would be no record of items ordered-Where written orders are made, the potential buyer keeps a copy of the order for use in verifying the goods ordered when they are delivered.


I An OrderIf a prospective buyer decides to purchase an item s , he or she then places an orderAn order is a document sent by a potential buyer to a seller requesting to be provided with specified products under specified terms and conditions-An order issued for goods is called a local purchase order LPO An order issued for services is called a local service order LSO Ways of making an orderi Filling an order form. This is a pre-printed document that is used for making ordersii Writing an order letteriii Sending an e-mail, faxing or sending a short text messageiv Giving a verbal order. Verbal orders have the disadvantage in that they can be misunderstood and there would be no record of items ordered-Where written orders are made, the potential buyer keeps a copy of the order for use in verifying the goods ordered when they are delivered. -A written order may contain the following; Name and address of the buyer Name and address of the seller The number of the order Quantities ordered and total amount to be paid Description of the goods ordered Price per item Special instructions on such matters as packaging and deliveryii Acknowledgement noteOn receiving the order, the seller sends the buyer an acknowledgement note An acknowledgement note is a document sent by the seller to the prospective buyer to inform him her that the order has been received and it is being acted upon. After sending the acknowledgement note, the seller has to decide whether to extend credit to the buyer or not. At this stage, the seller has the following options;i If the seller is convinced that the buyer is credit worthy, arrangements are made to deliver the ordered goods or services to the buyer. Ii If the seller is not sure of credit worthiness of the buyer, a credit status inquiry can be issued to the buyer s bankers or to other suppliers who deal with the buyer to ascertain the credit worthiness. Iii If the buyer is not credit worthy then a polite note or a pro forma invoice can be sent to him herA proforma invoiceThis is a document sent by the seller to the buyer requesting the buyer to make payment for goods or services before they are delivered. It indicates that the seller is not willing to grant the buyer credit.


Ii If the seller is not sure of credit worthiness of the buyer, a credit status inquiry can be issued to the buyer s bankers or to other suppliers who deal with the buyer to ascertain the credit worthiness. Iii If the buyer is not credit worthy then a polite note or a pro forma invoice can be sent to him herA proforma invoiceThis is a document sent by the seller to the buyer requesting the buyer to make payment for goods or services before they are delivered. It indicates that the seller is not willing to grant the buyer credit. Functions of a proforma invoicei A polite way of asking for payment before the goods are deliveredii Sent when the seller does not want to give creditiii Used by importers to get customers clearance before goods are deliverediv Issued to an agent who sells goods on behalf of the sellerv Show what the buyer would have to pay if the order is approvedvi Can be used to serve as a quotationCircumstances under which a pro-forma invoice may be used If the seller does not want to give credit If the seller wants to sell goods through an agent If the seller wants to get clearance for imported goods If the seller wants it to function as a quotation If the seller wants to inform the buyer what he she pay if the order is approved e.t.cDocuments used at the Delivery stageAfter the seller has accepted the order sent an acknowledgement note and where necessary the pro-forma invoice, the seller then prepares the goods for delivery to the buyer. This can be done in the following ways; The seller can ask the buyer to collect the goods The seller can deliver the goods to the buyer using his her own means of transport The goods can be delivered to the buyer through public transport The services s can be rendered to the buyer at the sellers or the buyer s premises or at any convenient place. The main documents that are used at this stage are;i Packing note; Before delivery goods are packed for dispatch. This is a document prepared by the seller showing the goods contained packed in every container, box or carton being delivered to the buyer-A copy of the packing note is packed with the goods to make help the buyer have a spot check.


This can be done in the following ways; The seller can ask the buyer to collect the goods The seller can deliver the goods to the buyer using his her own means of transport The goods can be delivered to the buyer through public transport The services s can be rendered to the buyer at the sellers or the buyer s premises or at any convenient place. The main documents that are used at this stage are;i Packing note; Before delivery goods are packed for dispatch. This is a document prepared by the seller showing the goods contained packed in every container, box or carton being delivered to the buyer-A copy of the packing note is packed with the goods to make help the buyer have a spot check. The contents of a packing note include;-Description of goods packed-Quantities of goods packed-The means of deliveryNOTE: A packing not does not contain prices of goods. This ensures that those people involved in checking and transporting goods do not know the value of goods. This is done as a precaution against theft. Ii Advice note; This is a document sent by the seller to the buyer to inform the buyer that the ordered goods have been dispatched. It is usually sent through the fastest means possible. -It contains the following;-The means of delivery -A description of the goods-The quantity dispatched -Date-Name and address of buyer and sellerFunctions of an advice notea Informing the buyer that the goods are on the way so that in case of any delay in delivery, the buyer can make inquiriesb Alerting the buyer so that necessary arrangements can be made for payments when the goods arrivec Can serve as an acknowledgement note, where one is not sent iii Delivery note; This is a document sent by the seller to the buyer to accompany the goods being delivered. -A delivery note is always made in triplicate 3 , one copy remains with the seller and two sent to the buyer. -When the goods reach the buyer, he she confirms that the goods are the ones ordered for and that they are in the right condition by comparing the delivery note, the order and the goods. If the buyer is satisfied with the goods, he she signs the two copies, retains the original and send the copy back to the seller. This serves as evidence that the goods have been received in the right condition and in the right quantities. -Some businesses keep delivery books in which the buyer signs to indicate that goods have been received in good condition.


-When the goods reach the buyer, he she confirms that the goods are the ones ordered for and that they are in the right condition by comparing the delivery note, the order and the goods. If the buyer is satisfied with the goods, he she signs the two copies, retains the original and send the copy back to the seller. This serves as evidence that the goods have been received in the right condition and in the right quantities. -Some businesses keep delivery books in which the buyer signs to indicate that goods have been received in good condition. A delivery book is used by the seller if he she delivers goods by himself herself as an alternative to a delivery noteThe content of a delivery note includes the following;a. Name and address of the sellerb. Name and address of the buyerc. Date of deliveryd. Delivery note numbere. Description of the goods deliveredf. Quantities of the goods deliveredg. Space for the buyer to sign and comment on the condition of the goods received. Iv Consignment noteThis is a document prepared by a transporter to show that he she has been hired to deliver specified goods to a particular buyer. This document is used when goods are delivered to the buyer by public means of transport e.g. by trains. -The seller is the consignor, the buyer is the consignee and the goods the consignment-The transporting company prepares the consignment note and gives the seller to complete and sign. The seller then returns the note to the transporter carrier who takes it together with the goods to the buyer. -On receiving the goods, the buyer signs the consignment note as evidence that the goods were actually transported. The content of a consignment note includes the following; Details of the goods to the transported Name address of seller consignor Name and address of buyer consignee Terms of carriage and conditions of transporting the goods The transportation cost Handling information Destination of goodsv Goods Received note; This is a document sent by the buyer to the seller to inform him her that goods sent have been received. It usually prepared in duplicate, the original is sent to the seller and the copyretained by the buyer. The contents of the goods received note include; Date of the document Name and address of the buyer Name and address of the seller Corresponding purchase order Details of goods received Date the goods were received.


The content of a consignment note includes the following; Details of the goods to the transported Name address of seller consignor Name and address of buyer consignee Terms of carriage and conditions of transporting the goods The transportation cost Handling information Destination of goodsv Goods Received note; This is a document sent by the buyer to the seller to inform him her that goods sent have been received. It usually prepared in duplicate, the original is sent to the seller and the copyretained by the buyer. The contents of the goods received note include; Date of the document Name and address of the buyer Name and address of the seller Corresponding purchase order Details of goods received Date the goods were received. Vi Returned goods note Damaged goods note; If goods are damaged on the way, the buyer may return them to the seller. The buyer may also return goods for other reasons e.g. Wrong type of goods Excess goods Wrong quality goods-When the goods are returned, the buyer informs the seller of the return by sending a goods returned note. -A goods returned note is a document sent by a buyer to a seller to inform him her that certain goods are being returned to the seller. -Where the goods are returned because of damage, the note may be referred to as the damaged goods note. The contents of the goods returned note include; Details of goods that have been returned to the seller Date goods are returned The number of GRN Order number Delivery number Name and address of both buyer and seller-When the seller receives the note together with the goods, he issues a credit noted Documents used at the invoicing stageThis stage involves the seller requesting or demanding for payment from the buyer for the goods or services delivered. Some of the documents used at this stage include:a InvoiceThis is a document sent to the buyer by the seller to demand for payment for goods delivered or services rendered. There are two types of invoices namely:a Cash invoice-This is sent when payment is expected immediately after delivery thus acting as a cash sale receiptb A credit invoice-This is sent when a buyer is allowed to pay at a later date. Functions of an invoicei It shows the details of goods sold i.e.


Some of the documents used at this stage include:a InvoiceThis is a document sent to the buyer by the seller to demand for payment for goods delivered or services rendered. There are two types of invoices namely:a Cash invoice-This is sent when payment is expected immediately after delivery thus acting as a cash sale receiptb A credit invoice-This is sent when a buyer is allowed to pay at a later date. Functions of an invoicei It shows the details of goods sold i.e. quantity delivered, unit price, total value of the goods and terms and conditions of sale. Ii It is a request to the buyer to make paymentiii It serves as an evidence that the buyer owes the seller a certain amount of moneyiv It is used as a source document in recording the transaction in the book of accounts. The contents of an invoice include the following: Invoice number Name and address of the seller Name and address of the buyer Date document is prepared Details of goods repaired Unit prices of goods delivered Total value of goods Discounts offered E and O.E printed at the bottomThe letters E and O.E Errors and Omissions Excepted means the seller reserves the right to correct any errors and omissions made in the invoice.-On receiving the invoice, the buyer verifies the contents using the local purchase order and the delivery note. If the invoice is in order, the buyer makes arrangements to pay the amount stated. Businesses which offer services issue a document called a bill, which serves the purpose of an invoice. B Credit noteThis is a document sent by the seller to the buyer credit buyer to correct an overcharge. It is used to inform the buyer that the amount payable by him her has been reducedAn overcharge is an excess amount charged beyond the right price. Causes of overcharge may include; Arithmetical errors like wrong addition Price overcharges Inclusion of wrong or unordered items in the invoice Failure to deduct the allowable discounts Return of goods damaged goods Failure to note the return by the buyer of packing cases or containers used to deliver goods to him her Use of wrong price list. -The purpose of the credit note is to reduce the total invoice amount by the amount of the overcharge. -A credit note is usually printed in red to distinguish it from other documents.


Causes of overcharge may include; Arithmetical errors like wrong addition Price overcharges Inclusion of wrong or unordered items in the invoice Failure to deduct the allowable discounts Return of goods damaged goods Failure to note the return by the buyer of packing cases or containers used to deliver goods to him her Use of wrong price list. -The purpose of the credit note is to reduce the total invoice amount by the amount of the overcharge. -A credit note is usually printed in red to distinguish it from other documents. -Contents of a credit note include; Name and address of the seller and the buyer Credit note number Date document is prepared Description and value of goods returned by buyer in case that was done Total overchargeReasons why a seller would send a credit note to a buyer circumstances under which a credit note is sent to a buyer. -When there is an overcharge in an invoice-When the original invoice had indicated items that were not supplied-When the buyer returns empty cases crates that had been charged in the invoice. -When the buyer returns some goods to the seller-If the buyer was entitled to a discount which was not given or taken care of in the invoice. C Debit noteThis is a document sent by the seller to the buyer to correct an undercharge on the original invoice. It is used to inform the buyer that the amount payable by him has been increased. -A debit note acts as an additional invoice. -An undercharge arises when amount charged on products is less than their right price. Causes of undercharge include: Price undercharges on items Arithmetic errors mistaken in calculation Omission of items in the invoice Retention of crates and containers that were not involved by the buyer Deductions of more discount than what was give intendedCircumstances under which a debit note will be sent to the buyera When there is an undercharge in the invoiceb If the buyer had been given a discount that was not due to himc If some items had been omitted in the original invoiced If the buyer decides to retain some empty containers or cratesDifferences Between a debit note and a credit noteDocuments used at the payment stageThis is the final stage of a credit business transaction.


-A debit note acts as an additional invoice. -An undercharge arises when amount charged on products is less than their right price. Causes of undercharge include: Price undercharges on items Arithmetic errors mistaken in calculation Omission of items in the invoice Retention of crates and containers that were not involved by the buyer Deductions of more discount than what was give intendedCircumstances under which a debit note will be sent to the buyera When there is an undercharge in the invoiceb If the buyer had been given a discount that was not due to himc If some items had been omitted in the original invoiced If the buyer decides to retain some empty containers or cratesDifferences Between a debit note and a credit noteDocuments used at the payment stageThis is the final stage of a credit business transaction. It takes place after the invoice has been received and ascertained to be correct or where necessary, corrections made. The documents used at the payment stage include;i ReceiptThis is a document issued to the buyer by the seller as proof that payment has been made. -Payment can be done in cash, cheque, other forms of money or in kind-The receipt also serves as a source document for making entries in books of accounts. Contents of the receipt include; Date of payment Name of the person making payment Name of person institution receiving payment Amount paid in words and figures Means of payment Receipt number Signature of person issuing the receipt. -The issuance of a receipt by the seller to the buyer after receiving payment marks the end of the credit transaction between the seller and the buyer where payment has been done in full -A receipt serves the same purpose as the cash sale slipii Statement of AccountThis is a document prepared by the seller and sent to the buyer, giving a summary of all the dealings transactions between them during a particular period of time, usually a month. It has the following details; Date when it was prepared Name and address of the seller Name and address of the buyer Account number Date column-where the date of each transaction is recorded Particulars Details column-where the explanation of each transaction is shown Money column-Debit column-increases in the amounts payable due to credit sales or under charge correction.


Contents of the receipt include; Date of payment Name of the person making payment Name of person institution receiving payment Amount paid in words and figures Means of payment Receipt number Signature of person issuing the receipt. -The issuance of a receipt by the seller to the buyer after receiving payment marks the end of the credit transaction between the seller and the buyer where payment has been done in full -A receipt serves the same purpose as the cash sale slipii Statement of AccountThis is a document prepared by the seller and sent to the buyer, giving a summary of all the dealings transactions between them during a particular period of time, usually a month. It has the following details; Date when it was prepared Name and address of the seller Name and address of the buyer Account number Date column-where the date of each transaction is recorded Particulars Details column-where the explanation of each transaction is shown Money column-Debit column-increases in the amounts payable due to credit sales or under charge correction. -Credit column-Decrease in the amounts payable due to overcharges corrected or payments recorded. -Balance column-Amount owing after each transaction Balance outstanding Any discounts allowed to the buyer Date when the buyer is expected to clear the balance Terms of credit e.t.c. -The statement of account enables the buyer to ascertain the correctness of the transactions which have taken place with the seller over the stated period. Iii IOUAn IOU I owe you is a document written by the buyer and sent to the seller to acknowledge a debt. -It does not specify date when settlement will be made.-It acts as evidence that a debt exists. Methods of payments for goods and servicesThese are the methods or ways the buyer may use to settle debts arising froma business transaction. These are various means of payments that can be used. These means of payments can be put into the following groups;i Cashii Means of payment provided by the post officeiii Means of payments provided by the commercial banksiv Means of payments which arise from private arrangements between sellers and buyersv Other means of payment. E.g. Mobile transaction, Online payments like paypali CashThis refers to the use of notes and coins to make payments.


These are various means of payments that can be used. These means of payments can be put into the following groups;i Cashii Means of payment provided by the post officeiii Means of payments provided by the commercial banksiv Means of payments which arise from private arrangements between sellers and buyersv Other means of payment. E.g. Mobile transaction, Online payments like paypali CashThis refers to the use of notes and coins to make payments. Currency notes and coins are issued by the central Bank of Kenya and are therefore legal tender-Legal tender means everyone is obliged by law to accept them as a means of payment i.e. no one can refuse to accept them as they are backed by the law. Notes and coins are available in different denominations as follows; Coins; 5cents, 50cents, sh.1, sh.5, sh.10 and sh.40Notes; sh.10.sh.20, sh.50, sh.100, sh.200, sh.500 and sh.1000. -Coins are suitable for settling small debts and are acceptable as legal tender up to a certain maximum e.g. 50cents coins the maximum is sh20 and sh.1 the maximum is ksh.100. Advantages of cash as a means of payment:i It is the only means of payment which is a legal tenderii Convenient for settlement of small debtsiii Convenient to people with or without bank accountsiv Cash is readily usableDisadvantages of cash as a means of paymenti Not convenient to carry aroundii Cash can be lost or stolen easily as it is readily usableiii Payment is difficult to prove unless a receipt is issuedCircumstances under which cash payment is appropriatei Where the amounts involved are smallii Where the payee receiver does not accept other means of paymentiii Where cash is the only means availableiv Where the payee requires cash money urgentlyv Where there is need to avoid expenses associated with other means of paymentsii Means of payments provided by the banksCommercial banks are financial institutions that accept deposits to and withdrawals from them. They also lend money to customers. Examples of commercial banks include:Commercial bank of Kenya, National bank of Kenya, Barclays bank, andCo-operative bank e.t.c-There are various means of payments provided by the commercial banks. They are:a.


Advantages of cash as a means of payment:i It is the only means of payment which is a legal tenderii Convenient for settlement of small debtsiii Convenient to people with or without bank accountsiv Cash is readily usableDisadvantages of cash as a means of paymenti Not convenient to carry aroundii Cash can be lost or stolen easily as it is readily usableiii Payment is difficult to prove unless a receipt is issuedCircumstances under which cash payment is appropriatei Where the amounts involved are smallii Where the payee receiver does not accept other means of paymentiii Where cash is the only means availableiv Where the payee requires cash money urgentlyv Where there is need to avoid expenses associated with other means of paymentsii Means of payments provided by the banksCommercial banks are financial institutions that accept deposits to and withdrawals from them. They also lend money to customers. Examples of commercial banks include:Commercial bank of Kenya, National bank of Kenya, Barclays bank, andCo-operative bank e.t.c-There are various means of payments provided by the commercial banks. They are:a. Chequesb. Bank drafts bankers chequesc. Credit transfersd. Standing orderse. Travellers chequesf. Telegraphic transfersg. Debit cardsh.


Travellers chequesf. Telegraphic transfersg. Debit cardsh. Electronic fund Transfer E.F.T a ChequesThis is a written order by an account holder with the bank drawer to the bank drawee to pay on demand a specified amount of money to the named person payee or the bearerParties to a chequei Drawer-This is the person or institution who writes and issues the cheque. He is usually a current account holder with the bankii Payee-The person or institution to be paidiii Drawee-The bank where the drawer has an account Details on a cheque; they include: Date when it is issued Name of the drawer The name of the payee, except in bearer cheques The name of the drawee bank and branch from where it is issued Amount to be paid in figures and in words The account number of the drawer The signature of the drawer The cheque number and bank code The appropriate revenue stampsTypes of chequesi Open chequesii Crossed chequesiii Bearer chequesiv Order chequesi Open chequesThis is acheque that can be presented for payment over the counter. Youpresent it and cash is paid to you. Ii Crossed chequesThis is acheque that bears two parallel lines on the face. This means the cheque cannot be cashed over the counter. The cheque is deposited in an account payee s account The payee then withdraws the money from his her accountA crossed cheque can be opened by the drawer signing twice on its face.-A crossing can be general or special-General crossing-general crossings only contains the two parallel lines. This implies that the cheque will be paid through any bank in which it is deposited.-Special crossings-Has other instructions included in the crossing i.e; Not negotiable-Means the cheque can be transferred by the payee to a third party, but he third cannot transfer the cheque only the original payee can transfer the cheque Account payee only-Means the cheque should be deposited in the account of the payee. Not transferable-Means there is no negotiation or transfer of the chequeiii Bearer cheques-This cheque does not have the name of the payee written on it.


The cheque is deposited in an account payee s account The payee then withdraws the money from his her accountA crossed cheque can be opened by the drawer signing twice on its face.-A crossing can be general or special-General crossing-general crossings only contains the two parallel lines. This implies that the cheque will be paid through any bank in which it is deposited.-Special crossings-Has other instructions included in the crossing i.e; Not negotiable-Means the cheque can be transferred by the payee to a third party, but he third cannot transfer the cheque only the original payee can transfer the cheque Account payee only-Means the cheque should be deposited in the account of the payee. Not transferable-Means there is no negotiation or transfer of the chequeiii Bearer cheques-This cheque does not have the name of the payee written on it. The person presenting it to the bank is the one who is paid. Iv Order cheque-The cheque bears the name of the payee. The bank pays this particular payee the amount stated in the cheque after proper identificationDishonouring a chequeA cheque is dishonored if the bank refuses to pay and returns the cheque to the drawer. -A cheque can be dishonored due to the following reasons:i. Insufficient funds in the accountii. If the signature on the cheque differs from the drawers specimen signature in the bank. Iii. If the cheque is stalc i.e. presented for payment after six months from the date of issue. Iv. If the cheque is post dated-meaning the cheque is presented for payment earlier than the date on the chequev. If the amount in figures is different from the amount in wordsvi. If there are alterations on the cheque which are not countersigned by the drawervii. If the cheque is torn, dirty or defauld making it illegibleviii. If the account holder drawer is dead and the bank is aware of the factix. If the drawer instructs the bank not to pay the particular chequex. If the cheque contains errors which need to be correctedxi. If the drawer becomes bankrupt or insanexii. If the drawer has closed his her account. Advantages of using chequesi They are more secure than notes and coins because if they are lost or stolen, they can be traced to the person who cashed them.


If the drawer becomes bankrupt or insanexii. If the drawer has closed his her account. Advantages of using chequesi They are more secure than notes and coins because if they are lost or stolen, they can be traced to the person who cashed them. Ii They are convenient to carry and can be used to pay large sum of money which would be otherwise inconvenient to pay using cashiii They can be transferred to a third party to make payment cheques are negotiableiv Payment can be made by cheque without the need to travel to make paymentv They provide a record of payment because of the counterfaits. The counterfaits acts as proof that payment has been made. Vi Under special circumstances, they can be cashed or discounted before maturity. Disadvantages of using chequesi Cheques can be dishonoredii Requires the payee to go to the bank and in some cases to have an accountiii The drawer pays some charges e.g. charges for the cheque bookiv Can only be issued by an account holder the drawer must have an accountv They are not readily acceptable by everybodyvi They do not provide immediate cashCircumstances under which a cheque is appropriate as a means of payment Where the amount of money involved is large Where the policy of the business demands so Where a cheque is the only means available Where there is need to avoid other risks associated with other means of paymentsb Bank drafts Banker s cheques-This is a cheque drawn on a bank i.e. a cheque drawn by one bank to another requesting the latter bank to pay a named person or institution a specified sum of money and charge it to the drawing bank-It can also be drawn by a bank on the request of a customer. The customer fills in an application form obtained from a bank and hands it over to the bank together with the money she wants to transfer and a commission for the service. -The bank then prepares the cheque and gives it to the applicant who can then send it to the payee-A bank draft has the drawing bank s guarantee for payment. It is therefore more readily acceptable than personal cheques. -It is suitable when urgency is desired in the payment as it is more readily acceptable.


-The bank then prepares the cheque and gives it to the applicant who can then send it to the payee-A bank draft has the drawing bank s guarantee for payment. It is therefore more readily acceptable than personal cheques. -It is suitable when urgency is desired in the payment as it is more readily acceptable. C Credit transferThis is a means of payment provided by commercial banks to their current accounts holders who want to pay many people using one cheque at the same time-One cheque is drawn and is usually accompanied by a list of the people to be paid, the amount to be paid to each person and the addresses of the bank branches where the payment is to be made. -The bank then ensures that a credit transfer is affected to the various bank branches and each payee is paid-A credit transfer is usually used by employers to pay salaries to their staff members. D Standing orderThis is an instruction to a bank by an account holder to pay a named person or an organization a fixed amount of money at regular intervals over a specified period of time or until stopped-It is a very useful means of payment for business people as it enables them to regularly pay their recurrent bills e.g. water, insurance, electricity, loan payment, hire purchase payment e.t.ce Traveler s chequesThis is a cheque drawn by one bank to another requesting the latter to pay a specified sum of money to a named bearer, who usually would have bought that cheque from issuing bank. The cheque holder pays the value of the cheque plus the charges for the services to the issuing bank. -Travellers cheques are usually issued in fixed denominations and are very convenient for travel purposes, hence their name. They enable a person to travel without having to carry a lot of cash. The cheques are also readily acceptable as a means of payment. F Telegraphic TransfersThis is a method means of transferring money offered by commercial banks to anybody who wants to send money to another. The sender is required to fill an application form and provide the followinginformation among others:-His her name -The amount of money to be remitted-Name of the payee -The bank where the money would be paid. The applicant is charged a commission and telegraph fee. The paying bank sends a telegram to the payee who has to identify himself herself before the payment is madeThe method is fast and safe. G Debit cardsThese are plastic cards issued by financial institutions e.g.


The applicant is charged a commission and telegraph fee. The paying bank sends a telegram to the payee who has to identify himself herself before the payment is madeThe method is fast and safe. G Debit cardsThese are plastic cards issued by financial institutions e.g. banks that enables a person to purchase goods and services from any business that accepts them. Debit cards are used to make payments from money held in ones accounts and are therefore an alternative to cash payments. Examples are ATM cards. H Electronic Fund Transfer E.F.T EFT is a method of transferring money from one account to another where computers are used. The sender is required to fill an electronic fund transfer form provided by the bank which instructs the bank to transfer money from his her account to a named account. Information is then sent to the payee s bank electronically and the amount in the account is increased accordingly. The method is very fast. Iii. Means of payments provided by the post officeThe post office provides means of payments that can be used to transfer money from one person to another. The means of payments provided by the post office to facilitate paymentsincludes,a. Money ordersb. Posta payc. Postal ordersd. Postage stampse. Premium bondsa Money ordersA money order facilitates the transfer of money from one person to another through the post office and or bank A money order is usually for a specified sum of money usually purchased with cash from the post officeA person wishing to send money using this method visits a post office and completes an application form. Some of the details contained given in the form include: The amount of money to be remitted Name of the payee The name of the post office where the money order will be cashed Name and address of the sender Whether the money order is to be ordinary or sent by telegraph Whether the sender wishes to be informed if the money has been paid Whether the money is to be paid through a bank account or at the post office counter. The application form, money to be remitted and commission for the service is handed to the post office cleark who prepares the money order and gives it to the sender who may post it or send it to the payee.


Premium bondsa Money ordersA money order facilitates the transfer of money from one person to another through the post office and or bank A money order is usually for a specified sum of money usually purchased with cash from the post officeA person wishing to send money using this method visits a post office and completes an application form. Some of the details contained given in the form include: The amount of money to be remitted Name of the payee The name of the post office where the money order will be cashed Name and address of the sender Whether the money order is to be ordinary or sent by telegraph Whether the sender wishes to be informed if the money has been paid Whether the money is to be paid through a bank account or at the post office counter. The application form, money to be remitted and commission for the service is handed to the post office cleark who prepares the money order and gives it to the sender who may post it or send it to the payee. -Telegraphic money orders, the post office sends a telegram to the payee informing him her to go to the post office and claim the money.-Before payment is made, the payee must; Identify himself herself by producing an ID card Identify the person who sent the money. -The sender of the money is left with a counterfoil which serves as evidence that money was sent and it can be used to reclaim the money if it did not reach the payee-Money order may be open or crossed. A crossed money order bears two parallel lines drawn diagonally on its face and must be deposited in the bank account of the payee. It cannot be cashed over the counter at the post office. -An open money order can be presented for payment at the post officecounter. Circumstances under which money order is appropriatea Where it is the only means availableb Where other means are not acceptablec Where there is need to avoid inconveniences or risks associated with other meansb Posta payThis is an Electronic Fund Transfer EFT service offered by the postal corporation of Kenya, for sending and receiving money instantly from various destinations both locally and internationally.


It cannot be cashed over the counter at the post office. -An open money order can be presented for payment at the post officecounter. Circumstances under which money order is appropriatea Where it is the only means availableb Where other means are not acceptablec Where there is need to avoid inconveniences or risks associated with other meansb Posta payThis is an Electronic Fund Transfer EFT service offered by the postal corporation of Kenya, for sending and receiving money instantly from various destinations both locally and internationally. -The person sending money fills in a form called send form giving the following details; Name, address and telephone number of sender Name, address and telephone number of receiver Pay city, town and location of the receiver Signature of the sender Amount to be sent-The sender hands over the form, the amount of money to be sent and the commission to the post office clerk for processing-The transfer is done via the internet through a machine that gives a twelvedigit number for the transaction called the Transaction control number TCN .The sender then conveys this number, amount sent and pay location to the recipient and instructions to the recipient to visit the namedpost office for payment. This message is usually conveyed through the quickest means possible such as a telephone call-The sender is given a copy of the processed send form as proof that money has been sent. The post office retains the original for record purposes.-When the receiver visits the post office, he she will fill a receiver form giving the following details;i The transaction number i.e. the twelve-digit number ii The expected amountiii The name, address and telephone number of the senderiv The city town or location of the senderv Signature of the receiverThe receiver then identifies himself or herself by producing an ID card or passport before receiving the money.


This message is usually conveyed through the quickest means possible such as a telephone call-The sender is given a copy of the processed send form as proof that money has been sent. The post office retains the original for record purposes.-When the receiver visits the post office, he she will fill a receiver form giving the following details;i The transaction number i.e. the twelve-digit number ii The expected amountiii The name, address and telephone number of the senderiv The city town or location of the senderv Signature of the receiverThe receiver then identifies himself or herself by producing an ID card or passport before receiving the money. Advantages of using Posta pay as a means of paymenti Accessibility-Posta pay outlets post offices are located countrywide to eliminate movement over long distances to get moneyii Ease of use-Sending or receiving money is easy as one only needs to fill a form which is processed immediatelyiii Speed-the transfer of money is instant fast iv Security-Confidentiality in the transmission of money is provided and money is only paid to the person intendedv Convenience-Posta pay services are offered for long hours during the day and pay locations are conveniently locatedvi Affordability-Posta pay services are relatively affordable as large amounts can be sent at reasonable costs. C Postal orders-Postal orders are sold by the post office for the purpose of remitting money-They are available in fixed denominations of sh.5, 10.20,40,60,80,100 and 200-On buying a postal order, the sender pays for both the face value of the postal order and a commission charged for the service-Postal orders just like money orders are issued with counterfoils that the sender will keep as evidence of remittance in case the person to whom he she remits the money does not receive it. The sender writes the name of the payee on the postal order as a safety measure. Payment to the bearer can be made in any post office with postal order facilitiesPostal orders may also be crossed or open see crossed and ordinary money orders iv Other means of paymenta Credit cardsb Mobile money transfer services e.g. M-pesa.


The sender writes the name of the payee on the postal order as a safety measure. Payment to the bearer can be made in any post office with postal order facilitiesPostal orders may also be crossed or open see crossed and ordinary money orders iv Other means of paymenta Credit cardsb Mobile money transfer services e.g. M-pesa. A Credit cards plastic money -These are plastic cards that enable a person to purchase goods or services on credit from any business willing to accept the card-They are both a means of payment and a term of paymentb Mobile money transfer services e.g. M-pesa-This is a means of money transfer services provided by mobile phone service providers to their customers subscribers -It can only be used to transfer money between people subscribed to the same mobile phone network e.g. from one safaricom subscriber to another safaricom subscriber, Airtel to Airtel e.t.c-The sender must register for the money transfer service and is issued with a PIN personal identification number -When money is sent, both the sender and the receiver will receive a message confirming the transfer. -A person can send money anytime anywhere so long as he she has value in his her m-pesa, pesa pap account. -Each mobile service provider has a range of value that can be transferred using this method. -A small transaction fee is charges for the transfer i.e. for sending and withdrawingBenefits of mobile money transfer servicesi. Confidentiality-The secret PIN protects the value in the customer s accountii. Ease of use-The service is easy to use as the agents assists to carry out transactioniii. Speed-Money transfer is an instant service conveyed to the receiver via the short message service SMS iv. Convenience-The service is convenient to both the sender and the receiver, as they only need to go to the nearest agent money can be sent deposited or received anywhere v. Accessibility-The agents e.g. m-pesa agents are located in most parts of towns and also in rural areas. Money can hence be sent and received anywhere and anytime. Vi. Affordability-The service charges are very low for registered users and very affordable for non-registered usersvii.


Money can hence be sent and received anywhere and anytime.vi. Affordability-The service charges are very low for registered users and very affordable for non-registered usersvii. Security-Relatively secure when the sender uses the correct phone number of the receiverImportance of financial documents in record keeping in businessKnowing Your Financial Situation - You need to know where your company stands daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, and annually. Are you making money, is your client base increasing or decreasing, do you have enough money in the bank to meet your obligations, are you meeting the goals you set for your business?Without this knowledge, you have little or no control over your business. You need to know how much inventory you have on hand, how much you need to order when you need to order, the credit terms your suppliers offer, the balance in your bank account to cover your payments for running your business such as rent, utilities, office supplies, inventory, employees wages, and payroll taxes. Also, you are likely to be in non-compliance with local, state, and federal regulations without proper controls on your finances. Meeting Your Tax Obligationshelps to maximize all the expenses you claim and reduce your tax obligationsmakes it quicker to prepare your accounts at year-endgives you the information you need to run your business and help it growhelps you plan for tax paymentshelps identify the strengths and weaknesses in your businesshelps manage changes and improvements in your businesswill help you plan to meet financial commitments such paying creditors or employeesmakes it easier to get a loan or sell your businessavoids over under tax paymentshelps identify if your business is liable for paying VAT to KRAmakes it easier to distribute profits to shareholders as dividends or for partnerships where both profits and losses have to be shared.


GRADE 7 TERM 1SOCIAL STUDIES LESSON NOTESCAREER AND ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN SOCIAL STUDIESSocial studies is a learning area that includes History, Geography and CitizenshipThe study of social studies provides us with career and entrepreneurial opportunities in different fields. Careers are occupations undertaken for a significant period of a person s life and with opportunities for progress in lifeEntrepreneurship is the activity of setting up a business or taking on financial risks with hope of making a profitImportance of social studies for personal development and service to humanitySocial studies prepares learners to join various career pathwaysLearners are able to utilise available resources to come up with entrepreneurial projects which help them meet their needs. By learning political development and governance learners are exposed to different styles of leadershipBy understanding systems of government, learners are able to make informed decisions once they take up leadership roles in future for the benefit of the communityThe historical understanding of some prominent people in the past is key in shaping learners futureSocial studies encourages learners to appreciate different cultures, values and traditions from national and global perspective which can be adopted in our localitylearners are able to integrate key aspects of the constitution such as integrity when making decision about governanceLearning of key aspects on democracy, rule of law, responsible citizenry helps learners living harmoniously in the society. Skills and knowledge in personality, human identity and personal well being in promoting inner peace are all meant to enhance understanding of personal growth and developmentResearch skills in field work equip learners with data collection, analysis and presentation skills that will help in solving problems affecting our societyCareer opportunities related to social studiesLaw -Advocate -LawyerGeology Museology CartographyUrban planningMeteorology and climatologyAviationArchaeologyMedicineTeachingSurveyEngineeringEntrepreneurial opportunities for social studiesSome of the entrepreneurial opportunities for social studies in our socisty includePotteryBasketryEcotourismHorticultureAgro forestryFishingDairy farmingGender stereotypes associated with career choices and entrepreneurial opportunities in social studiesGender is the state of being male or female in relation to social and cultural roles. Stereotypes are fixed general ideas or images that assume that a person behaves in a particular way. Stereotypes limit aspirations and development of talents. They create gender differences. These gender differences ought to be addressed using appropriate strategies.


Stereotypes limit aspirations and development of talents. They create gender differences. These gender differences ought to be addressed using appropriate strategies. A strategy is a careful plan or method of dealing with an issueWe can address gender stereotypes in career and entrepreneurial opportunities related to social studies through the following strategiesCommitting and encouraging both males and females to take a full range of careers and business opportunitiesEnsuring representation of both genders in leadershipTreating both males and females equally by using texts and circular that does not promote gender biasDevelop policies, law and decision making process that represent both males and femalesRecognising biological difference devoid of stereotypes in career choices and entrepreneurial opportunities in social studiesThere are biological differences between male and female people. Biological difference should never be a hindrance to one s career choice and entrepreneurial opportunitiesBoth male and female should be given equal opportunities to pursue their dreamsDemonstrating respect for one s gender identity in pursuit of social studies careers and entrepreneurial opportunitiesNATURAL AND HISTORIC BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN AFRICAMAPS AND MAPWORKA map is a representation of the earth or part of it on a flat surface. Position of AfricaAfrica lies between latitude 37 N and 35 S and on longitude 18 W and 52 E. Separated by water from all other continent except at the point where it joins Asia.


Biological difference should never be a hindrance to one s career choice and entrepreneurial opportunitiesBoth male and female should be given equal opportunities to pursue their dreamsDemonstrating respect for one s gender identity in pursuit of social studies careers and entrepreneurial opportunitiesNATURAL AND HISTORIC BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN AFRICAMAPS AND MAPWORKA map is a representation of the earth or part of it on a flat surface. Position of AfricaAfrica lies between latitude 37 N and 35 S and on longitude 18 W and 52 E. Separated by water from all other continent except at the point where it joins Asia. Mostly Easterly point is called ras hafun cape guardafui Mostly westerly is cape verdeMostly northerly is cape bonMostly southerly is cape agulhasAfrica is connected to sinai peninsula by suez canalSeparated from Spain by strait of gibraltarSeparated from Arabia by strait of bab el-mandebShape of AfricaThe northern half is very wide while the southern is much narrowerAt the cape guardafui extends outwards in the shape of a horn therefore the horn of AfricaSize of AfricaAfrica is the second largest continent in the worldHas an area of about 30.3 million square kilometres 20 of the total land surface It measures 8000 km from north to south and 7400km from east to westOther continentsAsia 43608000km2Africa 30335000km2North America 25349000km2South America 17611000km2Antarctica 13340000km2Europe 10498000km2Australia 8923000km2Countries that makes up the Africa continentAfrica has the largest number of countries in the world making o total of 55 countriesAlgeria2381741km2Angola1246700km2Benin115773km2Botswana600372km2Burkina faso274200km2Burundi28490km2Cameroon475900km2Cape verde7275km2Central africa republic622984km2Chad1284000km2Comoros2117km2Congo 34965km2C te d ivoire322463km2Djibouti23310km2DR congo2345409km2Egypt1101449km2Equatorial guinea28051km2Eritrea124320km2Ethiopia1221900km2Gabon267667km2Gambia11369km2Ghana238537km2Guinea 245957km2Guinea bisau36125km2Kenya582648km2Lesotho30460km2Liberia111369km2Libya1775000km2Madagascar592900km2Malawi118484km2Mali1240192km2Mauritania1030700km2Mauritius2040km2Morocco724730km2Mozambique802000km2Niger1267000km2Namibia824295km2Nigeria923773km2Rwanda26338km2S o Tome principe964km2Senegal196192km2Seychelles453km2Sierra leone72325km2Somalia626541km2South africa1221037km2South sudan644329km2Sudan1886068km2Eswatini 17368km2Tanzania947419km2Togo56785km2Tunisia164154km2Uganda236036km2Western sahara252120km2Zambia752618km2Zimbabwe390759km2The largest country in Africa is Algeria while the smallest is Seychelles.


Position of AfricaAfrica lies between latitude 37 N and 35 S and on longitude 18 W and 52 E. Separated by water from all other continent except at the point where it joins Asia. Mostly Easterly point is called ras hafun cape guardafui Mostly westerly is cape verdeMostly northerly is cape bonMostly southerly is cape agulhasAfrica is connected to sinai peninsula by suez canalSeparated from Spain by strait of gibraltarSeparated from Arabia by strait of bab el-mandebShape of AfricaThe northern half is very wide while the southern is much narrowerAt the cape guardafui extends outwards in the shape of a horn therefore the horn of AfricaSize of AfricaAfrica is the second largest continent in the worldHas an area of about 30.3 million square kilometres 20 of the total land surface It measures 8000 km from north to south and 7400km from east to westOther continentsAsia 43608000km2Africa 30335000km2North America 25349000km2South America 17611000km2Antarctica 13340000km2Europe 10498000km2Australia 8923000km2Countries that makes up the Africa continentAfrica has the largest number of countries in the world making o total of 55 countriesAlgeria2381741km2Angola1246700km2Benin115773km2Botswana600372km2Burkina faso274200km2Burundi28490km2Cameroon475900km2Cape verde7275km2Central africa republic622984km2Chad1284000km2Comoros2117km2Congo 34965km2C te d ivoire322463km2Djibouti23310km2DR congo2345409km2Egypt1101449km2Equatorial guinea28051km2Eritrea124320km2Ethiopia1221900km2Gabon267667km2Gambia11369km2Ghana238537km2Guinea 245957km2Guinea bisau36125km2Kenya582648km2Lesotho30460km2Liberia111369km2Libya1775000km2Madagascar592900km2Malawi118484km2Mali1240192km2Mauritania1030700km2Mauritius2040km2Morocco724730km2Mozambique802000km2Niger1267000km2Namibia824295km2Nigeria923773km2Rwanda26338km2S o Tome principe964km2Senegal196192km2Seychelles453km2Sierra leone72325km2Somalia626541km2South africa1221037km2South sudan644329km2Sudan1886068km2Eswatini 17368km2Tanzania947419km2Togo56785km2Tunisia164154km2Uganda236036km2Western sahara252120km2Zambia752618km2Zimbabwe390759km2The largest country in Africa is Algeria while the smallest is Seychelles. Offshore island also form part of Africa;SeychellesSao Tome and principeMauritiusComorosMadagascarCape verdeLocating places and features on a map using latitudes and longitudesWhen giving the position of a place or features we with start with the latitude and then longitudeMajor latitudes and longitudesMajor longitude is called prime meridian also called Greenwich meridianIn Africa it passes through:Ghana Accra AlgeriaBurkina fasoMaliAll other longitudes are measured and named from prime meridian up to 180 on both sidesMajor latitude are 3 passing through AfricaEquator 0 - divides Africa into two partsIt passes through;GabonCongoDR congoUgandaKenyaSomaliaTropic of cancer 231 2 north of equatorIt passes through;Western saharaMaliMauritaniaAlgeriaLibyaEgyptTropic of capricorn 231 2 south of equatorIt passes through:NamibiaBotswanaSouth africaMozambiqueMadagascarOther important lines of latitude are far from africa are:Arctic circle 661 2 NAntarctic circle 661 2 SCalculating the time of different places in the world using longitudesRotation of the earth- This is movement of earth on its own axisDistance between longitudes is measured in degreesThere are 360 meridians or longitudesOne complete rotation is 360 The direction of the rotation is from west to east i.e.


Separated by water from all other continent except at the point where it joins Asia. Mostly Easterly point is called ras hafun cape guardafui Mostly westerly is cape verdeMostly northerly is cape bonMostly southerly is cape agulhasAfrica is connected to sinai peninsula by suez canalSeparated from Spain by strait of gibraltarSeparated from Arabia by strait of bab el-mandebShape of AfricaThe northern half is very wide while the southern is much narrowerAt the cape guardafui extends outwards in the shape of a horn therefore the horn of AfricaSize of AfricaAfrica is the second largest continent in the worldHas an area of about 30.3 million square kilometres 20 of the total land surface It measures 8000 km from north to south and 7400km from east to westOther continentsAsia 43608000km2Africa 30335000km2North America 25349000km2South America 17611000km2Antarctica 13340000km2Europe 10498000km2Australia 8923000km2Countries that makes up the Africa continentAfrica has the largest number of countries in the world making o total of 55 countriesAlgeria2381741km2Angola1246700km2Benin115773km2Botswana600372km2Burkina faso274200km2Burundi28490km2Cameroon475900km2Cape verde7275km2Central africa republic622984km2Chad1284000km2Comoros2117km2Congo 34965km2C te d ivoire322463km2Djibouti23310km2DR congo2345409km2Egypt1101449km2Equatorial guinea28051km2Eritrea124320km2Ethiopia1221900km2Gabon267667km2Gambia11369km2Ghana238537km2Guinea 245957km2Guinea bisau36125km2Kenya582648km2Lesotho30460km2Liberia111369km2Libya1775000km2Madagascar592900km2Malawi118484km2Mali1240192km2Mauritania1030700km2Mauritius2040km2Morocco724730km2Mozambique802000km2Niger1267000km2Namibia824295km2Nigeria923773km2Rwanda26338km2S o Tome principe964km2Senegal196192km2Seychelles453km2Sierra leone72325km2Somalia626541km2South africa1221037km2South sudan644329km2Sudan1886068km2Eswatini 17368km2Tanzania947419km2Togo56785km2Tunisia164154km2Uganda236036km2Western sahara252120km2Zambia752618km2Zimbabwe390759km2The largest country in Africa is Algeria while the smallest is Seychelles. Offshore island also form part of Africa;SeychellesSao Tome and principeMauritiusComorosMadagascarCape verdeLocating places and features on a map using latitudes and longitudesWhen giving the position of a place or features we with start with the latitude and then longitudeMajor latitudes and longitudesMajor longitude is called prime meridian also called Greenwich meridianIn Africa it passes through:Ghana Accra AlgeriaBurkina fasoMaliAll other longitudes are measured and named from prime meridian up to 180 on both sidesMajor latitude are 3 passing through AfricaEquator 0 - divides Africa into two partsIt passes through;GabonCongoDR congoUgandaKenyaSomaliaTropic of cancer 231 2 north of equatorIt passes through;Western saharaMaliMauritaniaAlgeriaLibyaEgyptTropic of capricorn 231 2 south of equatorIt passes through:NamibiaBotswanaSouth africaMozambiqueMadagascarOther important lines of latitude are far from africa are:Arctic circle 661 2 NAntarctic circle 661 2 SCalculating the time of different places in the world using longitudesRotation of the earth- This is movement of earth on its own axisDistance between longitudes is measured in degreesThere are 360 meridians or longitudesOne complete rotation is 360 The direction of the rotation is from west to east i.e. anticlockwise direction.


Mostly Easterly point is called ras hafun cape guardafui Mostly westerly is cape verdeMostly northerly is cape bonMostly southerly is cape agulhasAfrica is connected to sinai peninsula by suez canalSeparated from Spain by strait of gibraltarSeparated from Arabia by strait of bab el-mandebShape of AfricaThe northern half is very wide while the southern is much narrowerAt the cape guardafui extends outwards in the shape of a horn therefore the horn of AfricaSize of AfricaAfrica is the second largest continent in the worldHas an area of about 30.3 million square kilometres 20 of the total land surface It measures 8000 km from north to south and 7400km from east to westOther continentsAsia 43608000km2Africa 30335000km2North America 25349000km2South America 17611000km2Antarctica 13340000km2Europe 10498000km2Australia 8923000km2Countries that makes up the Africa continentAfrica has the largest number of countries in the world making o total of 55 countriesAlgeria2381741km2Angola1246700km2Benin115773km2Botswana600372km2Burkina faso274200km2Burundi28490km2Cameroon475900km2Cape verde7275km2Central africa republic622984km2Chad1284000km2Comoros2117km2Congo 34965km2C te d ivoire322463km2Djibouti23310km2DR congo2345409km2Egypt1101449km2Equatorial guinea28051km2Eritrea124320km2Ethiopia1221900km2Gabon267667km2Gambia11369km2Ghana238537km2Guinea 245957km2Guinea bisau36125km2Kenya582648km2Lesotho30460km2Liberia111369km2Libya1775000km2Madagascar592900km2Malawi118484km2Mali1240192km2Mauritania1030700km2Mauritius2040km2Morocco724730km2Mozambique802000km2Niger1267000km2Namibia824295km2Nigeria923773km2Rwanda26338km2S o Tome principe964km2Senegal196192km2Seychelles453km2Sierra leone72325km2Somalia626541km2South africa1221037km2South sudan644329km2Sudan1886068km2Eswatini 17368km2Tanzania947419km2Togo56785km2Tunisia164154km2Uganda236036km2Western sahara252120km2Zambia752618km2Zimbabwe390759km2The largest country in Africa is Algeria while the smallest is Seychelles. Offshore island also form part of Africa;SeychellesSao Tome and principeMauritiusComorosMadagascarCape verdeLocating places and features on a map using latitudes and longitudesWhen giving the position of a place or features we with start with the latitude and then longitudeMajor latitudes and longitudesMajor longitude is called prime meridian also called Greenwich meridianIn Africa it passes through:Ghana Accra AlgeriaBurkina fasoMaliAll other longitudes are measured and named from prime meridian up to 180 on both sidesMajor latitude are 3 passing through AfricaEquator 0 - divides Africa into two partsIt passes through;GabonCongoDR congoUgandaKenyaSomaliaTropic of cancer 231 2 north of equatorIt passes through;Western saharaMaliMauritaniaAlgeriaLibyaEgyptTropic of capricorn 231 2 south of equatorIt passes through:NamibiaBotswanaSouth africaMozambiqueMadagascarOther important lines of latitude are far from africa are:Arctic circle 661 2 NAntarctic circle 661 2 SCalculating the time of different places in the world using longitudesRotation of the earth- This is movement of earth on its own axisDistance between longitudes is measured in degreesThere are 360 meridians or longitudesOne complete rotation is 360 The direction of the rotation is from west to east i.e. anticlockwise direction. One complete rotation takes 24 hoursAll places found in the east of the Greenwich meridian will see sunrise first and therefore they are one hour ahead of those to the westEffects of rotation of the earthDifferences in time along different longitudesOccurrence of day and night24hrs 360 1hr ?


Offshore island also form part of Africa;SeychellesSao Tome and principeMauritiusComorosMadagascarCape verdeLocating places and features on a map using latitudes and longitudesWhen giving the position of a place or features we with start with the latitude and then longitudeMajor latitudes and longitudesMajor longitude is called prime meridian also called Greenwich meridianIn Africa it passes through:Ghana Accra AlgeriaBurkina fasoMaliAll other longitudes are measured and named from prime meridian up to 180 on both sidesMajor latitude are 3 passing through AfricaEquator 0 - divides Africa into two partsIt passes through;GabonCongoDR congoUgandaKenyaSomaliaTropic of cancer 231 2 north of equatorIt passes through;Western saharaMaliMauritaniaAlgeriaLibyaEgyptTropic of capricorn 231 2 south of equatorIt passes through:NamibiaBotswanaSouth africaMozambiqueMadagascarOther important lines of latitude are far from africa are:Arctic circle 661 2 NAntarctic circle 661 2 SCalculating the time of different places in the world using longitudesRotation of the earth- This is movement of earth on its own axisDistance between longitudes is measured in degreesThere are 360 meridians or longitudesOne complete rotation is 360 The direction of the rotation is from west to east i.e. anticlockwise direction. One complete rotation takes 24 hoursAll places found in the east of the Greenwich meridian will see sunrise first and therefore they are one hour ahead of those to the westEffects of rotation of the earthDifferences in time along different longitudesOccurrence of day and night24hrs 360 1hr ? 360 1 24 15Therefore 1hr 15 or 360 24 60 minutes 1440min 1440 360 1 4minI Hr the earth covers 15 and 1 it covers 4 minutesCalculating time of places found to the east of Greenwich MeridianExample 1The time in Accra 0 is 7.00am.calculate time in bermbera 45 E1hr 15 ?


Used to locate physical features like landforms. THE EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEMSolar system is the group of heavenly bodies comprising the sun and the planets. The origin of the solar systemThe passing star theoryA star with a greater gravitational pull passed near the sunIt attracted large quantities of gaseous materials from the sunThe materials split, cooled and condensed to form planetsThe planets were set in orbit by the passing starThe nebula cloud theoryThere was a slowly rotating cloud of dust and gas called NebulaIt cooled and began to contactRotation speed increased and successive rings of gaseous materials were formed. The rings condensed to form planetsThe central gaseous material remained as the sunSize of the earthEquatorial diameter-12756kmEquatorial circumference-40085kmPolar diameter-39995kmSurface area of the earth-510 106 km2Water surface - 73 . MERCURYNearest from the sunIts 58m km from the sunHas no satellitesTakes approximately 88 earth days to revolve around the sunVenus2nd planet from the sunIt s 108m km from the sunOne of the brightest planetsCan be seen clearly with naked eyesTakes approximately 225 earth days to revolve around the sunSlightly smaller than the earthHas no satellitesTogether with the earth they are called twin planets due to having many similaritiesMarsAlso called The Red Planet because when it s observed through a telescope it appears reddish. The 4th from the sunSlightly smaller than the earthApproximately 228m km from the sunTakes 687 earth days to revolve around the sunBetween Mass and Jupiter there are small celestial bodies called planetoids. Has no satellite.


MERCURYNearest from the sunIts 58m km from the sunHas no satellitesTakes approximately 88 earth days to revolve around the sunVenus2nd planet from the sunIt s 108m km from the sunOne of the brightest planetsCan be seen clearly with naked eyesTakes approximately 225 earth days to revolve around the sunSlightly smaller than the earthHas no satellitesTogether with the earth they are called twin planets due to having many similaritiesMarsAlso called The Red Planet because when it s observed through a telescope it appears reddish. The 4th from the sunSlightly smaller than the earthApproximately 228m km from the sunTakes 687 earth days to revolve around the sunBetween Mass and Jupiter there are small celestial bodies called planetoids. Has no satellite. Jupiter5th planet from the sunApproximately 778m km from the sunLargest in the universeRotates on its own axis at very fast speedHas flattened poles due to its fast speed of rotationHas very thick layers of ice on its surfacetakes 12 earth years to revolve around the sunHas 16 satellitesSaturn6th planet from the sunSecond largest planetApproximately 1427m km from the sunTakes 29 earth years to revolve around the sunHas a ring around itHas 18 satellitesUranus7th planet from the sunAbout 4 times bigger than the earthApproximately 2870m km from the sunAlso rotates very fastAlso has flattened poles due to fast speed of rotationIt appears greenish foe being surrounded by methane gasHas 8 satellitesTakes 84 earth years to revolve around the sunNeptuneOne of the farthest from the sun8th planet from the sunApproximately 4497m km from the sunHas 8 satellitesTakes 165 earth years to revolve around the sunVery similar in size, colour and character with UranusThe shape of the earthThe shape of the earth is called geoid ovoid oblate spheroid due to being an imperfect sphere by being wide at the equator and flat at the poles.