{"text": "1. Studg pictures A, B ond C betow.xxxxxxxxoF rcltlAxxxxxxxxHu0 .0 .20t 72. Ldentifg the ospects of Sociol Studies shown in the pictures obove.3. Shore gour findings in closs. F KeM pexfim sSociol Studies is o eorning oreq thot includes Historg, Geogrophg ond Citizenship. Picture A is Congo River showing on ospect of Geogrophg. Picture B ore BerberVitloges in Morocco, showing on ospect of Historg. Picture C is onidentitg cord showing on qspect of Citizenship.1Coreer ond EntrepreneuriolOpportunities in Sociot StudiesThe studg of Sociol Studies provides us with coreers ond entrepreneurio opportunities indifferent fields. Cqreers ore occupotions undertqken for o significont period of o person's ife ond with opportunities for progress in ife. For exomple,teoching ond engineering orecoreers. Entrepreneurship is the octivitg of setting up o business or toking on finonciolrisks with the hope of moking o profit. L. Studg the foltowing pictures.ldentifg the coreer ond entrepreneuriol opportunities shown in the picturesShore gour findings in ctoss.1. Reod whot Corot ond John ore soqing obout the importqnce of Sociol Studies. Corol2.3.2' Socio Studies enobles us to solve present problemsond in certoin cqses, predict whot might hoppen infuture.'. Sociol Studies inspires potriotism ond notionotismomong citizens.lt enobtes people to oppreciote ondtoke pride in their notionol heritoge.'. Sociol Studies provides the eqrner with on openingto o we l-poging coreer in teoching, ow, business ondodministrotion.lmportonce of Sociol Studies for Personol Developmentond Service to Humonitg. Sociq Studies helps us to understond our noturotlenvironments such os ond, oir, woter ond climqte.. Socio Studies hetps us to oppreciote the eorth osthe homelond of humon kind..", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-CHAPTER-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9045516498679097, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1774, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360539.938404}
{"text": "Reod whot Corot ond John ore soqing obout the importqnce of Sociol Studies. Corol2.3.2' Socio Studies enobles us to solve present problemsond in certoin cqses, predict whot might hoppen infuture.'. Sociol Studies inspires potriotism ond notionotismomong citizens.lt enobtes people to oppreciote ondtoke pride in their notionol heritoge.'. Sociol Studies provides the eqrner with on openingto o we l-poging coreer in teoching, ow, business ondodministrotion.lmportonce of Sociol Studies for Personol Developmentond Service to Humonitg. Sociq Studies helps us to understond our noturotlenvironments such os ond, oir, woter ond climqte.. Socio Studies hetps us to oppreciote the eorth osthe homelond of humon kind.. lt helps us to understond our cutture.. Sociolstudies helps us to enhonce teodership skitls. John2. Using digitot devices or other resources, find out wogs in which Sociol Studies isimportont for personol development ond service to humonitg.3. Broinstorm on the importonce of Sociol Studies for personol devetopment ondservice to humonitg.4. Shore gour findings in closs.1. Grode 7 eorners ofTownship Junior Secondorg were osked to reseorch on theimportonce of Sociol Studies for: o personot development.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-CHAPTER-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9025485153144728, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1222, "token_count": 349}, "cleaned_at": 1750360539.9429553}
{"text": "Broinstorm on the importonce of Sociol Studies for personol devetopment ondservice to humonitg.4. Shore gour findings in closs.1. Grode 7 eorners ofTownship Junior Secondorg were osked to reseorch on theimportonce of Sociol Studies for: o personot development. B service to humonitg. The tobte betow shows some of the points theg were qbte to find out:lmportonce of Sociol Studies forpersonoI developmentlmportonce of Sociol Studies forservice to humonitgaHelps one to understond the reolwortd oround us. Helps us to utitise the ovoilobleresources to serve humonitg. Helps us to become good citizens. Hetps us to oppreciote ond retotewetlwith other people.aHetps us to know the current offoirs.aaaaaaaaaaaComptete the toble bg finding out other wogs in which Socio Studies is importontfor personol development ond service to humonitg.ln which wogs do gou think the studg of Sociot Studies con help gou in: o persono development. B service to humonitg.3Coreer Opportunities Retoted to Sociol Studies in Kengoond GtobotlgUsing print or digitot resources,find out coreers in SociotStudies in Kengo ond globottg. Write down the coreers thot gou find out. Shore gour findings in closs.t 2.3.1.Studg the diogrom below on different coreer options reloted to Sociol Studies.2. Using the diogrom, cotegorise the coreer options into Historg, Geogrophg ondCitizenship. The first one hos been done for gou. GeogrophgHistorgCitizenshipLqnd economicsArchoeologgPubtic qdministrotion2. Discuss the professions gou would be interested in from the ones listed in the tobte.3. Hotd on open forum discussion on coreer choices in Sociot Studies.4.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-CHAPTER-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9077071253071253, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1628, "token_count": 461}, "cleaned_at": 1750360539.9150572}
{"text": "Using the diogrom, cotegorise the coreer options into Historg, Geogrophg ondCitizenship. The first one hos been done for gou. GeogrophgHistorgCitizenshipLqnd economicsArchoeologgPubtic qdministrotion2. Discuss the professions gou would be interested in from the ones listed in the tobte.3. Hotd on open forum discussion on coreer choices in Sociot Studies.4. Moke summorg points on the sgmposio.4SOCIAL STUDIES-Ff KeM pes xtwSome of the coreers in Sociot Studies inctude working os o museum curotor, lond economist,towger, climototogist, urbon plonner, orchoeotogist, ecotogist, pilots, omong others. D 2- ldentifg the business octivities shown in the pictures o to d .3. Using digitotdevices,print medio or other resources,find out other entrepreneuriolopportunities for Sociql Studies in our societg4. Shore your findings in ctoss. KeS pointsSome of the entrepreneurio opportunities for Sociot Studies in our societg inctudepotterg, bosketrg, ecotourism, horticulture, ogroforestrg ond fishing omong others.5LEntrepreneurio Opportunities for Sociol Studies in theSocietg1. Studg the pictures.tk L. Reod oloud the messoges on the poster. RanchingFishingDairy farmingHorticultureoke o Poster on entrePreneuopportunies reloted totes tn oursocietg.3. Displog the posters ot q strqtegic ptoce in school. A is o cqreful pton or method of deoting with on issue. Is the stoteof being mote or femole in retotion to sociol ond culturol roles. Orefixed generol ideos or imoges thot ossume thot o person behoves in o porticulor wog. Stereotgpes limit ospirotions qnd devetopment of tolents. Theg creote gender differences. These differences ought to be oddressed using oppropriote strotegies.6Activitgpoirs1.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-CHAPTER-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9045346843636223, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1702, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360539.9247146}
{"text": "Displog the posters ot q strqtegic ptoce in school. A is o cqreful pton or method of deoting with on issue. Is the stoteof being mote or femole in retotion to sociol ond culturol roles. Orefixed generol ideos or imoges thot ossume thot o person behoves in o porticulor wog. Stereotgpes limit ospirotions qnd devetopment of tolents. Theg creote gender differences. These differences ought to be oddressed using oppropriote strotegies.6Activitgpoirs1. Studg the pictures below.iai!I2. Whot cqn Uou see in the pictures?3. Discuss how gender stereotgpes ore being oddressed in pictures o to d . Givereosons for gour onswers.d Ke P m sWe con oddress gender stereotupes in coreer ond entrepreneuriol opportunitiesretoted to Sociq Studies through the fottowing strotegies:i Committing ond encouroging both moles ond femotes to toke o futl ronge ofcoreers ond business opportunities.ii Ensuring representotion of both genders in eodership.,,,. R Treoting both moles ond femoles equollg bg using texts ond curricutor thot doesnot promote gender bios.,. Ir Devetop poticies, lows ond decision moking processes thot represent both motesond femotes.7 r b ,c till lj; fGrode 7 eorners developed the fottowing rules thot discouroge gender stereotgpesin cqreer choices. Reod them oloud.2.Discuss ond moke rutes for gour grode to discourqge gender stereotgpes. Biologicot Differences Devoid of Stereotgpes in CoreerChoices ond Entrepreneuriol Opportunities in SociotStudiesThere ore biologicol differences between mole ond femqle people. For exomple, moleshove big muscles, hove brooder cheSts ond grow more hoir.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-CHAPTER-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.910890630566441, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1604, "token_count": 471}, "cleaned_at": 1750360539.9861026}
{"text": "Givereosons for gour onswers.d Ke P m sWe con oddress gender stereotupes in coreer ond entrepreneuriol opportunitiesretoted to Sociq Studies through the fottowing strotegies:i Committing ond encouroging both moles ond femotes to toke o futl ronge ofcoreers ond business opportunities.ii Ensuring representotion of both genders in eodership.,,,. R Treoting both moles ond femoles equollg bg using texts ond curricutor thot doesnot promote gender bios.,. Ir Devetop poticies, lows ond decision moking processes thot represent both motesond femotes.7 r b ,c till lj; fGrode 7 eorners developed the fottowing rules thot discouroge gender stereotgpesin cqreer choices. Reod them oloud.2.Discuss ond moke rutes for gour grode to discourqge gender stereotgpes. Biologicot Differences Devoid of Stereotgpes in CoreerChoices ond Entrepreneuriol Opportunities in SociotStudiesThere ore biologicol differences between mole ond femqle people. For exomple, moleshove big muscles, hove brooder cheSts ond grow more hoir. Femoles on the other hondhove ess developed muscles ond less hoir growth on their bodies. Using print or digitol resources, find out the biotogico difference between mqle ondfemole ond comptete the toble below. Femotes.,. We wit respect and listen to both bogs and girts in their coreer choices'.,. We shott protect the dignitg oJ evergone when theg choose o careerond entrepreneurlo opportunitg oJ their cholce',,, Weshat encour age each.other to toke up atttgpes oJ careers regardtessof one's gender.\". We shatl not shout ot, insutt or shut down ongone when ctassmatesexpress interest in certain careers or buslnesses oJ their choice. We shatt shore new ideas thot dlscouroge gender stereotupes n careerond business cholces. Our Grode Seven Rutes81.:Moles1. Look qt the picture to gour right.2.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-CHAPTER-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9115377742081221, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1811, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360539.996166}
{"text": "Femoles on the other hondhove ess developed muscles ond less hoir growth on their bodies. Using print or digitol resources, find out the biotogico difference between mqle ondfemole ond comptete the toble below. Femotes.,. We wit respect and listen to both bogs and girts in their coreer choices'.,. We shott protect the dignitg oJ evergone when theg choose o careerond entrepreneurlo opportunitg oJ their cholce',,, Weshat encour age each.other to toke up atttgpes oJ careers regardtessof one's gender.\". We shatl not shout ot, insutt or shut down ongone when ctassmatesexpress interest in certain careers or buslnesses oJ their choice. We shatt shore new ideas thot dlscouroge gender stereotupes n careerond business cholces. Our Grode Seven Rutes81.:Moles1. Look qt the picture to gour right.2. Use the picture to exptoin whg gouthink gender stereotgpes ctre notgood for our societg.1. Reod whqt Engineer Jone qnd Chef John ore soging obout coreer choices andentrepreneuriol opportunities in Sociot Studies. Mg nome is Engineer Jone. I om qpetroleum engineer. I design onddevelop methods of extrocting oilond gos. Being s womon does notprevent development of mU cqreer osqn engineer.l love mg job. Mg nome is Chef John. I om q chef. I prepore o tgpes of foods, be itloco or exotic. I otso troin peoptein cotering services.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-CHAPTER-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9085512564124858, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1325, "token_count": 368}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.0061731}
{"text": "Being s womon does notprevent development of mU cqreer osqn engineer.l love mg job. Mg nome is Chef John. I om q chef. I prepore o tgpes of foods, be itloco or exotic. I otso troin peoptein cotering services. Being o mondoes not offect mU coreer os o chef. I love mg job.2.Discuss other wogs of recognising biologicol differences devoid of stereotgpes incqreer choices cnd entrepreneuriol opportunities in Sociol Studies. Shore gour ideos in ctoss.3.t 9.j rgl ' Keg pointsBiotogicol differences should never be o hindronce to one's coreer choice ond entrepreneuriol'opportunitie S;Aoth mcte qnd ffiglqiltpitd be given equolopportunities to pursue their:dresms. Demonstroting Respect for One's Gender ldentitg in Pursuitof Sociot Studies Coreers ond Entrepreneuriot OpportunitiesGender identitg is the personolsense of one's own gender. People mog express themselvesdepending on the gender identitg ossigned to them. Gender identitg is different from sex. For most peopte, gender identitg otigns with the gender on individuol wos ossigned ot birch.1. Reqd the messoges on the posters thot the teorners ore hotdingMy brothercolledPeter. He is o chief. Pefer loves his joband is respected byeveryone in thecommunity. Besides his job, heis also a husbandand a fother.2. Creote posters on respect for one's gender identitg in pursuitSociol Studiescoreers ond entrepreneuriol opportunities.3.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-CHAPTER-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9126853475173091, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1383, "token_count": 382}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.0130699}
{"text": "Reqd the messoges on the posters thot the teorners ore hotdingMy brothercolledPeter. He is o chief. Pefer loves his joband is respected byeveryone in thecommunity. Besides his job, heis also a husbandand a fother.2. Creote posters on respect for one's gender identitg in pursuitSociol Studiescoreers ond entrepreneuriol opportunities.3. Disptog the posters in closs ond oppreciqte eoch other's work. Keg BointsWe shoutd never discriminote ogoinst ongone becouse of gender. We con demonstroteresPect for one's gender identitg in pursuit of Sociol Studies coreers ond entrepreneuriolopportunities through the foltowing wous: o treoting eoch other with respect regordtess of gender ond choice of coreers orentrepreneuriol opportu n ities; b complementing the ochievements of others in their cqreers ond entrepreneurio opportunities; c being gender responsive bg toking octions to correct gender bios ond discriminqtion. D ensuring thot no one is mistreoted, morginolised or discriminoted ogoinst becouseof their gender.10.as,rf ScIA',,, it, :.i: ,,,,; refers to the strength of relotionships ond the sense of sotidoritgqmong members of o communitg lt is the extent of connectedness ond solidoritg omonggroups in societg. Sociol Studies ptogs o verg importont rote in promotion of sociotcohesion in our societg.1. Studg the fotlowing diogrom showing wogs in which Sociot Studies promotessociol cohesion. Role of Sociol Studies in Promoting Sociol CohesionPreservationof social andRespect forhumanrightsResolvingconflictspeacefully2. Discuss the messoges on the diogrom on how SociolStudies promotes sociolcohesion.3.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-CHAPTER-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9160048458742766, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1615, "token_count": 438}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.0485425}
{"text": "Sociol Studies ptogs o verg importont rote in promotion of sociotcohesion in our societg.1. Studg the fotlowing diogrom showing wogs in which Sociot Studies promotessociol cohesion. Role of Sociol Studies in Promoting Sociol CohesionPreservationof social andRespect forhumanrightsResolvingconflictspeacefully2. Discuss the messoges on the diogrom on how SociolStudies promotes sociolcohesion.3. Moke o closs presentotion. A KeU poin sSociolStudies promotes sociolcohesion in the foltowing woUS; o it enobles eorners to ocquire positive interpersonqt retotions thot enoble them toretote we with eqch other; b it enobles the leorners to develop o sense of belonging with communities, cutturo groups ond neighbours which promote unitg ond sotidority; . It enobles leorners to respect ond oppreciote humqn rights thus enhoncing socio cohesion.11Preservationof humanrightsof theEnhancespatriotismculturalidenti r. :, I : I.r1. Discuss with gour porents or guordions coreers ond entrepreneuriot qctivitiesthot people in gour communitg engoge in.2. List the coreers ond entrepreneuriol octivities in gour exercise book.3. Shore gour work with the rest of the closs. Sociol Studies mokes us owcre ond hetps to creote concern for the welfqre of others. We sre olso oble to protect ond conserve our environment thus promoting potriotism. Using the dictionorg, find out the meoning of the fotlowing words ond phroses: o Coreer b Socio cohesion c EntrepreneurioI opportunitg d Gender stereotgpes \" Personoldevetopmentew wogn12s1. Exptoin the meoning of Sociol Studies.2. Ln which wogs does Sociol Studies help in: o personol devetopment, b service to humonitg3. Ldentify coreer opportunities retoted to Sociol Studies in Kengo ond globottg.4.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-CHAPTER-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.904786800148313, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1740, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.0621746}
{"text": "Exptoin the meoning of Sociol Studies.2.ln which wogs does Sociol Studies help in: o personol devetopment, b service to humonitg3.ldentify coreer opportunities retoted to Sociol Studies in Kengo ond globottg.4.Discuss the entrepreneuriol opportunities qvoiloble for Sociol Studies leonners inKengo.5.Hightight strotegies thot con be used to oddress gender stereotgpes ossocioredwith coreer choices ond entrepreneurio opportunities in Socio Studies.6.Discuss how one con recognise biologicql differences devoid of stereotgpes inchoosing coreers ond entrepreneuriol opportunities in Sociol Studies.7.Exploin wogs in which one con show respect for on individuot's gender identitg inpursuit of Sociol Studies coreers ond entrepreneuriol opportunities.8.ln which wogs does the studg of Sociol Studies promote sociol cohesion in thesocietg?9.How do coreers ond entrepreneuriol opportunities from Sociol Studies serve setfond humonitg?10.How con we demonstrote respect for one's gender identitg in pursuit of coreersond entrepreneuriol opportunities in Sociol Studiesl11.How con we qddress gender stereotgpes qssocioted with coreer choices ondentrepreneuriol opportunities in Socio Studies?", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-CHAPTER-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9024903013440966, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1208, "token_count": 314}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.0667558}
{"text": "RATIONALIZED PRE-TECHNICAL STUDIES GRADE 7 NOTES Strand 1: FOUNDATION OF PRE-TECHNICAL STUDIES. 1.1-Introduction to Pre-technical studies Pre-technical studies is a series of learning areas written to provide practical experiences that support the acquisition of skills in technical areas derived from computer science and business studies. Components of Pre-technical studies. Pre-technical studies is a technical learning area comprising of: Pre-technical studies a learning area that involves acquiring practical skills and experience in technical area. Computer science the study of computers and how computer technology can be used to solve problems. Business study-involves study of activities that involves production, distribution and consumption of goods and services aimed at making profits. The role of Pre-technical studies in day today life. It gives learners the skills they need to think critically and solve problems as well as preparing them for a technical digital future. Facilitates development of appropriate skills and knowledge gained from the learning areas such as computer science and business studies. Offers a wide range of careers in Pre-technical area such as in safety and material handling, in computer science such as programmers, software engineering and in business studies such as accountant, traders, manager, bankers and shopkeeper. Pre-technical studies promotes independence and self-learning through various skills enhancing chances of creating employment opportunities and self-employment in individual. It equips learners with skills to use when observing personal safety and safety in working environment. What is safety? Safety is a situation where one avoids causing harm, discomfort or sickness to self and to others when carrying out the daily activities. Examples of safety measures include: Wearing face mask to prevent spreading of airborne diseases or breathing in dirty air. Buckling a safety belt while in a vehicle to avoid falling off the seat in case of emergency brakes. Wearing hand gloves when working to avoid injury and dirt to the hands when working. Wearing gum boots to protect the feet from injury when working in areas with mud or sharp objects. Wearing an overall to guard against soiling clothes. Potential safety threats in a work environment. Potential safety threats in work environment can either be physical or online. Physical threats at workplaces. Physical safety threats include: Sharp edged tools and objects that can easily cut or poke someone.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9188915842958351, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2556, "token_count": 513}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.105152}
{"text": "Potential safety threats in a work environment. Potential safety threats in work environment can either be physical or online. Physical threats at workplaces. Physical safety threats include: Sharp edged tools and objects that can easily cut or poke someone. Disarranged rooms where one can easily tumble and fall. Naked electric wires that can easily cause electric shock. Poorly lit rooms where one can easily know oneself against objects. Poorly stored items on the shelves where they can easily fall off and hit someone. Working without protective gear where one can easily be hurt or injured. Rooms with wet slippery floors where one can easily slip and fall. Online threats at a workplace. Every online user should ensure they stay safe online by protecting themselves and others from online threats. Examples of online threats at work place include: Malware virus attack. Hacking. Data theft. Cyberbullying. Friend requests from unknown people. Phishing attacks. Ransomware-attempts to encrypt data and calling for ransom to release it or unlock code 1.2 - Safety in the work environment. Online safety rules and regulations in the work environment. Online safety is keeping safe from possible threats that a computer user may experience while engaging in activities through the internet. It includes: Protecting and managing personal information. Avoiding harmful or illegal content. To avoid online fraud, always buy online items from secure and trusted sites. Also, watch out for scams that come in form of messages and emails. Do not accept friend requests from strangers. Some strangers are hackers who might access your personal information and even take over your accounts. Phishing is an online fraud system used to steal private data such as login usernames and passwords. Use strong passwords that cannot be crashed easily in case your password is compromised. Consider changing it right away. Always back up your data and keep your computer security updated. Physical threats to digital devices. Physical threats to a computer include: Fluids such as water, milk and juice that can damage different parts of the devices. Theft.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9099233855277811, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2205, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.1448882}
{"text": "Physical threats to digital devices. Physical threats to a computer include: Fluids such as water, milk and juice that can damage different parts of the devices. Theft. Damage caused by natural disasters, fire and impact of falls. Corrosion caused by excessive humidity and dampness. Exposed cables in the computer room. Hardware failure Ways of mitigating reducing physical threats to digital devices. To prevent physical threats, the following should be done. Do not carry water into the computer room or near the computer. Do not use old and loose power extension cables in a computer room. They produce sparks that can cause fire in the computer room. Replace loose power extension cables because they may lead to unstable power supply. Use voltage controllers to curb unstable power supply in the computer room. Equip computer rooms with fire extinguishers that do not use water, the computer room can be fit with automatic fire detectors that will detect fire or smoke and alert the personnel in charge for quick action. Tuck computer cables in trunks or carefully lay them down under the desks in order to prevent falls in the computer room. Place computers on strong furniture to prevent them from falling. Restrict access to computer rooms. Secure the computer room with strong windows and doors to control theft of computers. To increase the security level, you can install CCTV cameras and also employ security personnel. Use computer cable locks to control theft in the computer room. Use dehumidifiers to control excess humidity and dampness. Ensure there is enough ventilation or free circulation of air in the computer room. Fit window curtains and air conditioners in the computer room to control and filter dust particles from entering the room. Cover computers with dust covers when they are not in use. Ideas and practices on how to personal and sensitive data from the public when online: To keep personal and sensitive data from the public when online, the following can be done: Protect and manage personal information. Do not accept friend requests from strangers. Avoiding harmful or illegal content. Buy online items from secure and trusted sites. Installation of antivirus software. Backing up data. Use of strong passwords.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9140381282495668, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2308, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.1883135}
{"text": "Installation of antivirus software. Backing up data. Use of strong passwords. Log out from your online accounts after using public internet to browse. Do not communicate with strangers online. Safety Rules and Regulations at Work. Safety rules and regulations exist in all workplaces. They are principles that govern the actions and procedures to keep the works property and the environment safe. Some of the general safety rules and regulations include: To ensure that you know how to safely perform the task. To ensure you know the hazards of the task and how to protect yourself. To wear the required personal protective equipment necessary for the task. To always work clear of suspended loads. To always keep your mind and eyes on the task at hand. To obey all warning signs and barricades. To inspect all tools and equipment to ensure they are not defective before using them. Do not perform a task under unsafe conditions and report any unsafe tools, equipment or hazardous conditions. All chemicals containers should be well labelled and covered. Maintain good housekeeping at workplace all the time. A computer is an electronic device that process or converts data into information. A computer receives, stores, organizes and processes data into information. The word computer came from Latin word computare which means to calculate. A computer uses programs that are sets of instructions which a computer follows to perform tasks. What is Data? Data refers to raw facts such as numbers, symbols, images and letters that are not processed and have no meaning to the user. Data is plural while in singular it is datum. Data is not meaningful to the user until it is processed. Examples of Data include: Texts. Images. Sound. Videos. What is information? Information refers to processed data that is meaningful to the user. Information is meaningful to the user. List the examples of computers used today. The following are examples of computers: Notebook. Desktop. Laptop. Tablets.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9051815980629541, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2065, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.1304302}
{"text": "Examples of analogue computers include: speedometer and mercury thermometer. Digital computers. They included modern computers like laptops, tablets, desktops and smartphones. They are designed to perform calculations and logic operations at high speed. They accept the raw data as input and process it with programs stored in its memory to produce the desired output. Hybrid computers. They combined best features of the analogue computers such as speed and those of the digital computers such as internal memory. They are used in specialized applications where both analogue signals and convert them into digital form before processing. Examples of hybrid computers are fuel pump and the analogue blood pressureClassifying Computers According to Purpose 1. General purpose computers They are most common computers that can perform most common tasks such as word processing, calculations, draw, play music and send electronic mails. General purpose computers are mostly used in schools, hotels, hospitals and at homes. 2. Special purpose computers. They are computers designed to carry out specific tasks only. They are mainly used in manufacturing industries, traffic control systems, weather forecasting, robotic systems, satellites and ATM machines. Classifying Computers According to Purpose 1. Supercomputer. It is the biggest. It is the most expensive. It is the fastest and most powerful computer for big data processing. It is able to process many instructions in a second. It is mainly used in application requiring complex mathematical calculations such as in- flight simulation in aerospace, in weather forecasting and in satellite launching. 2. Mainframe computers. They are the largest and most expensive after super computers. They have a higher processing power which can handle thousands of connected peripheral devices or users at the same time. They store large amount of data, instructions and information. Most government institutions use mainframe computers to store data, calculate interest rates and customer balances. 3. Mini computers. They are smaller, less powerful and less expensive than main frame and super computers. They are more expensive and powerful than personal computers. They provide a centralized location for data, information and programs. They are also used to perform calculations and process business transactions. 4. Microcomputers. They are the least powerful, smallest and cheapest computers. They are also called personal computers.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9103896243214831, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2540, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.2048962}
{"text": "Microcomputers. They are the least powerful, smallest and cheapest computers. They are also called personal computers. They are called microcomputers because their processing device is called a microprocessor. They are designed to be used by one person at a time. They are used in offices, schools, businesses, media houses or to keep records, prepare lesson plans and to browse. 2.1Fundamentals of communication. STRAND 2- COMMUNICATION Meaning of Communication. Communication is the process of sharing information through a channel from the sender to the receiver. Importance of communication in the work environment. Good communication ensures making decision is easier. Communication helps to build positive relationships, teamwork and trust at workplaces. Good communication helps to achieve greater goals. Communication enables managers shares goals with shareholders both inside and outside the organisation. It gives managers permission to stimulate behaviour changes in employees and suppliers and to inspire loyalty from the employees and customers. It allows managers to convince employees and unions to abandon counterproductive practices, managers persuade leaders to provide financing and it permits managers to calm angry customers and impress new ones. Preventing misunderstanding and conflicts. Improving customer services. Meeting goals and earning success. Promoting creativity and innovation. Advancing individual career prospects. ICT Tools in Communication. Emails-used to exchange information over the internet to other individuals. Mobile phones- allows calling and messaging in communication. Computers -computer provide various communication channels such as emailing, video calling etc. Videos and web conferencing- Video conferencing has a focus on face-to-face communication. Web conferencing has a focus on interaction and collaboration such as document sharing. Social networking - use of dedicated websites and applications to interact with other users. Online collaboration - using the internet and online tools to collaborate. Softwares like word processor are used to design letters and memos that are used to pass information in business. Social media is used to give immediate response to customer needs. Challenges of the internet. Ways of overcoming Internet challenges. Benefits and challenges of the internet. Internet enables communication worldwide through emails, chat services and video calls. Enable E-learning through video teachings and research has enabled learners and researchers to get information.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9183371041936971, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2605, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.222459}
{"text": "Benefits and challenges of the internet. Internet enables communication worldwide through emails, chat services and video calls. Enable E-learning through video teachings and research has enabled learners and researchers to get information. The internet is a source of entertainment where people listen to music, watch videos, sports and even play online games through the internet. Business flourish by using internet for online shopping and marketing of their products. Uploading, downloading and sharing data has been made easier with the internet. The banking sector has embraced online banking. Sending and receiving money is now faster and more convenient because of the internet. Some job seekers use the internet to find and apply for jobs online. Causes antisocial behaviour due to too much use or addiction. Causes laziness. Hacking and computer viruses are online threats associated with the internet. Some internet activities such as online gambling and posting of illicit photos and videos are indicators of moral decay. Personal data can be compromised through the internet and used to commit crimes such as fraud and cyber bullying. Sometimes the internet contains misleading and false information. Using updated software and antivirus programs to prevent data attacks by viruses. Having strong and different passwords that cannot be cracked also protect data from being compromised. Practising self-control through limiting the time spent on the internet and shutting down devices to avoid internet distractions. Always watching out for scam messages and emails in order to prevent online fraud. Parents, teachers and guardians monitoring all online activities done by their children and advising them on how to use the internet wisely. Not sharing personal information. Benefits of the Internet. Importance of Drawing as a means of Communication. Drawing are types of diagrams used for communication to show the shape and structure of a given idea or product. Technical fields use drawings to draw designs of different items before they are made. Types of drawing used in technical fields. Drawing involves making marks on a surface to create images of forms and shapes. Artistic drawing these are drawings that allows the communication of emotions, ideas or feelings.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9204282655246254, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2335, "token_count": 460}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.2470288}
{"text": "Types of drawing used in technical fields. Drawing involves making marks on a surface to create images of forms and shapes. Artistic drawing these are drawings that allows the communication of emotions, ideas or feelings. Examples of artistic drawing include: Illustrations -drawings for people to visualize and understand the picture by picture rather than through text. Portraits-drawn pictures in which the face is dominant. Caricature drawing or painting in which features have been distorted and exaggerated in order to mock or satirize the subject e.g., cartoon Graffiti-drawings made in public spaces such as public walls or buildings using spray paints. Illustration. Portrait. 2.2 - Introduction to drawing. Differences between Artistic and Technical Drawings. Caricature. Graffiti. Technical drawings these are drawings made to scale to communicate specific idea on how a physical object function or is constructed. They are made to give a precise and detailed view of an object. They give information about how an object function or how it is constructed. Examples of technical drawings: Architectural drawings. Structural drawing. Mechanical systems drawings. Electrical drawings, Feature Technical drawings Artistic drawing 1 Purpose A technical drawing is used to provide accurate measurement of an object to scale. An artistic drawing is used to express one s ideas, to decorate or to give pleasing appearance to a surface. 2 Presentation The technical drawings are presented on a convenient. The artistic drawings are done on any material and in all sizes. 3 Dimensioning and precision. Technical drawing MUST be precise and accurate in dimension. The artistic drawing need not and do not obey the rules of dimensions, shape or proportion. 4 Emotions, feelings and sentiments The technical drawings do not take care of feelings or sentiments of a person. They are factual, functional, productive and result-oriented. The artistic drawings involve expression of feelings and sentiments. 5 Interpretation The technical drawings must be interpreted in the same way all over the globe regardless of the geographical boundaries, religions or nations The interpretation of the drawing is strictly left to the individual or the onlooker. Types of Lines used in drawing and their application.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9095038861044527, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2340, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.293223}
{"text": "The artistic drawings involve expression of feelings and sentiments. 5 Interpretation The technical drawings must be interpreted in the same way all over the globe regardless of the geographical boundaries, religions or nations The interpretation of the drawing is strictly left to the individual or the onlooker. Types of Lines used in drawing and their application. Drawing lines and shapes using drawing instruments Name of the line How the line is used in technical drawing Construction line A faint line used for sketching and drawing the initial details of a drawing Centre line used to show hole centres and centre positions of rounded features Hidden line how edges, surfaces and corners which cannot be seen. Phantom line long-short-short-long lines most often used to show the travel or movement of an object or a part in alternate positions Break line used to show where an object is broken to save drawing space or reveal interior features. Drawing line define the edges of a form Dimension line a thin, solid line that shows the extent and direction of a dimension Leader line A line that connects a data label and its associated data point Cutting line Type of line HorizontalVertical Diagonal Parallel Perdendicular Thick and thin CurvedZigzag Wavy Spiral Dotted ......................................................................................... Basic symbols and abbreviations used in drawing. Symbol Meaning 1 Diameter 2 Perpendicularity. 3 Centerline. 4 Radius 5 Square6 Basic abbreviations used in drawing. 1. DRG -means drawing. 2. A F means across flat. 3. A C means across corners. 4. I D means inner diameter. 5. O D means outer diameter. STRAND 3-MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION. Meaning and types of Economic Resources. Resources are all the materials available in our environment which are accessible, economically feasible and culturally sustainable and help us to satisfy our needs and wants. Economic resources are the resources used for carrying out economic activities. The main classes of economic resources are: Land. Labour. Capital. Entrepreneurship. Characteristics of Economic Resources used for production of goods and services. Uneven distribution-economic resources are not found in all places. Scarcity- these resources are not enough to satisfy all human wants. Economic resources have alternative uses. Usefulness-Economic resources have utility and they are useful. Mobility-They can be transported from one place to another.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8852334951741255, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2504, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.3225703}
{"text": "Economic resources have alternative uses. Usefulness-Economic resources have utility and they are useful. Mobility-They can be transported from one place to another. Combinability-Economic resources can be combined to produce different goods and services. Monetary Value-Economic resources are measured in terms of money. Therefore, they have monetary value. They can change ownership. Classification and Types of economic resources in Kenya. There are example types of economic resources in Kenya. They include mountains, minerals, machineries, land, information, sunshine, rainwater, lakes, rivers, oceans, etc. There are three types of economic resources namely; Human-made resources Natural resources. Human resources. 1. Human-made economic resources. They are resources that are created by human beings through various productive activities. They include: Tarmac roads. Machineries. Dam Watch etc 3.1 Economic Resources. 2. Natural economic resources. -. They are resources that exists in nature. -. They are found in natural environment. -. They include: Mountains. Rivers. Lakes. Wind. Sun. Natural forests etc. 3. Human economic resources. -. They are also referred to as labour or people who provide human services. -. For example; Teachers. Drivers. Painters. Nurses. Differences between metallic and non-metallic materials as economic resources. Distinction between metallic and Non-metallic materials. Metallic materials Non-metallic materials Some rust They do not rust. They have definite shape. Liquids and air do not have a definite shape but solids have a definite shape. They produce a sharp loud sound on knocking. Sonorous . They produce a dull sound on knocking. They are more reflective. They are less reflective, except glasses. They are generally smooth. They are generally rougher when not polished. They heat up faster when put under the sun. They heat up slowly. They are hotter than non-metals when under the sun. They are cooler than metals when put under a shade. They cool faster when put under a shade. They cool slowly when put under a shade. They are colder than non-metals under cold weather. They are warmer than metals under cold weather.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8987911459609574, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2226, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.2991536}
{"text": "They cool slowly when put under a shade. They are colder than non-metals under cold weather. They are warmer than metals under cold weather. They are not easy to break. They are easier to break than metals. 3.2 Metallic Materials. Sustainable ways of using economic resources. Reusing and saving resources. Avoid wastage and use of non-environmental pollutants. Safeguarding natural resources air, water, land etc.,. For the benefit of present and future generations through careful planning or management as appropriate. Adopting efficient technology. Investing in renewable energy sources. Reducing usage or consumption of economic resources through reusing and recycling. The capacity of the earth to produce important renewable resources must be maintained and whenever practicable, restored or improved. The non-renewable resources of the earth must be employed in such a way as to guard against the danger of their future exhaustion and to ensure that benefits from such employment are shared by all mankind. A metal is a solid material which is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible and ductile. Metallic materials are materials that have properties of metal. They have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are mostly identified by the items made from them. The types of materials include: Metals include: Copper. Iron. Aluminium. Steel. Silver among others. A. Shiny metals such as copper, silver and gold for decorative arts, jewellery and coins. B. Iron and steel for structures like buildings, furniture and vehicle parts. Physical properties of Ferrous and non-ferrous metals. C. Copper for electric wires. D. Aluminium for cams, bottle tops and caps, household appliances and utensils, airplanes. E. Bronze for church and school bells. Ferrous metals are metals that consists mostly of iron and small amount of other elements. Some of the physical properties of ferrous metals include: Magnetism-ferrous metals are highly attracted to a magnet. Heat conductivity- ferrous metals are better conductors of heat than non-ferrous materials. 3.3 Non-metallic materials. Categorization of Non-metallic materials as either synthetic or natural. Appearance-ferrous metals have a silvery colour.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9059155367744277, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2269, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.3499246}
{"text": "3.3 Non-metallic materials. Categorization of Non-metallic materials as either synthetic or natural. Appearance-ferrous metals have a silvery colour. Electricity conductivity ferrous metals are poor conductors of electricity than nonferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals are metals that do not have any iron in them at all. Some of the physical properties of non-ferrous materials include: Magnetism-non-ferrous metals are not magnetic. Heat conductivity- non-ferrous metals are poor conductors of heat than ferrous metals. Appearance- non-ferrous metals like gold have a more colourful appearance than ferrous metals. Electricity conductivity- non-ferrous metals like copper are better conductors of electricity than ferrous metals. Non-metallic materials found in the environment. Non-metals include: Wood. Stones. Textile. Soil. Glass. Leather. Plastic. Rubber. Water. Air among others Non-metallic materials can be categorized as synthetic or natural. Synthetic materials include plastics, manufactured glass, manufactured fibres, polythene, ink, paints and drugs among others. Natural non-metallic materials include plant and animal products such as wood, wool, bones and skin among others. They also include inorganic material such as stones, minerals, sand, clay and ballast among others. Physical state Non-metals can exist in all the three physical stats; solid, liquid and gaseous. Hardness Non-metals are generally soft. Some of the solid non-metals are quite soft. They can easily be cut with a knife. Brittleness Non-metallic materials are brittle because they break down into pieces on hammering. Decomposition Natural non-metallic decompose rot after sometime. Synthetic non- metallic materials do not decompose easily. Combustibility Non-metallic materials generally burn in fire, except earth and mineral products. Heat conduction Non-metallic materials do not conduct heat. This means that non-metals do not allow heat to pass through them. Shininess Natural non-metallic materials are dull. Synthetic non-metals appear a little shiny. Physical properties of non-metallic materials.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9095923948741835, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2147, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.3610423}
{"text": "Shininess Natural non-metallic materials are dull. Synthetic non-metals appear a little shiny. Physical properties of non-metallic materials. STRAND 4- TOOLS PRODUCTION. A measuring tool is a device used to measure a physical quantity such as length, time, weight, angle, volume and temperature. A marking tool is a device used to indicate a point on a surface to obtain accurate size and shape. Common measuring and marking tools are: Steel rule-also called steel ruler. A flat metallic tool with a calibrated surface. Made from stainless steel. Can either be flexible or rigid with different thickness. Uses: Measure length of an object or distance between 2 points. To draw straight lines. To guide cuts. Fields in which ruler is used: geometry, welding and fabrication, technical drawing, architecture and construction. Tape measure-also called measuring tape. A flexible tool marked millimetres, centimetres and inches. There are different types of measuring tapes. Tape measure is made up of materials such as fiberglass, cloth, plastic, metal ribbon or strip. Uses: used to measure length of an item and distances between points. Measures a round curved object because it is flexible in nature. Fields it is used: Masonry, plumbing, electrical installation, surveying, crafts and woodworking. 4.1 - Measuring Marking Tools. Measuring tools. Square it is a measuring device that consists of two straight edges set at right angles to each other. There are different types of squares. Uses: used to measure and ensure that two perpendicular surfaces are at a right angle. Used in different fields to ensure that joints and corners of objects are truly square. Fields in which square is used: Woodwork, masonry, mechanical engineering and plumbing among others. Try square Mason s square Calipers - it is a measuring tool that consists of two adjustable jaws. There are different types of calipers. Uses: Use to measure thickness and ouside dinensions of an object like tennis ball or bottle. Used to measure the internal dimensions of hollow objects like a rectangular tube or cylindrical pipe. Fields in which callipers are used:science, woodwork, metalwork and other mechanical trades.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9045531079989539, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2237, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.41304}
{"text": "Uses: Use to measure thickness and ouside dinensions of an object like tennis ball or bottle. Used to measure the internal dimensions of hollow objects like a rectangular tube or cylindrical pipe. Fields in which callipers are used:science, woodwork, metalwork and other mechanical trades. Inside callipers Outside callipers Vernier calipers. Micrometer screw gauge - also called a micrometer. It is a measuring instrument with a G-frame with an adjustable spindle. Uses: Used to measure the diameter of wires and thickness of small sheets such as glass or plastic. Fields in which callipers are used:metal working and other mechanical fields. Spirit level-it is a tool consisting of a sealed glass tube partially filled with a liquid, containing an air bubble. Used to determine if a surface is vertical or horizontal. Uses: Used to indicate how horizontal or vertical a surface or an item is. Fields in which callipers are used:masonry, carpentry, surveyor, plumber, metalworker and other interior designers. Thermometer- it is an instrument that is used to measure the temperature. It can be digital or analogue. Uses: Used to measure the tempereture of solids like food, liquids like water or gas like air. Fields in which callipers are used: widely used in industry and technology, in medicine and in research. Plumb bob also called plummet. It is a weight with a pointed tip on the bottom, which can be suspended from a string to give a vertical line. Uses: Used in construction industry to ensure that a vertical installation such as a wall is perfectly vertical. Examples of real-life situations of uses of plumb bob include: -ensuring a wall is vertical when constructing. -ensuring fencing posts are vertical during fencing. Fixing a foor fram. Installation of ceiling lights or pot lights and hanging of pictures. Installing wallpapers. Fields in which callipers are used:construction, masonry. Measuring cylinder-a calibrated glass or plastic cylinder. Uses: Used to measure volume of liquids and to determine volume of a solid by measuring displacement of a liquid. Fields in which callipers are used: laboratories, veterinaery and human services to measure drugs, chemicals and medicines.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9153500897666069, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2228, "token_count": 482}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.3921764}
{"text": "Measuring cylinder-a calibrated glass or plastic cylinder. Uses: Used to measure volume of liquids and to determine volume of a solid by measuring displacement of a liquid. Fields in which callipers are used: laboratories, veterinaery and human services to measure drugs, chemicals and medicines. Stop watch- a stop watch is a time measuring device with buttons, which you press at the beginning and at the end of a timed event. Uses: Used to measure the time interval of an event. Fields in which callipers are used: areas where accurate timing of events is required. Such as sports activities and laboratory experiments. Voltmeter-it is also known as a voltage meter. It is an electric measuring instrument with a letter V marked on the face. Uses: Used to measure voltage across the two terminals in an electrical circuit. Used by electrical technician s to chack input and output voltage of electrical equipment such as moter, batterries, medical equipment, electrical panel boards, plastic machinery and electrical devices. Ammeter-it is also known as ampere meter. It an electric measuring instrument with letter A marked on the face. Uses: Used to measure the amount of electric current in a closed circuit. Fields in which callipers are used:used by electrical technicians. Ohmmeter-it is an electric measuring instrument with a symbol marked on the face. Marking tools. Multimeter- it is a digital electric measuring instrument that can measure multiple electrical properties. Weighing balance- it is also called a weighing scale. It is an instrument that is used to determine the weight or mass of an object. They are of different types. Uses: Used to determine the weight of test materials and sampling amounts that require high degree of accuracy. Fields in which callipers are used:laboratories in pharmaceuticals, educational, food and beverage, chemical and industrial. Electronic weighing balance Spring balance Beam balance Pencil a thin piece of woof with a rod of black or coloured lead through the middle. Uses: Mark lines and centres for cutting or joining. Fields in which callipers are used:carpentry, tailoring, geometry etc. A pencil Scriber it is a metallic hand tool with hard sharpened ends. Uses: Mark line on metal or wood.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.913388573920628, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2293, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.4643297}
{"text": "Fields in which callipers are used:carpentry, tailoring, geometry etc. A pencil Scriber it is a metallic hand tool with hard sharpened ends. Uses: Mark line on metal or wood. Can be used together with a straight edge or square. Fields in which callipers are used: woodwork, tiling, clay works and metalwork. Scriber Marking gauge it is also called scratch. It is a tool with a small pin. Uses: Used to mark aline parallel to the edge of the piece of work. Fields in which callipers are used:used in woodwork joinery and sheet metal operations to mark out lines for cutting or other operations. A marking gauge. Tailor s chalk it is a thin flat piece of hard chalk used by tailors and dressmakers. Uses: Used to mark guides on a fabric to indicate where it needs to be cut, folded or stitched. Field where it is used: tailoring Sliding bevel it is also called a bevel square. It is a tool with adjustable blade angles. Uses: Used to set an angle to be marked ob itens like timber, metal, tile or brick. Fields in which callipers are used: woodwork, tiling, clay works and metalworks. Punch a punch is a shard sharp ended tool. There are two types of punches. Centre punch and dot punch. Uses: Can be used to make indent in materials such as metal, leather, rubber, wood or plastics. It is used to showa point where a hole is to be drilled. Fields in which callipers are used: metalwork, woodwork and leatherwork. Centre punch Dot punch Marking knife it is also called a striking knife. It is a tool that is either single beveled or double beveled. Uses:Dual purpose measuring and marking tools. Used to make markings on workpieces. Used to cut a visible line that can then be used to guide a hand saw, chisel or plane when making woodworking joints and others operations, Fields in which callipers are used: woordworking. Single bevel Double bevel. Spacing wheel it is a leather marking tool with evenly spaced spikes pn a wheel.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.901062215477997, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1977, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.4362524}
{"text": "Used to cut a visible line that can then be used to guide a hand saw, chisel or plane when making woodworking joints and others operations, Fields in which callipers are used: woordworking. Single bevel Double bevel. Spacing wheel it is a leather marking tool with evenly spaced spikes pn a wheel. Uses: Used in the leather industry to mark a line a long which stitching can be done, It is also used to mark points where holes can be punched. Fields in which callipers are used: leather work spacing wheel Odd-leg caliper -it is an instrument that consists of two curved, hinged legs. Uses: To measure and transfer thickness and distance to a workplace. Draw a line at a set distance from the edge of an object. Field where it is used: Woodwork, tiling, clay work and metal work. Divider -a divider is a measuring instrument of two straight adjustable legs hinged together and ending in sharp points. Uses: Used to mark off equal distances on a surface. Divide lines into equal parts. Mark arcs and circles on a surface. Fields area used: Surveying. Technical drawing. Engineering. Construction Trammel an instrument for drawing large arcs or circles on a surface. It consists of a beam with two sliding parts. Uses: Used to transfer measurements. To mark arcs. Lay out circles that are too big for normal compass or dividers. Fields area where It is used: Construction. Care for measuring and Marking tools. Caring for measuring and marking tools is the process of keeping them in good working condition even when they are not being used. Some of the ways of caring for measuring and marking tools include the following: - Clean the measuring and marking tools after every use. -. Lubricate instruments properly to avoid corrosion and wearing out of the moving parts. -. Ensure proper storage of the measuring and marking tools after use. The store should be cool and dry, well organised without staking tools directly on each other. -. Ensure proper handling of measuring and marking tools to avoid rough and sudden shocks that could damage the tools or lead to mis-calibration. -. Ensure measuring tools are only services by qualified and certified professionals.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9072332730560579, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2212, "token_count": 512}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.48934}
{"text": "The store should be cool and dry, well organised without staking tools directly on each other. -. Ensure proper handling of measuring and marking tools to avoid rough and sudden shocks that could damage the tools or lead to mis-calibration. -. Ensure measuring tools are only services by qualified and certified professionals. -. Use the measuring and marking tools for their right purposes only. What is the importance of measuring and marking tools in the work environment? They allow for the accurate determination of lengths, widths, diameters and other dimensions. By accurately and measuring and checking dimensions, workers can ensure that the items they make meet the required standard and specifications. This leads to improved quality and safety of the items produced. Measuring and marking tools enable workers to produce similar items with uniform size and capacity across the world. For example, vehicle parts, building components etc. Use of measuring and marking tools ensures safety in many practices e.g., in building construction where accurate measurements and marking of the components helps to ensure stability and loading capacity. Measuring and marking tools are useful in the designing and planning of different items. Architects, engineers and interior designers use these tools to measure spaces, create accurate drawings and mark locations for different items and ensuring they fit well. 4.2 Production of Goods Services. STRAND 4- TOOLS PRODUCTION Meaning of Production in the Community. -. Production is the creation of goods or provision of services to satisfy human needs and wants. -. It involves extraction, manufacturing, processing, construction, trade and service provision. Importance of Production. Goods and services are made available for members of the community through production. Production provides employment for people in the community. Workers who engage in production gain skills. The standard of living od people in the community improves. GOODS AND SERVICES. Meaning of Goods and Services. Goods are physical items or commodities that can be touched and felt and used to satisfy human wants. Services are intangible activities which cannot be touched and felt and do not deliver a tangible commodity. A market is a place where buyers and sellers meet or interact to buy goods and services such as food market, supermarket, the stock market and bond market. Human beings require goods and services to satisfy increasing human wants. Great services lead to better customer loyalty, higher revenues and lower costs. Types and importance of goods and services found in the local market.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9170297029702971, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2660, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.4999673}
{"text": "Human beings require goods and services to satisfy increasing human wants. Great services lead to better customer loyalty, higher revenues and lower costs. Types and importance of goods and services found in the local market. Goods can be grouped into different types as follows. Free goods and economic goods. Free goods are goods that are naturally provided like sunshine, rain, oceans. Economic goods are commodities which have money value that can be used to satisfy human needs and wants. Producer goods and consumer goods. Producer goods are used in producing other goods. They include machines, equipment and tools. Consumer goods are final products that are bought and used by consumers. They include microwaves, fridges, t-shirts and candles. Perishable goods and durable goods. Perishable goods are goods that go bad easily unless stored using very special facilities. These goods include meat, milk and vegetable Durable goods are goods that are used for a long period of time for example radio, furniture or building among others. Public goods and private goods. Public goods are goods that are enjoyable by all citizens like roads, airports, rivers, public hospitals, public parks, railway or churches. Private goods are goods that are owned by individuals such as personal cars, private schools, private land among others. Distinguishing Characteristics between goods and services. GOODS SERVICES Goods are tangible Services are intangible. Goods can be separated from the seller. Services cannot be separated from the service provider. Goods can be stored for future use. Services cannot be stored for future use. Goods have a significant time gap between Services are purchased and consumed together. Production and consumption. Goods can be seen. In order to provide services, you need physical tools. Goods can be spoiled over time. Services are rendered directly by one person to another and they expire. Goods can be standardized. Quality of services can be standardized. Goods can be transported from one place to another. Services cannot be transported from one place to another. Factors of Production, Importance, Characteristics and Rewards for the factors of Production in the Community. Resources are used in production of goods and services. These resources are called factors of production. They payment for each factor of production is known as reward. There are four factors of production namely: Land. Capital. Labour. Entrepreneurship.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9157182650218862, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2513, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.52745}
{"text": "Capital. Labour. Entrepreneurship. Land It is defined as agricultural land, commercial real estate and natural resources such as oil, gas etc. Labour. It is made up of the individuals who are responsible for the development of goods and services. Capital goods. Such as tools, equipment and machinery are part of the capital category. Entrepreneurship. It includes visionaries and innovators who are behind the production process. Characteristics of Factors of Production. LAND. Land is limited. Therefore, it cannot be increased. Land is a natural resource. Productivity of land can be increased. Land production quality varies. Land cannot be moved from one place to another. LABOUR Labourers can move from one place to another. They have skills. Labour cannot be stored. Labour is a basic production factor. CAPITAL. It is a human-made resources. They reduce with time when used. They can be improved with technology. They can be moved from one place to another. ENTREPRENEURSHIP. They hire employees. They start and control the business. They pay for all other factors of production. They take all risks that cone with the business. Ethical and unethical practices in production of goods and services. Ethical practices: Transparency. Safety. Social and environmental responsibility. Fairness etc. Product quality. Unethical practices: Low quality of product-Poor quality products will lead to losing many customers. Low quantity of products -Giving consumers less products than what they paid for can lead to consumer concern. Overpricing -Putting higher prices to the commodities can lead to consumers concerns. Hoarding -In some occasions, outlet hide products to create a shortage so that prices can rise up. Therefore, affecting the price of goods and services. Safety of products. Consumers are concerned about the safety of the products that they buy. Outlets should ensure that goods and services that they produce are good for consumer use.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9040826364977865, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2033, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.5434332}
{"text": "Safety of products. Consumers are concerned about the safety of the products that they buy. Outlets should ensure that goods and services that they produce are good for consumer use. Harmful ingredients-Ingredients used in production of goods and services should not be harmful to the consumers. STRAND 5- ENTREPRENEURSHIP. Meaning of entrepreneur, social entrepreneur and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneur -this is a person who identifies business opportunity and provides necessary resources to start and run the business. A social entrepreneur -this is an entrepreneur who pursues a project that has the potential to solve problems affecting people in a community. Entrepreneurship this is the process of identifying a business opportunity and providing the necessary resources to start and run the business with the aim of making a profit. Importance of entrepreneurship to an individual. Provides a career opportunity for the entrepreneur. Provides profit from the business activities leading to improved living standards. Creates a source of income for the entrepreneur. Importance of entrepreneurship to the community. It addresses the need of people by providing goods and services. Entrepreneurship results to creation of jobs and source of lively hoods for community members. Entrepreneurship leads to advancement in technology and better infrastructure through innovation. It leads to use or utilization of locally available resources hence creating revenue for the government. It contributes to taxes. It provides consumers with a variety of products leading to production of different products and improvement in quality of various products. Qualities of an entrepreneur in business. Risk taker-Have patience and dedication to work on an idea until it succeeds. Creative and innovative-they come up with ideas that are unique and can help solve problems. Have ability to make and follow a budget faithful. Curiosity-they keep looking for new business opportunities Are willing to adapt to changes to help sustain the business in the face of hardship and changing needs. Decisive-they make firm decisions in different situations and stand by them Focused-ensure their businesses remain successful in the long-term. 5.1-Introduction to Entrepreneurship. Sources and ways of generating idea of Business ideas for a business venture. A business idea is the thought that is in the mind of an entrepreneur concerning a potential business opportunity.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9178522751829925, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2506, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.628038}
{"text": "5.1-Introduction to Entrepreneurship. Sources and ways of generating idea of Business ideas for a business venture. A business idea is the thought that is in the mind of an entrepreneur concerning a potential business opportunity. Sources of business ides include the following: - Advertisements in media such as in newspapers, magazines, radios and television. The internet is a rich source of business ideas. One can get ideas from various internet sources such as blogs, websites and social media platforms. Hobbies- one can make money from what he or she does during their free time. Complaints- this is feedback given by unsatisfied customers. Attending exhibitions and trade fairs. Travelling it exposes a person to different ways of doing things. Family and friends they could suggest different business ideas, some of which are from their own experiences. Entrepreneurs observe the environment and identify the gaps that need to be addressed. Entrepreneurs pick ideas from personal experiences. Ways of generating business ideas. One can generate ideas for a business venture by: Consulting family and friends. Creating focus groups. Analysing quality of goods and services offered by other businesses. Talking with dissatisfied customers to know what they prefer. Building on professional training and skills. Evaluating a business opportunity to determine viability. Evaluating business opportunities refers to considering them against certain factors to determine if they are viable. A viable business opportunity is one that can be turned into a profitable business by an entrepreneur. An entrepreneur should evaluate strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of the business opportunity. Factors that an entrepreneur should consider to determine business viability include the following: Right skills to run a particular business venture. Knowledge about a product and the market. Profitability of the product. Competition from other businesses. Resources available to the entrepreneur. Availability of relevant technology to support the business. 5.2Money. Factors that enhance business success in the community. The following are factors that entrepreneurs should consider to enhance success in business: Understanding the customer needs. Fair pricing of products. Maintaining good relations with the customers. Keeping proper business records. Observing government laws and regulations.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9135862538396692, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2471, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.5914662}
{"text": "Maintaining good relations with the customers. Keeping proper business records. Observing government laws and regulations. Choosing the right products. Having a clear business plan. Money is anything which is generally accepted as a medium of exchange. What are the uses of Money? Money serves as a medium of exchange and people use money to pay for goods and services. Money serves as a store of value. You do not need to spend it immediately because it will still hold its value the next day or year. Money serves as a unit of account, which means that it is used to measure and record financial transactions or buying and selling of goods and services. Money serves as a means of transfer of immobile properties. One can sell or buy immovable properties such as land by use of money. Features characteristics of Money For anything to serve as money, it must have the following characteristics: Acceptability: The item must be acceptable to everyone. Durability: The material used to make money must be able to last long without getting torn, defaced or losing its shape or texture. Divisibility: Money should be easily divisible into smaller units denominations but still maintains it value. Cognizability: The material used to make money should be easily recognized. This helps reduce chances of forgery. It also helps people to differentiate between various denominations. Homogeneity: Money should be made using a similar material so as to appear identical. This eliminates any risk of confusion and forgeries. Portability: - Money should be easy to carry regardless of its value. Stability in value: The value of money should remain fairly stable over a given time period. Liquidity: - it should be easily convertible to other forms of wealth assets . Scarcity: - It should be limited in supply. If it is abundantly available its value will reduce. Not easy to forge- money should not be easy to imitate. The new generation of Kenyan currency is divided into nine 9 denominations as follows.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9087474328965894, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2046, "token_count": 458}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.5774448}
{"text": "If it is abundantly available its value will reduce. Not easy to forge- money should not be easy to imitate. The new generation of Kenyan currency is divided into nine 9 denominations as follows. -. 1 shilling - 5 shillings - 10 shillings - 20 shillings - 50 shillings - 100 shillings - 200 shillings - 500 shillings - 1000 shillings There are several special characteristics security features that make each Kenyan note unique. Security features on each not is identified by feeling, looking and tilting. The table below helps to identify these characteristics or security features on every Kenyan currency note. The security features when you Feel Look Tilt 1. Feel the word KENYA. 2. Feel the value 50 . 3. Feel 1 bar The watermark of a perfect lion s head, the text CBK and the value of the note 50 . The security thread appears as a continuous line. The security thread changes colour from red to green. The 200, 500 and 1000 notes have additional rainbow colours on the thread. The golden band on the note shows the value of the bank note 50 1. Feel the word KENYA. 2. Feel the value 100 . The watermark of a perfect lion s head, the text CBK and the value of the note The security thread changes colour from red to green. The 200, 500 and 1000 notes have Key Security features in the Kenyan Currency. Denomination 50 notes 100 notes 200 notes 500 notes3. Feel 2 bars. 100 . The security thread appears as a continuous line. Additional rainbow colours on the thread. The golden band on the note shows the value of the bank note 100 1. Feel the word KENYA. 2. Feel the value 200 . 3. Feel 3 bars. The watermark of a perfect lion s head, the text CBK and the value of the note 200 . The security thread appears as a continuous line. The security thread changes colour from red to green. Has additional rainbow colours on the thread.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8301528652006867, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1882, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.6147606}
{"text": "The security thread appears as a continuous line. The security thread changes colour from red to green. Has additional rainbow colours on the thread. The golden band on the back of the note shows the value of the bank note 200 1. Feel the word KENYA. The watermark of a perfect lion s head, The security thread changes colour from red to green. Pg. 46 Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan currency. 1000 notes 2. Feel the value 500 . 3. Feel 4 bars. The text CBK and the value of the note 500 . The security thread appears as a continuous line. Has additional rainbow colours on the thread. The golden band on the back of the note shows the value of the bank note 500 1. Feel the word KENYA. 2. Feel the value 1000 . 3. Feel 4 bars. The watermark of a perfect lion s head, the text CBK and the value of the note 1000 . The security thread appears as a continuous line. The security thread changes colour from red to green. Has additional rainbow colours on the thread. The golden band on the back of the note shows the value of the bank note 1000 Denomination Note image The animal presentedpg. 47 50-shilling note BUFFALO 100-shilling note LEOPARDpg. 48 200-shilling note RHINO 500-shilling note LIONELEPHANT pe. 49pg.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8368715553872692, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1251, "token_count": 340}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.6373749}
{"text": "47 50-shilling note BUFFALO 100-shilling note LEOPARDpg. 48 200-shilling note RHINO 500-shilling note LIONELEPHANT pe. 49pg. 50 Theme-Green energy Kenya has a lot of resources and potential when it comes to producing sustainable energy. One of the Africa s largest wind farms is located at Loyangalani in Kenya. Kenya has become a global pioneer in green energy production because of geothermal electric generation at Olkaria. Kenya hopes to live in a cleaner world. Theme-Agriculture. Maize tea and livestock. Agriculture is a key driver of the economy and a source of income for the majority of Kenyans, Kenya is known for its tea, coffee, horticulture and other crops. Livestock rearing is also part of many Kenyans culture. Theme-social services. Medical services-education-athletics. Kenya s social structure is both diverse and distinctive. Since independence, our athletes have kept Kenya on the map across the world. The government has made great efforts to improve the health of its population, particularly young people. Our education system has generated some of the world s top academics Theme-tourism. Beach-Parks-Simba Kenya is in the center of the world s tourist map. The country attracts millions of tourists who come to enjoy the sand, sun and parks. The Maasai Mara is one of the world s most well know parks. It is also famous for the annual wildebeest migrations, which is considered one of the world s natural wonders. Kenya is famous for having lions, known as Simba. Governance. Themes found on Kenyan currencypg. 51 5.3 Financial goals.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8804170575414327, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1611, "token_count": 473}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.6621182}
{"text": "It is also famous for the annual wildebeest migrations, which is considered one of the world s natural wonders. Kenya is famous for having lions, known as Simba. Governance. Themes found on Kenyan currencypg. 51 5.3 Financial goals. National assembly. The concept of governance is deeply rooted in the Kenyan culture. National assembly is at the top of the pyramid, reflecting the people s will and exercising their power. The Republic of Kenya s legislative authority comes from the people and is vested in and exercised by Parliament. It is a key component of the country s functional government. Meaning and importance of setting goals as used in financial management. Financial management this is the process involving how an individual or an organisation plans, controls and monitors usage of money for defined purposes. Goal setting in financial management - is the process of coming up with targets on how to earn, have and spend. Pg. 52 Financial goals are categorized into three groups: Short-term financial goals. Medium-term financial goals. Long-term financial goals. Short-term financial goal is one accomplished in one year or less. A medium-term financial goal can take between 2 to 5 years. A long-term financial goal is one that can take more than 5 years to accomplish. Importance of setting up goals. Helps one to set priorities and focus on them. Provides motivation to keep moving forward even when faced with unexpected challenges. It provides how much money to save. Enables a person to tract progress towards the goals over time enhancing accountability. Helps to determine the best tools and methods that would support the efforts to achieve them. Financial discipline-this is the practice of making informed decisions about earning, spending and saving money. Importance of financial discipline. Enables one to achieve financial goals. Reduces stress and anxiety by giving one control over his or her finances. Helps one to build wealth by saving and making right investment decisions. It gives one a good credit score when one is able to make timely payments on loans and bills. This helps to avoid interests and penalties for late payment. Factors to consider when setting up financial goals.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.902472966212576, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2272, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.7153401}
{"text": "It gives one a good credit score when one is able to make timely payments on loans and bills. This helps to avoid interests and penalties for late payment. Factors to consider when setting up financial goals. Apply SMART goal setting approach to know if the gal is Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound. Deciding what matters most-prioritise the needs and wants in order of importance. Know the period within which one wants to achieve the goals. Analyse obstacles or challenges that may be encountered. Monitor progress to make sure that you are meeting the targets. Searching for resources to search for information on setting up goals. You can find information on setting financial goals by using various sources such as: Visiting business sites on the internet. Reading business magazines and business news section in newspapers. Asking for information about setting personal goals from your parents. Talking to business people in your locality as resources persons. Formulating financial goals for individual development. Write a financial goal that is SMART. Create a timeline for the goal by defining whether is long-term, medium term or short- term. Determine how much money you need for the goal. Break it down into months or years. Write down what you need to do to help you achieve your goal. Implement and assess your financial goape.3.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES-TERM-1-2-3-UPDATED-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9071721869861405, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1419, "token_count": 301}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.6934245}
{"text": "JUNIOR SCHOOL2o24 GRADE 8 AGRICULTURE Oscar MwangiSOIL CONSERVATION: INTRODUCTION Soil provides the nutrients essential for plant growth, animal life, and millions of microorganisms. However, if soil becomes unhealthy, unstable, or polluted, the life cycle stops. Soil conservation refers to the protection and management of soil resources to prevent their degradation and promote sustainable land use practices. It is an important field of study and practice aimed at preserving the productivity, fertility, and health of soils for future generations. Soil is a vital natural resource that plays a crucial role in supporting plant growth, water filtration, carbon storage, and providing a habitat for various organisms. Threats to soil conservation The primary threats to soil conservation are Chemical contamination The use of pesticides can contaminate the soil, as well as nearby vegetation and water sources, with harmful chemicals. In addition to contamination, chemicals used on crops can be toxic to important beneficial insects, such as bees, as well as fish and bird populations. A Good example is the growing use of pesticides, herbicides and toxic fertilizers. Slash and burn Slash-and-burn farming is the practice of burning and clearing forests to make way for farmland. This method kills plant species and displaces wildlife from their natural habitats. Land cleared using slash and burn is only used while it s productive for farming. Once it loses its fertility, another patch of forest is identified for clearing. This unsustainable process repeats endlessly, preventing soil from recovering sufficiently to support healthy ecosystems. Land overuse, overgrazing, etc. Overuse of land can limit soil s ability to play its part in the global climate cycle. For example, overcutting forests and woodlands for timber and overgrazing pastures can far outpace the natural regrowth of vegetation, subjecting soil to increased exposure to erosionImportance of Soil Conservation Soil conservation is of paramount importance due to the following reasons: Preserving Agricultural Productivity: Healthy and fertile soil is essential for sustaining agricultural productivity. Soil conservation practices help prevent soil erosion, nutrient depletion, and degradation, ensuring that the land remains productive for farming. By conserving soil, we can maintain high yields, improve food security, and support sustainable agriculture. Protecting Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Soil is a crucial component of terrestrial ecosystems, supporting diverse plant and animal life. Soil conservation helps preserve natural habitats, including forests, grasslands, and wetlands, which are home to a variety of species.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9259245360516786, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2712, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.7421227}
{"text": "By conserving soil, we can maintain high yields, improve food security, and support sustainable agriculture. Protecting Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Soil is a crucial component of terrestrial ecosystems, supporting diverse plant and animal life. Soil conservation helps preserve natural habitats, including forests, grasslands, and wetlands, which are home to a variety of species. By protecting soil, we maintain the balance of ecosystems and safeguard biodiversity. Water Quality and Quantity: Healthy soil acts as a natural filter, purifying water as it infiltrates through the soil layers. Soil conservation practices reduce runoff and erosion, preventing sediment and pollutants from reaching water bodies. By preserving soil, we maintain water quality, prevent contamination, and ensure the availability of clean water resources. Climate Change Mitigation: Soils play a significant role in mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. Healthy soils store organic carbon, helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. By practising soil conservation, such as promoting organic matter content and reducing soil disturbance, we enhance carbon storage and contribute to climate change mitigation efforts. Mitigating Soil Erosion: Soil erosion is a natural process, but human activities can accelerate it to alarming levels. Erosion leads to the loss of topsoil, which contains essential nutrients for plant growth. Soil conservation practices, such as contour ploughing, terracing, and cover cropping, help control erosion and preserve valuable topsoil, ensuring long-term land productivity. Methods of Soil Conservation There are several effective methods and techniques for soil conservation. Here are some commonly used methods: Grassed waterways gr sometimes also called grass waterways are wide, shallow channels that are installed where water runoff usually concentrates in an agricultural field. They are planted with permanent vegetation, meaning they might be mowed, but the plants are never plowed or killed intentionally Stone lines are constructed along the contours to slow down the speed of runoff, reduce soil erosion, and enhance water infiltration. In addition, the stone barrier blocks and settles down the sediments transported from the upper slopes. Stone constructions are often used to rehabilitate eroded and abandoned land Trash lines are ideally 0.5m to 1.0m wide and 0.5m high. Advantages of using trash lines They conserve top soil by trapping or reducing the speed of run-off. When they compose they turn into manure and boost soil fertility.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9209429571622251, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2601, "token_count": 485}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.770639}
{"text": "Stone constructions are often used to rehabilitate eroded and abandoned land Trash lines are ideally 0.5m to 1.0m wide and 0.5m high. Advantages of using trash lines They conserve top soil by trapping or reducing the speed of run-off. When they compose they turn into manure and boost soil fertility. Trash lines increase soil water infiltration since they tend to hold the water longer Bund is an engineering measure of soil conservation, used for creating obstruction across the path of surface runoff to reduce the velocity of flowing water. It retains the running off water in the watershed and thus to helps to control soil erosion. Bunds are simply embankment like structures, constructed across the land slopeCrop rotation Instead of planting the same crop year after year on the same plot of land, crop rotation involves planning out growing seasons for different crops. This method of sustainable agricultureExternal link:open in new requires long-term planning, with crops changed every season. In addition to improving soil health and organic matter, crop rotationExternal link:open in new reduces the need for fertilizer and pesticides, lowering costs. It also helps prevent excess chemicals from entering water supplies, improving water quality. Contour Plowing: Plowing along the contour lines of the land helps to slow down water runoff, reduce erosion, and retain moisture in the soil. This technique involves creating furrows or ridges that follow the natural contours of the land. Terracing: Terracing is the construction of broad, level platforms on steep slopes. By creating terraces, water runoff is slowed down, allowing it to infiltrate the soil and reducing erosion. Terraces also help to retain moisture and provide flat areas for planting crops. Windbreaks: Windbreaks are rows of trees or shrubs planted along the edges of fields or across wind-exposed areas. They help to reduce wind speed, minimise wind erosion and protect the soil. Windbreaks also provide habitat for wildlife and contribute to biodiversity. Strip Cropping: Strip cropping involves planting different crops in alternating strips or bands across a field. This method helps to break up the flow of water and reduce erosion. The alternating strips of different crops also help to improve nutrient uptake and reduce pest and disease problems. Conservation Tillage: Conservation tillage practices involve reducing or eliminating the amount of soil disturbance during planting and cultivation. This includes techniques such as no-till, where seeds are planted directly into untilled soil, and reduced tillage, where minimal soil disturbance occurs.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9182837247531885, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2641, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.8069978}
{"text": "Grey Water Recycling Grey water makes up roughly 60 of household waste water. This waste water is from baths, sinks, washing machines and dish washers. As the cheapest and simplest technique, capturing of the grey water is done in a bucket or drain, and used for the farm or garden. Contour Trenching Also known as the fanya juu technique, trench contouring entails digging of trenches along contour lines where water flows down the hill and soil thrown upslope to form an embankment which traps the run-off water and sediment, while still penetrating the soil below. Through this technique, though tedious in implementation and maintenance, crops can be grown in low rainfall seasons from the subsoil water reserve gathered. Example of Fanya juu technique Fog Harvesting Fog harvesting is best done at night and early mornings during the cold season in mountain faced regions or plains; e.g. Kajiado County and Coastal areas. Air is cooled to a point where it can no longer retain water vapour, hence forming ground level clouds. These clouds water droplets are captured in a synthetic plastic mesh net, that is hoisted with two posts planted in the ground which drain the water in a gutter; then transferred in tanks. This technique is easy to replicate, cheap and the level of technology and maintenance is simple. Groundwater Ponds Using an artificial pond laid a few meters below the ground, increases the chances of a better harvest of rain water runoff. This water can be used for irrigation and livestock drinking water. Compared to construction of a borehole, laying of a synthetic membrane on dug out grounds is cheaper, and traps the runoff water. These ponds vary in size depending on the size of the farm. They are easy to manage and are cost effective. Gutter Installation This roof catchment system has been used for decades as a traditional means of water harvesting technique. The water can be harvested in small scale or large scale for the purpose of irrigation, livestock, drinking or all of the fore mentioned. The size of the storage tank is dependent on the owners financial ability and water usage. With gutter installation, water runs down the strip iron sheets which are bent at an angle and nailed onto the roof, suspended with galvanized wires. The water is drained into a storage reservoir placed on the ground. SQUARE FOOT GARDENING Square foot gardening is the practice of dividing the growing area into small square sections, typically 1 foot 30 cm on a side, hence the name.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9163593226437583, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2517, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.8364494}
{"text": "With gutter installation, water runs down the strip iron sheets which are bent at an angle and nailed onto the roof, suspended with galvanized wires. The water is drained into a storage reservoir placed on the ground. SQUARE FOOT GARDENING Square foot gardening is the practice of dividing the growing area into small square sections, typically 1 foot 30 cm on a side, hence the name. The aim is to assist the planning and creating of a small but intensively planted vegetable garden square allows you to get a high yield from a small area It's especially beneficial to gardeners who don't have much time or farm space. Square-foot gardening typically starts with a 4x4-foot raised garden bed filled with amended soil, then subdivided into 1-foot squares with markers like lattice strips. You then plant the appropriate number of plants in each square. You determine this by plant size. This method optimizes your space and reduces the effort needed to go from planting to harvest. Preparing square foot garden Follow this guide to square-foot gardening based on a grid of 1x1 foot squares and grow more vegetables than you can imagine with less work. Follow the steps below to start your square-foot garden. 1. Pick the Correct Location for Square-Foot Gardening As with most vegetable gardens, a square-foot garden must be where the ground is relatively flat and gets at least 6 to 8 hours of full sun daily. Avoid low areas that may turn into puddles after a hard rain. You may want to choose a spot near your house to make watering, weeding, harvesting, and other garden chores more convenient and harder to overlook. 2. Build a Raised Garden Bed The most common configuration for square-foot raised garden beds is 4x4 feet. At this size, most gardeners can reach the middle from any side. Plus, this size divides easily into a grid of sixteen 1x1-foot squares. Make your sides at least 6 inches deep. Growing root vegetables such as carrots call for sides that are 12 inches deep. To make a 6-inch-tall raised bed for square-foot gardening in a flash, buy four planter wall blocks which have 2-inch slots on four sides and four 4-foot-long 2x6s at your local home center. Set the blocks approximately 4 feet apart on level ground to form a square. Connect two blocks by sliding a 2x6 board into the respective 2-inch slots.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.892429367412455, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2334, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.8481724}
{"text": "To make a 6-inch-tall raised bed for square-foot gardening in a flash, buy four planter wall blocks which have 2-inch slots on four sides and four 4-foot-long 2x6s at your local home center. Set the blocks approximately 4 feet apart on level ground to form a square. Connect two blocks by sliding a 2x6 board into the respective 2-inch slots. Repeat with the remaining boards and blocks to create a 4x4-foot frame in about 15 minutes. Use a more durable material such as pressuretreated lumber or cedar for a long-lasting frame. 3. Fill the Raised Garden Bed You've built the frame for a raised garden bed; now you need to fill it with soil. You may be wondering if you need special soil for square-foot gardening. You can use what you have as long as you amend it which is a good idea for any garden . First, loosen and aerate the ground soil. Then mix in enough compost and extra topsoil if needed to fill the frame. Work compost into the soil at the rate of one-third by volume such as a 2-inch layer of compost into 6 inches of soil . Soil Amendments Nutrients If you want to be more scientific about it, you should test your soil to determine its composition. Once you have that information, add the right amendments in the correct proportions to achieve the best-growing medium for a vegetable garden. Another option: Prepare the soilless mix advocated by Mel Bartholomew rather than amending your ground soil. Follow this formula: one-third compost, one-third peat moss, and one-third vermiculite. You'll need 8 cubic feet of it to fill a bed with 6-inch sides and 16 cubic feet to fill a bed with 12-inch sides. This mix is pricey, but it creates a weed-free bed that's high in nutrients and retains moisture. Blend the ingredients well whether you amend the existing soil or create a new soilless mix. Some gardeners use a portable concrete mixer plugged into a household outlet to get a uniform texture and distribution of particle sizes. No mixer? No problem. Blend all the ingredients on top of a tarp, then shovel the mixture into the frame. To get a speedier start on planting, skip the mixing and fill the frame with high-quality bagged garden soil from a nursery or gardening center.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8919189110443211, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2207, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.863944}
{"text": "No problem. Blend all the ingredients on top of a tarp, then shovel the mixture into the frame. To get a speedier start on planting, skip the mixing and fill the frame with high-quality bagged garden soil from a nursery or gardening center. Once the bed is filled and you've raked the soil or soilless mix smooth, create a square-foot garden grid using lattice strips, PVC pipes, or even string. Use nails or screws to attach the grid to the sides of the frame. Being able to see each square-foot section clearly simplifies planting. If you like, cover the prepared garden with a thin layer of fine mulch to conserve soil moisture and slow down the growth of weeds. 4. Plant Your Favorite Vegetables If you're building more than one raised square-foot garden bed, leave enough space between them to roll a wheelbarrow. The formula for planting is simple: one extra-large plant per 1x1-foot square; four large plants per square; nine medium plants per square; and 16 small plants per square. Here's an idea of what you can fit in each square: one vine tomato, pepper plant, sukumawiki or eggplant; four bush tomatoes, heads of cabbage, or heads of lettuce; nine onions or beets; or 16 radishes. Zucchini needs nine of the 16 squares for just one specimen, but you can plant other vegetables in the remaining seven squares. Vegetables or fruits that spread such as watermelons require a separate bed. Planting Seeds If planting seeds, plant one seed per hole spaced appropriately for the mature plant. Look on the back of the packet for instructions. Poke a finger through the mulch into the soil, drop in a small amount of vermiculite, then the seed, and cover it with more vermiculite a material that will help keep the seeds moist while it's sprouting . Mist the newly planted seeds daily, so the soil doesn't dry out. Once plants are established, water them approximately once a week. Transplanting Vegetables If you're transplanting vegetables from a nursery or gardening center, use the same spacing method mentioned earlier. Place plants in the dirt, leaving a shallow depression around each one to help hold water. You may want to shade newly planted vegetables to protect them from wilting. Water daily for a few days, and then remove the shade and water weekly. 5.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9053646336112331, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2279, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.9035816}
{"text": "You may want to shade newly planted vegetables to protect them from wilting. Water daily for a few days, and then remove the shade and water weekly. 5. Maintain Your Garden Yes, square-foot gardening may take a little less work than traditional gardening, but you still have to pay attention to your produce. Watering Schedule You need to water when the soil feels dry, but you won't waste water on any exposed soil between traditional rows. Don't water from overhead. Instead, use a small container to water each plant individually pouring the water into the depressions you made when you planted them. Don't panic; it will still take less than 10 minutes to water a 4x4-foot garden this way. If your schedule permits, water in the morning. You'll need to water more often on days that are hot or windy because the soil will dry out faster. Weeding Your Garden Plan on weeding every week, but either pull weeds when they're small or use scissors to cut weeds off at the base instead of pulling them up by the roots or using a hoe. You don't want to disturb the roots of vegetables growing nearby. Make it easy on yourself by weeding every time you walk by the bed or only one square at a time. Because weedswon't compete with your vegetables for nutrients, you probably won't need to fertilize. Pest Control Inspect your garden daily to spot insect trouble early. Either hand-pick and destroy insects or spray the soft-bodied ones with insecticidal soap. Knock aphids off of plants by spraying them with a hose. CROP MANAGEMENT Crop pest A pest can be described as any organism capable of causing damage to crop plant. Types of Crop Pest. Important pests of crop plants are grouped into the following classes: i insect; ii birds; iii rodents; iv monkeys; v man; vi nematodesClassification of insect pests Insects pests can be classified into various groups based on their mode of feeding. These groups of insect pest include: 1. Biting and chewing insects; 2. Piercing and sucking insects; 3. Boring insects. 4. Biting and Chewing Insects: These insect mouth-parts which enable them to bite and chew plant Examples include: termites, grasshoppers, leaf worms, army worms, mantis, locust, beetles, etc. 5.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.89945974166958, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2224, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.9501712}
{"text": "4. Biting and Chewing Insects: These insect mouth-parts which enable them to bite and chew plant Examples include: termites, grasshoppers, leaf worms, army worms, mantis, locust, beetles, etc. 5. Piercing and sucking insects: These insect pests possess strong mouthparts called proboscis stuck liquid from materials from plants tissues. Examples include aphids, cotton strainers, mealy bugs, scale insects, capsids or mirids, white flies, etc. 6. Burrowing insects: These insects including their larvae are capable of burrowing into plant parts and destroying the tissues of the plant or fruits or seeds. Examples include: bean beetles, stem burrowers, maize weevils and rice weevilsCrop pestsAphids ois Ogres ArT ForContig Pant Cut wormsCaterpillar Vegetables attacked by pests Kale Spinach... Tomatoes Onions ... Carrots ... etcEffects or economic importance of insect pests in crop production 1. Insects pest destroy crops in the field through their biting, chewing, boring, sucking and defoliation activities 2. They cause reduction in viability of stored produce 3. Spot of injuries by insets may predispose crops to disease attact. 4. They increase the cost of production during the course of controlling them 5. They render vegetables and fruits unattractive and unmarketable 6. Some are carriers or vectors of diseases. 7. The profits of farmers are reduced 8. They reduce the quality of produce either in the store or in the field 9. They generally reduce the yield of crops 10. They can also cause total death of crop plants. What you need to know about insects pests Not all insects are pests. Some bugs are beneficial to the garden. These good guys are known as beneficial insects, and they can greatly benefit your garden by consuming pest insects that would otherwise feast on your plants.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8914423991012013, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1827, "token_count": 420}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.92071}
{"text": "What you need to know about insects pests Not all insects are pests. Some bugs are beneficial to the garden. These good guys are known as beneficial insects, and they can greatly benefit your garden by consuming pest insects that would otherwise feast on your plants. Examples Of Beneficial Insects Include: Playing mantises Robber flies Hoverflies Assassin bugs Ground beetles Ladybugs Green lacewings Spiders Soldier beetles How to Control Pests in Crops Pests can be controlled by implementing: Chemical control; Cultural control, including crop rotation, use of locally adapted and or pest-resistant or -tolerant varieties, sanitation, and the manipulation of planting and harvest dates to avoid pests; Biological control by using natural enemies of pests; Mechanical control through cultivation practices or pest trapping; Biotechnology. .. Cultural Control: By cultural control, it is meant those methods of planting, growing and harvesting a crop which will prevent or lessen insect damage. This method consists of a slight departure from the usual time of planting, sowing or harvesting the crops or changing the plan of crop rotation, weed control, disposal of the crop remnants after harvest. Planting good seeds and resistant varieties are very important in controlling some insect pests. Since cultural methods are usually economical, they are especially useful against pests of low unit-value crops. Practices which reduce the chances of buildup of pest populations may hold them below the level which will cause economic damage. Such methods are particularly applicable to field crops and forests. Knowledge of the life history or bionomics of a pest species is essential to the effective use of cultural control methods. The principle of the weakest link or most vulnerable part of the life cycle usually applies. The environment is changed by altering farming practices at the correct time so as to kill the pests or to slow down their multiplication. In this way, the method is aimed more at prevention than at cure. If the environment is unfavorable, the pest may not reach a population level which will cause serious damage. Cultural controls are often used when chemical or biological methods have not yet been devised for an injurious species. Cleanup of the sources of infestation and changes in the planting or harvesting time are particularly important when no effective method of killing the pest is known. However, these methods are also used in combination with other controls: 1.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9197435450017699, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2539, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.9386802}
{"text": "Cultural controls are often used when chemical or biological methods have not yet been devised for an injurious species. Cleanup of the sources of infestation and changes in the planting or harvesting time are particularly important when no effective method of killing the pest is known. However, these methods are also used in combination with other controls: 1. Control by Planting Pest Resistant Varieties: Seeds of healthy plants preferably of a resistant variety only should be sown as far as possible. Certain varieties are naturally resistant or less susceptible to insect attack e.g. certain varieties of wild apples are immune to aphid attacks while most of the cultivated varieties are very susceptible. Hence, by interbreeding wild with cultivated variety, a strain can be evolved which yield good fruits and shall also will be immune to pests. 2. Tolerance to Insect Infestation: A variety may be infected by insects yet survive and show less injury than others because of its ability to replace injured parts such as leaves and rootlets. 3. Ploughing in Relation to Insect Control:The plough if used at right time is a good tool for combating many insect pests; it disturbs or kills them, eradicates weeds upon which they might feed and breed, exposes them to natural enemies or to weather control and buries them so deeply that few adults can emerge. A thorough stirring of the soil before planting is an indirect method for controlling the corn root aphids, because, it breaks up ant colonies, kills many aphids and prevents the growth of weeds on which they live until corn roots are available. 4. Clean Cultivation: Clean cultivation means the removal of weeds, plant residues, and other materials from the fields and growing only healthy crops. The destruction of crop residues is a very good preventive measure for controlling certain species of insects e.g. caterpillars or beetles. The elimination of remaining effectively stops further insect breeding by cutting of their food supply and shelter. Many insects infesting crops will develop on weeds which may or may not be related to these crops botanically. Hence, weed control is a good practice for reducing insect infestation. Damage due to Leptocorisa is very serious when paddy fields are surrounded by weeds which provide a good shelter to the pests till the ears have been formed in them.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9199683818433819, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2368, "token_count": 467}, "cleaned_at": 1750360540.9827034}
{"text": "Many insects infesting crops will develop on weeds which may or may not be related to these crops botanically. Hence, weed control is a good practice for reducing insect infestation. Damage due to Leptocorisa is very serious when paddy fields are surrounded by weeds which provide a good shelter to the pests till the ears have been formed in them. Similarly various species of red hairy caterpillar, Amsacta moorei, Amsacta collaris and other species of this insect are polyphagous and lay eggs on a number of weeds and on emergence the caterpillars feed on the weeds and then migrate to the nearby fields of any crop. 5. Crop Rotation: Crop rotation is effective as preventive measures against insects that feed on relatively few plant species or where the insects are incapable of long distance migration but crop rotation is useless against a general feeder. If one and the same crop is grown every year the insect population is bound to increase due to abundance of food material. On the contrary, if crops are grown in rotation or alternate years e.g. a crop of one plant family followed by that of different family e.g. barley grown in spring may be followed by legumes or pulses and then wheat in winter and so on. The crops of the same family e.g. cotton, and lady s finger okra belonging to the same family Malvaceae must not follow same year. Mixed crops are sometimes useful as pests do not thrive in large number. 6. Flooding or Irrigation: Where water is available, it is sometime possible to destroy insects by flood or irrigation of the field. Flooding rice fields destroys many sugarcane borers. Similarly other burrowing insects e.g. crickets, grasshoppers, beetles and bugs come out of the ground after flooding the fields. They either die their natural death or readily picked up by birds. Ploughing followed by heavy irrigation within 30 days destroys many pink boll worms. The sugarcane and wheat crops can be saved from the attack of termites by irrigation. 7. Fertilizing: Nitrogenous fertilizers in some soils tend to increase the susceptibility of sorghum to damage by attack of some insects. As a result of proper manuring the plant growth is stimulated. The healthy and vigorous plants can easily resist the attack to which the weaklings would have surrendered. 8. Pruning and Thinning: Some pests are normally carried from old crop to the new one.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9151748167727984, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2378, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.0113316}
{"text": "The healthy and vigorous plants can easily resist the attack to which the weaklings would have surrendered. 8. Pruning and Thinning: Some pests are normally carried from old crop to the new one. Pruning and thinning decrease the intensity of attack. Infested plant shoots and dead hearts must be immediately removed. Ratooning should be avoided and there should be plenty of intervals between harvesting a crop and sowing a new one. 9. Time of Planting and Harvesting: Time of planting and harvesting has great influence on insect infestation e.g. early maturing cotton is not attacked by pink boll worm in areas where moth do not emerge early. Late planted wheat escapes oviposition by hessian flies in America because the plants do not emerge until most of the flies have disappeared as they are very short lived. Similarly early sowing of rice in the Punjab between the 3rd week of May and mid-June is helpful in protecting it from the attack of rice borer, Tryporyza incertulas so the time should be so regulated that the crop may not be worth the attack at the active period of the pests. 10. Closed Season:An insect species limited in its feeding to one crop may be eradicated by not growing this crop for a year or two. This has been done with success in isolated areas for eradicating the pink boll worm. Such a closed season consists in not growing cotton for a period of several months. 11. Destruction of Volunteer Crops: Volunteer crops are those which grow from self-sown seeds, and stubble crops are those which sprout from roots or stubbles stumps , may be a source of insect infestation and they should be destroyed by ploughing or other means. 12. Trap Crop: A trap crop is a small planting often only a few rows, made somewhat earlier than the main planting for the purpose of diverting insects away from the main crop. The trap crop can either be harvested early or cut and used as fodder before a generation of the insect can be completed. Otherwise it will serve as a breeding ground for the pest which will then attack the main crop in large numbers. The plant species used for trap crop should be one that is very attractive to the insect. The preferred host plants can also be grown around the main crop and when the pest has appeared it can be cut and destroyed.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9122478349137821, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2289, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.0292382}
{"text": "Otherwise it will serve as a breeding ground for the pest which will then attack the main crop in large numbers. The plant species used for trap crop should be one that is very attractive to the insect. The preferred host plants can also be grown around the main crop and when the pest has appeared it can be cut and destroyed. The other methods of cultural control are early cutting of crop, rate and depth of planting, sowing, separation of complimentary host plants, pasturing the heavy infected crops and drying out the soil etc. Physical and Mechanical Control: The protection of crops and foods from insect attack by physical and mechanical means is the simplest and most effective method. Such measures consist of destruction of insects by mechanical means, burning, trapping, protective screens or barriers, use of high or low temperature, soaking in water and drying. 1. Hand Picking: When only a few plants are infected, certain large conspicuous species may be removed from the plants by hand and destroyed just by pressing the abdomen or dipping them in kerosenized water. 2. Mechanical Means: A rotary blow has been found to destroy over 96 of white grubs as well as cut worms, army worms and other caterpillars. The cutting wheel is thirty two inches in diameter and fourteen inches wide and carries sixteen steel blades. It operates by power take off from a tractor at 150 rpm. 3. Trapping: The insects may be turned into a tray by light and baits or the trap may be mobile and drawn across a field. 4. Light Traps: The attraction of nocturnal insects to light is a common observation and the light traps have been invented and tested for killing crop pests. The attractiveness of an artificial light depends upon its candle power and colour. A yellow light will attract 60 fewer insects than a white light of the same candle power and brightness. The insects attracted by light may be destroyed as they hit electric grid or they may be drowned in water and oil after they have been turned into the trap. 5. Bait Traps: Baits are a form of control whereby insects are attracted to a selected spot on which they can be easily removed. Bait traps have been found to be very effective in controlling the nocturnal insects like cockroaches, crickets, caterpillars and nocturnal moths. 6. Temperature Treatments: a Low Temperature Control: Low temperature extremes are fatal to insects of stored grains.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9086398877516145, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2417, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.0541456}
{"text": "Bait traps have been found to be very effective in controlling the nocturnal insects like cockroaches, crickets, caterpillars and nocturnal moths. 6. Temperature Treatments: a Low Temperature Control: Low temperature extremes are fatal to insects of stored grains. Usually a temperature of 28 C or lower for at least several hours will kill most of the insects. Tribolium confusum can be killed in 24 h when exposed to subzero temperatures. Low temperatures are utilized for the control of insects in mills, warehouses and similar establishments. B High Temperature Control: High temperatures are also fatal to other species and can be used to kill them. Heating cotton seeds to a temperature of 65.5 C for 30 seconds will kill all pink boll worms in the seeds. Temperature of 48.8-51.6 C in all plants of a flour mill for 10-12 h will kill all insects exposed to such temperature. Exposing the infested grains to the sun also kill all the adults of the stored grain insects. 7. Physical Barriers: The protection of crops from insects by barrier is possible in case of crawling and migratory insects. Treated paper barriers and dust barriers are also used. Trenches are also used to stop army worms. Similarly water channels can be used for checking the migration of crawling insects. 8. Burning: Although destroying insects by burning their shelters is sometime practicable, burning pastures and woodland to destroy insects should not be recommended. It has been found that such practices reduce soil fertility and increases soil erosion. Furthermore, it fails to destroy injurious species but does eradicate many beneficial forms. Both cutting away dead hearts and burning them in time save valuable crops from destruction. Burning the field refuse and stubbles, are the other useful ways of pest control. 9. Sieving and Winnowing: It is possible only for domestic purposes. 10. Flooding: It is well known that a large number of insects breed and dwell in the soil, which may be destroyed by flooding the fields with water. There are several other simple methods through which a number of pest infestation can be controlled but the mechanical method of insect pest control involves a lot of labour like shaking the trees and killing the insects either in the larval or adult stages. Biological Control: The term biological control means control of insects by several biological agencies such as parasites, predators and pathogens.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9020201958158792, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2436, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.0755424}
{"text": "Flooding: It is well known that a large number of insects breed and dwell in the soil, which may be destroyed by flooding the fields with water. There are several other simple methods through which a number of pest infestation can be controlled but the mechanical method of insect pest control involves a lot of labour like shaking the trees and killing the insects either in the larval or adult stages. Biological Control: The term biological control means control of insects by several biological agencies such as parasites, predators and pathogens. The introduction of sterile males in a normal population and use of sex attractants have been reported to bring about effective biological control. The theoretical basis of the biological control defends on the existence of a natural enemy. The effective natural enemy can be deduced to have the following characteristics: i High searching ability, ii High degree of host specificity or preference, iii Good reproductive capacity relative to the host iv Good adaptation to a wide range of environmental conditions. The most essential characteristic is high searching ability. It should be borne in mind that a really effective enemy may be scarce in its native home because it regulates the host population at low level. There usually is one best enemy for each species in a given habitat and one frequently is sufficient for complete biological control, often, however, a second or third enemy species may add to host population regulation and may in fact be necessary to achieve satisfactory biological control. The best enemy species may differ for different host habitats. Hence there is generally no single best natural enemy extending throughout the range of a pest species. With these qualities the introduced natural enemy by itself or in conjunction with other mortality factors is expected to prevent outbreak of the pest species or at least to drop down major population fluctuations. The essential principle of biological control is to maintain a state of biological equilibrium of a living organism. This biological equilibrium is normally maintained by a set of forces called environmental resistance. Often the biological equilibrium of a living organism is disturbed either due to environmental or biotic factors and consequently a particular organism multiplies and spreads in a unlimited manner so as to assume the status of a pest. The inherent ability of an organism to survive and to reproduce within a given time and under optimal environmental conditions is known as biotic potential. Biotic potential is a force opposed to environmental resistance. It takes into account the number of young produced per female in each reproduction, the number of reproduction in a given time and the sex ratio of the species.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9281775868242034, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2793, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.124436}
{"text": "The inherent ability of an organism to survive and to reproduce within a given time and under optimal environmental conditions is known as biotic potential. Biotic potential is a force opposed to environmental resistance. It takes into account the number of young produced per female in each reproduction, the number of reproduction in a given time and the sex ratio of the species. Advantages of Biological Control: Only a limited number of introduced pests have been successfully exterminated with chemicals. It would seem wiser in many instances to attempt a biological control programme which might reduce pest populations below the level which causes economic damage. Biological control has the tremendous advantage that, if successful, it becomes self-sustaining and integrated into the normal environment of the control area. If pest populations are reduced to the point where economic damage is negligible, the control programme is a success. Biological controls tend to be particularly useful on low unit-value crops where complete control may not be required or where chemicals are not recommended. Pests of field and forage crops, forests, and range may be economically controlled by biological methods; chemical controls against such pests may be impractical. A biological control destined to be fully effective will be easily and quickly established. If an imported parasite or predator is not established within three years of careful releases under good conditions for its development, the programme may be justifiably discontinued. Types of Biological Control: There are 4 main types of biological control viz.:. I Introduction of parasites, ii Predators, iii Pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi etc. And iv Removal of fertile males and creating sterility in males by gamma radiation and introducing these sterile males in a normal population. In addition to these 4 main types, there is a fifth type of biological control where the indigenous parasite of the locality is being utilized for this purpose. 1. Parasites: Parasitic insects develop as larvae on or in a single host individual from eggs generally laid on, in or near the host and usually consume all or most of the host body, killing the host and then pupate, either within or outside the host. The free living adult parasite emerges from the pupa and starts the next generation a new by actively searching for host in which to oviposit. They tend to attack only one host stage i.e. eggs, larvae, or pupae, although there is also some overlapping in certain cases, adult insects do not serve as hosts.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9207195203197869, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2607, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.1540365}
{"text": "The free living adult parasite emerges from the pupa and starts the next generation a new by actively searching for host in which to oviposit. They tend to attack only one host stage i.e. eggs, larvae, or pupae, although there is also some overlapping in certain cases, adult insects do not serve as hosts. Very often life cycles are commonly short, ranging from 10 days to 2 weeks or so in mid-summer but correspondingly longer in cold weather. In general, they all have great potential rates of increase. According to the species one or more parasitic larvae may characteristically develop per host individual, thus we have either solitary or gregarious parasitism. Sometimes two different species of larvae develop from eggs laid in the same host. This is multiple parasitism. There is also ectoparasitism and endoparasitism, depending upon whether the larva develops externally or internally. The major groups occur in two orders of insects viz. Hymenoptera and Diptera. 2. Predators: Predator insects differ from parasitic ones in that the larvae or nymphs, as the case may be, require several to many prey individuals to attain maturity. The adults generally deposit their eggs near the prey population and after hatching the active mobile immature search out and consume prey individuals. This need of larvae or nymphs to search is an important distinction from parasitic forms whose larvae develop on a single host individual and thus have the advantage of not having to discover additional hosts. Adults of many species are also predatory. There may be one or several generations to one of the prey. Larvae and nymphs as well as corresponding adults may be predaceous or only one stage may exhibit the habit. 3. Pathogens: Pathogenic microorganisms attack insects and have life cycles more or less characteristic or similar microorganisms developing in other groups of animals. Insects are probably subject to as wide as variety of disease as are the vertebrates. Except for the fungi, disease organisms gain entry in the host via mouth or the digestive tract, i.e. the insect host must eat plant or other food contaminated with pathogen. In case of fungi, entrance is gained through the insect integument and free water or very high humidity is generally required. Thus, fungi tend to be restricted to moist environments.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9185387910518801, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2332, "token_count": 474}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.1607566}
{"text": "The insect host must eat plant or other food contaminated with pathogen. In case of fungi, entrance is gained through the insect integument and free water or very high humidity is generally required. Thus, fungi tend to be restricted to moist environments. However, fungi do have advantage of attacking sucking insects which because of the nature of their feeding on sap, tend to be fairly free of disease caused by microorganisms because they rarely ingest them. Virtually no insect disease organisms occur in mammals and none have been recorded from man. Thus they are safe to use in biological control even in large scale microbial spraying operations. 4. Genetic Methods: Genetic pest control implies the manipulation and use of genetic material in a manner injurious to pest insects. The control of insect pest populations by the release of sterile males has been demonstrated with at least five insect species. This spectacular technique has been termed autocidal control and involves using an insect species to bring about its own self-destruction. It is accomplished by irradiating laboratory reared males of the species to an extent sufficient to disrupt the genetic function of the sperm nucleus but not appreciably interfere with the normal ability of the male to mate or of the sperm to penetrate the egg of the female. However, such fertilized eggs fail to develop so a wild female mated with a sterilized male produces no progeny. If sterile males are released in large enough number in relation to the wild population they will fertilize more females than will the wild males. The advantage is cumulative in each generation hence eradication may be achieved within a few generations under ideal conditions. The boll weevil is reported to have been eradicated from a small isolated field by the release of chemically sterilized males. Chemosterilants have been under intensive investigation but are not as yet practical. They offer the advantage of treating the wild population directly and thus avoiding the mass rearing necessary with gamma radiation. Use of Pheromones: The ability of an insect to locate a mate and to copulate once it has been found is often directed by natural specific chemicals produced by the insect called pheromones. Natural chemical attractants and mating stimulants have been shown to occur in many pest insects. They are often effective in incredibly small concentrations; one caged virgin female of the introduced pine sawfly attracted over 11000 males. Some have been chemically identified and even synthesized. Its high specificity for particular target insects however makes this approach highly desirable.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9265985127468686, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2654, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.1763082}
{"text": "They are often effective in incredibly small concentrations; one caged virgin female of the introduced pine sawfly attracted over 11000 males. Some have been chemically identified and even synthesized. Its high specificity for particular target insects however makes this approach highly desirable. Such phenomena gave rise to the intriguing idea of using these natural or artificial pheromones to attract and trap insects, to lure them to contact poisons, chemosterilants or pathogens and to mask the location of females by saturating the environment with synthetic sex pheromones. Such techniques could offer highly specific control methods with little or no ecological side effects. It appears that adequate control from pheromones or attractants probably can only result if they are so highly effective as to be able to reduce the pest population to low level in the treated area and are used over a large area so that immigration of the pest from the outside would not negate the effort. Pheromone traps are commonly used for controlling various moths Heliothis, Spodoptera, Leucinodes etc. Chemical Control: Recent discoveries of new synthetic insecticides have sparked exciting advances and major breakthroughs in the control of insect enemies. Chemicals have subdued pests that once caused wide spread crop destruction, death of domestic animals and epidemics of insect borne human diseases. The modern insecticides are both effective and reliable. The whole world is resorting to them more and more for the solution of many insect problems. The chemicals which kill the insects by their chemical action are termed as insecticides. They are used for the protection of men, domestic animals, crops, agricultural products from the attack of insects when other methods fail to control the pests. Insecticides are seldom used in full strength but are formulated in a variety of ways to make them easier for application. Formulations of Insecticides: Following are the common formulations of insecticides viz.:. 1 Dusts, 2 Granular formulations, 3 Insecticide-fertilizer mixtures, 4 Wettable powders, 5 Solutions, 6 Emulsifiable concentrates, 7 Aerosoles, 8 Fumigants and 9 Miscellaneous formulations. Whatever may be the formulations the poisonous chemical present in an insecticide must penetrate the vital organs and tissues of the insect and ultimately kill it.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9125255376109922, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2385, "token_count": 475}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.2332585}
{"text": "Insecticides are seldom used in full strength but are formulated in a variety of ways to make them easier for application. Formulations of Insecticides: Following are the common formulations of insecticides viz.:. 1 Dusts, 2 Granular formulations, 3 Insecticide-fertilizer mixtures, 4 Wettable powders, 5 Solutions, 6 Emulsifiable concentrates, 7 Aerosoles, 8 Fumigants and 9 Miscellaneous formulations. Whatever may be the formulations the poisonous chemical present in an insecticide must penetrate the vital organs and tissues of the insect and ultimately kill it. 1 Dusts: Insecticidal dusts are those powders which are used dry and mixed with or impregnated with certain organic materials or pulverised minerals powders such as talc, pyrophyllite, bentonite etc. These minerals are called carriers or vehicles since they carry the insecticide. Dusts are blown to deposit on plants by dusting machinery or blowers. Ground to a fine size, most dust will pass through a 325 mesh screen and range in size from 1 to 40 . The finished dust may be 0.1 to 25 active material. In dust form, in general, the toxicity of an insecticide increases as the particle size decreases. 2 Granular Formulations: These are similar to dusts except for larger particle size. The range of particle size in a granular product is designated by a two figures mesh classification e.g. 30 60 means that virtually all the insecticide granules will pass through a standard 30-mesh sieve while a negligible quantity will pass through a standard 60 mesh sieve. Some of the common granular formulations are 16 30, 20 40, 24 48 and 30 60. Granular insecticides are generally used as dressings on or in the soil and may be applied with fertilizer spreaders or special granule applicators. 3 Insecticide Fertilizer Mixtures: Insecticide fertilizer mixtures may be formulated by adding granular insecticides to commercial fertilizers or by spraying insecticides directly on to the fertilizer. Such mixtures are applied at the regular fertilizing time to provide both plant nutrients and control of soil insects.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8734041152734453, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2105, "token_count": 483}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.2534294}
{"text": "Granular insecticides are generally used as dressings on or in the soil and may be applied with fertilizer spreaders or special granule applicators. 3 Insecticide Fertilizer Mixtures: Insecticide fertilizer mixtures may be formulated by adding granular insecticides to commercial fertilizers or by spraying insecticides directly on to the fertilizer. Such mixtures are applied at the regular fertilizing time to provide both plant nutrients and control of soil insects. 4 Wettable Powders: These are similar to dusts but they are meant to be diluted and suspended in water and used as spray. To make an insecticidal dust act in this manner a dispersing and wetting agent is added to the formulation. They are more concentrated than dust as they may contain as high as 75 toxicant. 5 Solutions:Many of the modern synthetic insecticides are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. These soluble insecticides in solution form are used directly for insect control. They are however seldom used on plants because of their phytotoxic reaction. 6 Emulsifiable Concentrates: The most common and versatile formulation is the emulsifiable concentrate. This formulation consists of an insecticide, a solvent for the insecticide and an emulsifying agent. Mixing the concentrate with water forms an emulsion. The solvent used may evaporate quickly after spraying leaving a deposit of toxicant after the water has evaporated. The use of an emulsifying agent serves several purposes; it makes possible the diluting of a water insoluble chemical with water, it reduces the surface tension of the spray thus allowing it to spread and wet the treated surface more effectively, helps the spray and make a better contact with the insect cuticle. Generally oil soluble emulsifying substance is used. Normally emulsions are unstable and break up into their component parts. This action is termed breaking. For spraying on plants a quick breaking mixture is preferred. Since this results in heavier deposits of toxicant. 7 Insecticidal Aerosols: Aerosols are minute particles suspended in air or fog or smoke. The diameter of these particles range from 0.1 to 50 . The dispersion of insecticide into aerosol form may be accomplished by burning, vapourising with heat, atomizing mechanically or releasing through a small hole an insecticide that has been dissolved in a liquified gas. The last method of aerosol preparation gives the popular aerosol bomb.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9149537225386493, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2458, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.273605}
{"text": "The diameter of these particles range from 0.1 to 50 . The dispersion of insecticide into aerosol form may be accomplished by burning, vapourising with heat, atomizing mechanically or releasing through a small hole an insecticide that has been dissolved in a liquified gas. The last method of aerosol preparation gives the popular aerosol bomb. 8 Fumigants:Insecticides used in the gaseous form are known as fumigants. Fumigants are most often formulated as liquids under pressure and are held in tanks. When the liquid is released in open air it changes back to a gas, quite often fumigants are a mixture of two or more gases. 9 Miscellaneous Formulations: There are certain insecticides which are special formulations meant for specific uses. Often insecticides are stuffed in large pills and capsules and introduced into the stomach of animal. Insecticides may be mixed in shampoos, intended for use on house pets waxes for use on floors may contain an insecticide. Poison baits consist of toxicants combined with food stuff attractive to the insect pests. All these types of insecticides are special formulations designed for special purposes. Synergists: Some chemicals have the property of greatly increasing toxicity of certain insecticides. When the increased toxicity is markedly greater than the sum of the two used separately, it is termed a synergistic action. Most synergists have been used with pyrethrum or allethrin etc. Synergistic action is important because it provides a means for a more effective insecticide and it reduces the cost of control. Legal Control: Legal control is the lawful regulation of areas to eradicate, prevent or control infestation or reduce the damage caused by insects. This mainly involves the use of quarantines and pest control procedures. The central and state officials often work with local community or districts as in mosquito or locust control projects. Crop Harvesting: Harvesting: Have you ever wondered how we get food grains supplied neat and cleaned directly to the shop? Yes, farmers are using traditional and modern techniques for harvesting the crops grown. There are various stages to harvesting a variety of crops when the particular crop attains its maturity. Harvesting the crops at matured levels gives high income, and good quality produces. If the crops such as pulses, cereals, oilseeds, etc.,. Are left in the field for too long after maturity without harvesting, it can lead to the predisposition of pests.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9190301818664002, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2482, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.2639868}
{"text": "Maturity indices are a set of indicators that tell us when our crops have reached their optimal stage for harvest, based on various factors like size, color, texture, or taste. Here are some maturity indices for vegetables that are commonly sold in the local markets. These indices can serve as a guide for growers and consumers in determining the ideal time to harvest and purchase these crops for optimal flavor and quality. Tomato For local markets in the Philippines, tomatoes are typically harvested when they have reached the breaker stage, which is when the fruit has just started to changecolor from green to red. This is because the market demand for tomatoes is usually for ripe, red tomatoes that are ready for immediate consumption. It is important for growers to keep in mind that tomatoes that are picked too early will not ripen properly and may not have the desired flavor or texture. On the other hand, overripe tomatoes may be too soft and have a shorter shelf life. Eggplant Eggplants should be harvested at the right stage of maturity to ensure good quality and yield. Commercial maturity for eggplant is generally reached when the fruit has reached its full size and firmness, and has developed a glossy, smooth skin with a uniform color. The fruit should have a dark purple or black color, be firm to the touch, and have a slight give when gently squeezed. The calyx, or stem, should be green and firmly attached to the fruit. It is important to note that overly matured eggplants may have a bitter taste. Squash When the squash is ripe, its color becomes dull or matte, and it loses its sheen. Another indication is the hardness of the skin. When the skin of the squash becomes hard and difficult to puncture, it is a sign that it is mature and ready for harvest. Additionally, the tendril near the stem of the squash plant starts to dry out and turn brown when the squash is mature. The leaves of the plant may also start to wilt or yellow when the squash is ready to be harvested. Onion Onions are ready for harvest when their leaves start to turn yellow and fall over. This is an indication that the plant has stopped growing and the bulbs have reached their full size. The outer skin of the onion bulb should also be dry and papery. Once the leaves have fallen over and the skin is dry, the onion bulbs can be pulled from the ground and left to dry for a few days in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9175503493629266, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2433, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.3367453}
{"text": "This is an indication that the plant has stopped growing and the bulbs have reached their full size. The outer skin of the onion bulb should also be dry and papery. Once the leaves have fallen over and the skin is dry, the onion bulbs can be pulled from the ground and left to dry for a few days in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area. After drying, the onions can be cleaned, trimmed, and stored. Garlic The timing of garlic harvest is determined by the maturity of the bulbs, which is indicated by the drying and browning of the leaves. When approximately one-half of the leaves have turned yellow or brown and have begun to dry out, it is time to harvest the garlic bulbs. Bitter gourd Bitter gourds are harvested when they have reached a length of 4-6 inches and a diameter of about one inch. The color should also be dark green, which indicates that it is still young and tender. The seeds inside the bitter gourd should be small and white, which indicates that the vegetable is still young and has not yet matured. Cucumber Cucumbers are typically harvested when they are young and tender for best flavor and texture. Cucumbers intended for the local market are usually harvested when they are still green, although some varieties may have a slightly yellow or white coloration. Over-ripe cucumbers will turn yellow or orange and are no longer suitable for the market. Cucumbers intended for fresh consumption should have a crisp texture and a slightly sweet, mild flavor. Overly matured cucumbers may have a bitter or unpleasant taste. It is important for growers and consumers to know the maturity indices of vegetables because it helps ensure that the vegetables are harvested at the optimal time for consumption or processing. For growers, knowledge of maturity indices can help them plan their planting and harvesting schedule, as well as manage their resources more efficiently. For consumers, knowing the maturity indices can help them choose the freshest and most nutritious vegetables, as well as get the best value for their moneyMethods of Harvesting There are three essential methods of cutting the crop or harvesting. 1. Hand Harvesting Manual Harvesting: Hand harvesting is a method of gathering grains, fruits, vegetables, leaves, etc.,. By hand or manually. Fig: Hand Harvesting 2. Harvesting with Hand Tools: Farmers use a few tools to harvest the crops.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.91526886529713, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2379, "token_count": 492}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.3251183}
{"text": "Cleaning, fumigation, and drying are done to the stockroom before the grains are stored or deposited. The grains are later transported to dissimilar places throughout the year. Importance of Harvesting 1. Harvesting crops by using advanced technology reduces the wastage of grains and increases in quality and quantity. 2. The direction of cutting fruits, grains and vegetables are very important during harvesting to save the quality of the fruits and also, we should see that the tools used should not damage the plant. 3. Harvesting at the right stage enriches the quality of grains or seed protection. Summary Harvesting is the act of gathering the edible parts of the plant after they approach the stage of maturity. Harvesting of crops is done using many tools and types of machinery in the agricultural fields. The tools that are used while harvesting, such as sickle, axe, etc.,. To harvest the crops like paddy, wheat, maize, grass, etc. Hand harvesting, harvesting with hand tools and harvesting with machinery are the three harvesting methods. Reaping, threshing, cleaning and hauling are the four stages of harvesting. The importance of harvesting crops by using advanced technology reduces the wastage of grains and increases in quality and quantity. Post-Harvest Management Best Practices and Methods Reducing post-harvest loss is critical. Great post-harvest management will help address the growing concerns around food sustainability. What does post-harvest mean? Post-harvest process is the stage that immediately follows the harvest. The final quantity and quality of the product depends on it. Appropriate pre-harvest practices and harvesting the crop at the right time using adequate farming equipment are also important in order to optimize the overall postharvest output. Additionally, post-harvest management includes various steps such as: Drying: This decreases the moisture levels to ensure safe storage and prevents grain germination. It also reduces the risk of fungal attack and contamination by aflatoxin, maximizing the quality of crops retained. Threshing Shelling: Threshing or shelling of grains helps to reduce the required storage capacity and minimize the susceptibility of the grain to pests. Cleaning Winnowing: This involves removing any foreign matter from the grain, such as leaf, stalk, or empty seeds, in order to optimize its market value. Storage: Protecting the grain from climatic changes and contamination by insects and pests is crucial. Various post-harvest grain storage methods can accomplish this.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9199531433033972, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2561, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.3603797}
{"text": "Cleaning Winnowing: This involves removing any foreign matter from the grain, such as leaf, stalk, or empty seeds, in order to optimize its market value. Storage: Protecting the grain from climatic changes and contamination by insects and pests is crucial. Various post-harvest grain storage methods can accomplish this. Transport: Grains sold to buyers are transported to warehouses or markets where they are made available to the common folk. Minimize post-harvest losses and preserve produce by correctly following the steps above. How does grain storage play a major role? Agricultural products are stored before they are made available and accessible to the public. The storage process keeps grains, whether in bags or in bulk, in a storage structure. The structure, designed to protect the stored product for a short or long period, hosts the grains awaiting movement to other locations. Grain storage occurs at three levels: producer s level, trader s level, and urban organization storage level. Storing it is necessary for the following reasons: To provide a uniform supply of food throughout the year. Grains are produced seasonally while consumption is a constant. To provide reserve for contingencies such as flood, drought, pandemics, and other calamities. To speculate a good price either in domestic or in export markets. Hence storage is fundamental to the concept of food security. What happens if grain storage is improper? The main cause of deterioration of grain quality and decrease in grain quantity is improper storage. This can occur due to: Weather changes: Changes in climatic conditions such as rain, humidity, increased dampness, moisture; heat can harm the grain quality and seed viability. Infestation: Unfavorable environmental conditions can also make the grain more vulnerable to infestation by insects, pests, and molds. Incorrect Grain Storage resulting in post-harvest losses In fact, rodents and birds often attack incorrectly stored grains. They can not only feed on the grain, but also contaminate it with their urine, droppings, and hair feathers. These problems caused due to improper storage result in post-harvest losses in the form of: Weight loss of the agricultural produce. The grain is prone to rancidity or it may undergo sprouting, over-ripening if not stored properly. There is loss in quality and market value of the produce. Furthermore, the nutritive value of the grain also decreases.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9178237921234268, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2463, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.3902555}
{"text": "The grain is prone to rancidity or it may undergo sprouting, over-ripening if not stored properly. There is loss in quality and market value of the produce. Furthermore, the nutritive value of the grain also decreases. What are the correct post-harvest storage methods?Proper grain storage methods are the key to reducing post-harvest losses. The quantity of produce and the duration of storage are important to choose the proper storage method. Storage in bags: Storing grains in bags is convenient for short-term storage when grains are intended to be moved early. Short term storage duration requires few measures against insects. Loose storage: Large quantities of grains can be stored in loose bulk storage. Requirements for correct storage are: A good storage site: Ventilate and keep the site cool. Have a strong roof to protect from high winds and rain. Ideally, raise the site off the ground to prevent ground water soaking into the stored grains. Produce in suitable condition: Ensure that the crop going into the store is in good condition, cleaned and well dried. It is also necessary to store the grain at the right moisture content. Intake of grain is orderly and controlled: Maintain the air-tight barrier each time the storage unit is opened and closed. Quality maintenance ensured: Keep stored grains in the shade to protect them from rodents and birds. Security against theft and loss: Keep the storage area locked in order to limit access. Any loss is identifiable and accountable: Regularly inspect the store to maintain the condition of crops throughout the storage period. Adherence to these requirements helps to know the quantity stored at any given time, decrease the grain loss during storage, and quickly recognize the causal agents of losses and accordingly control them. Hermetic storage Hermetic Bags by Save Grain Bags A post-harvest storage technology, Hermetic storage protects grain by creating an oxygen-deficient and carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere that is incompatible with the survival or breeding of pests. It creates an airtight and moisture-tight barrier, preserving the agricultural products in their optimal form.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9164545454545455, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2200, "token_count": 438}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.4065492}
{"text": "CREATION Origin of sin and its consequences Gen: 3-11 Introduction Man and woman fell from the Garden of Eden. This experience is expla-ined in genesis chapter 3 verse 4; chapter 6 verse 9 and chapter 11. In these verses, the Bible is teaching about sin, which made Adam and Eve fall. Sin is defined as iniquity, and guilt. It is to miss a mark, to transgress. Sin is a rebellion or an offence against God. Sin originated with the disobedience of Adam and Eve. They had been commanded not to eat of the fruits of the tree of knowledge of good and evil the tree in the middle of the Garden of Eden. But Adam and Eve ate the fruit after being deceived by the serpent. Man had the power to resist temptation but instead he yielded. Genesis Chapter 3 verse 6 states that man wanted to be wise and thought how wonderful it would be to become wise hence sin arises from the lack of knowledge of God, from the denial of trust of God. The consequences of sin After sinning, we the human race and sinners: 1 Replaced friendship with God with fear of God. 2 Lost innocence. What had been innocent and good became shameful. Adam and Eve became ashamed of their nakedness, something they had never felt before they sinned against God. 3 Lost good relationship with God. The good relationship between God and man was betrayed. Human beings were alienated from God. The Lord God sent him out of the Garden of Eden 4 Damaged the perfect relationship between man and woman. The Lord said to the woman You will have desire for your husband, yet you will be subject to him . 5 Pain became part of human experience. I will greatly multiply your pain in child bearing . 6 Man began toiling and struggling to meet his needs You will have to work hard and sweat to make the soil produce anything 7 The home of man, and the earth itself was placed under a curse. Cursed is the ground because of you. Enmity between man and wild animals emerged. 9 Man began to die. Death sentence is passed upon all men. You will return to the ground you are dust 10 Man began to hate. Man developed murderous feelings in his heart, for example Cain killed Abel, his younger brother. 11 Man changed and became prone to sin.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.883087472910854, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2214, "token_count": 513}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.4524562}
{"text": "You will return to the ground you are dust 10 Man began to hate. Man developed murderous feelings in his heart, for example Cain killed Abel, his younger brother. 11 Man changed and became prone to sin. 12 Life span of man was reduced see Gen. 6:3 I will not allow people to live forever, they will live no longer than 120 years 13 Man s language was confused by God after the flood read Gen.11: 7 14 Sin led to embarrassment, mistrust, suffering, pain, pride, arrogance and death. Summary Disobedience of God by Adam and Eve brought serious sin consequences to humanbeings. Sin brings sadness and suffering to man even today. Activity In groups of two or three, discuss the origin and consequences of sin. CONCEPT OF EVIL Introduction In this lesson, we shall discuss the concept of evil as told by the traditi-onal African religion and the biblical writings. We shall study similarities and differences of evil from the two religions. What is evil? In the traditional African society, evil was an offence against God, spirits and ancestors. It was also viewed as an offence against another person or community. Evil was also a misfortune that can befall an individual or a community. What are the causes of evil? Many of the traditional African societies do not associate God with evil. God is not the creator of evil. Some communities believe that evil is an external power that exists on its own. Thus in the traditional African society, evil was understood or explained as something mysterious that was caused by several people and things. These were:a Evil spirits b Ancestral spirits due to disobedience to them c Some animals like the chameleon are sources of evil. The Akamba believed that chameleons brought evil. Other communities believed that if an owl cries near one s homestead, it is a sign of evil. D People with mystical powers for example magic, sorcery, and witchcraft are evils e If a member of a community breaks a taboo by disobedience, this action may bring evil spirits. F The spirits of the dead; cause evil; if they are not remembered or respected. Evil spirits cause harm and violence.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8972846501157218, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2137, "token_count": 470}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.4250484}
{"text": "D People with mystical powers for example magic, sorcery, and witchcraft are evils e If a member of a community breaks a taboo by disobedience, this action may bring evil spirits. F The spirits of the dead; cause evil; if they are not remembered or respected. Evil spirits cause harm and violence. Consequences of evil in traditional African society These were many and ranged from a Barrenness b Drought c Epidemics d Madness e Sickness f Death g Drowning h Burning in a house i War j Physically and mentally handicapped children l Rebellious children Values needed to overcome temptationsSkills needed to overcome temptations Recognize Your Tendency to Sin James 1:14 explains that we are tempted when we become enticed by our own natural desires. The first step toward overcoming temptation is to recognize the human tendency to be seduced by our own fleshly cravings. The temptation to sin is a given, so don't be surprised by it. Expect to be tempted daily, and be prepared for it. The apostle Peter reminds us to stay on the lookout: Be alert and of sober mind. Your enemy the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour. 1 Peter 5:8, NIV Flee From Temptation But remember that the temptations that come into your life are no different from what others experience. And God is faithful. He will keep the temptation from becoming so strong that you can't stand up against it. When you are tempted, he will show you a way out so that you will not give in to it. When you come face to face with temptation, look for the way out the way of escape that God has promised. Then skedaddle. Flee. Run as fast as you can. Resist Temptation with the Word of Truth Hebrews 4:12 says that God's Word is living, active, and powerful. Did you know you can carry a weapon that will make your thoughts obey Jesus Christ? According to Ephesians 6:17, one of our weapons is the Word of God: The weapons we fight with are not the weapons of the world. On the contrary, they have divine power to demolish strongholds.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.896547642533044, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2055, "token_count": 481}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.4763136}
{"text": "Did you know you can carry a weapon that will make your thoughts obey Jesus Christ? According to Ephesians 6:17, one of our weapons is the Word of God: The weapons we fight with are not the weapons of the world. On the contrary, they have divine power to demolish strongholds. We demolish arguments and every pretension that sets itself up against the knowledge of God, and we take captive every thought to make it obedient to Christ. 2 Corinthians 10:4 5, NIV Jesus overcame the devil's temptations in the wilderness with the Word of God. If it worked for him, it will work for us. And because Jesus was fully human, he is able to identify with our struggles and give us the exact help we need for overcoming temptation. While it can be helpful to read God's Word when you're being tempted, sometimes that's not practical. Even better is to practice reading the Bible daily so that eventually you have so much of it on the inside, you are ready whenever temptation strikes. If you are reading the Bible regularly, you will have the full counsel of God at your disposal. You will start to have the mind of Christ. When temptation comes knocking on your door, all you'll have to do is draw your weapon, aim, and fire. Refocus Your Mind and Heart with Praise How often have you been tempted to sin when your whole heart was fully concentrated on worshiping the Lord? I'm guessing your answer is never. Praising God takes our focus off of self and puts it on God. You may not be strong enough to resist temptation on your own, but as you focus on God, he will inhabit your praises. He will give you the strength to resist and walk away from the temptation. Psalm 147 might be a good place to start: Praise the Lord. How good it is to sing praises to our God, how pleasant and fitting to praise him! Psalm 147:1, NIV Repent Quickly When You Fail In several places, the Bible tells us the best way to resist and overcome temptation is to flee from it 1 Corinthians 6:18; 1 Corinthians 10:14; 1 Timothy 6:11; 2 Timothy 2:22 . Even still, we fall from time to time. When we fail to flee temptation, eventually we will give in and fall.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8814200494689364, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2133, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.5216901}
{"text": "Psalm 147:1, NIV Repent Quickly When You Fail In several places, the Bible tells us the best way to resist and overcome temptation is to flee from it 1 Corinthians 6:18; 1 Corinthians 10:14; 1 Timothy 6:11; 2 Timothy 2:22 . Even still, we fall from time to time. When we fail to flee temptation, eventually we will give in and fall. Having a more realistic view knowing that at times you will fail should help you to repent quickly when you do. Failing is not the end of the world, but it is dangerous to persist in your sin. Going back to the book of James, verse 1:15 explains that sin \"when it is full-grown, gives birth to death.\". Continuing or persisting in sin leads to spiritual death, and often even physical death. That is why it's best to repent quickly when you know you've fallen into sin Others include: 1. Keep yourself busy 2. Avoid comparison as it triggers temptations 3. Avoid watching negative films, movies etc. 4. Keep your mind focused and positive 5. Seek help where needed be God s plan of salvation After the fall of man, God took steps to heal the damaged situation and relationship between Him and Adam and Eve. GOD: 1. Provided clothing of skin to Adam and Eve. 2. Looked for Adam and Eve since they were hiding from His presence. 3. Provided Adam and Eve with the knowledge to find different foods. 4. Declared enmity between man and the snake. 5. Hinted at the ultimate victory of man when He said that the seed of the woman would crush the snake or serpent s head. The serpent would attack the heel of man and woman. All through the Old Testament, and the New Testament, we see God s plan of salvation being manifested. For instance, GOD chose and separated Abraham from other communities. The children of Israel led by Moses were delivered from Egypt,. God sent prophets to teach and warn the Israelites of the dangers of sin. Finally God sent his only son Jesus Christ to die on the cross to save human kind. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN VIEW OF EVIL AND BIBLICAL CONCEPT OF SIN Similarities Both the Biblical and traditional African view or agree that 1 God is supreme.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.87471842884546, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2137, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.5062134}
{"text": "God sent prophets to teach and warn the Israelites of the dangers of sin. Finally God sent his only son Jesus Christ to die on the cross to save human kind. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN VIEW OF EVIL AND BIBLICAL CONCEPT OF SIN Similarities Both the Biblical and traditional African view or agree that 1 God is supreme. God is neither the creator nor author of evil 2 Sin comes from the disobedience of God by human beings 3 Evil and misfortune are God s curse to man Biblical while the traditional African society sees evil as curses by ancestors, and elders. Both curses lead to misfortunes. 4 The result of sin and evil is human sufferings 5 Sin and evil lead to man being separated from God 6 God is the guardian of law and order 7 Human beings have the ability to overcome evil Differences 1 Biblical account emphasizes personal nature of sin while in the African concept; sin is more social and communal 2 Biblical account attributes evil to disobedience while African concept attributes evil not only to disobediences but other external forces. 3 Biblical accounts offer a message of hope to overcome evil while African concept doesn t offer a solution to sin and evil. 4 Traditional African concept all forms of suffering as a result of sin while in the Bible suffering is not always a result of sin. Questions 1 Explain the differences between the two creation stories 2 State the traditional African view of creation 3 Explain how human beings continue with the work of creation 4 What is the origin of sin and evil according to traditional African society? 5 Give three consequences of sin as stated in Genesis 6 State the consequences of evil according to African traditional societies 7 Trace God s plan of salvation of human kindCompare biblical and traditional African understanding of evil and sin. 9 What does the command Subdue the earth in Genesis 1 verse 28 mean? THE BIBLE CALL OF ABRAHAM BACKGROUND TO THE CALL OF ABRAHAM Genesis 11:24-32, 12 Introduction The background to the call of Abraham is found in the first book of the bible. This is Genesis which is a Greek word meaning Beginning . The relationship between Adam and God was good but after Adam disobeyed GOD, their relationship changed because of sin by Eve and Adam. After sometime, God repaired this relationship by calling Abraham and offering salvation.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8898467852479095, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2394, "token_count": 517}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.5468197}
{"text": "This is Genesis which is a Greek word meaning Beginning . The relationship between Adam and God was good but after Adam disobeyed GOD, their relationship changed because of sin by Eve and Adam. After sometime, God repaired this relationship by calling Abraham and offering salvation. Background -Abraham lived with his father Terah at a place called Ur. Abraham s father lived among people who worshiped many gods. One of the god s whom people of Ur worshipped was the moon. This worship of many gods is referred to as polytheism. -The family of Terah moved from Ur to Haran. While at Haran, God called Abraham at 75 years old. He was told to . Leave your country, your relatives and your father s home and go to a land that I am going to show you . Abraham obeyed God s call. He left Haran for a land that was unknown to him. He took his property his wife Sarah and his nephew lot. At the time of the call of Abraham, he was known as Abram and his wife Sarai. God changed their names to Abraham and Sarah. Abraham means Father of many nations while Sarah means mother of nations. -On arrival in Canaan, he travelled and came to a place called Schechem. God appeared to him once more. Abraham built an altar for the lord at this place. Altars are places of worship. They were regarded as holy and were manifestations of God s presence. An altar was made of stones. -After sometime, he separated with his nephew Lot due to their servants having strife over water for their livestock. Abraham left Canaan due to feminine. He went to Egypt. Activity 1. Where did Lot settle? 2. Read GENESIS, chapter 11 24 32 and chapter 12 1 9 FAITH AND GOD S PROMISES TO ABRAHAM HEBREWS 11: 1 6 THE MEANING OF FAITH -Faith is a strong belief, a complete trust or confidence in someone or something. It is also a firm belief, which is not based on any scientific or logical proof. Faith in God is an attitude of complete trust in God. It is not based on concrete or tangible objects. Faith is manifested in the ways of life of a believer. -Abraham is an example of someone who had faith in God. He showed his faith in action in several ways.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8909071465236983, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2136, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.5587995}
{"text": "Faith is manifested in the ways of life of a believer. -Abraham is an example of someone who had faith in God. He showed his faith in action in several ways. HOW ABRAHAM DEMONSTRATED HIS FAITH IN GOD 1. Although Abraham was old, he left Haran to go to a strange unknown land of Canaan. 2. After he settled in Canaan, Abraham was assured by God of his protection and was given other promises such as he will get a son, and Abraham believed God. Sarah gave birth to a son when she was 90 years old and Abraham was around 120 years old. This was as the lord had promised Abraham. 3. The son was named Isaac that means laughter because Sarah had laughed when she was told that she would have a child in her old age. The child Isaac was circumcised when he was eight 8 days old. 4. Abraham was told by God to circumcise all males in his household including himself. He obeyed. 5. When Abraham was asked to sacrifice his son Isaac to God, he was ready to do so. 6. Abraham believed that God would fulfill all the promises he had given to him 7. Abraham demonstrated his faith by building altars GOD S PROMISES TO ABRAHAM GENESIS 12:2-3, 15:1-21, 21, 17:1-8, 17:15-18 A promise is giving an assurance of something to someone. The promises God gave to Abraham were that:1. God told him he would give him a land. His descendants would be given the land of Canaan to dwell in 2. His name would be made famous 3. His descendants will be many. Abraham would be made a great nation. 4. God would protect him 5. He was promised a son of their own 6. God would bless him 7. God would bless those who bless him and curse those who curse him 8. Abraham was promised that he would die in peace and in an old age 9. His descendants would be strangers in a foreign land but afterwards would come out with great possessions. THE RELEVANCE OF THE PROMISES MADE BY GOD TO ABRAHAM TO CHRISTIANS TODAY Gen.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8608281792472352, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1891, "token_count": 481}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.6098697}
{"text": "Abraham was promised that he would die in peace and in an old age 9. His descendants would be strangers in a foreign land but afterwards would come out with great possessions. THE RELEVANCE OF THE PROMISES MADE BY GOD TO ABRAHAM TO CHRISTIANS TODAY Gen. 12: 2 3, 15: 1 21, 21:1 7, 17: 15 18 God called Abraham from idol worship in the same way God continues to call people to serve him. 1 Through Abraham, God had a plan to restore the relationship between man and God 2 Christians receive the promises of blessings from God through Abraham Gods promises to Abraham fulfilled through Christians 3 As Abraham left his own people, Christians should leave their sinful lives and put their whole trust in God. 4 Abraham is seen as the descendant not only of the Israelites but also of Christians 5 Christians have faith that God fulfils promises to them as he did to Abraham 6 Christians are assured of God s protection 7 Through God s dealing with Abraham, God shows that he values a personal relationship with human kind. Through Jesus Christ Christians enter into an everlasting covenant with God. Just like Abraham entered into a covenant with God. 9 The promise to Abraham of Canaan Promised Land is to Christians the hope for new land heaven 10 God continues to make promises to those who believe him 11 Abraham is the ancestor Father of all believers COVENANT Definition. A covenant is a solemn agreement between two persons or two groups of people. An agreement is between two separated parties. It s a pact, a treaty. When it is a covenant, it conveys a union or partnership. Characteristics components of a covenant There are components or features that must be in a covenant. A covenant must have a ceremony, sign, witnesses, promises vows oaths, obligations consequences, and participants. A covenant establishes a sacrificial bond between the parties involved. There are obligations or rules by which the parties must abide by, adhere to and observe in order to keep the covenant. A covenant is an agreement and if it is broken, there are consequences for breaking it. In the Bible, there are many covenants. Examples of covenants in the Bible 1. Adamic covenant Agreement between God and Adam 2.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8799240973503709, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2238, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.599274}
{"text": "Items for sacrifice Three 3 years olds: heifer, goat, ram and a dove and a pigeon. Abraham then cut these animals into two halves and placed them opposite each other. The birds were not split. After it was dark, smoking fire and a flaming torch suddenly appeared and passed between the pieces of animals. Towards evening, Abraham fell into a deep sleep. While he slept the Lord appeared to him and told him that: His descendants will be strangers in a foreign land and be slaves for 400 years. But they will come out of this land with a lot of wealth and God will punish the nation that will enslave Israelites. He, Abraham will live up to a ripe age, and die in peace. Then the Lord made a covenant with Abraham and promised to give him and his descendants the land of Canaan. God himself passed through the sacrifices and bound himself to keep the promises. IMPORTANCE OF THE COVENANT BETWEEN GOD AND ABRAHAM GEN. 15: 1- 19 God bound himself in a personal relationship with a human being As God passed through the meat, he showed Abraham he would always protect him. This passed on to the descendants of Abraham This covenant between God and Abraham begins a lasting relationship between God and all the nations of the earth. Throughout this covenant God was initiating his plan of salvation for human kind The promises made to Abraham were fulfilled in New Testament blood of the lamb death of Jesus Christ It emphasized the importance of faith followed by obedience that Abraham shared. COVENANTS IN MODERN LIFE AND THEIR IMPORTANCE Modern covenants are a Marriage b Baptism c Oath of loyalty and d Ordination of clergy Marriage ceremony: In marriage, the bride, bridegroom and their families come together. When the two families come together a relationship is developed. They make an agreement and both sides are seriously involved in the ceremony, whether the marriage is civil or religious. During the marriage ceremony the couple makes vows promises to each other, before a priest pastor and the congregation. Two officials witness theseagreements. Rings are exchanged as a sign of a lasting relationship. A certificate is given in some cases as a testimony sign of this agreement. There is eating and drinking.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9074002901073398, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2250, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.6297312}
{"text": "Rings are exchanged as a sign of a lasting relationship. A certificate is given in some cases as a testimony sign of this agreement. There is eating and drinking. Baptism: In a Christian baptism, a covenant is entered into between the believer and God. The believer makes vows before God. The priest and the whole congregation witness this agreement. In some churches, a card is issued to the person who has been baptized as a sign of Christian membership. The baptized can now take the Holy Communion, which is a Christian Ceremony. But when an infant is baptized, parents take the vows on behalf of the child. Loyalty oath: Leaders in public service for example the president, ministers, Members of Parliament, and Governors are sworn in before they take over their new responsibilities. They swear take an oath and promise to carry out their duties firmly and without fear or favor. Ordination of the clergy: Church leaders, nuns and priests take oaths and make vows to God and to the congregation in a ceremony attended by worshippers. The importance of modern day covenants They bind different groups They act as a security They strengthen relationships They unite people together They create loyalty They create peace, harmony and bring a sense of permanence THE TESTING OF ABRAHAM S FAITH GEN. 22: 1 18 God tested Abraham s faith by asking him to go and sacrifice his only son Isaac. This was the son he loved so much. He was to travel to Mount Moniah. On reaching Mt. Moriah, he built an altar, and arranged wood on it. He tied up his son Isaac and placed him on the altar on top of the wood. He lifted a knife to kill him. But the Angel of the Lord called out to him from heaven. Abraham! Abraham! Do not lay a hand on the boy Do not do anything to him. Now I know you that you fear God, because you have not withheld from me your son, your only son v 11-12 . Abraham had obedient reverence for God became he did not keep back his only son from God. God provided a ram for sacrifice. He named the mountain the Lord provided God was pleased with Abraham and promised him blessings, many descendants victory, and protection.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9013853616263255, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2158, "token_count": 475}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.6409779}
{"text": "Abraham had obedient reverence for God became he did not keep back his only son from God. God provided a ram for sacrifice. He named the mountain the Lord provided God was pleased with Abraham and promised him blessings, many descendants victory, and protection. Activity Read Genesis 12:1 9, 15:1 6, 17:23 24, 21:1 7, 22:1-19 IMPORTANCE OF FAITH IN CHRISTIAN LIFE TODAY 1. A Christian today is acceptable to God through his faith in God through Jesus Christ. Without faith it is impossible to please God. 2. A Christian can only serve God if he has faith in him. Faith enables a Christian to serve God 3. Faith enables a Christian to accomplish what appears to be impossible 4. Through faith, Christians are able to trust God to fulfill his promises to them 5. Faith is the foundation of the Christians salvation 6. Faith in God gives a Christian the power to overcome all temptations. 8. Christians should expect to have their faith tested just like Abraham was. 9. Faith enables Christians to patiently wait on God s promises 10. Christians through faith in God help the poor, make right decisions and are able to understand and know God better. JEWISH AND AFRICAN PRACTICES OF CIRCUMCISION IMPORTANCE OF CIRCUMCISION TO ABRAHAM AND HIS DESCENDANTS GEN. 17: 1 16 The rite of circumcision was started by Abraham and has been practiced by the Jews up to the present times. In the Old Testament, it was important because: i Through circumcision: God assured Abraham that he would fulfill His promises to him. Ii Circumcision was a sign that Abraham and his descendants had entered into a covenant with God. It was an outward sign of inner faith. Iii Circumcision was a mark of identity for the Jews iv It was a sign of obedience to God v It was an acceptance of God as the only true God and their willingness to remain faithful to him In the New Testament vi Circumcision doesn t qualify one to be a child of God. One is accepted as a Christian without circumcision as long as they have faith in God. Vii A true descendant of Abraham is the Christian who truly believes in God and lives according to His will regardless of colour, race or creed.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8748124008201625, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2174, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.6735666}
{"text": "Iii Circumcision was a mark of identity for the Jews iv It was a sign of obedience to God v It was an acceptance of God as the only true God and their willingness to remain faithful to him In the New Testament vi Circumcision doesn t qualify one to be a child of God. One is accepted as a Christian without circumcision as long as they have faith in God. Vii A true descendant of Abraham is the Christian who truly believes in God and lives according to His will regardless of colour, race or creed. CIRCUMCISION IN AFRICAN COMMUNITIES Circumcision is one of the rites of passage among the African people. It marks the transition from one stage to another. Many ethnic communities in Kenya still practice the rite of circumcision. During circumcision ceremonies, prayers are offered to God for the well-being of the initiates those who are being circumcised and the prosperity of the whole community. Initiates learn secrets of their community and society. They are taught myths, origin, religious beliefs, and sex education. In some communities, initiates are given new names or ornaments to signify their new status. JEWISH AND AFRICAN PRACTICES OF CIRCUMCISION Similarities In both Jewish and African communities, circumcision: a Is a mark of identity b Provided a sense of belonging c Was observed as a religious experience d was compulsory e Was a tradition passed from one generation to another f Is a time for shedding blood g Was a time for offering prayers to God for the well-being of the initiates h Was a time for giving gifts i Was a ceremony for initiation j Was a time for giving the initiates names k Took place in sacred places. Differences In Jewish community, i. Circumcision was a rite for boys while in African society it was for both boys and girls. But it was for boys in a few communities. Ii. Boys were circumcised when aged 8 days while in the African society; it was between 15 to 25 years old. Iii. Circumcision was for boy s organ while in African societies several forms of initiation were done, for example, removal of teeth, and body piercing among others. Iv.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9073870483842262, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2126, "token_count": 480}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.6911712}
{"text": "Iii. Circumcision was for boy s organ while in African societies several forms of initiation were done, for example, removal of teeth, and body piercing among others. Iv. Circumcision was a command from God while for the African communities it was in obedience to customary law where ancestors were invoked to protect the initiates. Among the African societies v. Circumcision was a rite of passage from childhood to adulthood while for the Jews it was not. Vi. The initiates were given specialized education while the Jews were not. Vii. The initiates were grouped into age groups, and were secluded from the community while among the Jews it was not so. Viii. The rite of circumcision according to seasons while the Jews once a child is born, they are circumcised on the 8th day. Ix. After circumcision, the initiates were allowed to marry, enter a warrior group, own property but for the Jews the initiate was still a child. Questions 1.Explain why Abraham is referred to as the father of faith2. Give five actions from the life of Abraham that shows his faith to God 3. List some of the promises God gave to Abraham 4. Compare and contrast the Jewish and traditional African practice of circumcision 5. What is the importance of faith to Christians? 6. State the elements of a covenant 7. Give examples of covenants in the bible and the modern society 8. Discuss the circumstances that led God to enter into a covenant relationship with Abraham. LEADERSHIP IN ISRAEL Introduction When the Israelites had settled in Canaan, they did not have an earthly King. Their unseen ruler was God. Such a community was called a Theocratic community. God ruled through some judges who were appointed. The role of judges in Israel 1. They led the Israelites into war against enemies such as the Philistines. 2. They settled disputes among the people. 3. They acted as spiritual leaders and officiated in worship. 4. They offered sacrifice on behalf of the people. 5. Some of the judges acted as the prophets of God. 6. The judges foretold the future. 7. The judges condemned the injustices in Israel. 8. They reminded the people of Gods ways. Reasons why the Israelites demanded for a King 1 Samuel 8:1-9 They demanded to be given a King because: - 1. Samuel had grown old.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8882469852013, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2268, "token_count": 514}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.7261145}
{"text": "They reminded the people of Gods ways. Reasons why the Israelites demanded for a King 1 Samuel 8:1-9 They demanded to be given a King because: - 1. Samuel had grown old. 2. He had imposed his sons Joel and Abijah as judges over the Israelites. 3. The two sons were not like their father for they lacked leadership skills. 4. They were corrupt and took bribes. 5. They wanted a King so that they would be like other nations in Canaan. 6. They wanted a stable political government ruled by law and order. 7. They had been influenced by political government of the Canaanites. 8. They wanted a king who would lead them into war against their enemies such as the Philistines and bring back the Ark that had been taken. 9. They wanted an earthly king who they could see and consult in time of problems Reasons against Kingship in Israel 1 Sam 8:10-20 Samuel was very upset by the request for a King because: 1. By demanding an earthly King, it meant that they had rejected Yahweh as their king. 2. They were going to lose their identity as Gods chosen people 3. The leaders to be appointed were going to lack leadership qualities. 4. The King would oppress them. 5. Some of their sons would be recruited to serve as soldiers in his army. 6. Others would be put into forced labor. 7. Their daughters would be put to work as cooks and perfumers. 8. The king would take the best of their flock. 9. The king would take their lands and good vineyards. 10.At that time, they would cry to God but God will not listen to them; the people refused to listen to Samuels warning and went ahead with their demand for a king. So the Lord told Samuel to do as they wanted. The Choosing of Saul as the first King of Israel 1Sam 9:10 After the Israelites had appealed to Samuel that they wanted a King, Samuel told the Lord what the people had said and the Lord instructed him to do, as they wanted. Saul the son of Kish was appointed as the first King of Israel. Achievements of King Saul 1. He was Gods choice who was to save the Israelites from the power of the Philistines. 2.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8673332200241891, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2066, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.7136953}
{"text": "Achievements of King Saul 1. He was Gods choice who was to save the Israelites from the power of the Philistines. 2. He received the spirit of God, which made him to prophesy like one of the prophets of God. 3. He fought and conquered the Israelite e.g. the Amorites, the Moabites and the Amalekites. Failures of King Saul 1 Sam 13, 15, 18:6-9, 28:3-15, 3 1. He offered sacrifices to God at Gilgal yet he was not a priest. 2. He spared Agag the king of the Amalekites. 3. He spared the best sheep and cattle of the Amalekites for selfish gain. 4. He cheated Samuel that he wanted to offer the animals as sacrifice to God. 5. He listened to the voice of his subjects and army to spare the animals and Agag. 6. He became jealous and plotted to kill David. 7. He consulted a medium so that he could talk to the spirit of Samuel. 8. He killed the priest of God, 1 Sam 22. 9. He committed suicide when he went to war against the Philistines Lessons Learnt from the Failures of King Saul 1. Christians should obey Gods command and prophets 2. It is important to have faith in God. 3. A Christian needs to be patient. 4. Christians should not be influenced by greed for wealth and earthly desires. 5. God does not value incense sacrifice instead he is more pleased with obedience 6. Leaders need not to be jealous of others Saul was jealous and plotted to kill David. 7. There is need to respect every ones responsibility. 8. Saul never respected the position of Samuel. Choosing of David as the king of Israel 1sam 16:1-15 David was the son of Jesse from the tribe of Judah. God instructed Samuel to go and anoint David to succeed Saul as a King of Israel. Achievements of King David 1. He was chosen by God. God told Samuel to come and anoint him as king of Israel. 2. He was a skilled Musician and composed the book of Psalms that is used in the church even today 1Sam 16:14-23 . 3.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8436027324665519, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1887, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.7624083}
{"text": "2. He was a skilled Musician and composed the book of Psalms that is used in the church even today 1Sam 16:14-23 . 3. He brought back the Ark of the Covenant from the house of Abinadab to Jerusalem with great celebration. The Ark had been taken away by the enemies. 2Sam 6:15 . 4. He conquered the city of Jerusalem and made it its capital city. 2sam; 5:6-25 . 5. He was a brilliant military commander. The name David means Army Commander. He waged successful wars against Moab, Ammor, Amelekite and Aram. 6. He killed Goliath who was a great warrior of the Philistines because he had great faith in God. 1Sam 17 . 7. He expanded the boundaries of Israel through military conquest. 8. He was a good administrator. He administered through law and justice to all people. He chose wise leaders to advise him. 9. David was a humble king who was ready to repent whenever he committed a sin. He repented after taking Uriahs wife. 2 Sam: 11 . 10.He was publicly anointed as a King of Israel. He was made king over Judah and was later accepted by the whole Israel. 11.He established good diplomatic relations with the surrounding nations for example;he signed a treaty with Syria and through the treaty Israel benefited both economically and politically. 12.He laid foundation of building the great temple which was later completed by Solomon. 2Sam 7:1-17 . 13.God promised to establish an everlasting kingdom for David where his descendants would live in peace. Jesus is a descendant of King David. 14. He united the Northern and Southern kingdom and made it into one nation. David as the ancestor of Jesus 2 Sam 1:29, Luke 1:26-33 Nathans prophesy about the Messiah is seen as having been fulfilled in the work of Jesus Christ in the following ways: - Jesus Christ who was the Messiah is seen as being born from Davids lineage. Mathew in the Genealogy of Jesus tells that Jesus was a descendant of King David. Matt 1:1 . Jesus was born in Bethlehem, which was referred to as the city of David.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8501814770956514, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2003, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.775064}
{"text": "Mathew in the Genealogy of Jesus tells that Jesus was a descendant of King David. Matt 1:1 . Jesus was born in Bethlehem, which was referred to as the city of David. Luke 2:4 In their sermons, the early apostles like Paul and Peter made a number of references to Jesus as a descendant of King David. Romans: 1:3-5 . The blind man at Jericho hailed Jesus as son of David and looked to him to restore his sight. Lk 18:35-36 . During Triumphant entry into Jerusalem, Jesus was hailed by the crowd as the Messiah descendant from the house of King David. Math. 21:9 . Angel Gabriel told Mary that the son would be great and will be called the son of the Most-High . Lk. 1:26-33 . Jesus foster father was a direct descendant of King David Qualities of a Good Leader drawn from David 1. Modern rulers should be courageous and ready to die with and for their subjects like David was a strong Military Commander. 2. Modern leaders should have faith in God and realize that authority comes from God. 3. Leaders should be thankful to God. David was thankful not only to God but also to his people. 4. Modern leaders should be loyal to their oath of office. David kept his without favoring some people. 5. Leaders should be kind. David was a kind leader. He pardoned many of those who had offended him. 6. A good leader should be humble. David was a humble person. He consulted Gods prophets. 7. A leader should be able to admit his mistakes. David realized his mistakes and asked for forgiveness. 8. Modern leaders should be willing to delegate duty as David did. David had a team of advisors and administrators. Achievements and failures of king Solomon After David died, his son Solomon took over as king in Israel. Achievements of king Solomon 1Kings 4:29, 3:16, 4:20-27, 10:14, 11:3 1. He was considered to have been a wise ruler. The wisdom was given by God. 2. He built the great temple and dedicated if for the service of the Lord. 3. He brought the Ark of the Covenant into the temple. 4. He established trade links with the neighbouring communities and made Israel a prosperous nation. 5.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8499179341284605, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2109, "token_count": 528}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.820443}
{"text": "Rehoboam told them to go and come after three days. He then went and consulted the elders who told him to do as the people had said. He ignored the advice of the elders and went to his fellow young men who advised him to be even harsher than his father was. When the people went back to him he said he refused to relax his rule. When the people heard this, they rebelled against him and established the Northern kingdom that came to be known as Israel with Jeroboam as the king. Importance of the Temple to the Jewish People 1.The temple symbolized Gods presence among the Israelites.2.It was a house where the Israelites offered prayers to God.3.It was the place where the first-born male children were dedicated to God.4.The temple was a place where the Israelites offered sacrifices to God.5.The Ark of the Covenant, which symbolized Gods presence, was kept in the temple.6.It was a place where the priests and prophets resided.7.The rites of purification were carried out in the temple.8.It acted as a symbol of unity in Israel.9.The Jewish ceremonies such as the Passover feast and the feast of the Tabernacle were formed in the temple.10.The temple also served as a commercial centre. The animals for sacrifice were brought in the temple.11.The temple acted as a court. The Jewish elders sat in the temple to judge cases. The Sanhedrin It acted as a training place for the priests, Rabiis and scribes. It was where the people were taught the Mosaic Laws.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CRE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8841898971358648, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1516, "token_count": 341}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.7878833}
{"text": "Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 1 HEALTH EDUCATION GRADE 7 JUNIOR SECONDARY LESSON NOTESRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 1 HEALTH AND NUTRITION a. Introduction to health Education Health - a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity\" Health education is a profession of educating people about health. Areas within this profession encompass: environmental health, physical health, social health, emotional health, intellectual health, and spiritual health, as well as sexual and reproductive health education. Health education can be defined as the principle by which individuals and groups of people learn to behave in a manner conducive to the promotion, maintenance, or restoration of health. However, as there are multiple definitions of health, there are also multiple definitions of health education. Importance of Health Education The importance of health education impacts many areas of wellness within a community, including: Chronic disease awareness and prevention Injury and violence prevention Maternal and infant health Mental and behavioral health Nutrition, exercise and obesity prevention Tobacco use and substance abuse It stimulates people s awareness and skills Health programs engage skilled professionals who meet the community to talk about simple ways to develop and sustain health. They learn from practised health workers and pick up skills such as first aid. Experts teach them about their weaknesses which make themRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 2 susceptible to diseases and infections. Deterioration of health is often unpredictable. Hence there is the requirement to search for skills to handle such challenges. Health education elevates the student s understanding of health It allows them to develop their physical, social, and emotional health values. When students meet more well-informed people, they learn from them and are ready to metamorphose this knowledge. Some of the information they obtain includes precautions when engaging in acts such as sexual intercourse. Students can get this information from lectures at their institution and educate others when they are back in the community. It inspires the youth to boost and keep up their health Being a part of health education programs lets the student see for themselves what it takes to be hale and hearty. They are inspired to eat healthy food and take part in the exercise. By learning that, they start thinking properly about their health principles.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9184218843136549, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2577, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.8591518}
{"text": "It inspires the youth to boost and keep up their health Being a part of health education programs lets the student see for themselves what it takes to be hale and hearty. They are inspired to eat healthy food and take part in the exercise. By learning that, they start thinking properly about their health principles. Young people have the liveliness to exercise and require an incentive to be active in improving their health and that of the general public at large. Health education improves the quality of life It encompasses good health habits that are accepted by health experts to improve the quality of life. The people come to know about their wrong practices and realize that they need to change or improve their habits. They alter their habits and better them so that their standards can improve appreciably. For example, they learn to engage in protected sexual intercourse to avoid or minimize the spread of STDs. It also reduces premature deaths The community must study about the diverse methods to stop the propagation of diseases and infections. People can set up sufficiently to battle epidemics and thwart deaths and suffering. The youth and children are most susceptible to early deaths when infections and diseases hit badly. Vaccinations may be administered at no cost during health education programs to prevent premature deaths. It is sensible to attend to such plans when the chance presents itself. Career Opportunities in Health education They include: Public health officer Nutritionist Health promotion officers Community health workers CHW Doctors Nurses Occupational therapistRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 3 Psychologist Clinical officers Physiotherapist Health Promotion activities These activities may be many but limited. They include: Helping People Who Smoke Quit Increasing Access to Healthy Foods and Physical Activity Preventing Excessive Alcohol Use Promoting Lifestyle Change and Disease Management Promoting Women s Reproductive Health Promoting Clinical Preventive Services Promoting Community Water Fluoridation Promoting Mental Health and Emotional Well-Being Promoting Better Sleep Handwashing Physical exercise b. Health Promotion Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. As a core function of public health, health promotion supports governments, communities and individuals to cope with and address health challenges.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9290858036824583, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2570, "token_count": 459}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.8397045}
{"text": "Health Promotion Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. As a core function of public health, health promotion supports governments, communities and individuals to cope with and address health challenges. This is accomplished by: building healthy public policies, creating supportive environments, and strengthening community action and personal skills Common health concerns in the community Physical Activity and Nutrition - Research indicates that staying physically active can help prevent or delay certain diseases, including some cancers, heart disease and diabetes, and also relieve depressionRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 4 and improve mood. Inactivity often accompanies advancing age, but it doesn't have to. Check with your local churches or synagogues, senior centers, and shopping malls for exercise and walking programs. Like exercise, your eating habits are often not good if you live and eat alone. It's important for successful aging to eat foods rich in nutrients and avoid the empty calories in candy and sweets. Overweight and Obesity - Being overweight or obese increases your chances of dying from hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, respiratory problems, dyslipidemia and endometrial, breast, prostate, and colon cancers. Tobacco - Tobacco is the single greatest preventable cause of illness and premature death Substance Abuse - Substance abuse usually means drugs and alcohol. HIV AIDS - Mental Health - Dementia is not part of aging. Dementia can be caused by disease, reactions to medications, vision and hearing problems, infections, nutritional imbalances, diabetes, and renal failure. There are many forms of dementia including Alzheimer's Disease and some can be temporary. With accurate diagnosis comes management and help. The most common late-in-life mental health condition is depression. If left untreated, depression in the elderly can lead to suicide. Injury and Violence Environmental Quality Immunization Access to Health Care Ways of promoting of promoting wellness in individuals 1. Take Proper Sleep: It may seem to be the most common advice, but trust me most of the people don t follow the basic strep towards their overall wellbeing. Our body needsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 5 proper sleep and rest to heal and renew the energy to function properly. This healing is essential for physical and mental activity throughout the day.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9184105071494004, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2666, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.8763828}
{"text": "Take Proper Sleep: It may seem to be the most common advice, but trust me most of the people don t follow the basic strep towards their overall wellbeing. Our body needsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 5 proper sleep and rest to heal and renew the energy to function properly. This healing is essential for physical and mental activity throughout the day. Sufficient sleep regulates the hormones that are directly related to our mood and emotions. Most often when you feel an irritated or emotional imbalance, chances are high that your body lacks in taking enough sleep. An adult body needs nearly 6 to 7 hours of sleep per day. So make sure you take enough sleep. 2. Eat a Balanced Diet: Sleep alone is not going to give you the required benefits. You need to eat a healthy and balanced diet and ensure your body receives enough amount of nutrition. The food you consume determines how healthy your inner system is. Moreover, it also helps in determining your emotional health and mental illnesses such as depression. When your body lacks essential nutrients, it leads to serious health problems. Moreover, you end up facing emotional distress and anxiety. Health and wellness experts suggest that you should eat fruits and vegetables in sufficient amount. Moreover, eating nuts and lentil also strengthens your heart. Try to avoid caffeine, sugar and processed food as much as possible. 3. Expose Your Body to Sunlight: Vitamin D deficiency leads to several problems such and Seasonal Affective Disorder or SAD. When you are exposed to sunlight, it causes the release of endorphins also called happiness hormones that is responsible for the productivity of the brain. So, take some time out of your routine and spend some time in sunlight. But makes sure you wear sunblock to prevent sunburn. 4. Deal with Stress: Although it is difficult to avoid stress nowadays, however, it is definitely possible to deal with it. It is very important to learn to deal with stress in aRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 6 smart and effective way. For that, try to avoid the situations that cause stress. If your stress is unmanageable, note down the causes of stress as well as what actions can you take to improve your reaction, mood, and even situation? 5. Exercise Daily: When you remain physically active and exercise daily, your blood flow improves in your entire body. With the increased blood flow, the number of oxygen increases and you feel more energetic, fresh and mentally active. 6.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9087094339622642, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2500, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.9357214}
{"text": "Exercise Daily: When you remain physically active and exercise daily, your blood flow improves in your entire body. With the increased blood flow, the number of oxygen increases and you feel more energetic, fresh and mentally active. 6. Stay Away from Smoking and Alcohol: If you keep drinking and smoking, no matter how much you spend on your health and how hard you try, your efforts are going to be wasted. Quit smoking and drinking to ensure you lead a healthy life. 7. Be Social, as Much as You Can: Isolation and lack of communication are the two biggest reasons for depression, mental and physical illnesses. No matter how busy your family and work life is, try to dedicate some time to friends and socialize with them. A man cannot stay healthy without interacting with other people. Communicating with others lowers the stress level. If you have heard of laughter therapy, it also has the same purpose to reduce the stress in which you laugh with other people. Everyone needs acceptance and friendship that is fulfilled only when you socialize with others. 8. Use clean and safe water 9. Develop hygienic practices Challenges to health promotion and solutions Lack of proper communication channels - To identify the best communication channels, and to understand the dynamics of the targetRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 7 population, conduct focus groups, surveys, or other assessments about how they receive information. Lack of community motivation - Conduct education and outreach to identify community awareness of health concerns, determine community members expectations, and to motivate individuals to achieve better health outcomes. Cultural and social issues - Many rural communities have deeply rooted traditions and cultures around food, lack of trust for medical professionals and outsiders, and or social beliefs around certain behaviors. Make a conscious effort to recognize and understand these norms before implementing the program and develop strategies to address them. Involving members from the target population in this process can help achieve cultural competency and encourage participation. Resources and sustainability - Rural communities have finite financial, technological, and workforce resources. Program staff may be involved in other activities and commitments. To create sustainable support for the program, focus on a shared vision and involve partner organizations and a larger body of community stakeholders. Barriers to participation - Local circumstances such as geography can influence program implementation and operations. The program design should accommodate lengthy travel times, availability of or lack of transportation, childcare needs, and site availability to minimize potential barriers to program participation. C.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9210854222354987, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2787, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.9422932}
{"text": "Barriers to participation - Local circumstances such as geography can influence program implementation and operations. The program design should accommodate lengthy travel times, availability of or lack of transportation, childcare needs, and site availability to minimize potential barriers to program participation. C. Nutrients and their functions in the body Macro and micronutrients The nutrients your body needs to promote growth and development and regulate bodily processes can be divided into two groups: macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients are the nutrients your body needs in larger amounts, namely carbohydrates, protein, and fat. These provide your body with energy, or calories. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 8 Macronutrients are the elements in food that you need to grow and function normally. All macronutrients are obtained through the diet as the body can t produce them on its own. Carbohydrates, protein, and fat are the three main suppliers of nutrition in your diet. While all macros provide valuable energy to your body, they each fulfil different functions. O Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, and vegetables. They re the most important source of quick energy in your diet because they re easily broken down into glucose, which the muscles and brain use to function. O While carbohydrates are found in healthy foods like vegetables, they re also found in unhealthy foods like cakes and doughnuts, which has given them a bad reputation in various diets. O The important distinction to make in this instance is between simple and complex carbohydrates. The difference between the two is the chemical structure which affects how quickly the sugar is absorbed by the body. O Simple carbohydrates, or bad carbohydrates, generally release sugar faster because they are made with processed and refined sugar and don t contain any vitamins, minerals, or fibers. Complex, or goodRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 9 carbohydrates , are processed more slowly and are filled with various nutrients. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 10 Proteins are made up of amino acids and function as hormones, enzymes, and an antibody in the immune system. They make up parts of bodily structures like connective tissues, skin, hair, and muscle fibres. Unlike carbohydrates, proteins don t serve as a direct source of energy, but work like building blocks for other structures in the body.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9175188631790745, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2485, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.9186509}
{"text": "Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 10 Proteins are made up of amino acids and function as hormones, enzymes, and an antibody in the immune system. They make up parts of bodily structures like connective tissues, skin, hair, and muscle fibres. Unlike carbohydrates, proteins don t serve as a direct source of energy, but work like building blocks for other structures in the body. The nutritional value of a protein is measured by the quantity of essential amino acids that it contains, which varies depending on the food source. Animal products, such as meat and fish, contain all of the essential amino acids. Soy products, quinoa, and the seeds of a leafy green called Amaranth also contain all of the essential amino acids. Plant proteins usually lack at least one amino acid, so eating a combination of different plant proteins throughout the day is important for vegetarians and vegans. The recommended daily intake of protein is between 0.75 grams and 1 gram per kilogram of your body weight. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 11 The distinction between saturated and unsaturated fats is important because your body only needs the latter. Unsaturated fats regulate metabolism, maintain the elasticity of cell membranes, improve blood flow, and promote cell growth and regeneration. Fats are also important in delivering fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E and K into the body. While your body doesn t necessarily need saturated fats, they do provide your body with cholesterol, which plays an important role in hormone production. Your body does produce its own cholesterol, but a small amount introduced through your diet can help build cell membranes, produce hormones like oestrogen and testosterone, help your metabolism work, produce vitamin D, and produce bile acids which help digest fat and absorb nutrients. However, a diet rich in cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease. Fats should make up between 30 35 per cent of your daily caloric intake, with a maximum of 10 per cent of that being saturated fats. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 12 Micronutrients are the nutrients your body needs in smaller amounts, which are commonly referred to as vitamins and minerals.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9024886208846203, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2239, "token_count": 477}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.967615}
{"text": "However, a diet rich in cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease. Fats should make up between 30 35 per cent of your daily caloric intake, with a maximum of 10 per cent of that being saturated fats. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 12 Micronutrients are the nutrients your body needs in smaller amounts, which are commonly referred to as vitamins and minerals. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 13 Like macronutrients, your body doesn t produce micronutrients in the quantities that it needs, so eating a diet rich in vitamins and minerals is essential for a healthy body. Vitamins are organic and can be broken down by elements such as heat, air, or acid which means they can denature when cooked or exposed to air, making it slightly more difficult to ensure you re getting them in your diet. Minerals on the other hand are inorganic and aren t broken down in this way. This means that your body absorbs the minerals in the soil and water your food has come from. Each vitamin and mineral has a specific role in your body, and the best way to ensure you re meeting all your bodily needs is by eating a healthy, varied diet. Not only are micronutrients crucial for nearly every process in your body, they can also act as antioxidants. In the right quantity, they protect your body against disease and deficiencies. Eating a balanced diet promotes this and improves your chances of getting a variety of minerals and vitamins through your food into your bloodstream. While they work together, vitamins and minerals have different tasks in the body.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9056462848654285, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1588, "token_count": 337}, "cleaned_at": 1750360541.9885771}
{"text": "In the right quantity, they protect your body against disease and deficiencies. Eating a balanced diet promotes this and improves your chances of getting a variety of minerals and vitamins through your food into your bloodstream. While they work together, vitamins and minerals have different tasks in the body. One of the main functions of vitamins is to help release the energy found in the food that you eat Vitamins help build protein and help your cells multiply They make collagen, which helps heal wounds, support blood vessel walls, and promote healthy bones and teethRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 14 Vitamins keep your eyes, skin, lungs, digestive tract and nervous system in good condition They build your bones, protect your vision, and interact with each other to help your body absorb the vitamins it needs to They protect you against diseases Minerals maintain the correct balance of water in your body They promote healthy bones and stabilise the protein structures that you get from the protein you eat, including those that make up your hair, skin, and nails They get the oxygen moving around your body Minerals assist in your ability to taste and smellRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 15 There are multiple food items that fulfil both macro and micronutrient functions. Incorporating these foods into your diet will allow your body to function at an optimal level. Other than oxygen and water, the food you eat is the only input your body has to perform the functions it needs for you to go about your daily life. The better quality the input, the better your body will be able to function and perform. Signs and symptoms of common macro and micronutrient deficiencies and measures for intervention Nutrients are the organic substances congregated inside the food and used by the body for the maintenance of life and growth. We get nutrients needed for our body from the food we consume i.e. rich in nutrients, for the proper growth and functioning of body. In absence of nutritious food, various health problems and deficiency diseases collides in our bodies.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9173119824960316, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2119, "token_count": 429}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.0073588}
{"text": "We get nutrients needed for our body from the food we consume i.e. rich in nutrients, for the proper growth and functioning of body. In absence of nutritious food, various health problems and deficiency diseases collides in our bodies. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 16 Some of the common results occurred due to nutritional deficiencies are: Marasmus Kwashiorkor Goiter Anemia Night blindness Scurvy Rickets etc MUSCLES JOINTSMuscle crsmping: agri B82 6uti 8.8688 ParaMago Cac demaling 1 86 Poss Conk sar 83.917, fokc ack knracks inthe comer ofthe moth 2 Weak tooth enamel Varna DKShoeiPain ongue 5285, FlleComo omed or tate:Bumps onthe beck f the ams Varn ADryer veoh shins A Unusual pve arnEssen: arc Ree dring menstruation: 6Dermat BoteRedvetcn mars 2 5 Han PA amen 2 foeNereuonesrnabity 1b. 65 naomi 63 85 8605Disinenron 82 312 Re-inventing CBCAggpossible solutionsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 18 Macro nutrients Major deficiency disorder Symptoms Prevention Mitigation measures Carbohydrates Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma, hypoglycemia -Energy loss and fatigue -Weight loss, -Constipation -Balanced diet. -Educate children on the importance of carbohydrates. -Maintain a healthy body weight -Awareness on the importance of balanced diet Fats Heart disease, stroke, kidney problems, pediatric obesity, childhood obesity, metabolic syndrome -Small bumps on back of upper arms. -Variation of skin. -Mixed oily and dry skin -Regular exercise -Low intake of oily foods -Educate children on the effects of junk foods. -Maintain a healthy body weight -Awareness on the importance of fats and its adequate intake. Proteins Kwashiorkor, marasmus and hypoalbuminemia -Loss of muscle mass. -Increased risk of bone fractures. -Risk of infections. -Inhibit proper body growth in children -Establishment of nutrition centers, therapeutic feeding centers.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8758523009734419, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1897, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.0270076}
{"text": "-Maximum zinc intake can cause symptoms that range from nausea and vomiting to impaired immune system functioning. For this reason, adults older than age 19 should not take more than 40 mg of zinc a day. -Improving the processes by which Zn moves from the soil into the plant and eventually into the edible part of the grain that has the potential to mitigate problems associated with Zn deficiency in crops and humans. -Awareness of the importance of animal-source foods in the diet for infants and young children Vitamin A Night blindness, xerophthalmia, -Slowing growth and development in fetus, raise risk of anemia in pregnant women, -Vision disturbances, joint pain. -Behavior modification where high intake of vitamin A rich foods -Dietary modification: Home and community provisioning to increase availability of vitamin A rich foods. -Gardening Project to Increase Production and Consumption of Vitamin A-Rich Foods -Small animal husbandry and fish Production to increase household and community availability of preformed Vitamin A Sources -Multi-Mix Complementary and Weaning Foods Folate Vitamin B6 Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube and other birth defects, heart disease, stroke -Mood Changes -Weakened immune function. Tiredness and low energy -Optimum amount intake of vitamin B6 rich foods. -Use of vitamin b6 drugs in correct way. -Increase Production and Consumption of Vitamin B6-Rich FoodsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 21 -Tingling and Pain in Hands and Feet -Seizures -Sore, Glossy Tongue. Cobolamine Vitamin B12 Megaloblastic anemia -Constipation, diarrhea -Nerve problems like numbness or tingling, -Vision loss -Mental problems like depression, or behavioral changes -Optimum amount intake of vitamin B12 rich foods. -RDA vitamin B12 is 2.4 mcg for men and women age 19 and over. Pregnant women have slightly higher requirements: 2.6 and 2.8 mcg per day, respectively. -Since the body is able to store enough vitamin B12 to meet its needs for several months, vitamin B12 deficiency is extremely rare among healthy people whose daily diet includes foods that are naturally rich in or enriched with vitamin B12. Thiamine Vitamin B1 Beriberi Wernicke and Korsakov syndromes -Fatigue.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8898539564939153, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2222, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.050903}
{"text": "Pregnant women have slightly higher requirements: 2.6 and 2.8 mcg per day, respectively. -Since the body is able to store enough vitamin B12 to meet its needs for several months, vitamin B12 deficiency is extremely rare among healthy people whose daily diet includes foods that are naturally rich in or enriched with vitamin B12. Thiamine Vitamin B1 Beriberi Wernicke and Korsakov syndromes -Fatigue. -Irritability -Reduced Reflexes. -Tingling Sensation in Arms and Legs. -Muscle Weakness. -Blurry Vision. -Nausea -Improved nutrition, removal alcohol consumption -Consumption of animal products. -Increase production and consumption of vitamin B1-rich foods Riboflavin Vitamin B2 Nonspecific fatigue, eye changes, dermatitis, brain dysfunction, impaired iron absorption -Dryness and cracking of the skin -Red, dry tongue called magenta tongue. -Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA is 1.3 milligrams daily for men and 1.1 mg for women. A higher dose of 3 mg per day can help to prevent cataracts. -Increase production and consumption of vitamin B2-rich foodsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 22 -Skin rash. -Anemia. -Weakness and fatigue. -Vision problems Niacin Vitamins B3 Pellagra -Thick, scaly-pigmented rash on skin when exposed to sunlight. -Swollen mouth and bright red tongue. -RDA of niacin for adult males is 16 milligrams mg a day and for adult women who aren t pregnant, 14 mg a day Increase production and consumption of vitamin B3-rich foods Vitamin B6 Dermatitis, neurological disorders, convulsions -Skin Rashes. -Mood Changes. -Weakened immune function. -Tiredness and Low Energy. -Seizures. -Optimum amount intake of vitamin B6 rich foods. -Use of vitamin b6 drugs in correct way. -Increase production and consumption of vitamin B6-rich foods Vitamin C Scurvy fatigue, hemorrhages -Rough, Bumpy Skin.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8682072829131654, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1836, "token_count": 467}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.0621161}
{"text": "-Optimum amount intake of vitamin B6 rich foods. -Use of vitamin b6 drugs in correct way. -Increase production and consumption of vitamin B6-rich foods Vitamin C Scurvy fatigue, hemorrhages -Rough, Bumpy Skin. -Corkscrew-Shaped Body Hair -Bright Red Hair Follicles -Spoon-Shaped Fingernails with Red Spots or Lines -Dry, Damaged Skin -Slowly Healing Wounds The United States U.S. Office of Dietary Supplements ODS advice the following intake of vitamin C: -Up to 6 months: 40 mg, as normally supplied though breastfeeding -During pregnancy, women should consume 85 mg of vitamin C, rising to 120 mg while breastfeeding. -Promotion of health research projects on vitamin C deficiency and its associated factors. -Increase production and adequate consumption of vitamin C-rich foodsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 23 -Smokers need 35 mg more than nonsmokers do every day. Vitamin D Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, colorectal cancer -Bone and Back Pain -Depression -Impaired Wound Healing -Bone Loss -Hair Loss -Muscle Pain -Increase vitamin D supplement -Eat foods rich in vitamin D -Increase exposure to natural sunlight -Maintain a healthy body weight -Monitoring and treating medical conditions: -Using vitamin D supplements Calcium Decreased bone mineralization, rickets, osteoporosis -Tingling Fingers-Muscle crampsLethargy-Poor appetite -Reducing intake of caffeineInclusion of dairy products in daily diet-Educate children on the importance of dairy products. -Maintain a healthy body weight -Monitoring and treating medical conditionsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 24 Role of water and dietary fiber in promoting health THE WAY FIBER ACTS Fiber strengthens the consistency to food which forces you to chew properly and break the food up. Fiber is, in general, non-digestible and will end up intact in the large intestine colon . Fiber absorbs water up to five times its weight and expands as it passes through the bowel. In summary, fiber has a recognized role in regulating gastro-intestinal function, particularly in helping to prevent constipation. SOURCES AND RECOMMENDED QUANTITIES There are three food groups which are excellent sources of fiber, they are : Cereals e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9013889907645117, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2225, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.0907013}
{"text": "The first part is called the duodenum. The jejunum is in the middle and the ileum is at the end. The large intestine includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. The appendix is a fingershaped pouch attached to the cecum. The cecum is the first part of the large intestine. The colon is next. The rectum is the end of the large intestine. Functions of the various parts of the human digestive system The digestive process Organ Movement Mouth ChewingRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 27 Organ Movement Esophagus Peristalsis Stomach Upper muscle in stomach relaxes to let food enter, and lower muscle mixes food with digestive juice Small intestine Peristalsis Pancreas None Liver None Large intestine Peristalsi Mouth. Food starts to move through your GI tract when you eat. When you swallow, your tongue pushes the food into your throat. A small flap of tissue, called the epiglottis, folds over your windpipe to prevent choking and the food passes into your esophagus. Esophagus. Once you begin swallowing, the process becomes automatic. Your brain signals the muscles of the esophagus and peristalsis begins. Lower esophageal sphincter. When food reaches the end of your esophagus, a ringlike muscle called the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes and lets food pass into your stomach. This sphincter usually stays closed to keep what s in your stomach from flowing back into your esophagus. Stomach. After food enters your stomach, the stomach muscles mix the food and liquid with digestive juices. The stomach slowly empties its contents, called chyme, into your small intestine. Small intestine. The muscles of the small intestine mix food with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, and push the mixture forward for further digestion. The walls of the small intestine absorb water and the digested nutrients into your bloodstream. As peristalsis continues, the waste products of the digestive process move into the large intestine. Large intestine. Waste products from the digestive process include undigested parts of food, fluid, and older cells from the lining of your GI tract. The large intestine absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool. Peristalsis helps move the stool into your rectum. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 28 Rectum.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9204011195794013, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2299, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.1136382}
{"text": "The large intestine absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool. Peristalsis helps move the stool into your rectum. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 28 Rectum. The lower end of your large intestine, the rectum, stores stool until it pushes stool out of your anus during a bowel movement. How does my digestive system break food into small parts my body can use? As food moves through your GI tract, your digestive organs break the food into smaller parts using: motion, such as chewing, squeezing, and mixing digestive juices, such as stomach acid, bile, and enzymes Mouth. The digestive process starts in your mouth when you chew. Your salivary glands make saliva, a digestive juice, which moistens food so it moves more easily through your esophagus into your stomach. Saliva also has an enzyme that begins to break down starches in your food. Esophagus. After you swallow, peristalsis pushes the food down your esophagus into your stomach. Stomach. Glands in your stomach lining make stomach acid and enzymes that break down food. Muscles of your stomach mix the food with these digestive juices. Pancreas. Your pancreas makes a digestive juice that has enzymes that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The pancreas delivers the digestive juice to the small intestine through small tubes called ducts. Liver. Your liver makes a digestive juice called bile that helps digest fats and some vitamins. Bile ducts carry bile from your liver to your gallbladder for storage, or to the small intestine for use. Gallbladder. Your gallbladder stores bile between meals. When you eat, your gallbladder squeezes bile through the bile ducts into your small intestine. Small intestine. Your small intestine makes digestive juice, which mixes with bile and pancreatic juice to complete the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Bacteria in your small intestine make some of the enzymes you need to digest carbohydrates. Your small intestine moves water from your bloodstream into your GI tract to help break down food. Your small intestine also absorbs water with other nutrients. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 29 Large intestine. In your large intestine, more water moves from your GI tract into your bloodstream. Bacteria in your large intestine help break down remaining nutrients and make vitamin K. Waste products of digestion, including parts of food that are still too large, become stool.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9187293598307821, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2441, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.151552}
{"text": "In your large intestine, more water moves from your GI tract into your bloodstream. Bacteria in your large intestine help break down remaining nutrients and make vitamin K. Waste products of digestion, including parts of food that are still too large, become stool. Common conditions and diseases affecting the digestive system Some digestive diseases and conditions are acute, lasting only a short time, while others are chronic, or long-lasting. They include acid reflux heartburn - Gastroesophageal reflux GER happens when your stomach contents come back up into your esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD is a more severe and longlasting condition in which GER causes repeated symptoms or leads to complications over time. Symptoms Causes Gastroesophageal reflux GER and gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD commonly cause symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation. GERD may develop when your lower esophageal sphincter becomes weak or relaxes when it shouldn t. constipation - Constipation is a condition in which you may have fewer than three bowel movements a week; stools that are hard, dry, or lumpy; stools that are difficult or painful to pass; or a feeling that notRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 30 all stool has passed. You usually can take steps to prevent or relieve constipation. Diarrhoea - Diarrhea is loose, watery stools three or more times a day. Diarrhea may be acute, persistent, or chronic. Acute diarrhea is more common than persistent or chronic diarrhea. Complications of diarrhea are dehydration and malabsorption. Indigestion dyspepsia - Indigestion is a general term that describes a group of gastrointestinal symptoms that occur together, including pain, a burning feeling, or discomfort in your upper abdomen; feeling full too soon while eating; and feeling uncomfortably full after eating. Food poisoning - Food poisoning is an infection or irritation of your digestive tract that spreads through foods or drinks. Food poisoning is most often acute, and most people get better on their own without treatment. In some cases, food poisoning leads to serious complications, such as dehydration. Liver disease - The liver has many important functions, including digesting your food and processing and distributing nutrients. There are many kinds of liver diseases and conditions. Some, like hepatitis, are caused by viruses. Others can be the result of drugs or drinking too much alcohol.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9188110948191595, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2464, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.1300101}
{"text": "Liver disease - The liver has many important functions, including digesting your food and processing and distributing nutrients. There are many kinds of liver diseases and conditions. Some, like hepatitis, are caused by viruses. Others can be the result of drugs or drinking too much alcohol. Long-lasting injury or scar tissue in the liver can cause cirrhosis. Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin, can be one sign of liver disease. Stomach and duodenal ulcers - A peptic ulcer, or stomach or duodenal ulcer, is a sore on the lining of your stomach or duodenum. PepticRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 31 ulcers can lead to complications such as bleeding, perforation, penetration, or blockage in your stomach or duodenum. Gas in the digestive tract - A gas is a substance that has no fixed size or shape. The gas inside your digestive tract is made of air and other gases. Gas typically leaves your digestive tract through your mouth when you belch or through your anus when you pass gas. Gas normally enters your digestive tract when you swallow air and when bacteria in your large intestine break down certain undigested carbohydrates. Others include: - Worms - Hernia - Pancreatitis - Crohns disease Ways of preventing common conditions and diseases affecting the human digestive system. 1. Eat small, frequent mealsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 32 Prevent indigestion, bloating and heartburn by changing how often you eat without increasing your overall calorie intake. Instead of three meals a day, enjoy four to five smaller meals and eat them slowly. Taking time to chew food properly makes you feel full, which can help prevent overeating that can cause gas, bloating, heartburn and indigestion. 2. Drink plenty of water and limit alcohol Water helps your body flush waste and toxins, and helps your colon eliminate waste, which prevents constipation. The amount of water you need every day may depend on numerous factors, such as activity level, geographic location and temperature. If you have questions about how much water you need per day, check with your doctor. Make sure you also limit your alcohol consumption, . Alcohol interferes with acid secretion and nutrient absorption. Too much alcohol can contribute to heartburn, diarrhea and liver issues. 3. Exercise regularly Daily physical activity can help your body s digestive system move things along and eliminate waste.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9127496622730772, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2413, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.1798804}
{"text": "Too much alcohol can contribute to heartburn, diarrhea and liver issues. 3. Exercise regularly Daily physical activity can help your body s digestive system move things along and eliminate waste. Try walking, cycling, swimming, using an elliptical trainer or hiking. 4. Maintain a healthy body weight Extra kilograms, especially around the midsection, can make digestive issues, such as heartburn, gas and burping, worse. If you need to lose weight, you don t need to rush it. Make easy, small changes for healthy weight loss. 5. Eat a balanced diet Stay away from fried, greasy foods that are hard to digest, Instead, fill your plate with fiber-rich foods, like cherries, grapes, bell peppers, beans, whole grains and nuts. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 33 Add fish to your list of healthy foods as well. The omega-3 fatty acids in fish can improve digestive issues by stabilizing cell walls to reduce inflammation. Probiotic-containing foods also help with digestion. Probiotics, such as yogurt and kefir, contain good bacteria that can fight any bad bacteria lurking in your gut. 6. Manage your stress level Stress can cause butterflies in your stomach. A sad experience can be gutwrenching. The reason is because your brain has a direct impact on your stomach. B. Excretory System The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal body reactions and prevent damage to the body. The organs include: - Kidney - Skin - Respiratory system Functions of the skin - Provides a protective barrier against mechanical, thermal and physical injury and hazardous substances. -. Prevents loss of moisture. -. Reduces harmful effects of UV radiation. -. Acts as a sensory organ touch, detects temperature . -. Helps regulate temperature. -. An immune organ to detect infections etc. -. Production of vitamin D. Causes of common skin conditions and diseasesRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 34 - Bacteria trapped in your pores or hair follicles. -. Conditions that affect your thyroid, kidneys or immune system. -. Contact with environmental triggers, such as allergens or another person s skin. -. Genetics - Fungus or parasites living on your skin. -. Medications, such as the ones that treat inflammatory bowel disease IBD . -. Viruses. -. Diabetes. -. Sun.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9012680397285582, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2377, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.2009377}
{"text": "- Viruses. -. Diabetes. -. Sun. Signs and symptoms of skin diseases - Discolored skin patches abnormal pigmentation . -. Dry skin. -. Open sores, lesions or ulcers. -. Peeling skin. -. Rashes, possibly with itchiness or pain. -. Red, white or pus-filled bumps. -. Scaly or rough skin. Ways of preventing skin diseases - Avoid sharing utensils, personal items or cosmetics. -. Disinfect objects you use in public spaces, such as gym equipment. -. Drink plenty of water and eat a nutritious diet. -. Limit contact with irritants or harsh chemicals. -. Sleep seven to eight hours per night. -. Use sun protection to prevent sunburn and other sun damage. -. Wash your hands regularly with soap and water. Importance of a healthy skinRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 35 As the largest organ of your body, the skin plays the role of first line of defense in keeping you safe from infections and other unfriendly elements. It is for this reason that your skin needs to be in good health always. The following are benefits of a healthy skin. -. Protection from infection: Your skin protects your body from the many viruses and bacteria you are exposed to daily. Healthy skin also helps you react better to important changes around you by feeling pain or pressure. -. Protection against UV: It also protects you from the rays of the sun specifically ultraviolet light that can damage cells - The supply of vitamin D: Healthy skin produces vitamin D when exposed to the sun, and vitamin D is important for many body functions. C. Circulatory system The circulatory system cardiovascular system pumps blood from the heart to the lungs to get oxygen. The heart then sends oxygenated blood through arteries to the rest of the body. The veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart to start the circulation process over. Your circulatory system is critical to healthy organs, muscles and tissues. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 36 Structure and function of the hearteee tremeesasRecinventing CBG solutionsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 38 Blood vessels Your heart pumps blood through three types of blood vessels: - Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from your heart to your body s tissues. The exception is your pulmonary arteries, which go to your lungs. -. Veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to your heart.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9071928249465125, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2317, "token_count": 492}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.2121723}
{"text": "Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 36 Structure and function of the hearteee tremeesasRecinventing CBG solutionsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 38 Blood vessels Your heart pumps blood through three types of blood vessels: - Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from your heart to your body s tissues. The exception is your pulmonary arteries, which go to your lungs. -. Veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to your heart. -. Capillaries are small blood vessels where your body exchanges oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood. -. The right atrium receives blood from the veins that has already circulated through the body and pumps it over to the right ventricle. -. The right ventricle passes the blood on to the pulmonary artery, which sends it to the lungs to pick up oxygen. -. The left atrium receives the now oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle. -. The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the body through a large network of arteries. The contractions of the left ventricle, the strongest of the four chambers, are what create blood pressure in the body. Your heart s main function is to move blood throughout your body. Your heart also: - Controls the rhythm and speed of your heart rate. -. Maintains your blood pressure. Causes of common conditions and diseases of the circulatory system. Cardiovascular disease is a group of diseases affecting your heart and blood vessels. These diseases can affect one or many parts of your heart and or blood vessels. A person may be symptomatic physically experiencing the disease or asymptomatic not feeling anything at all . Cardiovascular disease includes heart or blood vessel issues, including: - Narrowing of the blood vessels in your heart, other organs or throughout your body. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 39 - Heart and blood vessel problems present at birth. -. Heart valves that aren t working right. -. Irregular heart rhythms. What are cardiovascular disease risk factors? You may be more likely to develop cardiovascular disease if you have risk factors such as: - High blood pressure hypertension . -. High cholesterol hyperlipidemia . -. Tobacco use including vaping . -. Type 2 diabetes. -. Family history of heart disease. -. Lack of physical activity. -. Having excess weight or obesity. -. Diet high in sodium, sugar and fat. -. Overuse of alcohol. -. Misuse of prescription or recreational drugs.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9076735316552251, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2415, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.268334}
{"text": "- Diet high in sodium, sugar and fat. -. Overuse of alcohol. -. Misuse of prescription or recreational drugs. -. Gestational diabetes. -. Chronic inflammatory or autoimmune conditions. -. Chronic kidney disease. Symptoms of heart issues - Chest pain angina . -. Chest pressure, heaviness or discomfort, sometimes described as a belt around the chest or a weight on the chest. -. Shortness of breath dyspnea . -. Dizziness or fainting. -. Fatigue or exhaustion. Symptoms of blockages in blood vessels throughout your body - Pain or cramps in your legs when you walk. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 40 - Leg sores that aren t healing. -. Cool or red skin on your legs. -. Swelling in your legs. -. Numbness in your face or a limb. This may be on only one side of your body. -. Difficulty with talking, seeing or walking. Conditions and diseases of the circulatory system - Valve disease: Tightening or leaking in your heart valves structures that allow blood to flow from one chamber to another chamber or blood vessel . -. Coronary artery disease: Problem with your heart s blood vessels, such as blockages. -. Heart failure: Problem with heart pumping relaxing functions, leading to fluid buildup and shortness of breath. -. Aortic disease: Problem with the large blood vessel that directs blood from your heart to your brain and the rest of your body, such as dilatation or aneurysm. -. Cerebrovascular disease: Issue with the blood vessels that deliver blood to your brain, such as narrowing or blockages. Ways of preventing common conditions and diseases of the circulatory system - Avoiding all tobacco products. -. Managing other health conditions, such as Type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol or high blood pressure. -. Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight. -. Eating a diet low in saturated fat and sodium. -. Exercising at least 30 to 60 minutes per day on most days. -. Reducing and managing stress. Importance of a healthy circulatory systemRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 41 1. To maintain cholesterol and blood pressure High cholesterol levels increase your risk for developing cardiovascular disease, but that s not all. Unhealthy cholesterol in the blood can also lead to heart attack and stroke, according to the American Heart Association. High blood pressure levels are even more threatening to your overall health.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.902315369261477, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2338, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.3019044}
{"text": "To maintain cholesterol and blood pressure High cholesterol levels increase your risk for developing cardiovascular disease, but that s not all. Unhealthy cholesterol in the blood can also lead to heart attack and stroke, according to the American Heart Association. High blood pressure levels are even more threatening to your overall health. Besides a heightened risk for heart attack, stroke and heart failure, you re also more likely to develop peripheral artery disease, angina, vision loss and kidney disease or failure. 2. To reduce feelings of depression Did you know that cardiovascular disease can increase your chance of feeling depressed? Research shows that 33 percent of heart attack victims end up showing depressive symptoms. 3. To lower your risk of developing dementia There s a connection between heart health and mental well-being, but it goes beyond feelings of depression. Research shows that poor heart health is also associated with dementia. When you don t properly take care of your heart with smart lifestyle decisions you re narrowing your blood vessels, which then limits the amount of blood that can get to the brain. Without proper blood flow, your brain can t work the way it s supposed to and you may have trouble making decisions, reasoning with others and remembering familiar faces and places. MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL HEALTH a. Mental health Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices. Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 42 Over the course of your life, if you experience mental health problems, your thinking, mood, and behavior could be affected. Many factors contribute to mental health problems, including: - Biological factors, such as genes or brain chemistry - Life experiences, such as trauma or abuse - Family history of mental health problems Mental illness, also called mental health disorders, refers to a wide range of mental health conditions disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior. Examples of mental illness include depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders and addictive behaviors.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9159864595947793, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2334, "token_count": 431}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.2729445}
{"text": "Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 42 Over the course of your life, if you experience mental health problems, your thinking, mood, and behavior could be affected. Many factors contribute to mental health problems, including: - Biological factors, such as genes or brain chemistry - Life experiences, such as trauma or abuse - Family history of mental health problems Mental illness, also called mental health disorders, refers to a wide range of mental health conditions disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior. Examples of mental illness include depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders and addictive behaviors. Importance of mental health - Positive mental health allows people to: - Realize their full potential - Cope with the stresses of life - Work productively - Make meaningful contributions to their communities Ways to maintain positive mental health include: - Getting professional help if you need it - Connecting with others - Staying positive - Getting physically active - Helping others - Getting enough sleep - Developing coping skills Signs and symptoms of mental illness and disorders - Feeling sad or down - Confused thinking or reduced ability to concentrate - Excessive fears or worries, or extreme feelings of guilt - Extreme mood changes of highs and lows - Withdrawal from friends and activitiesRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 43 - Significant tiredness, low energy or problems sleeping - Detachment from reality delusions , paranoia or hallucinations - Inability to cope with daily problems or stress - Trouble understanding and relating to situations and to people - Problems with alcohol or drug use - Major changes in eating habits - Sex drive changes - Excessive anger, hostility or violence - Suicidal thinking Measure to prevent mental health - Seek help from your primary care provider. -. Reach out to a close friend or loved one. -. Contact a minister, spiritual leader or someone else in your faith community. -. Being active - Eating well - Staying in touch - Quality sleep - Self-acceptance b.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9126264659662064, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2081, "token_count": 386}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.2919426}
{"text": "- Reach out to a close friend or loved one. -. Contact a minister, spiritual leader or someone else in your faith community. -. Being active - Eating well - Staying in touch - Quality sleep - Self-acceptance b. Mental health in the community Factors affecting mental health These factors are both psychological and social - childhood abuse, trauma, or neglect - social isolation or loneliness - experiencing discrimination and stigma, including racism - social disadvantage, poverty or debt - bereavement losing someone close to you - severe or long-term stress - having a long-term physical health condition - unemployment or losing your jobRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 44 - homelessness or poor housing - being a long-term carer for someone - drug and alcohol misuse - domestic violence, bullying or other abuse as an adult - significant trauma as an adult, such as military combat, being involved in a serious incident in which you feared for your life, or being the victim of a violent crime - physical causes for example, a head injury or a neurological condition such as epilepsy can have an impact on your behaviour and mood. It's important to rule out potential physical causes before seeking further treatment for a mental health problem . Although lifestyle factors including work, diet, drugs and lack of sleep can all affect your mental health, if you experience a mental health problem there are usually other factors as well. Life style activities that promote positive mental wellbeing strategies - Getting professional help if you need it - Connecting with others - Staying positive - Getting physically activeRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 45 - Helping others - Getting enough sleep - Developing coping skills - Participating in health clubs - Journaling USE OF MEDICINE a. Safe use of medicine Medicines, often referred to as drugs, are used to prevent or treat diseases and other health conditions. Medicines can be obtained by a prescription or over the counter OTC . Prescribed and prescribed medicine Prescribed medication is medicine that you can only have if the doctor has given you a prescription for it, such as antibiotics. Non-prescribed medication is medicine that you can buy over the counter from the chemist or pharmacist, for example aspirin or cough medicine. Non-prescribed medicines are sometimes called homely remedies .", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9132678413638964, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2385, "token_count": 457}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.346157}
{"text": "Prescribed and prescribed medicine Prescribed medication is medicine that you can only have if the doctor has given you a prescription for it, such as antibiotics. Non-prescribed medication is medicine that you can buy over the counter from the chemist or pharmacist, for example aspirin or cough medicine. Non-prescribed medicines are sometimes called homely remedies . Instructions on a prescription - Labelling and Package Leaflet in More Detail - Route of Administration - Name of the Pharmacist or Pharmacy - Ingredients of the Medicine - Content of Active Substance in Pharmaceutical Preparations - Units - For the indication of strength or amounts of active substances and excipients the following physical parameters are used: volume, mass and or quantity, with units according to theRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 46 international system SI . The following units and derived units are used: - Dose - Dose and frequency are indicated, if necessary at what times of the day. In case of variable doses on demand the maximum use per 24 h and sometimes a maximum per week should be stated. Additional instructions may be needed, i.e. Shake well before use , or Take with meals , depending on the type of medicine. -. Expiry Date and Beyond-Use Date - Expiry date and storage instructions are legally required on the label of all medicines. After the expiry date the manufacturer cannot guarantee the quality and safety of the product, no matter whether the package has been opened or not - Storage - Storage instructions that are important for the usage period should be on the label e.g. Keep refrigerated, or Store at room temperature . -. Instructions on Use - Oral and Written Instructions - When dispensing medicines, oral instructions on use should be given in the pharmacy together with additional written information as appropriate. The way patients or caregivers receive instructions is one of the factors determining the quality of their manipulations with the medicine. Also it is important to try to understand a patient s capabilities, language skills and situation. Research has shown that demonstrating, followed by copying by the patient, and additional written instructions all lead to better results, compared to just oral instructions. -. Packaging - Opening a package in the right way may require explanation e.g. eye drop bottles, suppository strips, orally disintegrating tablets . Sometimes a user may prefer a specific container, for instance a jar instead of a tube for ointments. -. Way of Use - Tablet Types - Solid oral dosage forms need explanation on the type.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9140945208030127, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2612, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.3837306}
{"text": "Eye drop bottles, suppository strips, orally disintegrating tablets . Sometimes a user may prefer a specific container, for instance a jar instead of a tube for ointments. -. Way of Use - Tablet Types - Solid oral dosage forms need explanation on the type. An effervescent tablet has to be dissolved before use, but small dispersible tablets could also be swallowed as a whole, with a glass of water. Taking the medicine with water is allowed, but not necessary in orally disintegrating tablets, which are designed to disintegrate on the tongue. -. Dividing Tablets - Dividing or breaking tablets is another point of interest, and not only when it is mentioned in the prescription, or as a means of obtaining the prescribed dose. In many cases patients divide tablets on their own initiative, to ease swallowing or because they want to take a lower dose. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 47 - - The package leaflet does not always indicate whether a tablet may be divided, and the presence of a score line does not guarantee that splitting is possible or even allowed - - Measuring Liquids - In pharmacy preparations packaging and measuring devices are part of the design of a product. In other words, attention should be paid to the feasibility of measuring the expected quantities with the supplied device from the container chosen.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9152249565001243, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1341, "token_count": 267}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.3554819}
{"text": "In many cases patients divide tablets on their own initiative, to ease swallowing or because they want to take a lower dose. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 47 - - The package leaflet does not always indicate whether a tablet may be divided, and the presence of a score line does not guarantee that splitting is possible or even allowed - - Measuring Liquids - In pharmacy preparations packaging and measuring devices are part of the design of a product. In other words, attention should be paid to the feasibility of measuring the expected quantities with the supplied device from the container chosen. -. Dangers of using unprescribed medicine on human health or Over the Counter medicine - You don t know how this medication may interact with prescription medications or over the counter aids that you are also currently taking - This medication may be dangerous for an individual with your specific medical conditions ie, if you have liver damage, kidney dysfunction or heart disease Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 48 - You may think the medication is one drug while it s actually another due to similarities in names ie, sertraline and cetirizine - You could simply be allergic to the medication - The medication could be in the wrong dose for someone of your age, weight, or sex or for someone with your medical history - You may not know whether the medication needs to be taken with or without food - The medication may have serious short term or even long lasting side effects that you are unaware of - The medication may have the potential to be habit-forming ie, have a risk of causing addiction Common effects of medicine in the body Some common examples mild adverse effects related to drugs include: - Constipation - Skin rash or dermatitis - Diarrhea - Dizziness - Drowsiness - Dry mouth - Headache - Insomnia - Nausea Examples of more serious effects include: - Suicidal thoughts - Abnormal heart rhythms - Internal bleedingRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 49 - Cancer Correct use of medicine - Follow instructions. Read all medicine labels and be sure to follow instructions. Don t take a larger dose of a medicine, thinking it will help you more. This could be very dangerous and even deadly. And don t skip or take half doses of a prescription drug to save money. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist if you can t afford the medicine. -. Take medicine on time. Some people use meals or bedtime as reminders to take their medicine. Other people use charts, calendars, or weekly pill boxes.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9112379501819672, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2537, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.3689735}
{"text": "- Take medicine on time. Some people use meals or bedtime as reminders to take their medicine. Other people use charts, calendars, or weekly pill boxes. You can also set timers and write reminders to take your medication. Medication reminder apps for smartphones are becoming more popular; these apps can help you remember when and how to take your medications each day. -. Turn on a light. Don t take medicine in the dark; you might make a mistake. -. Report problems. Call your doctor right away if you have any trouble with your prescriptions, OTC medicines, or supplements. There may be something else you can take. -. Ask your loved ones for help. Take a friend or relative with you to your doctor s appointments if you think you may need help understanding or remembering what the doctor tells you. -. Check before stopping. Take prescription medicine until it s finished, or your doctor says it s all right to stop. Note that some medicines are supposed to be taken only as needed. -. Don t share. Do not take medicines prescribed for another person or give yours to someone else. Proper ways of storing medicine Know that heat, air, light, and moisture may damage your medicine. Store your medicines in a cool, dry place. For example, store it in your dresser drawer or a kitchen cabinet away from the stove, sink, and any hot appliances. You can also store medicine in a storage box, on a shelf, or in a closet. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 50 If you are like most people, you probably store your medicine in a bathroom cabinet. But the heat and moisture from your shower, bath, and sink may damage your medicine. Your medicines can become less potent, or they may go bad before the expiration date. Pills and capsules are easily damaged by heat and moisture. Aspirin pills break down into vinegar and salicylic acid. This irritates the stomach. Always keep medicine in its original container. Take the cotton ball out of the medicine bottle. The cotton ball pulls moisture into the bottle. Ask your pharmacist about any specific storage instructions. Keep children safe. Always store your medicine out of reach and out of sight of children. Store your medicine in a cabinet with a child latch or lock. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 51 FIRST AID AND BASIC LIFE SUPPORT a.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9072198670644267, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2316, "token_count": 488}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.4625928}
{"text": "Always store your medicine out of reach and out of sight of children. Store your medicine in a cabinet with a child latch or lock. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 51 FIRST AID AND BASIC LIFE SUPPORT a. First aid Emergency care or treatment given to an ill or injured person before regular medical aid can be obtained Contents of the first aid kit and their uses A basic first aid kit may contain: - plasters in a variety of different sizes and shapes - small, medium and large sterile gauze dressings - at least 2 sterile eye dressings - triangular bandages - cr pe rolled bandages - safety pins - disposable sterile gloves - tweezers - scissors - alcohol-free cleansing wipes - sticky tape - thermometer preferably digital - skin rash cream, such as hydrocortisone or calendula - cream or spray to relieve insect bites and stings - antiseptic cream - painkillers such as paracetamol or infant paracetamol for children , aspirin not to be given to children under 16 , or ibuprofen - antihistamine cream or tablets - distilled water for cleaning wounds - eye wash and eye bathRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 52 precautions to observe while offering first aid to an injured person - washing hands and other skin surfaces; - wearing gloves, masks, and protective eyewear; - wearing protective suits, gowns or aprons; - Being careful with sharp objects; - disinfecting all contaminated surfaces; - using designated disposal containers; - using protective resuscitation masks for cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR ; - not eating, drinking, applying cosmetics or lip balm, smoking, or handling contact lenses where exposure may occur; and - contacting the environmental services staff who is trained to clean spills of bodily fluids. Methods for safe disposal of first aid materials A clearly labelled first aid waste bin will be supplied and maintained in the following way: - Fitted with a bag that can be sealed and removed each day if required ; - Cleaned and sanitized daily if required ; - Located in a suitable place that is not readily accessible to children. B.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.905373331483615, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2092, "token_count": 446}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.410749}
{"text": "Check that there's nothing embedded in the wound. If there is, take care not to press down on the object. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 54 Instead, press firmly on either side of the object and build up padding around it before bandaging, to avoid putting pressure on the object itself. If nothing is embedded: apply and maintain pressure to the wound with your gloved hand, using a clean pad or dressing if possible; continue to apply pressure until the bleeding stops use a clean dressing to bandage the wound firmly if bleeding continues through the pad, apply pressure to the wound until the bleeding stops and then apply another pad over the top and bandage it in place; don't remove the original pad or dressing, but continue to check that the bleeding has stopped If a body part, such as a finger, has been severed, place it in a plastic bag or wrap it in cling film and make sure it goes with the casualty to hospital. Always seek medical help for bleeding unless it's minor. Burns and scalds If someone has a burn or scald: cool the burn as quickly as possible with cool running water for at least 10 minutes, or until the pain is relieved while cooling the burn, carefully remove any clothing or jewellery, unless it's attached to the skin if you're cooling a large burnt area, particularly in babies, children and elderly people, be aware that it may cause hypothermia it may be necessary to stop cooling the burn to avoid hypothermia cover the burn loosely with cling film; if cling film isn't available, use a clean, dry dressing or non-fluffy material; don't wrap the burn tightly, because swelling may lead to further injury don't apply creams, lotions or sprays to the burn For chemical burns, wear protective gloves, remove any affected clothing, and rinse the burn with cool running water for at least 20 minutes to wash out the chemical. If possible, determine the cause of the injury. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 55 In certain situations where a chemical is regularly handled, a specific chemical antidote may be available to use. Be careful not to contaminate and injure yourself with the chemical, and wear protective clothing if necessary. Choking The information below is for choking in adults and children over one year old.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9070246851865076, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2299, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.4500673}
{"text": "Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 55 In certain situations where a chemical is regularly handled, a specific chemical antidote may be available to use. Be careful not to contaminate and injure yourself with the chemical, and wear protective clothing if necessary. Choking The information below is for choking in adults and children over one year old. Mild choking If the airway is only partly blocked, the person will usually be able to speak, cry, cough or breathe. In situations like this, a person will usually be able to clear the blockage themselves. If choking is mild: encourage the person to cough to try to clear the blockage ask them to try to spit out the object if it s in their mouth don't put your fingers in their mouth to help them because they may accidentally bite you If coughing doesn t work, start back blows Severe choking If choking is severe, the person won t be able to speak, cry, cough or breathe, and without help they ll eventually become unconscious. To help an adult or child over one year old: Stand behind the person and slightly to one side. Support their chest with one hand. Lean the person forward so that the object blocking their airway will come out of their mouth, rather than moving further down. Give up to five sharp blows between the person s shoulder blades with the heel of your hand the heel is between the palm of your hand and your wrist . Check if the blockage has cleared. If not, give up to five abdominal thrustsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 56 Abdominal thrusts shouldn't be used on babies under one year old, pregnant women or obese people. To perform abdominal thrusts on a person who is severely choking and isn t in one of the above groups: Stand behind the person who is choking. Place your arms around their waist and bend them well forward. Clench one fist and place it just above the person's belly button. Place your other hand on top of your fist and pull sharply inwards and upwards. Repeat this up to five times. The aim is to get the obstruction out with each chest thrust, rather than necessarily doing all five. If the obstruction doesn't clear after three cycles of back blows and chest thrusts, ask for an ambulance, and continue until help arrives. The person choking should always be seen by a healthcare professional afterwards to check for any injuries or small pieces of the obstruction that remain.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9138939770681176, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2398, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.4818816}
{"text": "The aim is to get the obstruction out with each chest thrust, rather than necessarily doing all five. If the obstruction doesn't clear after three cycles of back blows and chest thrusts, ask for an ambulance, and continue until help arrives. The person choking should always be seen by a healthcare professional afterwards to check for any injuries or small pieces of the obstruction that remain. Drowning If someone is in difficulty in water, don't enter the water to help unless it's absolutely essential. Once the person is on land, if they're not breathing, open the airway and give five initial rescue breaths before starting CPR. If you're alone, perform CPR for one minute before phoning for emergency help. If the person is unconscious but still breathing, put them into the recovery position with their head lower than their body and phone an ambulance immediately. Continue to observe the casualty to ensure they don't stop breathing or that their airway becomes obstructed. Electric shock domestic Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 57 If someone has had an electric shock, switch off the electrical current at the mains to break the contact between the person and the electrical supply. If you can't reach the mains supply: don't go near or touch the person until you're sure the electrical supply has been switched off once the power supply has been switched off, and if the person isn't breathing, call for an ambulance Afterwards, seek medical help - unless the electric shock is very minor. Fractures It can be difficult to tell if a person has a broken bone or a joint, as opposed to a simple muscular injury. If you're in any doubt, treat the injury as a broken bone. If the person is unconscious, has difficulty breathing or is bleeding severely, these must be dealt with first, by controlling the bleeding with direct pressure and performing CPR. If the person is conscious, prevent any further pain or damage by keeping the fracture as still as possible until you get them safely to hospital. Assess the injury and decide whether the best way to get them to hospital is by ambulance or car. For example, if the pain isn t too severe, you could transport them to hospital by car. It's always best to get someone else to drive, so that you can deal with the casualty if they deteriorate for example, if they lose consciousness as a result of the pain or start to vomit.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9154543178973719, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2397, "token_count": 483}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.5117128}
{"text": "If you think someone has swallowed a poisonous substance, call to get immediate medical help and advice. The effects of poisoning depend on the substance swallowed, but can include vomiting, loss of consciousness, pain or a burning sensation. The following advice is important: Find out what's been swallowed, so you can tell the paramedic or doctor. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 59 Do not give the person anything to eat or drink unless a healthcare professional advises you to. Do not try to cause vomiting. Stay with the person, because their condition may get worse and they could become unconscious. If the person becomes unconscious while you're waiting for help to arrive, check for breathing and, if necessary, perform CPR. Don't perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if the casualty's mouth or airway is contaminated with the poison. Don't leave them if they're unconscious because they may roll onto their back, which could cause them to vomit. The vomit could then enter their lungs and make them choke. If the casualty is conscious and breathing normally, put them into the recovery position and continue to monitor their conscious state and breathing. Shock In the case of a serious injury or illness, it's important to look out for signs of shock. Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the circulatory system fails to provide enough oxygenated blood to the body and, as a result, deprives the vital organs of oxygen. This is usually due to severe blood loss, but it can also occur after severe burns, severe vomiting, a heart attack, bacterial infection or a severe allergic reaction anaphylaxis . The type of shock described here isn't the same as the emotional response of feeling shocked, which can also occur after an accident. Signs of shock include:Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 60 - pale, cold, clammy skin - sweating - rapid, shallow breathing - weakness and dizziness - feeling sick and possibly vomiting - thirst - yawning - sighing Seek medical help immediately if you notice that someone has any of the above signs of shock. Lie the person down if their injuries allow you to and, if possible, raise and support their legs - use a coat or blanket to keep them warm - don't give them anything to eat or drink - give them lots of comfort and reassurance - monitor the person if they stop breathing, start CPR and re-alert the emergency services Stroke The FAST guide is the most important thing to remember when dealing with people who have had a stroke.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9126913392489382, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2519, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.570879}
{"text": "The type of shock described here isn't the same as the emotional response of feeling shocked, which can also occur after an accident. Signs of shock include:Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 60 - pale, cold, clammy skin - sweating - rapid, shallow breathing - weakness and dizziness - feeling sick and possibly vomiting - thirst - yawning - sighing Seek medical help immediately if you notice that someone has any of the above signs of shock. Lie the person down if their injuries allow you to and, if possible, raise and support their legs - use a coat or blanket to keep them warm - don't give them anything to eat or drink - give them lots of comfort and reassurance - monitor the person if they stop breathing, start CPR and re-alert the emergency services Stroke The FAST guide is the most important thing to remember when dealing with people who have had a stroke. The earlier they receive treatment, the better. Phone for emergency medical help straight away. If you think a person has had a stroke, use the FAST guide: Facial weakness is the person unable to smile evenly, or are their eyes or mouth droopy? Arm weakness is the person only able to raise one arm? Speech problems is the person unable to speak clearly or understand you? Time to phone for emergency help if a person has any of these symptoms CPR- cardiopulmonary resuscitation What to do after an incidentRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 61 If someone is injured in an incident, first check that you and the casualty aren't in any danger. If you are, make the situation safe. When it's safe to do so, assess the casualty and, if necessary, call for an ambulance. You can then carry out basic first aid. Assessing a casualty The 3 priorities when dealing with a casualty are commonly referred to as ABC, which stands for: Airway Breathing Circulation Airway If the casualty appears unresponsive, ask them loudly if they're OK and if they can open their eyes. If they respond, you can leave them in the position they're in until help arrives. While you wait, keep checking their breathing, pulse and level of response: are they alert? Do they respond to your voice? Do they respond to pain? Is there no response to any stimulus are they unconscious ?", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9033854113667149, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2262, "token_count": 492}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.5461793}
{"text": "Do they respond to your voice? Do they respond to pain? Is there no response to any stimulus are they unconscious ? If there's no response, leave the casualty in the position they're in and open their airway. If this isn't possible in the position they're in, gently lay them on their back and open their airway. To open the airway, place one hand on the casualty s forehead and gently tilt their head back, lifting the tip of the chin using two fingers. This moves the tongue away from the back of the throat. Don't push on the floor of the mouth, as this will push the tongue upwards and obstruct the airway. If you think the person may have a spinal injury, place your hands on either side of their head and use your fingertips to gently lift the angle of the jaw forward and upwards, without moving the head, to open the airway. Take care not to move the casualty s neck. However, opening the airway takes priority over a neck injury. This is known as the jaw thrust technique. Breathing To check if a person is still breathing: look to see if their chest is rising and falling listen over their mouth and nose for breathing sounds feel their breath against your cheek for 10 seconds If they're breathing normally, place them in the recovery position so their airway remains clear of obstructions and continue to monitor normal breathing. Gasping or irregular breathing is not normal breathing. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 62 If the casualty isn't breathing, phone for an ambulance and then begin CPR. Circulation If the casualty isn't breathing normally, then you must start chest compressions immediately. Agonal breathing is common in the first few minutes after a sudden cardiac arrest when the heart stops beating . Agonal breathing is sudden, irregular gasps of breath. This shouldn't be mistaken for normal breathing and CPR should be given straight away. Safety precautions to observe for prevention of accidents and injuries Avoid slips and falls Repair damage to flooring that could cause someone to trip and keep hallways clear of clutter. Outside, ensure all walkways are shoveled and salted immediately after snow falls. Be aware of electrical hazards If you have several items plugged in at desks, make sure you invest in an Uninterruptible Power Supply to protect computers and keep the power from spiking. If renovations are being done that involve electrical systems, move staff to a safe work area.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9133785136696189, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2450, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.558354}
{"text": "Outside, ensure all walkways are shoveled and salted immediately after snow falls. Be aware of electrical hazards If you have several items plugged in at desks, make sure you invest in an Uninterruptible Power Supply to protect computers and keep the power from spiking. If renovations are being done that involve electrical systems, move staff to a safe work area. Limit manual handling and lifting If jobs require people to lift items regularly, ensure a system is in place to get at hard-to-reach items. If they need to lift heavy objects, make sure employees have the tools they need and know how to operate them safely. Keep a well-stocked first aid kit in plain sight If you have a large office, place several kits throughout the area and make sure someone on staff is trained in first aid. Create an emergency action planRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 63 Outlines emergency exits, practice fire drills, co-ordinate safe meeting places and create a system to account for employees whereabouts. Promote fire safety Identify potential fire hazards in your office and train staff how to use fire extinguishers. Avoid injuries by storing items safely Place heavier items lower to the ground and distribute weight evenly in cabinets and on shelves. Help reduce back pain and repetitive strain injuries Make sure desk chairs are properly adjusted, and computer monitors are at the right height for each user. Proper ergonomics will aid the longevity and health at desks all day. C. Road safety Road safety, pedestrians and passengers Road safety - teaching people how to behave safely when driving or crossing the road: Pedestrian - a person who is walking, especially in an area where vehicles go Passenger - a person who is travelling in a vehicle but is not driving it, flying it, or working on it: Factors that contribute to road accidents Over Speeding: Most of the fatal accidents occur due to over speeding. It is a natural psyche of humans to excel. If given a chance man is sure to achieve infinity in speed. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 64 Drunken Driving: Consumption of alcohol to celebrate any occasion is common. But when mixed with driving it turns celebration into a misfortune. Alcohol reduces concentration. It decreases reaction time of a human body. Limbs take more to react to the instructions of brain. It hampers vision due to dizziness. Alcohol dampens fear and incite humans to take risks.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.916252862120458, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2450, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.6150582}
{"text": "Limbs take more to react to the instructions of brain. It hampers vision due to dizziness. Alcohol dampens fear and incite humans to take risks. Distraction to Driver: Though distraction while driving could be minor but it can cause major accidents. Distractions could be outside or inside the vehicle. The major distraction now a days is talking on mobile phone while driving. Act of talking on phone occupies major portion of brain and the smaller part handles the driving skills. This division of brain hampers reaction time and ability of judgement. This becomes one of the reasons of crashes. One should not attend to telephone calls while driving. If the call is urgent one should pull out beside the road and attend the call. Some of the distractions on road are: 1.Adjusting mirrors while driving 2.Stereo Radio in vehicleRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 65 3.Animals on the road 4.Banners and billboards. The driver should not be distracted due to these things and reduce speed to remain safe during diversions and other kind of outside distractions. Avoiding Safety Gears like seat belts and helmets: Use of seat belt in four-wheeler is now mandatory and not wearing seat belt invites penalty, same in the case of helmets for two wheeler drivers. Wearing seat belts and helmet has been brought under law after proven studies that these two things reduce the severity of injury during accidents. Wearing seat belts and helmets doubles the chances of survival in a serious accident. Safety Gears keep you intact and safe in case of accidents. Two wheeler deaths have been drastically reduced after use of helmet has been made mandatory. One should use safety gears of prescribed standard and tie them properly for optimum safety. Direct Consequences of Accidents: 1 Fatality Death 2. Injury 3. Property Damage Ways of preventing road accidents Education and awareness about road safety Strict Enforcement of Law Engineering: a Vehicle design b Road infrastructure Keep distance Don t drive while dizzy or under the influence of alcohol Drive at the right speedRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 66 Do not use your phone while driving. Road safety signs and signals men at work - used to alert drivers of upcoming road work. Orange is used on this sign because it is one of the most visible colors to the human eye, and can be noticed above other traffic signs on the road.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9088018499783206, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2414, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.6366}
{"text": "Property Damage Ways of preventing road accidents Education and awareness about road safety Strict Enforcement of Law Engineering: a Vehicle design b Road infrastructure Keep distance Don t drive while dizzy or under the influence of alcohol Drive at the right speedRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 66 Do not use your phone while driving. Road safety signs and signals men at work - used to alert drivers of upcoming road work. Orange is used on this sign because it is one of the most visible colors to the human eye, and can be noticed above other traffic signs on the road. U- turn pedestrian crossingRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 67Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 68 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SANITATION a. Environmental health Environmental health is the branch of public health that: focuses on the relationships between people and their environment; promotes human health and well-being; and fosters healthy and safe communities. Environmental health is a key part of any comprehensive public health system. The field works to advance policies and programs to reduce chemical and other environmental exposures in air, water, soil and food to protect people and provide communities with healthier environments. The major causes of environmental issues are: - Pollution - Solid Waste - Deforestation - Global Warming - Depletion of Natural Resource Importance of environmental healthRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 69 1. Reduces risk of diseases Over the past two years, we have seen the severe damage that harmful microbes and pathogens such as the coronavirus pandemic can cause. Environmental health awareness can prevent disease outbreaks and reduce the burden of disease. 2. Enhances quality and length of life When all of the criteria for human life, such as food safety and shelter, are provided and maintained, length and quality of life increase. 3. Increases biodiversity and habitat protection We need biodiversity for our ecosystems and animal kingdoms to thrive. By raising environmental health awareness, we can enforce better protection for the creatures and plants around us. 4. Limits global warming The gradual increase of global temperatures is not something we can outrun. But there are specific measures that we can put in place to slow it down and find solutions. Human activities are responsible for almost all of the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the last 150 years. How can the environment affect our health? If we want to survive and thrive as a species, it is vitally important that we tend to the environment's needs just as much as our own.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9106447161515998, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2652, "token_count": 514}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.619213}
{"text": "Human activities are responsible for almost all of the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the last 150 years. How can the environment affect our health? If we want to survive and thrive as a species, it is vitally important that we tend to the environment's needs just as much as our own. Here are just some ways that environmental health hazards can trigger poor human health. 1. Respiratory diseases Air-borne pollutants and toxins can filter into our lungs and cause severe respiratory diseases. Ensuring a high level of air quality will prevent these kinds of diseases. 2. Increased risk of waterborne diseasesRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 70 Cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio can all be transmitted by poor water and sanitation. Contaminated drinking water is estimated to cause 485 000 diarrhoeal deaths each year. People living in low-income communities are most at risk for infectious diseases, especially waterborne diseases. 3. Danger from natural disasters Even the healthiest environment cannot escape the occasional natural disaster. But environmental health procedures can reduce their impact significantly. 4. Lack of nutrition Lack of nutrition often looks like a lack of healthy and affordable grocery stores near homes. This is called a food desert. Without proper access to nutrient-dense food, our bodily systems cannot function optimally. Every human has a right to live in an environment that supports their health, not degrades it. Environmental factors affecting human healthRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 71 1. Chemical Safety Different chemicals can impact human health in different ways, and often, exposure to dangerous or foreign substances creates health vulnerabilities. The chemical safety field is concerned with minimizing the effects of both natural and synthetic chemicals. 2. Air Pollution Studies have shown that air pollution effects on humans are a significant public health concern, not only because of their role in climate change, but also because exposure to air pollution can increase morbidity and mortality. 3. Climate Change and Natural Disasters Another environmental issue with serious ramifications for human health is climate change, along with the increase in natural disasters that has accompanied the shift in Earth s climate. 4. Diseases Caused by Microbes Diseases caused by microbes also known as microorganisms present another area of public health concern. Trillions of microbes exist within the human body, and they also live in water, soil, and air. 5. Infrastructure Issues Infrastructure issues can also have a major impact on community health.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9093588993764453, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2678, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.6642883}
{"text": "Trillions of microbes exist within the human body, and they also live in water, soil, and air. 5. Infrastructure Issues Infrastructure issues can also have a major impact on community health. Examples include the following: Poorly maintained roads increasing risk of car accidents Lack of access to clean drinking water Lack of local health care infrastructure, such as clinics capable of giving vaccinations 6. Poor Water Quality A number of factors can contribute to poor water quality, including industrial waste and pollution, lack of access to proper water treatment and sanitation services, and outdated plumbing infrastructure. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 72 Measures to curb environmental factors affecting health As we all know, the primary cause of environmental issues is human activity. Therefore, the following are the specific measures taken to reduce the environmental issues: - Plant more trees - Reduce the use of automobiles - Use renewable sources of energy - Reuse and recycle waste products - Disposal of solid and harmful waste properly - Sensitization and advocacy - Environmental clean up Importance of a healthy environment - Limits effects of respiratory diseases - Reduces risk to waterborne diseases - Reduces occurrence of natural disasters like drought - More of nutritive foods b. Types of Environmental contaminants Environmental contaminants are chemicals that accidentally or deliberately enter the environment, often, but not always, as a result of human activities. Some of these contaminants may have been manufactured for industrial use and because they are very stable, they do not break down easily. If released to the environment, these contaminants may enter the food chain. Other environmental contaminants are naturally-occurring chemicals, but industrial activity may increase their mobility or increase the amount available to circulate in the environment, allowing them to enter the food chain at higher levels than would otherwise occur. They include: Biological contaminants - Biological contaminants include bacteria, viruses, animal dander and cat saliva, house dust, mites, cockroaches, and pollen. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 73 There are many sources of these pollutants. By controlling the relative humidity level in a home, the growth of some sources of biologicals can be minimized. A relative humidity of 30-50 percent is generally recommended for homes. Standing water, water-damaged materials or wet surfaces also serve as a breeding ground for molds, mildews, bacteria and insects. House dust mites, the source of one of the most powerful biological allergens, grow in damp, warm environments.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9148439319385494, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2696, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.7177725}
{"text": "A relative humidity of 30-50 percent is generally recommended for homes. Standing water, water-damaged materials or wet surfaces also serve as a breeding ground for molds, mildews, bacteria and insects. House dust mites, the source of one of the most powerful biological allergens, grow in damp, warm environments. Sources pollens, which originate from plants viruses, which are transmitted by people and animals mold bacteria, which are carried by people, animals, and soil and plant debris household pets, which are sources of saliva and animal dander skin flakes droppings and body parts from cockroaches, rodents and other pests or insects viruses and bacteria The protein in urine from rats and mice is a potent allergen. When it dries, it can become airborne. Contaminated central air handling systems can become breeding grounds for mold, mildew and other sources of biological contaminants and can then distribute these contaminants through the home Many of these biological contaminants are small enough to be inhaled. Biological contaminants are, or are produced by, living things. Biological contaminants are often found in areas that provide food and moisture or water. For example: damp or wet areas such as cooling coils, humidifiers, condensate pans or unvented bathrooms can be moldy draperies, bedding, carpet and other areas where dust collects may accumulate biological contaminants Health Effects from Biological Contaminants Some biological contaminants trigger allergic reactions, including: hypersensitivity pneumonitis allergic rhinitis some types of asthma Infectious illnesses, such as influenza, measles and chicken pox are transmitted through the air. Molds and mildews release disease-causing toxins. Symptoms of health problems caused by biological pollutants include:Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 74 sneezing watery eyes coughing shortness of breath dizziness lethargy fever and digestive problems Chemical contaminants - Chemical contaminants are substances that are unintentionally present in food or feed. These substances may be present in food as a result of various stages of its production, processing or transport. They might also result from environmental contamination. Chemical contaminants may be harmful to humans and animals. The most relevant food and feed contaminants include: Natural toxins naturally occurring substances that are produced by different organisms.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9162710495884168, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2477, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.6956189}
{"text": "They might also result from environmental contamination. Chemical contaminants may be harmful to humans and animals. The most relevant food and feed contaminants include: Natural toxins naturally occurring substances that are produced by different organisms. Examples include plant toxins such as alkaloids or mycotoxins. Environmental contaminants substances that are released into air, water or soil often as a result of industrial or agricultural activities. They can also enter the food and feed chain. Environmental contaminants include polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs , dioxins, persistent chlorinated pesticides, and brominated flame retardants but also metals such as arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury. Process contaminants chemicals that naturally form in food and feed during industrial processes or cooking, such as acrylamide and furan. Gases this includes: Nitrogen oxides, Sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead among others. Heavy metals - The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic. Mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic have been the most common heavy metals that induced human poisonings. Effects of Environmental on human health Environmental contaminants can make people sick. Different contaminants can cause a variety of health problems. Common health problems fromRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 75 environmental contaminants include breathing problems such as asthma , heart disease, and some types of cancer. Ways of preventing and controlling environmental contamination In the energy sector, pollution prevention can reduce environmental damages from extraction, processing, transport and combustion of fuels. Pollution prevention approaches include: increasing efficiency in energy use; use of environmentally benign fuel sources. In the agricultural sector, pollution prevention approaches include: Reducing the use of water and chemical inputs; Adoption of less environmentally harmful pesticides or cultivation of crop strains with natural resistance to pests; and Protection of sensitive areas.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9232064351398568, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2148, "token_count": 405}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.707745}
{"text": "Difference between cleaning and disinfection of equipment and surfaces for infection control Cleaning removes dirt, dust and other soils from surfaces. Sanitizing removes bacteria from surfaces. Disinfecting kills harmful bacteria and viruses from surfaces. Infection control prevention measures - Hand hygiene - Environmental hygiene - Cleaning and disinfecting equipment s - Safe handling and disposal of wastes - Respiratory hygiene and Cough etiquette - Use of protective gear - Vaccination - Body screening Making a personal protective Equipment PROJECTRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 78 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH a. Pubertal growth and development Puberty is the time in life when a boy or girl becomes sexually mature. It is a process that usually happens between ages 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for boys. It causes physical changes, and affects boys and girls differently. Girls may start normal puberty as early as age 7 or not start at all until age 15. For boys it is usually anywhere between ages 9 and 15. Physical changes i. Girls - The first sign of puberty is usually breast development. -. Then hair grows in the pubic area and armpits. -. Menstruation or a period usually happens last. Ii. BoysRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 79 - Puberty usually begins with the testicles and penis getting bigger. -. Then hair grows in the pubic area and armpits. -. Muscles grow, the voice deepens, and facial hair develops as puberty continues. -. Your voice deepens. -. You may have nighttime emissions or \"wet dreams.\". Emotional changes in girls and boys during Puberty 1. Feeling overly sensitive During puberty, since your body undergoes many changes, it is common to feel uncomfortable about them and become overly sensitive about your physical appearance. As a result you may feel irritated quite easily, lose your temper or feel depressed. It will be useful to be aware of the changes in your behaviour and talk about it with someone that you're comfortable talking to. 2. Looking for an identity Since you are in the process of becoming an adult, you may feel inclined to figure out what makes you unique as a person. There is also a general tendency that you associate more with your friends than your family members. Psychologically, it may be because your friends are going through a similar phase as you.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9013350528305759, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2353, "token_count": 486}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.7504325}
{"text": "Looking for an identity Since you are in the process of becoming an adult, you may feel inclined to figure out what makes you unique as a person. There is also a general tendency that you associate more with your friends than your family members. Psychologically, it may be because your friends are going through a similar phase as you. You may try to figure out how you are different fromRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 80 others and how you fit into the world. This may eventually lead to some sort of a struggle to become more independent of your parents and family. 3. Feeling uncertain Since you're not completely an adult and are not a child anymore, puberty can potentially lead to uncertain times. As a transition phase, you may begin to wonder and think about new and unfamiliar aspects of life such as career, livelihood and marriage. Since, all of this is new and unfamiliar when you start thinking along these directions, you may feel uncertain about the future. This uncertainty becomes more evident when the expectations that people close to you have from you also change. You may be expected to take on greater responsibilities than what was expected from you as a child. Eventually you will grow into your new roles and become more certain about yourself, but this process will take its own time depending on how you respond to this situation. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 81 4. Peer pressure With the onset of puberty, your conversations with your friends will increase. Your peer group and you are likely to be influenced by what you see around you in popular media and the culture that is represented through them. You might often pick up on what's in and what's out in terms of the way you dress, your language and even your behaviour depending upon what you see. This maybe uncomfortable at times and would probably even change your likes and dislikes. It's also one of the ways in which you struggle to fit in with your peers. These events can lead to a gap between what is perceived as appropriate by your parents and your friends. 5. Conflicting thoughts Since you are somewhere in between as a teenager during puberty, you may feel stuck between how you were as a child and how you wish to be as an adult. For example, you might want to be more independent and at the same time, might also look for support from your parents. Another example could be along the lines of whether you wish to give up on your interests that you had as a child to be able to fit in with your friends.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9130658343656357, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2524, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.7766669}
{"text": "Conflicting thoughts Since you are somewhere in between as a teenager during puberty, you may feel stuck between how you were as a child and how you wish to be as an adult. For example, you might want to be more independent and at the same time, might also look for support from your parents. Another example could be along the lines of whether you wish to give up on your interests that you had as a child to be able to fit in with your friends. As a result you may feel conflicted and look for clarity. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 82 6. Mood swings To add to the uncertainty and conflicting thoughts, you may also experience frequent and sometimes extreme changes in your mood. For example, sometimes your mood will swing between feeling confident and happy to feeling irritated and depressed in a short span of time. These frequent swings in how you feel are called mood swings. They may occur due to shifting levels of hormones in your body and other changes taking place during puberty. 7. Feeling conscious about self The onset of puberty can vary on an individual basis. Therefore the way you grow maybe different from the way your friends grow. This can make you conscious about the way you're growing up and your body. These experiences are more pronounced for girls because they develop faster and earlier than boys. Also the changes in their bodies such as development of breasts and widening of hips are more noticeable. This may make them feel more conscious about their body in presence of their peers of the same age groupRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 83 8. Getting sexual feelings Puberty is also the phase after which you develop sexual maturity. Sexual maturity is the stage of your life when you can have children. One aspect of sexual maturity is being curious about sex and also about bodies of people that you are attracted to. With the onset of puberty, it is normal for a boy or a girl to be sexually attracted to people that they would want be more than 'just friends' with. You may also feel sexually excited by normal everyday activities such as reading a romantic novel or watching a romantic scene on television. These feelings are normal and there is nothing to feel guilty about. You may have many questions about sex. It is a good idea to talk to a mature adult like your mother, doctor or a counselor with whom you're comfortable discussing sex. Social changes in boys and girls during puberty Identity Young people are busy working out who they are and where they fit in the world.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.91418707276975, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2540, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.7887347}
{"text": "You may have many questions about sex. It is a good idea to talk to a mature adult like your mother, doctor or a counselor with whom you're comfortable discussing sex. Social changes in boys and girls during puberty Identity Young people are busy working out who they are and where they fit in the world. You might notice your child trying out new things like clothing styles, subcultures, music, art or friendship groups. Friends, family, media and culture are some of the influences on your child s choices in these years. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 84 Independence Your child will probably want more independence about things like how they get around and where they go, how they spend their time and who with, and what they spend money on. As your child becomes more independent, it ll probably mean some changes in your family routines and relationships, as well as your child s friendships. Responsibility Your child might be keen to take on more responsibility both at home and at school. This could include things like cooking dinner once a week or being on the school council. Sometimes you might need to encourage a move towards more responsibility. New experiences Your child is likely to look for new experiences, including risky experiences. This is normal as your child explores their own limits and abilities, as well as the boundaries you set. Your child also needs to express themselves as an individual. But because of how teenage brains develop, your child might sometimes struggle with thinking through consequences and risks before they try something new. Values This is the time your child starts to develop a stronger individual set of values and morals. Your child will question more things. Your words and actions help shape your child s sense of right and wrong. Influences Friends and peers might influence your child, particularly your child s behaviour, appearance, interests, sense of self and self-esteem. You still have a big influence on long-term things like your child s career choices, values and morals. Sexual identityRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 85 Your child might start to have romantic relationships or go on dates . But these aren t always intimate relationships. For some young people, intimate or sexual relationships don t occur until later on in life. Media The internet and social media can influence how your child communicates with friends and learns about the world. They have many benefits for your child s social development, but also some risks. Talking with your child is the best way to protect them from social media risks and ensure their internet safety.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9184214036527806, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2640, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.8176293}
{"text": "Media The internet and social media can influence how your child communicates with friends and learns about the world. They have many benefits for your child s social development, but also some risks. Talking with your child is the best way to protect them from social media risks and ensure their internet safety. Personal Hygiene needs during puberty Personal hygiene is the practice of keeping your body clean and healthy. -. Bathing at least twice a day. -. Avoid picking, popping, or squeezing pimples. This can lead to scars and infection. -. Wear clean clothes every day. Change socks and underwear daily. If clothes smell bad, we smell bad. -. Wear protective clothing, including a hat and sunglasses that block UV light. -. Avoid the sun when its rays are strongest, between 10 am and 4 pm. -. Keep hands and fingernails clean. Wash hands before and after eating, after using the bathroom, after sneezing or coughing into the hand, and whenever dirty. -. Trim nails every week or two. Cut them straight across. Then, round them in a small curve. Use manicure scissors, clippers, and or nail file. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 86 Once your child reaches puberty, they will begin to menstruate or have nocturnal emissions. You can help your child manage these rites of passage by talking about them before they happen. Here are tips for personal care: Explain menstruation periods to your child. Provide menstrual products and explain how to use them. Discuss how often to change them, how to dispose of them, and how to clean the vulva from front to back to avoid infection. Explain nocturnal emissions wet dreams to your child. Teach them how to wash up and change damp bedsheets. Assure your child that this is a typical part of puberty and is different than bed-wetting. Discuss pleasure and masturbation with your child. Explain that selftouching is an activity that is done in private. Expect your child to want more privacy and time in the bathroom. Discuss family rules about sharing the bathroom and the importance of asking for consent before entering a private space, such as a bathroom or bedroom. Measures for management of menstrual hygiene These hygiene practices can help you stay healthy and comfortable during your period: Wear lightweight, breathable clothing such as cotton underwear . Tight fabrics can trap moisture and heat, allowing germs to thrive. Change your menstrual products regularly.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9110250392362962, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2443, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.8392391}
{"text": "Measures for management of menstrual hygiene These hygiene practices can help you stay healthy and comfortable during your period: Wear lightweight, breathable clothing such as cotton underwear . Tight fabrics can trap moisture and heat, allowing germs to thrive. Change your menstrual products regularly. Trapped moisture provides a breeding ground for bacteria and fungi. Wearing a pad or period underwear for too long can lead to a rash or an infection. Keep your genital area clean. Wash the outside of your vagina and bottom every day. When you go to the bathroom, wipe from the front of your body toward the back, not the other way. Use only water to rinse your vulva. The vagina is a selfcleaning organ. Changing the natural pH balance of your vagina by washing or using chemicals to cleanse out the vagina can be harmful and may result in yeast infection or bacterial vaginosis. Use unscented toilet paper, tampons, or pads. Scented hygiene products can irritate the skin and impact your natural pH balance. Drink enough liquids. This can help wash out your urinary tract and help prevent infections, like vaginal candidiasis. Track and monitor your period. Your menstrual cycle is a valuable marker for your overall health. Irregular periods can be a sign of conditions like diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, and celiac disease. You can track your period on a calendar or with an app on your phone designed for this purpose. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 87 Visit a healthcare provider for your annual check-up. An annual well-woman exam is a full check-up includes a pap smear, a pelvic exam, and a breast exam. These exams are essential for good reproductive health as they can catch early signs of cancer or other health issues. Myths and Misconceptions on menstrual experience in the communityRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 88Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 89 Not every woman gets her period and not every female who gets a period considers themselves a woman. Transgender men and nonbinary people may get their periodsTrusted Source, just as transgender women and nonbinary people might not have periods. Menstruation isn t always just a woman s issue. It s a human issue.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9141470706186883, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2230, "token_count": 463}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.8598797}
{"text": "Transgender men and nonbinary people may get their periodsTrusted Source, just as transgender women and nonbinary people might not have periods. Menstruation isn t always just a woman s issue. It s a human issue. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 90 Identifying an intersex Person Intersex people are born with biological characteristics that don t fit inside the strict binary of female and male. At birth a clitoris that s larger than expected a penis that s smaller than expected no vaginal opening a penis without a urethra opening at the tip the opening might instead be on the underside At Puberty Monthly pains increased, and breasts grew significantly. Closed vagina At adulthood - identifying with the same sex - growth of two organs male and female - Two gender characteristics showing at the same time - One organ is inactive b. Reproductive Health Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. Reproductive health implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 91 The three components of reproductive health are - family planning, sexual health, and maternal health. 1. Family planning - Family planning is one of the most important components of reproductive health. As defined by the WHO, family planning is the ability of a couple to anticipate and attain their desired number of offspring with proper spacing and timing between their births. This can be achieved via taking proper precautions and birth control methods. The use of contraceptives and treatment of involuntary infertility is an important part of family planning. 2. Sexual Health: This component of reproductive health deals with sexual relationships with a positive approach. It does not only deal with the proper use of contraceptives for unwanted pregnancies but also with the prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases STDs or sexually transmitted infections STI . 3. Maternal health: It mainly refers to taking care of a woman s health during the period of her pregnancy and to providing her the proper access to all the medical care and assistance that might be needed in cases of emergency. Importance of reproductive health 1. It aids in making the youth understand sexual health. 2.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9121455193647706, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2541, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.893814}
{"text": "Importance of reproductive health 1. It aids in making the youth understand sexual health. 2. It helps in creating awareness among the crowd that falls under the category of adolescence as this is the phase when hormonal changes in the body take place leading to the development of reproductive interest. 3. It helps in the prevention of sexually transmitted infections such as AIDS or HIV. 4. It keeps the mother and the child away from infectious diseases and helps in delivering a healthy baby. 5. Complete knowledge regarding early pregnancy, problems like infertility or problems to conceive, male sexual problems, birth control methods,Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 92 pregnancy, and post-childbirth care of the mother and baby can be achieved and taken care of. 6. Adolescents can follow safe sexual practices and not get involved in wrong methods and illegal practices. Practices that enhance reproductive health Have frequent intercourse, especially 5 days before and after ovulation. Don t smoke. Limit alcohol. Cut back on caffeine if you re a woman. Stay at a healthy weight. Women who are too heavy or too thin may have reduced fertility. Heat exposure can lower sperm count in men, so wear loose underwear, avoid hot tubs, and don t rest your laptop computer near your scrotum. Get plenty of sleep. Try to avoid night shift work, which can disrupt hormone production. Exercise regularly, but don t overdo it! Excess exercise can interfere with ovulation. Limit vigorous exercise to 5 hours or less per week if you re trying to get pregnant. Take folic acid supplements to improve ovulation and, if you conceive, prevent birth defects. Limit meat in your diet. Eat more fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids or plant-based proteins, which may improve ovulation. Practices that affect reproductive health Female genital mutilation FGM female genital mutilation also called female genital cutting or female circumcision as any procedure which involves the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia see Figure 5.1 or which causes any other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or any other nontherapeutic reasons. Instruments used include knives, scissors, razors, andRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 93 pieces of glass. Occasionally sharp stones and cauterization burning are used.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.899315848221716, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2378, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.881033}
{"text": "Practices that affect reproductive health Female genital mutilation FGM female genital mutilation also called female genital cutting or female circumcision as any procedure which involves the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia see Figure 5.1 or which causes any other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or any other nontherapeutic reasons. Instruments used include knives, scissors, razors, andRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 93 pieces of glass. Occasionally sharp stones and cauterization burning are used. Early marriage Early marriage is a common practice in many regions. Parents often wish to see their daughters married and to see grandchildren before they die. People also practice early marriage for traditional reasons. If a girl is not married at an early age, other members of the community may think she must be too unattractive or ill-behaved to get a husband. This attitude usually causes shame to both the girl and her family. Early marriage is associated with many health and social consequences. These include: Health impacts of early marriage: Early pregnancy, which may lead to nutritional deficiencies for the mother and child Increased risk of death due to pregnancy-related causesRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 94 Risks to baby include premature birth, low birth weight reflecting poor nutritional status , fetal loss, and neonatal mortality death of the newborn within the first 28 days of life Vaginal tear and fistula Sexual abuse Young married girls are less likely to participate in decision making. Social impacts of early marriage: Disrupts life of the victim Limited opportunity for education and employment Higher likelihood of broken marriage Rural-urban migration which may predispose them to prostitution, STIs, HIV and AIDS Stigma, and low self-esteem. Polygamy It is a form of marriage in which a person marries more than one spouse. Polygyny from Greek words: poly many; gyny woman refers to a polygamy in which a man has two or more wives. About 25 of married women in Kenya are in polygynous unions . It is usual for a young girl to be married to an older married man. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 95 Myths and misconceptions about reproductive health in the community 1.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9048067322778492, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2337, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.9132726}
{"text": "About 25 of married women in Kenya are in polygynous unions . It is usual for a young girl to be married to an older married man. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 95 Myths and misconceptions about reproductive health in the community 1. Infertility is much more common among women -Infertility doesn t just affect women. In the Kenya, 10 15 percent of couples are infertile, and both men and women can equally contribute to infertility. Causes of infertility in males may include: Abnormal sperm production or function Problems with the delivery of sperm Overexposure to certain environmental factors Damage related to cancer and its treatment Causes of infertility in females may include: Ovulation disorders Uterine or cervical abnormalities Fallopian tube damage or blockage Endometriosis Primary ovarian insufficiency early menopause Pelvic adhesions Damage related to cancer and its treatment 2. Men reach their sexual peak at a younger age than women - Many people believe that men and women have different sexual peaks or ages where they can perform at their sexual best. However, sexual desire, performance, and frequency constantly fluctuate and are related to many factors beyond just your age. 3. Sperm can only live for a short time after it s released - After ejaculation, a male s sperm can actually live in the female reproductive tract for upRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 96 to five days, even if you thoroughly wash yourself after sex. For this reason, if a man has sex with a woman, even a few days before she ovulates or before she s in her fertility window, there's still a chance a pregnancy could occur. 4. You can t get an STI from oral or anal sex - You can get an STI from any kind of sex vaginal, oral, or anal or by close intimate contact with a partner. However, using protection like a latex condom during any type of sexual activity is proven to significantly lower your risk of getting or transmitting STIs. 5. STIs can only be transmitted when symptoms are present - This is false. In many cases, an STI may not cause symptoms, but can still exist in your body and be spread to sexual partners. Even without symptoms, STIs can harm one s health.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8985302826379543, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2229, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.946025}
{"text": "STIs can only be transmitted when symptoms are present - This is false. In many cases, an STI may not cause symptoms, but can still exist in your body and be spread to sexual partners. Even without symptoms, STIs can harm one s health. That s one reason why it s important to get regularly tested for STIs as there may not be any obvious warning signs of an infection. 6. You can get an STI from sitting on a toilet seat - STIs are transmitted through sexual intercourse, close intimate contact, or the exchange of bodily fluids. STIs can only live on surfaces for a short amount of time so it s very unlikely that someone could receive an infection from sitting on a toilet seat unless they had an open sore or cut touching the seat. 7. You can t get HIV from getting a tattoo - Though often less common than other routes of transmission, it is possible to contract HIV from getting a tattoo or body piercing if the instrument in this case the needle is not sterile and has someone else s blood on it or the ink has been shared. 8. You can t get pregnant on your period - While conception is most likely when intercourse occurs a few days before or during ovulation, it is still possible to get pregnant during your period. Sperm can live in the female body for up to five days after sexual intercrouse under the right conditions, so in some cases sperm can fertilize an egg a few days after it has been released in ovulation. 9. The withdrawal method is effective in preventing pregnancy- Yes, you can get pregnant from the withdrawal or pull out method, so it s preferred to always use protection like a condom during intercourse if pregnancy is not desired. One reason why? A male s pre-ejaculatoryRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 97 fluid can contribute to a pregnancy as this fluid contains sperm cells making conception possible even if the withdrawal method is used. 10. You can t get an STI if you use a condom - While condoms are 98 effective in preventing STIs, it s still possible for sexually active individuals to get an STI any time they have sex, even if a condom is used. That s why it s a good idea to regularly test for STIs even if you make sure to always use condoms during sex.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HEALTH-EDUCATION-FULL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9033450236463149, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2214, "token_count": 483}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.9690883}
{"text": "Eventually, the random motion of all the potassium permanganate particles results in the purple colour being equally dispersed throughout the water. The process appears slow as the dissolved particles collide with the water molecules and each other, slowing their progress. Changes of state of matter A change of state is a physical change in a matter. They are reversible changes and do not involve any changes in the chemical makeup of the matter. Common changes of the state include melting, freezing, sublimation, deposition, condensation, and vaporization. Why matter states changes It is possible that we have seen changes in the state of matter as the ice cubes melt into liquid water, or when the water boils and turns into vapour but have we ever thought about the reason behind this? The changing states of matter occur as the matter absorbs or loses energy. When an object absorbs energy, molecules and atoms accelerate their movement and this increased energy kinetics can push particles so that they alter their state. The energy that is absorbed is typically thermal or heat energy. Changing States of Matter There are generally three types of matter: liquid, solid, and gas. In the solid state, the particles or molecules are tightly together which is why they possess an intenseintermolecular force of attraction. The liquid states of particles, however, are apart from one another and thus have less force to attract them. In the case of gas, the particles are extremely far from one another and exhibit a negligible force of attraction. If there are changes in the temperature or pressure of a material, the change of states of matter takes place. The state of matter can be changed by changing temperature and pressure. The impact of temperature changes on states of matter shifting will be directly related to changes in the interaction between molecules that make up the substance. If the temperature drops, particles can soften into a robust structure. The diagram below depicts the change of states of matter through different types of processes taking place in those states: Here to understand this phenomenon we can take an example of the conversion of ice into water. In this conversion, the ice which is a solid form of water gets changed into water which is the liquid form itself. This change in the state occurs due to a process known as melting, and in this process, when kept at a higher temperature the solid ice gets converted into liquid water. In melting, mainly the liquefaction of ice takes place.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9230283911671926, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2536, "token_count": 478}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.9827986}
{"text": "O Frost formation: When the temperature drops below 0 C, water vapour in the air condenses directly into solid ice crystals. O Water boiling: When water is heated, it changes from liquid state to gas state steam . O Condensation of water vapour: When water vapour in the air cools below 100 C, it changes from gas state to liquid state and condenses to form liquid water droplets. O Sublimation: An example of sublimation is when solid dry ice frozen carbon dioxide changes into carbon dioxide gas without melting. Causes and Effects of Changing States of Matter The main cause of change in states of matter is due to the addition or loss of energy in the state of a substance that is altered physically. This phenomenon is connected with the movement of molecules. Solids possess very little kinetic energy, meaning that they only vibrate and keep the bonds of chemical strength. If the energy source is placed in e.g. heat energy, which can later be converted into kinetic energy then the molecules begin spinning and vibrating faster, which causes the strength of the bonds to diminish. If a certain amount of heating is applied this is different for each substance, for example, the melting point of the water is 0 C while the boiling point is 100 C those molecules will be moving towards the point of not remaining in their original form. When energy levels are reduced and reversed, the process begins again. Whereas, the effects of change in the state of matter are only two which are mentioned as well as explained below: o Change in Temperature: The temperature change occurs in states of a matter when it undergoes heat transfer to its surroundings. When a substance is placed in surroundings of a different temperature, heat is exchanged between the substance and the surroundings, causing both to achieve an equilibrium temperature. So when an ice cube is exposed to heat, its water molecules absorb heat energy from the surrounding atmosphere and begin to move more energetically, causing the water ice to melt into liquid water. O Change in Pressure: The change in pressure occurs in states of a matter only when it undergoes liquefaction. We can understand this effect from the examples of smoke rising all over the stage at performances or parties. Dry ice is the only thing that exists solid carbon dioxide . The solid carbon dioxide is kept at high pressure and instantly melts when pressure is reduced down to 1 bar. The space between particles of the material is what determines its physical state.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9137177999963174, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2526, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360542.9997668}
{"text": "Dry ice is the only thing that exists solid carbon dioxide . The solid carbon dioxide is kept at high pressure and instantly melts when pressure is reduced down to 1 bar. The space between particles of the material is what determines its physical state. In the end, when pressure is applied to the gas, it is compressed into a liquid. Then, the pressure applied to liquids becomes solid. Pressure does not affect solids. If pressure is applied to the material and the chemical state of the substance shifts from liquid to gas and after that, liquid changes to solid. Experiments of Changing States of Matter Below are mentioned three experiments that depict all the five processes that take place during the change of state of matter: o If we take an ice cube and put it in a bowl then after some time it will melt into water. This depicts the conversion of a solid into liquid due to the process of melting which took place due to an increase in the temperature of the substance. Now if we put that bowl that has water in a freezer, then the water will again solidify into ice and again change its state. This phenomenon occurs due to the conversion of liquid into solid by the process of freezing. Freezing can only take place when the temperature of a substance is decreased. O Now if you put a bowl filled with water outside your home in the sun then after some days there will be no water. Due to an increase in the temperature, the liquid water changes its form into gaseous water vapour which depicts the process of evaporation taking place. Now to depict condensation we can take a bottle and fill it with some chilled water and as time goes by we can see small droplets of water outside of thebottle which occurred due to the process of condensation taking place. Condensation occurs when the gaseous water vapours come in contact with the cold water having a decreased temperature; they start to solidify and get converted into liquid water again. O If we take some dry ice and put it in a bowl then after some time we can see that the dry ice will disappear. This occurs due to the process of sublimation taking place in it. Sublimation converts the solid into a gaseous form and it occurs only when the temperature is increased. To reverse this process we can decrease the temperature as well as pressure and the atmospheric dry ice will again solidify. Applications of Changing States of Matter The phenomenon of change of states of matter can be found in the following examples: 1.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9184425319291837, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2497, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.0381596}
{"text": "They are also called chemical changes There are many differences between physical and chemical changes and it is important to understand them to be able to understand these concepts clearly. The comparisons and differences between physical and chemical changes are given below along with their examples. To understand physical and chemical properties and changes better, it is important to know what they are. Differences between Physical and Chemical Change Physical Change Chemical Change When a substance undergoes a physical change, its composition remains the same despite its molecules being rearranged. When a substance undergoes a chemical change, its molecular composition is changed entirely. Thus, chemical changes involve the formation of new substances. Physical change is a temporary change. A chemical change is a permanent change. A Physical change affects only physical properties i.e. shape, size, etc. Chemical change both physical and chemical properties of the substance including its composition A physical change involves very little to no absorption of energy. During a chemical reaction, absorption and evolution of energy take place. Some examples of physical change are freezing of water, melting of wax, boiling of water, etc. A few examples of chemical change are digestion of food, burning of coal, rusting, etc. Generally, physical changes do not involve the production of energy. Chemical changes usually involve the production of energy which can be in the form of heat, light, sound, etc. In a physical change, no new substance is formed. A chemical change is always accompanied by one or more new substance s . Physical change is easily reversible i.e original substance can be recovered. Chemical changes are irreversible i.e. original substance cannot be recovered. Thus, it can be understood that the primary difference between physical and chemical changes is that physical changes are reversible, whereas chemical changes are usually not. Test your Knowledge on Difference Between Physical And Chemical Change QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Q1 How can you tell the difference between physical and chemical changes? The appearance or form of matter changes during a physical change, but the type of matter in the substance does not. A chemical change, on the other contrary, results in the creation of at least one new substance with new properties. Q2. Why is it important to know the difference between physical and chemical changes? It s essential to recognise the difference between chemical and physical changes. Several changes are obvious, but there are some fundamental concepts to be aware of. Physical changes usually refer to changes in the physical state of stuff. When two or more molecules interact, chemical changes occur on a molecular level. Q3.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9214360822452053, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2794, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.0566483}
{"text": "Physical changes usually refer to changes in the physical state of stuff. When two or more molecules interact, chemical changes occur on a molecular level. Q3. What are the examples of physical and chemical changes? Examples of chemical changes would be burning, cooking, rusting, and rotting. Examples of physical changes could be boiling, melting, freezing, and shredding. Most physical changes can be reversed if sufficient energy is provided. Q4. How to tell whether it s a physical or chemical change? Check for indications that a chemical change has taken place. The following are indications of a chemical change: Gas is created. Bubbles can occur in liquids. An odour is created. The colour of the substance changes. Sound is generated. There is a shift in the temperature. The environment either heats up or cools down. Light is generated. A precipitate develops. Reversing the change is difficult or impossible. Q5. What are three forces that can cause a physical change? Forces such as motion, temperature, and pressure can create physical changes. Oxygen in the air reacts with sugar, and the chemical bonds are destroyed. Elements and compounds Elements are pure substances which are composed of only one type of atom. Compound is substances which are formed by two or more different types of elements that are united chemically in fixed proportions. Elements and Their Symbols Chemical elements are the basic building blocks of matter. Elements are referred to by their names and their symbols. This makes it easier to write chemical structures and equations. Examples The first 20 elements of the periodic table are listed below. These elements include some of the most abundant in the universe hydrogen, oxygen, carbon as well as some of the most unusual phosphorus, boron . 1. H - Hydrogen 2. He - Helium 3. Li - Lithium 4. Be - Beryllium 5. B - Boron 6. C - Carbon 7. N - Nitrogen 8. O - Oxygen 9. F - Fluorine 10. Ne - Neon 11. Na - Sodium 12. Mg - Magnesium 13. Al - Aluminum 14. Si - Silicon 15. P - Phosphorus 16. S - Sulfur 17. Cl - Chlorine 18. Ar - Argon 19. K Potassium 20.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8680090522412478, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2120, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.0884762}
{"text": "Cl - Chlorine 18. Ar - Argon 19. K Potassium 20. Ca - Calcium Notice that the symbols are one- and two-letter abbreviations for their names, with a few exceptions where symbols are based on old names. For example, potassium is K for kalium, not P, which is already the element symbol for phosphorusCommon Metals Magnesium: It has a symbol of Mg. Calcium: It has a symbol of Ca. Chromium: It has a symbol of Cr. Iron: It has a symbol of Fe. ... Zinc: It has a symbol of Zn. Mercurys-Hg Gold-Au Tin Sn Uses of elements 1. Hydrogen - Rocket propellant, chemical reagent, potential alternative fuel, coolant for electrical equipment, airship lifting gas. 2. Helium - Lifting gas for balloons airships, coolant for superconductors. Shielding gas for welding. 3. Lithium - Batteries, psychiatric medications, constituent in light structural metals. 4. Beryllium - Light, hard, strong structural metal, x-ray transparent materials. 5. Boron - Composite materials, cleaning agents, semiconductors, chemical reagents. 6. Carbon - Structural material, jewellery diamonds , basis for all organic compounds, adsorbent material, pencils. 7. Nitrogen - Primary component of the atmosphere, fertilizer production, rocket propellants, shielding gas for welding. 8. Oxygen - Primary active component of atmosphere, medical use, rocket propellant, steelmaking, support of combustion. 9. Fluorine - Toothpaste, pharmaceuticals, etching of glass, rocket propellant for use outside the atmosphere . 10. Neon - Electric signs, lasers. 11. Sodium - Table salt, glassmaking, baking soda, reducing agent. 12. Magnesium - Structural material, dietary supplement, flashbulbs, fireworks. 13. Aluminium - Structural material, ceramics aluminium oxide . 14. Silicon - Semiconductors, glassmaking, abrasives, structural material. 15. Phosphorus - Fertilizers, rust remover phosphoric acid , matches. 16. Sulphur - Primary starting material for sulphuric acid which has MANY uses , vulcanized rubber, detergents, odorant in natural gas, fungicide. 17.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8637024604606138, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2044, "token_count": 515}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.068867}
{"text": "What is an easy way to remember the first 20 elements? You just need to remember 2 sentences First Sentence - Hi Hello Listen Be. B.C. News On Friday Night. Hi-H-Hydrogen Hello-He-Helium Listen-Li- Lithium B.-Be-Beryllium B.-B-Boron C.-C-Carbon News-N-Nitrogen On-O-Oxygen Friday-F-Fluorine Night-Ne-Neon Second sentence - Natives Might All Sing Party Songs Clearly Arousing Kitty Cats Natives-Na-Sodium Might-Mg-Magnesium All-Al-Aluminium Sing-Si-Silicon Party-P-Phosphorus Songs-S-Sulfur Clearly-Cl-Chlorine Arousing-Ar-Argon Kitty-K-Potassium Cats-Ca-CalciumOXYGEN Preparation of oxygen One of the most common methods for the laboratory preparation of oxygen is by the method of preparation of oxygen by simply treating hydrogen peroxide in a particular manner so that it decomposes to form water and oxygen from which then, the oxygen can be extracted. Oxygen is one of the most important and basic elements found in the earth s atmosphere. All living animals need oxygen in the air to survive. Without oxygen, there would be no trace of life on earth. Apart from being one of the basic elements on earth for a living being to survive, it is important in a lot of other areas as well. Oxygen is used in medical applications, commercial and industrial practices all over the world. It is very much possible to manufacture oxygen in a laboratory. Apart from the necessary apparatus, the main ingredients required to make oxygen in a laboratory are hydrogen peroxide and manganese IV oxide. It must be noted that hydrogen peroxide is the main ingredient for the preparation and the manganese IV oxide acts as a catalyst to enhance the speed of the process. Laboratory Preparation of Oxygen https: www.youtube.com watch?v nkeniDKGs6Q There are a lot of laboratory processes for producing oxygen. Among them, one of the most common ways of preparation of oxygen is in a laboratory by the method of preparation of oxygen by simply treatinghydrogen peroxide in a particular manner so that it decomposes to form water and oxygen from which then, the oxygen can be extracted. Produce oxygen by heating potassium manganate VII , then identify it with a glowing splint This experiment should take 30 minutes.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9109108095414424, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2207, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.121622}
{"text": "Laboratory Preparation of Oxygen https: www.youtube.com watch?v nkeniDKGs6Q There are a lot of laboratory processes for producing oxygen. Among them, one of the most common ways of preparation of oxygen is in a laboratory by the method of preparation of oxygen by simply treatinghydrogen peroxide in a particular manner so that it decomposes to form water and oxygen from which then, the oxygen can be extracted. Produce oxygen by heating potassium manganate VII , then identify it with a glowing splint This experiment should take 30 minutes. Equipment Apparatus Eye protection Test tube holder Ceramic wool Test tube Spatula Bunsen burner Splints Heat-proof mat Chemicals Potassium manganate VII Health, safety and technical notes Always wear eye protection. When KMnO4 is heated, tiny particles shoot out. These are trapped by the ceramic wool. Potassium manganate is an oxidiser and harmful,Procedure 1. Place two spatula measures of potassium manganate VII in a test tube. 2. Place a small piece of ceramic wool near the top of the test tube. This stops fine dust escaping. 3. Gently heat the test-tube containing the potassium manganate VII . 4. Light a splint and extinguish it, to make a glowing splint . 5. Place the glowing splint just above the top of the test tube. Keep heating the test tube. The splint should relight. 6. Scrape out the ceramic wool. Let the test tube cool to room temperature and then wash it out. 7. Notice the colours produced when the test tube is washed out. 8. Record your observations. Conclusion Oxygen is one of the most important and basic elements found in the earth s atmosphere. All living animals need oxygen in the air to survive. Without oxygen, there would be no trace of life on earth. Over the years, scientists have discovered multiple ways of preparation of oxygen in laboratories and also identified other diverse uses of this gas. Oxygen is used in medical applications, commercial, and industrial practices. There are a lot of different methods of preparing oxygen and different methods may have different purity rates of the concerned gas.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8975789473684211, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2128, "token_count": 483}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.1521564}
{"text": "Water extinguishers are coloured signal red. Other extinguishers will be predominantly signal red with a label, band or circle covering at least 5 of the surface area of the extinguisher in a second colour indicating the contents of the extinguisher. Fire Rating All extinguishers capable of extinguishing class A, B or F fires carry a fire rating which is indicated by a number and letter eg 13A, 55B . The number is indicating the size of fire it can extinguish under test conditions. The larger the number, the larger the fire it can extinguish. The letter indicates the fire classification as above. Class C, D and the electrical symbol do not carry a numerical rating. All extinguishers capable of extinguishing class F fires have a rating based on 4 benchmark tests using 5, 15, 25 and 75 litres of sunflower oil. The oil is heated to auto-ignition and allowed to pre-burn for 2 minutes. The fire is then extinguished and no re-ignition shall occur within 10 minutes of extinguishing the fire. Chosing Fire Extinguishers The following factors should also be considered when siting fire extinguishers: Extinguishers should normally be sited on escape routes on all floors at what is called fire points . They should be fixed in a location where the extinguisher can be reached quickly. The best place is near a door leading to a place of safety or near a specific fire risk. They should be fixed where they can be easily seen. Fixing them inside cupboards or behind doors will waste valuable time if a fire breaks out. Do not place them over cookers or heaters or in places of extreme temperatures, hot or cold. Extinguishers should be fixed at an elevated height, so that the carrying handle is 1m from the floor for heavier units heavier than 4kg and 1.5m for smaller units. Extinguishers should be within reasonable distance from any fire risk: 1. Class A: 30m 2. Class B: 10m 3. Class C: 30m 4. Class D: case-by-case basis, by expert advice 5. Class F: 10m If you have to travel through doorways, the maximum travel distances need to be reduced.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8800520674262501, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2077, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.1411598}
{"text": "Only tackle a fire in its very early stages Always put your own and other peoples safety first On discovering the fire, immediately raise an alarm Make sure you can escape if you need to and never let a fire block your exitIf you cannot put out the fire or if the extinguisher becomes empty, get out and get everyone else out of the building immediately, closing all doors behind you as you go. Then ensure the fire brigade has been called Fire Triangle Trying to understand the seemingly endless list of fire safety regulations can be a complex and confusing task. Whether you are attempting to identify the different types of fire extinguisher and their appropriate uses or are learning about the benefits of a fire blanket, it is vital to remember that the various stringent rules are there for a reason and this reason ultimately relates to the fire triangle. Something usually taught in school, the fire triangle which is also known as the combustion triangle is a simple model for understanding the chemical reaction which must occur to create a fire. It is composed of three elements fuel, heat and oxygen which must all be present for a fire to ignite. It also demonstrates the interdependence of these ingredients in creating and sustaining a fire and teaches us that removing any one of these elements would prevent or extinguish the fire. The fire triangle is often used as a basic form of fire safety training and looks at the dynamics of fire itself. By looking at and understanding this in more detail, it is much easier to grasp the need for, and details of, fundamental fire regulations so let s get back to basics Fuel In order for a fire to start there must be a material to burn and this is referred to as the fuel. Fuel is any kind of combustible material, including paper, oils, wood, gases, fabrics, liquids, plastics and rubber. The fuel for a fire is usually characterised by its moisture content, size, shape and quantity and this will determine how easily the fuel will burn and at what temperature. Heat In addition to a fuel source, heat must be present in order for ignition to take place. All flammable materials give off flammable vapours which, when heat is present, combust. Heat is also responsible for the spread and maintenance of fire as it removes the moisture from nearby fuel, warming the surrounding area and pre-heating fuel in its path, enabling it to travel and develop with greater ease. Oxygen As well as fuel and heat, fires also need oxygen to stay alight.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9170364500792394, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2524, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.1818128}
{"text": "All flammable materials give off flammable vapours which, when heat is present, combust. Heat is also responsible for the spread and maintenance of fire as it removes the moisture from nearby fuel, warming the surrounding area and pre-heating fuel in its path, enabling it to travel and develop with greater ease. Oxygen As well as fuel and heat, fires also need oxygen to stay alight. Ambient air is made up of approximately 21 oxygen and, as most fires only require at least 16 oxygen to burn, it acts as the oxidising agent in the chemical reaction. This means that when the fuel burns, it reacts with the oxygen to release heat and generate combustion. Extinction of the fire To stop a fire, one of the three elements of the fire triangle must be removed. So, if a fire runs out of fuel, it will smoulder out; if you can cool a fire down it will lose heat and go out; and if the oxygen is removed it will suffocate. Therefore, attempts at combatting a fire and also preventing a fire are based upon these principles. Fire blankets, for example, suppress a fire, removing the oxygen and, as a result, putting it out. Similarly, fire extinguishers are developed to eliminate one of the three elements such as water fire extinguishers which cool the fire down and remove any heat. By the same codes of practice, fire prevention methods are also developed in relation to the chemical reaction which occurs when fire takes place. Undertaking safety steps such as storing flammable liquids away andmaking sure piles of paper or fabric are not left near any possible heat sources are highly important. By using this fundamental fire safety knowledge, the prevalence of fires and the damage they cause can be significantly reduced.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9107938240590895, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1747, "token_count": 363}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.198936}
{"text": "GRADE 8 CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS NOTES STRAND ONE: FOUNDATIONS OF CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS Definition of creative arts and sport: Creative Arts This is a description of various artistic activities that allow performers to use their imaginations, creativity, and express ideas through a variety of mediums to passage a message to the audience. Sport A sport is any activity involving physical or mental effort combined with skills in which an individual or a team or teams compete against another or others for entertainment. Roles of creative arts and sports The roles of creative arts and sports are divided into two different types namely: - Economic roles - Social roles Social roles of creative arts and sports Creates a sense of identity-bring people together, creating shared experiences that help to foster a sense of community and collective identity. Creative arts and sports promote cohesion through teamwork. Through creative arts and sports culture is preserved-it ensures that our history and traditions are not forgotten, and that future generations can appreciate and learn from them. Creative arts and sports inspire creativity, talents and abilities. Creative arts and sports provide provides us with entertainment through components such as music, dance, drama, narratives, films and movies, various sports i.e., soccer, basketball, netball, volley ball. Help develop problem solving skills Learning resilience and perseverance Make one to gain confident Economic roles of creative arts and sports Creative arts and sports provide employment opportunities such as artists, musicians, referees, sports coaches, sports doctors, choreographers. Trainers, teachers etc. One can earn income through activities related to creative arts and sports hence eradicating poetry. Through creative arts and sports, a country can earn or generate tax revenue. Boosts revenue collection Creative arts and sports attract investments which in turn increases job opportunities. Creative arts and sports stimulate growth of economy through sectors such as tourism. Encourages tourism Create employment opportunitiesTourist attractions sites preservation of culture 1.2 Components of creative arts and sports Creative arts are made of the following components: Visual arts -creative art forms appreciated through sense of sight such as; Drawing. Painting. Sculpture. Montage. Collage Play - a written work that tells a story through action and speech and is meant to be acted on a stage.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-1-NOTES-FOUNDATIONS-OF-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9161976302769907, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2529, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.213488}
{"text": "Rhyme 8. Tone 9. MoodEndurance and agility of physical Agility This is the ability to move and change the direction and position of the body quickly and effectively while under control. It requires quick reflexes, coordination, balance, speed, and correct response to the changing situation. Agility training has been included in several endurance training programs. Maximum oxygen consumption rate is a direct measurement of an individual's endurance capacity and its relationship to agility has not been studied. Endurance- refers to your body's physical capability to sustain an exercise for an extended period. It's made up of two components: cardiovascular endurance muscular endurance. Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of your heart and lungs to fuel your body with oxygen Physical activities that build up endurance Brisk walking or jogging. Yard work mowing, raking Dancing. Swimming. Biking. Climbing stairs or hills. Playing tennis or basketball Pitch This is a property of a sound and especially a musical tone that is determined by the frequency of the waves producing it. Bass staff On the bass clef, the notes going through the lines on the staff from the bottom up are G, B, D, F and A. To make it easy to remember these notes, we use the sentence Good Boy Deserves Fruit Always . The notes going through the spaces on the bass clef from the bottom up are A, C, E, and G. 1. Lines: The lines of the bass staff, from bottom to top, correspond to the notes G, B, D, F, and A. A handy phrase to remember this is Good Boys Do Fine Always . 2. Spaces: The spaces, from the lowest to the highest, represent the notes A, C, E, and G. A ledger lineThis is a small line that extends the stave when we run out of room. With the ledger line drawn, we can place the A. Next, let's discuss the Bass Clef also called the F Clef . The staff line in between the two dots of the clef is F. Ledger lines G major scale piano G major is a musical key that has G as the tonic.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-1-NOTES-FOUNDATIONS-OF-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8978090439362997, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2008, "token_count": 476}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.2283359}
{"text": "Replace the mask immediately if it is damaged or soiled. Skin and Body Protection PPE includes the following categories to protect employees from physical hazards: Head Protection PPE includes hard hats and headgears and should be required for tasks that can cause any force or object falling to the head. Safety Tips: Ensure that there are no dents or deformities on the shell and connections are tightened inside. Do not store in direct sunlight as extreme heat can cause damage. Choose appropriate cleaning agents as it can weaken the shells of hard hats and may eliminate electrical resistance. Always replace a hard hat if it was used for any kind of impact, even if the damage is unnoticeable. Body Protection PPE includes safety vests and suits that can be used for tasks that can cause body injuries from extreme temperatures, flames and sparks, toxic chemicals, insect bites and radiation. Safety Tips: Ensure that they are clean and free from cuts and burns. Always get a good fit to ensure full body protection. Ensure bodysuit is heat-resistant clothing when working with hightemperature hazards. Hands Protection PPE includes safety gloves and should be used for tasks that can cause hand and skin burns, absorption of harmful substances, cuts, fractures or amputations. Safety Tips: Ensure hand protection fits perfectly with no spaces and is free from cuts, burns, and chemical residue. Always replace them if any sign of contamination was observed. Use rubber gloves when working with heat and electricity to reduce the risk of burn or electrical shock. Foot Protection PPE includes knee pads and safety boots and should be used for tasks that can cause serious foot and leg injuries from falling or rolling objects, hot substances, electrical hazards, and slippery surfaces. Safety Tips: Ensure boots have slip-resistant soles that can protect against compression and impact. Ensure the sole plate is in good condition to prevent punctures. Fall Protection PPE includes safety harnesses and lanyards and should be strictly used for tasks that can cause falling from heights and serious injury or death. Safety Tips: Ensure that the straps are free from tears, deformities, and burn marks. Check the buckles if connected securely and tightly. Dispose of the equipment if used after a falling incident. Hearing Protection PPE includes ear muffs and plugs and should be used for tasks that can cause hearing problems and loss of hearing.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9191300845751108, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2483, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.3168774}
{"text": "Check the buckles if connected securely and tightly. Dispose of the equipment if used after a falling incident. Hearing Protection PPE includes ear muffs and plugs and should be used for tasks that can cause hearing problems and loss of hearing. Safety Tips: Ensure the equipment fit the ear canal perfectly. It is recommended to use formable earplugs to fit different sizes of ear canals. Use protectors that reduce noise exposure to an acceptable level to have room for communication. Ensure earplugs are clean and in good condition. Other examples of PPE include: safety glasses or goggles safety shoes high-visibility clothing or vests heat-resistant gloves anti-vibration gloves welding PPE such as helmets and flame-resistant clothing chemical-resistant suits or aprons safety harnesses and lanyards Use PPE always and anywhere where necessary. Observe the instructions for use, maintain them well and check regularly if they still offer sufficient protection. Why is it Important to wear PPE? Prevent unnecessary injury in the workplace; protect employees from excessive chemical exposure; prevent the spread of germs and infectious diseases including COVID-19; help businesses comply with regulatory requirements Improve employee productivity and efficiency. Supports worker during work e.g. safety shoes, safety rope Important safety rules in the workplace Here are examples of safety rules in a workplace: 1. Follow the dress code It is important to dress according to the workplace dress code. This may prohibit jewelry or open-toe shoes, for example. Often a workplace may require employees to wear specific footwear and long sleeves and pants in order to protect against common workplace accidents. Dress codes can promote professionalism and also help keep employees safe. 2. Wear safety gear Safety gear is necessary in labs, around machinery and on construction sites, for example. Companies include safety gear in the dress code when it is necessary for your job. Safety gear is a precaution against hazardous materials and potentially dangerous working conditions. 3. Maintain personal hygieneMaintain your personal hygiene, such as cleanliness, to help prevent illness at work. Good hygiene can also help promote health and self-esteem, which reduces risks. 4. Take responsibility for your personal safety To take responsibility for your personal safety means ensuring that you follow safety procedures. If employees rely on themselves to keep the workplace safe, this can create a safe environment for all.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9143813464602507, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2568, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.2738016}
{"text": "4. Take responsibility for your personal safety To take responsibility for your personal safety means ensuring that you follow safety procedures. If employees rely on themselves to keep the workplace safe, this can create a safe environment for all. Responsibility also prevents negligence, which can limit on-the-job accidents. 5. Maintain a clean workspace It is important to keep your desk or other personal workspaces clean. Be sure to put away supplies when they are not in use. Gathering necessary materials before starting a task can help keep a clean workspace. Maintaining your work area promotes organization and attentiveness, both aspects of promoting safety in the workplace. 6. Follow work procedures A company creates work procedures to help comply with safety protocols and best practices, so if you follow work procedures, safety standards are likely met. It is important to follow procedures even if you think performing a task differently might save time. Often there'll be an employee handbook or safety station where the company provides their work procedures. 7. Learn how to act in an emergency Learn emergency protocols including where to go in case of a fire or during a natural disaster such as a tornado. Much like work procedures, companies design emergency protocols with strong consideration for safety regulations. Knowing where to go or how to behave during an emergency protects you as well as your coworkers. 8. Report accidents if they occurReport accidents to the managers or other personnel when they occur. If you injure yourself or cause an accident, be sure to report it and follow procedure immediately to help reduce the risks of further harm or endangering coworkers. This helps to get proper treatment for your injury and addresses the possible causes of the incident to prevent it from happening again. It is important to follow company policy and report even minor incidents. Your employer may require a written report of the incident as well. 9. Report unsafe conditions If you observe an unsafe practice or condition such as faulty equipment, it is helpful to report this so that personnel can address the situation and make corrections to prevent an incident. Unsafe conditions pose a threat to your coworkers and to you, so reporting a potentially dangerous situation is in the best interest of all employees. Consider marking any unsafe condition to protect others who may encounter it while you go to report it. 10. Lift objects carefully Professionals advise lifting by squatting and using your knees when picking items up instead of bending at your waist because this can cause strain on your back and may result in injury. Use equipment if necessary or ask for help in lifting heavy items.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9183088784688145, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2745, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.3378658}
{"text": "10. Lift objects carefully Professionals advise lifting by squatting and using your knees when picking items up instead of bending at your waist because this can cause strain on your back and may result in injury. Use equipment if necessary or ask for help in lifting heavy items. Back pain is a common workplace injury that you can avoid with proper posture and using caution in actions that you often repeat at work, such as carrying materials. 11. Operate machinery that you are familiar with Only operate machinery that employers authorize you to use. Some types of workplace equipment, such as forklifts, require training. Training can prevent misuse and provide proper safety knowledge and skill for machines. It is important to become familiar with all equipment that is in regular use at work. 12. Use break times Taking breaks can maximize employee attentiveness because they are well-rested. Breaks provide other benefits, such as time to relax and reduce stress. Duringbreaks, you may need to sit or stretch to maintain personal safety and prevent muscle injury. 13. Stay in your work zone While working, try to stay in your designated work area. This allows you to be familiar with your surroundings and increases the likelihood that you understand the rules of conduct in the area. If you visit another working area, try to find a professional who can help you navigate the area so you are confident in your surroundings. 14. Stay alert and attentive Being alert and attentive to your surroundings in a work environment helps identify risks. It is important to limit distractions as well and ensure you focus on tasks at work. Taking care to be mentally present while working helps you actively follow procedures and practice caution. 15. Keep exits clear Try to keep walkways clear and take care not to block exits. This prevents falls and helps people leave the room or building safely and quickly in the event of an emergency. In small spaces keeping walkways clear can be difficult but it may be useful to practice a walk-through to ensure that employees can maneuver safely around equipment. 16. Ask for help If you require assistance, ask for help. This greatly reduces the risk of having an accident and helps foster a safe work environment by setting an example. Refer to company protocol when performing tasks or operating equipment, and if protocol suggests doing a task with another employee, do not attempt the task alone. 17. Use caution signs Use caution signs when applicable. For example, wet floor signs prevent slips on a floor after you mop or after a spill.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9125100114378755, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2591, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.3022149}
{"text": "17. Use caution signs Use caution signs when applicable. For example, wet floor signs prevent slips on a floor after you mop or after a spill. Areas at work may require barriers or signs when equipment such as forklifts are in use. Another example is road signs to notify drivers of workers or highway cleanup crews. It is important to placecaution signs while working and read and obey caution signs placed by others. 18. Use proper equipment Use the equipment a procedure recommends to help prevent an accident. Companies usually provide equipment to limit strain on employees and to comply with safety regulations. It is also important to learn how to operate any equipment that is available before using it for work. 19. Eat in designated areas Employers sometimes restrict food and drink to specific areas at work to prevent spills, contamination and unsafe conditions. Having liquids around machines risks spills that can cause malfunctions and eating where you work can cause contamination and possibly result in illness. If your workplace requests employees eat in a certain place or restrict food and drinks in a work environment, it is important to observe this rule. 20. Follow safety guides Follow all safety guides put in place to protect you and your coworkers. Companies design safety rules to prevent incidents. Sometimes rules result from a previous accident which is why it is important to report your injuries as well as unsafe conditions. If you do not understand why a safety rule exists, you can ask your employer for clarification. 21. Use tools, equipment and machinery properly Proper use of tools and machinery can prevent injuries. Only operate machines you are trained or certified to use and ensure that they are cleaned and maintained regularly. You should always use machines and equipment for their intended purposes. Use equipment such as a wheelbarrow or a forklift to help you lift and move heavy items to prevent straining or injuring yourself. 22. Report any unsafe conditions Fix any unsafe conditions or workplace hazards as soon as you notice them. If it is dangerous for you to remove the risk, notify a supervisor right away. 23. Wear all necessary safety gear Always wear the necessary safety equipment. The proper safety gear in your workplace could be reflective gear, fire-retardant clothing, industrial work wear or something as simple as nonslip shoes. Be sure to always wear a breathing mask if your space has debris or dust, or if you have to deal with toxic or dangerous chemicals or fumes. 24. Keep your workplace clear from clutter Having a clean workspace will positively impact your job satisfaction and keep you and your coworkers free from danger.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9147373177243787, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2705, "token_count": 515}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.3963194}
{"text": "Be sure to always wear a breathing mask if your space has debris or dust, or if you have to deal with toxic or dangerous chemicals or fumes. 24. Keep your workplace clear from clutter Having a clean workspace will positively impact your job satisfaction and keep you and your coworkers free from danger. You could trip and fall over scattered objects and they could hide another hazard you cannot see. 25. Stay hydrated Drink enough water to remain alert and avoid dehydration. Even in the winter, it is essential to stay hydrated with water and warm liquids to prevent lightheadedness and lack of focus. 26. Practice good posture when sitting or lifting Use ergonomic desks and keyboards to avoid straining your wrists and arms. Sit up straight, keep your shoulders in line with your hips and lift with your legs when you are moving objects. Poor posture can cause strain on your back, neck and shoulders, which can lead to serious injury. 27. Take regular breaks Look away from your computer screen regularly to avoid eye strain. Taking regular breaks allows your body an opportunity to rest from the tasks you are doing. When you return, you will be more focused and have a higher level of concentration. 28. Be aware of your surroundings Being aware of your surroundings is paramount to avoiding workplace injuries. Here are some things to be aware of in your environment: Look for spills or items on the floor that could be tripped over. Note the appropriate safety equipment and gear for each task you are doing. Choose mechanical aids such as a forklift or wheelbarrow to help lift items and encourage others to do the same. Keep emergency exits clear and uncluttered so they are accessible in the event of an emergency. Use tools and machines properly to avoid injury and encourage other workers to do the same. Label hazardous areas and materials with appropriate signage. Know where the first aid kits are and which staff members are trained to administer first aid if an injury occurs. Know of the emergency procedures in the event of a fire, flood or earthquake. Only use secure, steady ladders and never use boxes or anything else as an improvised ladder. Test railings first before using them to make sure they are secured properly. 29. Never take shortcuts Procedures exist to keep workers safe. Though skipping a step or not wearing safety gear may save you time, it isn t worth getting injured over. Use every tool and machine according to the instructions. 30.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9088149207890903, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2498, "token_count": 512}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.3733354}
{"text": "Though skipping a step or not wearing safety gear may save you time, it isn t worth getting injured over. Use every tool and machine according to the instructions. 30. Remain aware of new safety procedures Though it is the responsibility of the company to make staff aware of new safety procedures, it is your responsibility to make sure that you fully understand the information. If you re unsure about a new procedure, ask questionsBenefits of a safe and healthy work environment - Summary The safer the work environment, the more productive it is. Productive employees are an asset to all companies. For instance, productive employees can produce more output in less time, reducing operational costs. Workplace safety promotes the wellness of employees and employers alike. Better safety equates to better health. Healthier employees do tasks more efficiently, and they are happier in general. There are very few accidents in a safe working environment. This results in less downtime for safety investigations and reduces costs for worker s compensation. This also reduces the time needed for employees to heal from injuries. Damage to industrial equipment creates costs for replacement and repair. Avoiding workplace injuries and damage to industrial equipment will incur fewer expenses and increase profit. If employers are concerned about the safety of their employees, the employees are more confident and comfortable in general. Also, absenteeism rates drop, and employees are more focused on doing their tasks. 1. Increased productivity and efficiency As mentioned earlier, your employees need to focus entirely on their work, and to do so, they need to be relieved of the worries and stress that come with unsafe and unhealthy working conditions. If the employees at your workplace are constantly under the stress regarding the future of themselves as well as their dependents, they will not be able to live up to the amount of productivity and efficiency that is required of them, and which is necessary for the company. 2. Reduced compensation cost As the common saying goes, Prevention is better than cure . Indeed, instead of having to pay a huge sum to compensate for poor employee health, it is much easier to invest in a healthy and safe workplace. Every time an unfortunate accident or health hazard occurs, you will have to bear the expenses of both the compensation claims of your employees and well the hiring costs for temporary staff. Not to mention, these incidents would also come up with a huge ordeal of paperwork.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9166418363770513, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2563, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.4380574}
{"text": "If all, or at least most, companies engage in a safe and healthy work environment, it will create a more sustainable, and safer work environment overall. Ways to Promote Health and Safety in the Workplace Now that we have gone into why you should have a healthy and safe workplace, let s focus on answering this question, how can you promote health and safety in the workplace! 1. Safety training Comprehensive safety training, including various safety programs and training courses on fire safety, handling of safety equipment, emergency exits, and more safety practices, should be provided to your employees right when they are on boarded. Also, the training should be reinforced at repeated intervals to keep your employees updated about their safety measures. 2. Wellness programs Wellness programs are a collection of initiatives undertaken by employers to encourage health and fitness and other healthy habits amongst employees. They act as preventive measures to intercept illnesses even before they occur so that you can cut off the weed right at the root. 3. Paid leaves It is quite normal for your employees to fall sick at some point. Thus, it is imperative to offer them paid leaves, so that they can take some time off and fully recover. It is also important so that in case of contagious diseases, they do not spread the disease to your other employees, thus risking their safety. 4. Regular checkups and Medical consultations It is always a good idea to catch disease at its first stage and ward it off at the earliest. This means getting regular checkups. Simultaneously, in situations of emergencies, it is very handy to have medical consultations by professionals. By offering these facilities to your employees, you can save them a lot of inconveniences, and encourage healthy behavior. 5. Reward good health and safety practices A great way to make good habits stick is to reward them with proper incentives. Incentives can be something as simple as a discount coupon or name the Employee of the Week. This will also add to the job satisfaction factor of your employees. FIRES Consequences of Fire Fires can be devastating and cause significant damage to property and human life. Unfortunately, fires can happen anywhere and at any time, and it is essential to know the most common causes to prevent them from happening. The consequences of fire can devastate the natural environment, human life, and property. Some of the most significant consequences of fire include: 1. Property Damage Fires can cause significant damage to property, including buildings, vehicles, and personal belongings.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9150980455349533, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2616, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.4077027}
{"text": "Loss Of Productivity A loss of productivity is another significant consequence of fires. After a fire, employees may need to spend time cleaning up and repairing the damage caused by the fire, which can take away from their regular work duties. Additionally, there may be insurance claims to file and paperwork to complete, which can be time-consuming and further disrupt the workday. The longer the disruption lasts, the greater the impact on productivity, which can have financial consequences for the business. 7. Increased Insurance Premiums Increased insurance premiums are another potential consequence of workplace fires. After a fire, a business may see an increase in its insurance premiums. This is because insurance companies view businesses that have experienced a fire as higher risk and more likely to file a claim in the future. As a result, insurers may increase the premiums for the business s property and liability insurance policies. These higher premiums can significantly impact the business s bottom line. 8. Damage To Brand Reputation Damage to brand reputation is another significant consequence of workplace fires, particularly if the incident receives media coverage. A fire at a business can attract significant media attention, damaging the company s brandreputation. Customers may perceive the business as unsafe or unreliable, leading to a loss of trust and decreased revenue. Additionally, negative publicity can spread quickly through social media, further damaging the business s reputation. The impact on brand reputation can be particularly devastating for small businesses, which may have fewer resources to recover from the damage caused by the fire. 9. Occupational Health And Safety Issues Occupational health and safety issues are another potential consequence of workplace fires. Fires can release hazardous materials like smoke, chemicals, and other toxic substances. This can pose a serious risk to the health and safety of employees, particularly those who work close to the fire or are responsible for cleaning up the aftermath. In addition, firefighters and other first responders who respond to the fire may also be at risk for exposure to these hazardous materials. 10. Financial Loss Financial loss is another significant consequence of workplace fires. Repairing or replacing damaged equipment, materials, and property can add up quickly and significantly impact a business s finances. In addition, the business may experience a loss of revenue due to the interruption of normal operations or the need to close temporarily. This can be particularly difficult for small businesses that may not have the financial resources to absorb the costs of a workplace fire. Furthermore, if the business cannot recover from the financial losses caused by the fire, it may have to close permanently. 11.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9214925468620051, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2842, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.454988}
{"text": "This can be particularly difficult for small businesses that may not have the financial resources to absorb the costs of a workplace fire. Furthermore, if the business cannot recover from the financial losses caused by the fire, it may have to close permanently. 11. Regulatory Fines And Penalties Regulatory fines and penalties would be another potential consequence of workplace fires, especially if the fire was caused by violating safety regulations. Regulatory agencies such as OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration can investigate workplace fires and determine whether any safety regulations were violated. The agency may impose fines and penalties on the business if violations are found. These fines and penalties can be significant and add to the financial losses caused by the fire. Causes of Fire in the Workplace There are many potential causes of fires in the workplace, and employers and employees need to be aware of them to minimize the risk of a fire occurring. Some common causes of fires in the workplace include: 1. Electrical Problems Electrical problems are among the leading causes of workplace fires. These issues can occur in any industry and result in significant damage, injuries, and even fatalities. The following are some common electrical problems that can lead to fires in the workplace:A. Overloading Electrical Circuits And Outlets Overloading occurs when too many devices or appliances draw power from the same electrical circuit or outlet. This can cause the circuit to overheat, resulting in a fire. Common signs of overloading include flickering lights, warm or discolored outlets, and frequently tripped circuit breakers. To prevent overloading, ensure that the electrical load does not exceed the capacity of the circuit or outlet, and avoid using multiple high-wattage appliances simultaneously. B. Damaged Or Frayed Wiring Damaged or frayed wiring can expose the conductor, leading to electrical shorts and sparking. This can ignite nearby flammable materials, causing a fire. Regularly inspect the wiring for signs of damage, and replace any damaged or frayed wires immediately. Also, ensure that all electrical work is performed by a licensed electrician. C. Misuse Of Extension Cords And Power Strips Extension cords and power strips can contribute to fires if they are improperly used. Overloading power strips, using damaged extension cords, or running cords under carpets or through walls can cause overheating and create fire hazards. When using extension cords and power strips, follow the manufacturer s guidelines and ensure they are rated for the intended use. Additionally, avoid using them as a long-term solution for powering equipment. D.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9245430433331577, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2711, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.5021343}
{"text": "When using extension cords and power strips, follow the manufacturer s guidelines and ensure they are rated for the intended use. Additionally, avoid using them as a long-term solution for powering equipment. D. Outdated Electrical SystemsOlder buildings may have outdated electrical systems not designed to handle the power demands of modern technology. This can lead to overloading and other electrical hazards. If you suspect your workplace has an outdated electrical system, consult a licensed electrician to assess the system and make any necessary upgrades. E. Tips For Preventing Electrical Fires To minimize the risk of electrical fires in the workplace, consider the following tips: Regularly inspect and maintain electrical systems, including wiring, outlets, and circuit breakers. Replace damaged or frayed wiring immediately. Use extension cords and power strips according to the manufacturer s guidelines and avoid overloading them. Upgrade outdated electrical systems to meet modern power demands. Train employees on properly using electrical equipment and reporting any potential electrical hazards. By addressing these common electrical problems, you can help reduce the risk of workplace fires and create a safer environment for employees. 2. Smoking Materials Improper use and disposal of smoking materials, such as cigarettes, cigars, and ecigarettes, are leading causes of workplace fires. These fires can result insignificant property damage, injuries, and even fatalities. To minimize the risk of fires caused by smoking materials, consider the following: A. Cigarettes, Cigars, And E-Cigarettes When not extinguished properly, smoking materials can smolder for hours before igniting nearby flammable materials, such as paper, upholstery, or trash. In addition, malfunctioning e-cigarettes and their batteries have been known to cause fires and explosions. B. Designated Smoking Areas And Proper Disposal Of Smoking Materials To reduce the risk of fires related to smoking materials: Create designated smoking areas away from flammable materials and building entrances. These areas should be clearly marked and equipped with appropriate receptacles for disposing of cigarette butts and other smoking materials. Train employees on adequately disposing of smoking materials and ensuring they are fully extinguished before disposal. Regularly clean and maintain smoking areas, including removing accumulated cigarette butts and other debris. C. Fire-Resistant Materials And Ashtrays In designated smoking areas, use fire-resistant materials, such as metal or ceramic ashtrays, to minimize the risk of fires.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.92527388312467, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2644, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.4867523}
{"text": "Regularly clean and maintain smoking areas, including removing accumulated cigarette butts and other debris. C. Fire-Resistant Materials And Ashtrays In designated smoking areas, use fire-resistant materials, such as metal or ceramic ashtrays, to minimize the risk of fires. Regularly empty and clean ashtrays to prevent the buildup of smoking materials. Additionally, consider providing fireresistant trash receptacles in smoking areas to prevent fires caused by the improper disposal of smoking materials. D. Implementing A Smoking Policy In The Workplace A comprehensive smoking policy can help reduce the risk of fires related to smoking materials. This policy should include the following: Designating specific smoking areas and ensuring that employees are aware of their locations. Providing guidelines for the proper disposal of smoking materials. Regularly communicating the importance of fire safety related to smoking materials. Enforcing the policy consistently and addressing any violations promptly. Addressing the risks associated with smoking materials can help protect your workplace from fires and create a safer environment for employees. 3. Human Error Human error is often a contributing factor in workplace fires. Mistakes or oversights can lead to dangerous situations and increase the risk of fires. Here are some common human errors that can cause fires and how to address them: A. Unattended Cooking or Heating Appliances Leaving cooking or heating appliances unattended can lead to overheating or ignition of nearby flammable materials. To prevent fires caused by unattended appliances: Encourage employees to always stay in the area when using cooking or heating appliances. Set timers to remind employees to check on appliances regularly. Ensure that all appliances are turned off and unplugged when not in use. B. Improper Storage of Flammable MaterialsInappropriately storing flammable materials, such as chemicals, solvents, or combustible materials, can increase the risk of fires. To prevent fires related to the improper storage of flammable materials: Follow industry-specific guidelines and regulations for the storage of flammable materials. Clearly label flammable materials and store them in designated, wellventilated areas away from ignition sources. Train employees on the proper handling and storage of flammable materials. C. Inadequate Training On Fire Safety Procedures Lack of proper training can lead to mistakes and oversights that increase the risk of fires.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9266066443673383, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2531, "token_count": 484}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.5149794}
{"text": "Train employees on the proper handling and storage of flammable materials. C. Inadequate Training On Fire Safety Procedures Lack of proper training can lead to mistakes and oversights that increase the risk of fires. To ensure employees are well-prepared to prevent and respond to fires: Provide regular fire safety training, including fire prevention strategies, proper use of fire extinguishers, and evacuation procedures. Conduct fire drills to familiarize employees with evacuation routes and procedures. Encourage employees to report any potential fire hazards or concerns to management. D. Tips For Reducing Human Error-Related Fires Reducing the risk of fires caused by human error involves creating a culture of safety and vigilance. Consider these tips to minimize human error-related fires: Establish clear guidelines and procedures for fire prevention and safety. Train employees on fire safety procedures and the proper use of equipment. Encourage open communication about potential fire hazards and the importance of reporting concerns. Regularly evaluate and update fire safety procedures to address new risks or changes in the workplace. By addressing human error, you can significantly reduce the risk of workplace fires and create a safer environment for employees. 4. Combustible Dust Combustible dust is a serious fire hazard in certain industries, especially those that process powders, grains, or other finely divided materials. This dust can accumulate on surfaces and equipment and ignite, causing a fire or explosion. Here are some common combustible dust-related fire hazards and ways to address them: A. Industries At Risk For Combustible Dust Fires Industries that handle, process, or store combustible dust are at risk for fires and explosions. These industries include food processing, chemical manufacturing, wood processing, and metalworking. To minimize the risk of fires caused by combustible dust: Identify potential sources of combustible dust in the workplace. Train employees on the hazards of combustible dust and the importance of proper housekeeping and ventilation. B. Proper Housekeeping And Dust Control Measures Proper housekeeping and dust control measures can help prevent the accumulation of combustible dust and minimize the risk of fires. To control combustible dust: Develop and implement a comprehensive housekeeping program that regularly cleans all surfaces and equipment, particularly those that come into contact with combustible dust. Use vacuum systems equipped with explosion-proof and dust-tight fittings to collect combustible dust.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9254054789695311, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2616, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.5355315}
{"text": "Proper Housekeeping And Dust Control Measures Proper housekeeping and dust control measures can help prevent the accumulation of combustible dust and minimize the risk of fires. To control combustible dust: Develop and implement a comprehensive housekeeping program that regularly cleans all surfaces and equipment, particularly those that come into contact with combustible dust. Use vacuum systems equipped with explosion-proof and dust-tight fittings to collect combustible dust. Use wet cleaning methods, such as mopping and damp sweeping, to prevent dust generation. C. Proper Ventilation Systems Proper ventilation systems can help control combustible dust buildup and reduce the risk of fires. To ensure proper ventilation: Install an effective ventilation system that provides adequate airflow and removes combustible dust. Ensure that ventilation systems are regularly inspected and maintained by qualified personnel. Monitor airflow and air quality in areas where combustible dust is present. Addressing combustible dust-related fire hazards can protect your workplace from fires and explosions. It s essential to train employees on the hazards of combustible dust, implement proper housekeeping and dust control measures, and ensure that ventilation systems are designed and maintained to control the buildup of combustible dust. 5. Arson Intentional fires set by employees or outsiders can cause significant damage to the workplace, jeopardizing the safety of employees and visitors. These fires can bechallenging to prevent, but implementing certain security measures can help deter arson. Here are some common arson-related fire hazards and ways to address them: A. Intentional Fires Set By Employees Or Outsiders Arson is a deliberate act of setting fires, and it can be difficult to prevent or predict. Motivations for arson can vary from vandalism or theft to revenge or personal conflicts. To minimize the risk of arson: Implement security measures, such as surveillance cameras, guards, and access control systems, to deter and detect potential arsonists. Train employees on the importance of fire safety and report any suspicious activities or behaviour. Conduct background and reference checks on all job applicants, especially those with access to flammable materials or sensitive workplace areas. B. Security Measures To Deter Arson Security measures can help deter arson and minimize its impact. To secure your workplace from arson: Install surveillance cameras in strategic locations, including entrances, exits, and areas with flammable materials. Use access control systems to limit access to sensitive areas of the workplace.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9261044038174084, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2676, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.559235}
{"text": "Security Measures To Deter Arson Security measures can help deter arson and minimize its impact. To secure your workplace from arson: Install surveillance cameras in strategic locations, including entrances, exits, and areas with flammable materials. Use access control systems to limit access to sensitive areas of the workplace. Hire security guards to patrol the premises, especially during non-business hours. Conduct regular fire safety and security training for employees. C. Fire-Resistant Building Materials And Design Fire-resistant building materials and designs can help prevent the spread of fires caused by arson. To minimize the damage caused by arson: Use fire-resistant materials like concrete, brick, or steel to construct the building. Install fire-resistant doors and windows, and keep them closed when not in use. Ensure the building has fire suppression systems, such as sprinklers and fire extinguishers. Regularly inspect and maintain fire suppression systems to ensure their proper functioning. By implementing security measures and using fire-resistant building materials and design, you can help prevent and minimize the impact of fires caused by arson. It s also essential to remain vigilant and create a culture of safety that encourages employees to report any suspicious activities or behavior. 6. Heating Equipment Heating equipment is another common cause of fires in the workplace, especially during colder months. To minimize the risk of fire, it s essential to properly maintain and operate these devices. Here are some potential heating-related fire hazards and ways to address them: A. Space Heaters Space heaters can be a convenient way to provide additional warmth in the workplace, but they also pose a fire risk if not used correctly. To prevent fires related to space heaters, follow these guidelines: Ensure that space heaters are placed on a stable, level surface and at least three feet away from flammable materials such as curtains, furniture, or paper products. Never leave space heaters unattended or running overnight. Use space heaters with built-in safety features, such as tip-over switches and overheat protection. Plug space heaters directly into the wall outlet and avoid using extension cords or power strips. Regularly inspect space heaters for damage or malfunction and discontinue use if any issues are found. B. Central Heating Systems Central heating systems, including forced-air, radiant, and baseboard heating, can cause fires if not properly maintained.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9201478540902923, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2545, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.6040907}
{"text": "Regularly inspect space heaters for damage or malfunction and discontinue use if any issues are found. B. Central Heating Systems Central heating systems, including forced-air, radiant, and baseboard heating, can cause fires if not properly maintained. To reduce the risk of central heating-related fires: Schedule annual inspections and maintenance by a licensed professional. Regularly clean and replace air filters to prevent dust and debris buildup, which can cause overheating. Keep vents and air ducts free of obstructions to ensure proper airflow. C. Boiler And Furnace Malfunctions Boilers and furnaces produce heat in many commercial and industrial settings. Malfunctions in these systems can result in fires or even explosions. To prevent boiler and furnace-related fires: Schedule regular inspections and maintenance by a qualified professional. Safety devices like pressure relief valves and flame supervision systems function correctly. Monitor for signs of overheating, leaks, or other potential hazards, and address any issues promptly. D. Proper Maintenance And Safety Precautions For Heating Equipment By following proper maintenance and safety precautions, you can significantly reduce the risk of fires caused by heating equipment in the workplace: Schedule regular inspections and maintenance for all heating equipment. Train employees on the safe use and operation of heating devices, including space heaters and central heating systems. Establish clear guidelines for the placement and use of space heaters. Monitor heating equipment for signs of malfunction or potential hazards and address any issues promptly. These steps to ensure the safe operation of heating equipment will protect your workplace from fires and contribute to a more comfortable and productive work environment. 7. Poor Housekeeping Poor housekeeping can contribute significantly to workplace fires. The accumulation of clutter, waste materials, and debris can block emergency exits, create fire hazards, and impede the ability of employees to evacuate the building quickly. Here are some common poor housekeeping-related fire hazards and ways to address them: A. Accumulation Of Clutter And Waste Materials The accumulation of clutter and waste materials can create fire hazards by providing fuel for fires and impeding the ability of employees to evacuate the building quickly. To prevent fires caused by clutter and waste materials: Implement a comprehensive housekeeping program that includes regular cleaning of all surfaces and areas of the workplace. Encourage employees to keep their work areas clean and free of clutter.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9255020469157391, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2649, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.5758495}
{"text": "Accumulation Of Clutter And Waste Materials The accumulation of clutter and waste materials can create fire hazards by providing fuel for fires and impeding the ability of employees to evacuate the building quickly. To prevent fires caused by clutter and waste materials: Implement a comprehensive housekeeping program that includes regular cleaning of all surfaces and areas of the workplace. Encourage employees to keep their work areas clean and free of clutter. Establish procedures for properly disposing of waste materials, such as paper, cardboard, and other combustible materials. B. Blocked Emergency Exits And Fire Doors Blocked emergency exits and fire doors can prevent employees from quickly evacuating the building in the event of a fire. To prevent fires caused by blocked emergency exits and fire doors: Ensure that all emergency exits and fire doors are clearly marked and accessible. Develop and practice emergency evacuation plans to ensure employees are familiar with evacuation routes and procedures. Regularly inspect emergency exits and fire doors to ensure they function correctly. C. Regular Cleaning And Maintenance Schedules Regular cleaning and maintenance schedules are essential in preventing fires caused by poor housekeeping. To maintain a clean and safe workplace: Establish regular cleaning and maintenance schedules for all areas of the workplace. Train employees on the importance of housekeeping and the proper use of cleaning equipment and supplies. Conduct regular inspections of the workplace to identify and address potential fire hazards. By addressing poor housekeeping-related fire hazards, you can protect your workplace from fires and ensure the safety of employees and visitors. It s essential to implement a comprehensive housekeeping program, ensure that emergency exits and fire doors are accessible, and establish regular cleaning and maintenance schedules to maintain a safe and healthy workplace. 8. Mechanical Friction Mechanical friction can generate heat and sometimes lead to workplace fires. Overheated machinery, equipment, or their components can ignite flammable materials, liquids, or dust in the vicinity. Here are some common mechanical friction-related fire hazards and ways to address them: A. Overheated Machinery And Equipment Machinery and equipment can overheat due to friction between moving parts, excessive use, or mechanical failures. Overheating can cause fires by igniting nearby flammable materials or even the lubricants used in the equipment. To prevent fires related to overheated machinery and equipment: Ensure that machinery and equipment are operated according to the manufacturer s guidelines.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9279640247500038, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2698, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.6421635}
{"text": "Overheated Machinery And Equipment Machinery and equipment can overheat due to friction between moving parts, excessive use, or mechanical failures. Overheating can cause fires by igniting nearby flammable materials or even the lubricants used in the equipment. To prevent fires related to overheated machinery and equipment: Ensure that machinery and equipment are operated according to the manufacturer s guidelines. Monitor equipment for signs of overheating, such as excessive noise, vibration, or smoke, and address any issues promptly. Maintain proper ventilation in areas where machinery and equipment help dissipate heat. B. Lack Of Proper Maintenance Fires caused by mechanical friction can often be attributed to a lack of proper maintenance. Poor maintenance can lead to excessive wear, misalignments, and other issues that increase friction and the risk of fires. To prevent fires related to poor maintenance: Establish a regular maintenance schedule for all machinery and equipment, including cleaning, lubrication, and inspection of components for wear or damage. Follow the manufacturer s recommendations for maintenance and repairs. Train employees on the importance of machinery and equipment maintenance and their role in preventing fires. C. Importance Of Regular Inspections And Repairs Regular inspections and timely repairs are crucial in preventing fires caused by mechanical friction. Inspections can identify potential issues before they lead to overheating or other hazards. To ensure the safety of your workplace: Schedule regular inspections of machinery and equipment by qualified personnel. Address any identified issues or concerns promptly, including repairs or replacements of worn or damaged components. Maintained detailed records of inspections, repairs, and maintenance to track the condition of machinery and equipment over time. By addressing mechanical friction-related fire hazards, you can protect your workplace from fires and ensure the safe operation of machinery and equipment. 9. Flammable Liquids And GasesFlammable liquids and gases are present in many workplaces and pose a significant fire hazard if not stored and handled properly. These substances can ignite easily and spread quickly, causing fires and explosions. Here are some common flammable liquid and gas-related fire hazards and ways to address them: A. Common Flammable Substances In The Workplace Many workplaces commonly use flammable substances, including gasoline, solvents, paints, propane, and natural gas. Identifying all flammable substances in the workplace is crucial to minimize the risk of fires. B. Proper Storage And Handling Procedures Proper storage and handling procedures can help prevent flammable liquids and gas ignition.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9270151696093162, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2773, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.6234133}
{"text": "Conduct regular safety audits to ensure that employees are following safety protocols. B. Failure To Report Potential HazardsEmployees who fail to report potential fire hazards, such as damaged electrical cords, malfunctioning equipment, or blocked fire exits, can also contribute to workplace fires. To prevent fires caused by failure to report potential hazards: Encourage employees to report any potential fire hazards immediately. Develop a system for reporting and addressing potential fire hazards. Conduct regular inspections to identify potential fire hazards. By addressing negligence-related fire hazards, employers can help prevent workplace fires and protect the safety of employees and visitors. Training employees on safety protocols, encouraging them to report potential hazards, and conducting regular inspections to ensure the workplace is safe and free of fire hazards is essential. Conclusion Fires can cause devastating consequences, and it is important to understand their causes to prevent them from occurring. While some causes of fires are unavoidable, such as natural disasters, others can be prevented with proper education and precautions. Some common causes of fires include cooking equipment, electrical malfunctions, smoking materials, candles, and heating equipment. These causes can be prevented by specific actions such as ensuring proper ventilation, installing smoke detectors, and correctly using the equipment. It is important to be vigilant and take necessary precautions to prevent fires from occurring and protect yourself and your property from their devastating consequences. Remember that prevention is the key to avoiding these dangerous and destructive events. Injuries caused by fire in the work environment a. Burn Injuries There are four categories, or degrees, of burn injuries, signifying the depth to which tissue is damaged: First degree burns. This injury is comparable to sunburn. The victim can expect minor pain and redness erythema on the epidermis, the top layer of skin. Generally, the burn will heal over a few days. Some evidence suggests that these burns may be associated with an increased risk of skin cancer later in life. Second degree burns. The damage extends to the lower layers of the skin the papillary or reticular dermis. Blisters form, and the site is moist and extremely painful to the touch. Bacterial infection and cellulitis are risks with this category of burns. Healing may require several weeks to a month. Third degree burns. The skin is charred at all layers and appears dry and leathery. The site is usually painless because of nerve damage.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9248296744890235, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2642, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.6577652}
{"text": "Third degree burns. The skin is charred at all layers and appears dry and leathery. The site is usually painless because of nerve damage. Natural healing is impossible; the skin must be surgically excised and skin grafts used. The chance of infection is very high. Fourth degree burns. The skin is incinerated at all layers; muscle tissue and bone are charred. Severe nerve damage renders the injury site painless. Thisis a life-threatening injury that may require amputation or extensive plastic surgery. The risk of infection and gangrene is very high. B. Respiratory Injuries The combination of suffocation also called asphyxiation and smoke inhalation during a Wilmington residential fire can be devastating. Breathing injuries are the primary causes of death in U.S. house fires. There are three different components of these injuries: Oxygen-depleted air. A burning fire consumes oxygen from the air. The remaining mix of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide cannot keep a person alive. Carbon monoxide is toxic and bonds more closely than oxygen to the hemoglobin in the blood, making it difficult to revive a patient with oxygen therapy alone. Prolonged exposure to oxygen-depleted air causes confusion, drowsiness, and death. Inhaled hot gases. Inhaling super-heated combustion products can scorch and scar nasal passages and lung tissue. This can lead to permanent and disabling lung problems. Smoke. Smoke consists of carbon particles, ash, volatile organic compounds, and a variety of toxic gases including hydrogen sulfide. These can damage the respiratory system permanently, congest or obstruct breathing, and cause seizures and coma. Fire Hazards and Control Measures Fire hazards refer to any situation, substance, or event that has the potential to cause a fire or increase the likelihood of a fire occurring. Fire hazards, including homes, workplaces, and public buildings, can be found everywhere. Control measures are actions taken to minimize or eliminate the risk of a fire occurring. Some common fire hazards include: 1. Electrical Fires Electrical fires are caused by faulty wiring, overloaded circuits, or malfunctioning electrical appliances. They can occur due to damaged or frayed cords, improper use of extension cords, and outdated or non-compliant electrical systems. Electrical fires are particularly dangerous because they can start inside walls and spread rapidly, often going unnoticed until significant damage has occurred.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9209457568175072, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2482, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.7262287}
{"text": "Electrical Fires Electrical fires are caused by faulty wiring, overloaded circuits, or malfunctioning electrical appliances. They can occur due to damaged or frayed cords, improper use of extension cords, and outdated or non-compliant electrical systems. Electrical fires are particularly dangerous because they can start inside walls and spread rapidly, often going unnoticed until significant damage has occurred. Regular inspection and maintenance of electrical systems and practicing safe usage of electrical appliances can help prevent electrical fires. 2. Cooking Fires Cooking fires are the leading cause of home fires and injuries. They typically occur when food or cooking oil overheats, creating flames that can quickly spread to nearby combustible materials. Unattended cooking, grease buildup, and the improper use of cooking appliances contribute to the risk of cooking fires. To prevent these fires, it is essential to never leave cooking unattended, keep flammable items away from heat sources, and properly maintain and clean cooking appliances. 3. Heating Equipment Fires Heating equipment, such as furnaces, space heaters, and fireplaces, can cause fires when they malfunction or are used improperly. These fires often occur when combustible materials are placed too close to heating devices or when heating equipment is not adequately maintained. To prevent heating equipment fires, follow manufacturer guidelines for usage and maintenance, keep flammable materials at a safe distance, and have heating systems inspected regularly by a professional. 4. Smoking-Related Fires Smoking-related fires typically occur when lit cigarettes, cigars, or pipes come into contact with flammable materials like upholstery, bedding, or curtains. These fires can be particularly deadly, as they often start when occupants are asleep or unaware. To prevent smoking-related fires, never smoke in bed, ensure proper disposal of smoking materials in fire-resistant containers, and avoid smoking while under the influence of alcohol or medication that may cause drowsiness. 5. Arson And Intentional Fires Arson is the deliberate act of setting fire to a property intending to cause damage or harm. These fires can be challenging to predict and prevent, often resulting from criminal or malicious intent. However, implementing security measures, such as surveillance cameras and access control systems, can deter potential arsonists and help identify them if a fire does occur. 6. Combustible Dust Fires Combustible dust fires can occur in industrial settings where fine particles of materials, such as wood, coal, or metal, accumulate and become airborne. If these particles come into contact with an ignition source, they can create a powerful explosion.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9219339808927091, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2755, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.7225108}
{"text": "3. Fire-Resistant Building Materials And Design Utilizing fire-resistant building materials and design techniques can slow fire spread and limit structural damage. These materials, such as fire-resistant drywall, insulation, and doors, can withstand high temperatures and help maintain the structural integrity of the building during a fire. The fire-resistant design also includes creating fire compartments and providing adequate means of escape to ensure occupants can exit safely in the event of a fire. 4. Fire Detection And Alarm Systems These systems are designed to detect the presence of fire, smoke, or high temperatures and alert occupants or emergency services. Smoke detectors sense the presence of smoke, while heat detectors identify rapid temperature increases. Gas detectors, on the other hand, detect the presence of combustible or toxic gases. These devices can be connected to a central alarm system, which will notify occupants and emergency services in case of a fire. 5. Fire Suppression Systems Fire suppression systems are designed to control or extinguish fires, minimizing damage and protecting occupants. Fire extinguishers are portable devices that use chemicals, foam, or other agents to smother a fire. Sprinkler systems are installed in buildings and release water when triggered by heat or smoke. Clean agent systems use inert gases or chemicals to suppress fires without causing harm to people or the environment. These systems can be automatic or manual, depending on the specific application. 6. Emergency Planning And Preparedness This involves creating fire escape plans, conducting fire drills and training, and establishing emergency communication systems. Fire escape plans are essential for ensuring occupants know the quickest and safest routes to exit a building in case of a fire. Regular fire drills and training sessions help familiarize occupants with evacuation procedures and the proper use of fire safety equipment. Emergency communication systems, such as public address systems and emergency call boxes, allow for rapid dissemination of information during a crisis, enabling people to respond efficiently and effectively. 7. Systems Of Work Systems of work must be designed to minimize fire risk. The degree to which this is done and the exact procedures implemented should be decided through the risk assessment process. An example of a safe system of work applied to fire safety is using a permit-to-work system to control hot work where naked flames or a significant ignition source will be created . Typical Precautions For Control Of Hot Work: Combustible and flammable materials are removed from the work area. Items that cannot be removed are covered with fire-retardant blankets. The floor is swept clean. Any wooden floor is damped down.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9206552706552708, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2808, "token_count": 515}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.717283}
{"text": "Items that cannot be removed are covered with fire-retardant blankets. The floor is swept clean. Any wooden floor is damped down. A suitable fire extinguisher is at hand. A fire-watcher is present in the area while the work is carried out. The work area is visited routinely after the work has finished checking the area for smoldering. 8. Good Housekeeping Good housekeeping is fundamental to fire safety and is about keeping the workplace: Waste-free by removing waste regularly e.g. emptying full litter bins so that it does not build up and increase the fire risk as a potential fuel source. Tidy so that combustible and flammable materials are returned to safe storage after use e.g. solvents returned to the solvent store . Well-ordered so that fuel and ignition sources separate e.g. ensuring fan heaters are not obstructed . Pedestrian routes should also be kept clear e.g. with no obstructions by the fire-escape door , so they can be used during a fire evacuation. Fire escape plansIf on fire Stop, Drop, Cover and Roll Smother the flames with a blanket Move away from heat source First aid for burn injuries Protect your own safety at all times For all burns apply cold running tap water for at least 20 minutes If running water not available, wet 2 cloths and alternate them onto the burn every 2 minutes Keep the rest of the body warm Do NOT use ice, butter, creams, etc. Remove clothing and jewellery as they can hold heat on the burn and jewellery can stop blood flow to the burn. Seek medical attention for any burn bigger than a 20 cent coin, or that blisters or if there are any concerns. Ensure that all adults in the household know and understand proper first aid. Where appropriate, children should be taught general first aid principles. STOoPStrip hot clothes jewellery. Turn on cool tap never use ice .Run burn under cool water for10 minutes. Keep the rest of theperson warm. Organise medical assistance 999, A E, GP .Protect burn with cling film orclean cloth Do not use dressings,fluffy cloth, creams or lotions .", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8953120937234567, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2089, "token_count": 490}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.771592}
{"text": "In these situations, it is crucial to shut off the power supply first before extinguishing the fire using an appropriate fire extinguisher. Class D Fires Class D fires involve combustible metals, such as magnesium or titanium. These fires require special extinguishing agents designed for Class D fires, as regular extinguishing methods may be ineffective or even dangerous. Evacuation Procedures In the event of a fire, quick and safe evacuation is vital. Here are the key steps to follow during an evacuation: Alerting Others Immediately notify others about the fire by activating fire alarms or verbally informing them. Time is of the essence, and early warning can save lives. Assessing the Situation Before moving towards an exit, assess the situation for any potential hazards or obstacles. If necessary, choose an alternative evacuation route. Escaping Safely Move swiftly but calmly towards the nearest exit, following the predetermined escape plan. Crawl low if there is smoke, as cleaner air is closer to the floor. Do not use elevators during a fire. Fire Safety in Specific Settings Fire safety practices may vary depending on the specific setting. Here are some considerations for different environments:Home Fire Safety Install smoke detectors on each floor of your home. Keep flammable materials away from heat sources. Develop and practice a family fire escape plan. Teach children about fire safety and the hazards of playing with fire. Workplace Fire Safety Familiarize yourself with workplace fire safety protocols and evacuation plans. Attend fire safety training sessions provided by your employer. Keep work areas clean and free from clutter. Report any potential fire hazards to the appropriate authority. School Fire Safety Schools should have well-maintained fire alarm systems and conduct regular fire drills. Educate students about fire safety and the importance of following fire evacuation procedures. Ensure that fire exits are clearly marked and accessible. Have a designated assembly area for students and staff during evacuations. Fire Safety Equipment and Maintenance Regular maintenance of fire safety equipment ensures its effectiveness when needed. Consider the following: Fire Sprinkler Systems Fire sprinkler systems automatically detect and suppress fires. Regular inspections and maintenance are essential to ensure their proper functioning. Fire Alarm Systems Fire alarm systems provide early warning of a fire. Test these systems regularly and replace batteries as needed. If a fire alarm is faulty, report it immediately for prompt repair. Fire Extinguisher Maintenance Fire extinguishers should be inspected and serviced annually by professionals. Ensure that they are easily accessible, properly labeled, and have clear instructions for use.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9299856527977045, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2788, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.8195224}
{"text": "If a fire alarm is faulty, report it immediately for prompt repair. Fire Extinguisher Maintenance Fire extinguishers should be inspected and serviced annually by professionals. Ensure that they are easily accessible, properly labeled, and have clear instructions for use. Conclusion Fire safety is a critical aspect of protecting ourselves and others from the devastating consequences of fires. By understanding fire safety principles, implementing preventive measures, and being prepared to respond effectively, we can minimize the risk of fires and mitigate their impact. Additionally, knowledge of basic first aid techniques for fire-related injuries equips us to provide immediate assistance and support to those in need. Remember, fire safety is a collective responsibility. By taking proactive measures, spreading awareness, and practicing fire safety in our homes, workplaces, and schools, we can create a safer environment for everyone. Firefighting methods Cooling method The principle of this fire extinguishing method is to spray the fire extinguishing agent directly on the burning object to reduce the temperature of combustion below the ignition point and stop the combustion. Or spray the fire extinguishing agent on the material near the fire source, so that it will not form a new fire point due to the heat radiation of the flame. The cooling fire extinguishing method is one of the main methods of fire extinguishing, and water and carbon dioxide are commonly used as fire extinguishing agents to cool down and extinguish the fire. The fire extinguishing agent does not participate in the chemical reaction in the combustion process during the fire extinguishing process. This method is a physical fire extinguishing method. Isolation method The isolation fire extinguishing method is to isolate or remove the burning material from the surrounding unburned combustible material, interrupt the supply of combustible material, and stop the combustion due to lack of combustible material. The specific methods are:1. Remove combustible, combustible, explosive and combustion-supporting materials near the fire source; 2. Close the valves of combustible gas and liquid pipelines to reduce and prevent combustible substances from entering the combustion zone; 3. Try to block the scattered flammable and combustible liquids; 4. Demolition of flammable buildings adjacent to the fire source to form a space zone to prevent the spread of fire. Asphyxiation The suffocation fire extinguishing method is a fire extinguishing method that prevents the air from flowing into the combustion zone or uses the incombustible zone or dilutes the air with incombustible substances, so that the burning substance does not get enough oxygen and extinguishes.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9256679868354996, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2758, "token_count": 512}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.775302}
{"text": "Try to block the scattered flammable and combustible liquids; 4. Demolition of flammable buildings adjacent to the fire source to form a space zone to prevent the spread of fire. Asphyxiation The suffocation fire extinguishing method is a fire extinguishing method that prevents the air from flowing into the combustion zone or uses the incombustible zone or dilutes the air with incombustible substances, so that the burning substance does not get enough oxygen and extinguishes. The specific method is: 1. Cover the burning material with incombustible or non-combustible substances such as sand, cement, wet sack, wet quilt; 2. Spraying water spray, dry powder, foam and other fire extinguishing agents to cover the burning material; 3. Fill containers and equipment in fire with water vapor, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and other inert gases; 4. Airtight fire buildings, equipment and holes; 5. Spray non-combustible gas or non-combustible liquid such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, carbon tetrachloride, etc. Into the combustion area or on the combustion materialElectrical accidents Electrical hazards A hazard is something that has the potential to cause harm. Electricity is a hazard, as it can cause severe injury and even death. The main hazards are: Contact with live electrical parts resulting in electric shock and burns. Electrical faults, causing fires. Fire or explosions from electricity igniting a flammable or explosive atmosphere. Uncontrolled electrical hazards can cause Electrical injuries. Severe pain Heart failure Breathing difficulties Muscle spasms, which can cause other injuries such as fractures Tissue, nerve and muscle damage Burns Electrocution Arc flash Electric shock Other serious injuries Fires or explosions, posing a threat to life, property, and the overall safety of a place and its occupantsElectric shock A person can receive an electric shock if they come into contact with live electrical parts or if electricity arcs. An electric shock can result in minor or severe harm. It can also cause death, which is known as electrocution. Coming into contact with live electrical parts can: Cause severe pain. Stop the heart from beating properly. Prevent a person from breathing.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9093439456472769, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2252, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.8099267}
{"text": "Coming into contact with live electrical parts can: Cause severe pain. Stop the heart from beating properly. Prevent a person from breathing. Cause muscle spasms, which can cause other injuries such as fractures. Cause tissue, nerve and muscle damage. The injuries from an electric shock are varied and will depend on: The voltage and current The higher the voltage and current, the likelihood of death increases. However, just 50 volts AC can cause a person s heart to stop and prevent breathing. The path of the current If it travels through vital organs, it can cause more damage. The length of exposure to the current Injuries will be more severe if exposed for longer. The resistance Wet skin reduces resistance and allows for the current to flow more freely. It is the electrical current that makes electricity dangerous, as it can flow through the body. Alternating current AC is considered more dangerous than direct current DC , as it can cause internal damage even at a smaller magnitude. However, both AC and DC are dangerous, above a particular voltage, and have different effects on the body. The voltage allows the current to enter the body, as it reduces the resistance. It is not always the electric shock that causes injury either. It can contribute to other accidents, e.g. falling from a ladder whilst working at height. Burns When an electrical current flows through the body, it heats tissues as it travels, which can cause severe burns and internal tissue damage. Electrical burns can be severely disabling and can leave extensive scarring. Severe burns may even result in major surgery and amputations. Burns are more common with high voltages, but they can occur at 230 volts if the current flows for longer. Burns can also occur when a person: Receives an electric shock due to arcing jumping . Arcing also creates ultraviolet radiation, which can damage a person s eyes. Touches electrical equipment that has become hot due to a fault thermal burns . Is caught in a fire caused by an electrical fault. Fire and explosion Workers do not have to come into direct contact with electricity to be harmed by it. Electricity can be an ignition source, which can cause fires and even explosions if there is an explosive atmosphere. Electrical accidents involving fires and explosions can result in multiple fatalities, severe injuries and extensive property damage.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9108723599632691, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2420, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.859151}
{"text": "Fire and explosion Workers do not have to come into direct contact with electricity to be harmed by it. Electricity can be an ignition source, which can cause fires and even explosions if there is an explosive atmosphere. Electrical accidents involving fires and explosions can result in multiple fatalities, severe injuries and extensive property damage. Injuries can vary depending on the seriousness of the fire explosion and how far a person is from the event. Most electrical accidents and injuries occur as a result of the following: Not isolating electrical installations and equipment properly before working on them. Working on or near live electrical systems thought to be dead. Inadequate information and instruction provided on electrical risks. A lack of training and competence to undertake tasks involving electricity. Inadequate training is one of the main causes of electrical accidents. An unsafe safe system of work. Using electrical equipment in wet conditions or touching it with wet hands. Faulty, damaged and defective electrical systems, wiring and equipment. Misuse of electrical equipment and appliances. Poor design, construction and installation of electrical installations and wiring. Overloading of electrical systems causing them to overheat, e.g. plugging too many devices into a circuit and using incorrectly rated fuses. Inadequate maintenance, inspection and testing of electrical systems and equipment. The risk of an electrical accident will be higher for those working directly on or adjacent to live electrical equipment and with higher voltages. However, all workers and others on the premises are at some risk where electricity is used in the workplace In addition to the hierarchy of control, other measures can also minimize electrical risks. Here are some tips: Do Ensure the power supply is regularly tested by a competent person and taken out of service if unsafe. Keep isolators and other electrical systems clear at all times and clearly identify them with signs. Ensure anyone working with electricity is trained and competent. The level required will depend on the task, e.g. maintenance of electrical equipment will require a higher level of training and competence. Use portable electrical equipment safely, e.g. not misusing it, using it for its intended purpose and storing it properly after use. Fully pull out electrical extension reels when in use to prevent overheating. When defrosting raw foods, keep them away from other foods to prevent cross-contamination. Complete a pre-use check of electrical equipment to ensure it is safe.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9214013709063215, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2626, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.849551}
{"text": "Fully pull out electrical extension reels when in use to prevent overheating. When defrosting raw foods, keep them away from other foods to prevent cross-contamination. Complete a pre-use check of electrical equipment to ensure it is safe. Switch off and unplug electrical equipment during maintenance, cleaning, repairing or adjusting. Switch off all non-essential electrical equipment at the end of the working day. Not only is this safer, but it also saves energy. Do not Do not overload sockets, as this can cause overheating and fire. Do not force a plug into a socket if it does not fit. Do not route electrical cables where they could be damaged or where someone could trip. Use cable protectors if they cannot be re-routed. Do not use electrical equipment with wet hands or near water. Do not keep liquids by electrical equipment, e.g. open drinks next to computers. Do not plug multiple extension leads together daisy-chaining . Do not pull electrical equipment out of a socket by its lead. Always grip the plug. Electrical shock: First aid The danger from an electrical shock depends on the type of current, how high the voltage is, how the current traveled through the body, the person's overall health and how quickly the person is treated. An electrical shock may cause burns, or it may leave no visible mark on the skin. In either case, an electrical current passing through the body can cause damage inside the body, cardiac arrest or other injury. Under certain circumstances, even a small amount of electricity can be fatal. When to contact your doctor A person who has been injured by contact with electricity should be seen by a health care provider. Symptoms of an electrical injury Often, the main symptom of the electrical injury is a skin burn. High-voltage injuries may cause severe internal burns. If muscle damage is extensive, it swells to the extent that the arteries are compressed. Toddlers who bite or suck on extension cords can burn their mouth and lips, causing added deformities and growth problems of the face and other facial structures. A minor shock may cause muscle pain causing the person to startle and or fall. The electricity may also cause abnormal heart rhythms causing heart problems or exacerbating current ones. The nerves and brain may also be affected which may cause memory and behavioral problems.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9125888749477207, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2391, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.9116056}
{"text": "A minor shock may cause muscle pain causing the person to startle and or fall. The electricity may also cause abnormal heart rhythms causing heart problems or exacerbating current ones. The nerves and brain may also be affected which may cause memory and behavioral problems. Caution Don't touch an injured person who is still in contact with an electrical current. Call your local emergency number if the source of the burn is a high-voltage wire or lightning. Don't get near high-voltage wires until the power is turned off. Overhead powerlines usually aren't insulated. Stay at least 20 feet about 6 meters away farther if wires are jumping and sparking. Don't move a person with an electrical injury unless there is immediate danger. When to seek emergency care Call your local emergency number if the injured person experiences: Severe burns Confusion Difficulty breathing Heart rhythm problems Cardiac arrest Muscle pain and contractions Seizures Loss of consciousness Take these actions immediately while waiting for medical help: 1. Turn off the source of electricity, if possible. If not, use a dry, nonconducting object made of cardboard, plastic or wood to move the source away from you and the injured person. 2. Begin CPR if the person shows no signs of circulation, such as breathing, coughing or movement. 3. Try to prevent the injured person from becoming chilled. 4. Apply a bandage. 5. Separate the person from the current source before giving any first aid. 6. Call the emergency number or nearby medical responders if available . 7. If the electricity source cannot be turned off, use insulating objects such as brooms or chair to push the person affected away from the currentElectrical Injuries: first aid Electrical injuries occur when an electrical current passes through the body that causes inadvertent damage and burns to the internal organs thereby affecting their functions. Faulty electrical lines, machinery and appliances may result in an electrical injury. Others causes of electrical injuries may occur with contact with household wiring or power lines. There are a number of factors that determine the intensity of the injury such as the type of current, the duration of exposure and many others. This page will outline the symptoms and management of an electrical burn. This page is for learning purposes only.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9053905562616092, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2385, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.892779}
{"text": "There are a number of factors that determine the intensity of the injury such as the type of current, the duration of exposure and many others. This page will outline the symptoms and management of an electrical burn. This page is for learning purposes only. To learn to recognize and manage minor and severe electrical burns register for a Canadian standard first aid course with one of our training providers. First Aid for an electrical injury Check for breathing Separate the person from the current source before giving any first aid. Turn off the electrical current, unplug the cord, turn off or remove the fuse from the fuse box. Simply turning off the appliance or machine may not stop the electricity flow. Call the emergency number or nearby medical responders if available If the electricity source cannot be turned off, use insulating objects such as brooms or chair to push the person affected away from the current. Do not use wet or metal objects and ensure that you are standing on something dry and does not conduct electricity such as rubber mat or newspapers Once the person is away the source of electricity, check the person s airway and breathing pattern as well as the person s pulse. If you notice a burn in the person s body, remove the clothing over the affected area and rinse the burned area with cool running water until the pain subsides. Do not apply anything ice, water, toothpaste or ointments on the affected site; do not break the blisters; never remove the dead skin. If the person fainted and become unconscious, lay him down his back with his head slightly lower than the rest of the body and cover him with a warm blanket. If you suspect cervical or spine injury related to electrical injury, never move the person. Speak to a doctor about medication for pain. Composite materials A composite material is a combination of two materials with different physical and chemical properties. When they are combined they create a material which is specialized to do a certain job, for instance to become stronger, lighter or resistant to electricity. They can also improve strength and stiffness.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.91810144253141, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2149, "token_count": 435}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.9393513}
{"text": "Composite materials A composite material is a combination of two materials with different physical and chemical properties. When they are combined they create a material which is specialized to do a certain job, for instance to become stronger, lighter or resistant to electricity. They can also improve strength and stiffness. The reason for their use over traditional materials is because they improve the properties of their base materials and are applicable in many situations Common composite materials include Masonry and reinforced concrete Composite wood, such as Plywood Reinforced plastics, such as fiberglass Ceramic matrix composites Metal matrix composites Various other advanced composite material What are the Different Types? Some common composite materials include: Ceramic matrix composite: Ceramic spread out in a ceramic matrix. These are better than normal ceramics as they are thermal shock and fracture resistant Metal matrix composite: A metal spread throughout a matrix Reinforced concrete: Concrete strengthened by a material with high tensile strength such as steel reinforcing bars Glass fibre reinforced concrete: Concrete which is poured into a glass fibre structure with high zirconia content Translucent concrete: Concrete which encases optic fibres Engineered wood: Manufactured wood combined with other cheap materials. One example would be particle board. A specialty material like veneer can also be found in this composite Plywood: Engineered wood by gluing many thin layers of wood together at different angles Engineered bamboo: Strips of bamboo fibre glued together to make a board. This is a useful composite due to the fact it has higher compressive, tensile and flexural strength than wood Parquetry: A square of many wood pieces put together often out of hardwood. It is sold as a decorative piece Wood-plastic composite: Either wood fibre or flour cast in plastic Cement-bonded wood fibre: Mineralized wood pieces cast in cement. This composite has insulating and acoustic properties Fiberglass: Glass fibre combined with a plastic which is relatively inexpensive and flexible Carbon Fibre reinforced polymer: Carbon fibre set in plastic which has a high strength-to-weight ratio Sandwich panel: A variety of composites that are layered on top of each other Composite honeycomb: A selection of composites in many hexagons to form a honeycomb shape. Papier-m ch : Paper bound with an adhesive.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9225130890052357, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2483, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.9268446}
{"text": "It is sold as a decorative piece Wood-plastic composite: Either wood fibre or flour cast in plastic Cement-bonded wood fibre: Mineralized wood pieces cast in cement. This composite has insulating and acoustic properties Fiberglass: Glass fibre combined with a plastic which is relatively inexpensive and flexible Carbon Fibre reinforced polymer: Carbon fibre set in plastic which has a high strength-to-weight ratio Sandwich panel: A variety of composites that are layered on top of each other Composite honeycomb: A selection of composites in many hexagons to form a honeycomb shape. Papier-m ch : Paper bound with an adhesive. These are found in crafts Plastic coated paper: Paper coated with plastic to improve durability. An example of where this is used is in playing cards Syntactic foams: Light materials created by filling metals, ceramics or plastics with micro balloons. These balloons are made using either glass, carbon or plastic Careers related to use of composite materials Careers in the fibre glass and plastics industry 1. Grinder Primary duties: Grinders are responsible for operating, maintaining and repairing machines that break large plastics into smaller pieces for processing purposes. They follow specified instructions and engage in a variety of grinding activities. Grinders work closely with other plastics employees to prevent loss of production and keep production efficient. Prior to a grinding operation, they inspect machinery to prevent any potential malfunctions. They also lubricate the grinding wheels so the machine is able to grind more effectively. After grinding plastics, they may also use hand tools to file or finish the surface of the plastic product. 2. Blow molding technician Primary duties: Blow molding technicians are responsible for operating machines that mold plastic objects by blowing air into the plastic, causing it to expand. They assemble blow molding machines, maintain them and make repairs as necessary. They also provide instructions to the employees who cut and prepare the molded parts. Blow molding technicians ensure the general cleanliness of blow molding machines and may perform thorough inspections of both the machines and any blow molding equipment prior to using them. They may also assist with thetraining of additional molding personnel and educate them about important safety processes. 3. Patternmaker Primary duties: Patternmakers are responsible for creating plastic foundry patterns and making sure that patterns conform to the desired specifications. They use measuring instruments like scales and micrometers to measure plastic items and operate machines like drill presses to produce more distinct patterns.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9239096724870359, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2712, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360543.9747143}
{"text": "3. Patternmaker Primary duties: Patternmakers are responsible for creating plastic foundry patterns and making sure that patterns conform to the desired specifications. They use measuring instruments like scales and micrometers to measure plastic items and operate machines like drill presses to produce more distinct patterns. They may also adapt or repair a damaged pattern or a template and use computer-aided design software to produce new designs. Patternmakers frequently work with plastic manufacturers and other professionals to ensure their patterns are accurate. 4. Plastic manufacturer Primary duties: Plastic manufacturers are responsible for molding, casting and assembling products made from plastic, including combs, dishes, toys, car parts and a number of other items. They ensure the machines that help to construct the items function properly. During blow molding, injection molding and compression molding, they engage in quality control processes to ensure the products meet the specified requirements. They may use blenders or color mixers to produce colored plastic materials and mix different colors together. When working around hot machines and plastics and drilling and cutting plastic parts, manufacturers often employ safety precautions to prevent potential accidents. 5. Quality control technician Primary duties: Quality control technicians are responsible for performing inspections of finished plastic goods, checking the dimensions of goods to ensure they're compliant with desired specifications, monitoring for various defects and establishing a system to report and repair defects. Technicians often help to train the plastics employees who create and assemble the plastic goods and instruct them on how to best exceed customer expectations and produce high-quality goods. They create and implement a set of quality control standards and communicate any quality issues to production managers and supervisors. They may also conduct regular audits of a facility's overall operations. 6. Production supervisorPrimary duties: Production supervisors are responsible for managing and leading plastics and manufacturing employees. They coordinate production activities with suppliers to optimize machines, employees and processes. Production supervisors create production schedules for employees to follow to ensure the timely shipment of goods, review production and operating reports, help solve maintenance and manufacturing issues, document operations procedures and establish channels of communication to allow for additional accountability between management and employees. They may also assist with the preparation of new moldings, equipment and supplies, and train and educate new plastics employees on production processes. 7. Mold maker Primary duties: A mold maker in the plastics industry is responsible for producing precision moldings and ensuring that they can mass-produce each molding with a high degree of accuracy. Precision moldings are plastic moldings that eventually become high-quality consumer goods. Mold makers mix modeling materials with other substances to create molds.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9291382515707208, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 3129, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.0029256}
{"text": "Mold maker Primary duties: A mold maker in the plastics industry is responsible for producing precision moldings and ensuring that they can mass-produce each molding with a high degree of accuracy. Precision moldings are plastic moldings that eventually become high-quality consumer goods. Mold makers mix modeling materials with other substances to create molds. They also adapt and modify molds for plastic injection moldings and other operations. Prior to the molding process, a mold maker might use measuring and gauging tools to perform an inspection before a large-scale molding operation. They may also provide assistance to millwrights and machinists during the injection molding process. 8. Maintenance manager National average salary: 70,148 per year Primary duties: Maintenance managers in the plastics industry are responsible for making repairs to manufacturing equipment, improving injection molding and managing other maintenance employees. They help manage the movement of plastic molds to and from manufacturing facilities, track expenditures and labor costs to ensure compliance with the manufacturing facility's budget and implement programs to reduce costs and improve production processes. They also manage bids for construction work and research new processes to implement to improve output. Maintenance managers frequently monitor plastics employees to ensure they're in compliance with health, safety and environmental regulations and ordinances. 9. Assembler Primary duties: In the plastics industry, assemblers are responsible for assembling a variety of plastic products, in addition to tools and machinery. They create, decorate and package finished goods according to specifications and work instructions. Assemblers often inspect and test the finished goods for defects prior to packaging them and notify a production manager if they find any. They may also label the product according to available instructions and meet with supervisors and other plastics personnel to discuss the implementation of new safety regulations and work standards. 10. Plastics engineer Primary duties: Plastics engineers are responsible for designing and creating materials, molds, tools and other items made from plastic. They develop and assemble new injection molding equipment, manage plastics projects, provide other engineers with assistance during the plastics production process and ensure other engineers follow any applicable safety requirements. They also work to find ways to lower the cost of manufacturing and analyze customer requirements to ensure all molded products are of high quality. Plastics engineers may also perform tests of the finished products and establish specifications for new product designs. 11. Injection mold operator Primary duties: Injection mold operators are responsible for assembling and operating machines that shape plastic.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9261835109723119, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2878, "token_count": 481}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.0226707}
{"text": "Plastics engineers may also perform tests of the finished products and establish specifications for new product designs. 11. Injection mold operator Primary duties: Injection mold operators are responsible for assembling and operating machines that shape plastic. They implement quality control measures to ensure each mold meets the required specifications, manage any issues that might arise during the molding process, make any necessary repairs to machinery and perform routine maintenance and order new parts, if necessary. Injection mold operators help to ensure that the work environment is safe and that all employees follow any applicable health and safety regulations. They may assemble a variety of molding equipment according to design directions or building blueprints and clean the equipment after using it. 12. Plant manager Primary duties: Plant managers in the plastics industry are responsible for the daily operations of a plastics department or manufacturing facility. They helpsupervise plastics employees and provide them with regular operational and developmental training. Plant managers develop and implement strategic plans to enhance production and make quality improvements. They review manufacturing processes and look for opportunities to make innovations, reduce costs and improve the quality of finished goods. They may also research different types of plastics to determine which ones are likely to be the most effective Careers in Construction With Salaries and Duties The construction industry offers a variety of careers with work on commercial, industrial, private or civil engineering projects. Whether new construction, renovations and remodeling or performing maintenance and repairs, the construction field is a strong employment option for many. Knowing about the various careers in construction and what they do and earn can help you decide if it's the field for you. 1. Tile setter Primary duties: A tile setter covers walls, floors, ceilings and stairs with various tile materials, like ceramic, porcelain, marble, terrazzo or mosaic. They mix and apply setting materials like grout, ensure the proper placement and clean the tilesafter installation. Tile setters often work for construction companies or masonry contractors or are self-employed. 2. Drywall finisher Primary duties: A drywall finisher measures, cuts and sets drywall panels around mechanical structures, wall frames or other building elements and can create simple or ornamental surfaces through various application methods and tools. They apply the finish material and restore or maintain plaster or putty on partitions, ceilings and interior or exterior walls. Drywall finishers even out dents, apply the desired coating or color and level off the top layers of the exterior of a building. 3. Quantity surveyor Primary duties: A quantity surveyor is responsible for setting and managing the budgets for construction projects.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9250084947332654, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2943, "token_count": 514}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.0342367}
{"text": "Drywall finishers even out dents, apply the desired coating or color and level off the top layers of the exterior of a building. 3. Quantity surveyor Primary duties: A quantity surveyor is responsible for setting and managing the budgets for construction projects. They visit job sites and review blueprints to prepare estimates, and they negotiate contracts to secure specific prices for their clients. Quantity surveyors also complete administrative tasks, such as documents detailing and recording project costs and reconciling project versus company finances. 4. Roofer Primary duties: A roofer is a skilled trade worker who specializes in roof construction. They replace, repair or install the roof on nearly any type of architecture from single-family homes and garages to large-scale buildings, like hospitals, schools or shopping malls. They are knowledgeable about various roofing styles, like gabled, flat, gambrel or hip roofs. Roofers help customers or project managers choose from tiles, wood shingles, metal or other roofing materials and coordinate to ensure projects finish on time. 5. Elevator technician Primary duties: An elevator technician, also called an elevator mechanic, installs, assembles, replaces or maintains large equipment like elevators, escalators, moving walkways, or chairlifts. They may do large-scale installations, like assembling several pieces of each equipment type at an airport or shopping mall, or do smaller installations, like one elevator in an office building. 6. Sprinkler fitter Primary duties: A sprinkler fitter is a type of plumber who installs, modifies, inspects, tests, and repairs sprinkler systems. They install new fixtures or repair and replace outdated ones by soldering and welding tubes, pipes and fittings. Sprinkler fitters also educate the public about the importance of fire prevention and using sprinkler systems, doing speaking engagements or working with community leaders. Most sprinkler fitters work for plumbing or construction companies, though some are independent contractors. 7. Foreperson Primary duties: A foreperson coordinates and supervises a crew of workers within their trade, like masonry, electricians or general contractors. They keep track of schedules, project deadlines or milestones, deliveries or supplies and ensure workers skillfully do their job. Forepeople can also work within subsets of the construction field, too, like hardscaping and landscaping on the exterior spaces of construction projects, for example. 8. Millwright Primary duties: A millwright handles the installation, maintenance and setup of industrial machinery and equipment used on construction sites.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9197709221119714, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2666, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.1400461}
{"text": "Forepeople can also work within subsets of the construction field, too, like hardscaping and landscaping on the exterior spaces of construction projects, for example. 8. Millwright Primary duties: A millwright handles the installation, maintenance and setup of industrial machinery and equipment used on construction sites. They use specialized tools, like welders or hydraulic bolters, to align and replace the individual parts of machinery. Millwrights also handle moving machinery on- and off-site. 9. Cabinetmaker Primary duties: A cabinetmaker reads architectural blueprints and builds the woodwork, cabinetry, furniture and other ornamental design elements for a project. They work with materials like laminate, wood and fiberglass to build or repair pieces. Most cabinetmakers work for furniture manufacturers, construction companies and contractors or are self-employed. 10. Glazier Primary duties: A glazier is a construction worker who works with glass installation. From insulated glass that keeps warm or cool air to tempered glass that breaks less, glaziers install or replace windows, mirrors, skylights, storefronts, display cases or shower doors. Some glaziers also work with plastic, marble, granite and other glass substitutes used in construction. 11. Solar installer Primary duties: A solar installer, sometimes called a photovoltaic PV installer, assembles and maintains rooftops or other systems that turn sunlight into energy. They read renderings to measure, cut and bold the framing and solar modules and perform electrical current checks to ensure the system works under code and standards. 12. Sheet metal mechanic Primary duties: A sheet metal mechanic fabricates and installs thin metal sheets for various construction applications. They fasten metal seams, weld, bold and build support framework. Sheet metal mechanics often work for fabrication plants, construction companies, factories or even aircraft builders. 13. Civil engineer Primary duties: A civil engineer designs and oversees public construction and public works projects, such as airports, bridges and roads. They research potential project locations to learn about the areas, use software to design structures and present their ideas. Civil engineers often have administrative tasks, such as submitting permits, managing the project and preparing 14. Structural engineer Primary duties: A structural engineer is a specialized type of civil engineer focused on developing structures that withstand pressure, such as bridges and dams. They evaluate existing structures or plans for structures to determine how gravity and lateral loads may affect them, prepare cost estimates, submit permits and supervise construction. When necessary, structural engineers may advise on the best way to demolish structures safely.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9189780351070673, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2808, "token_count": 516}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.0799222}
{"text": "Structural engineer Primary duties: A structural engineer is a specialized type of civil engineer focused on developing structures that withstand pressure, such as bridges and dams. They evaluate existing structures or plans for structures to determine how gravity and lateral loads may affect them, prepare cost estimates, submit permits and supervise construction. When necessary, structural engineers may advise on the best way to demolish structures safely. 15. Architect Primary duties: An architect draws plans and designs buildings, whether for new construction, redevelopment or renovation. They have high-level design and drawing skills to create safe, functional and unique designs for projects of all sizes, like housing developments, libraries, airports, government buildings, churches, shopping plazas, highways and city planning projects. Career options in ceramics include: Pottery or ceramics instructor General art teacher Ceramic artist Pottery designer Ceramic manufacturer Assistant Professor- Design Ceramics Ceramic Engineer Ceramic and Glass Designer Design Studio Assistant Model Maker Product Designer Careers in the paper industry 1. Production operator Primary duties: A production operator is a manufacturing professional who works in assembly lines to inspect and complete products. These operators assess line machine performance to troubleshoot potential issues for production efficiency. Production operators remove defective materials or products from assembly lines to ensure quality control measures. 2. Print technicianPrimary duties: A print technician manages printing equipment, programming and set up. These technicians review product specifications to calibrate printers with the correct color control or page arrangement settings. Print technicians collect printed pages for cutting, compressing, assembling and binding. 3. Screen printer Primary duties: A screen printer works with their clients to develop print designs, patterns and stencils. These professionals operate printers, mix and load ink, along with preparing materials for printing. Screen printers perform maintenance on their machines to reduce potential errors, such as inkblots, smudges or misprints. 4. Printer Primary duties: A printer manages the development of print product designs and implementation. These professionals may design books, labels or newspapers, along with deciding on printing methods to accomplish those designs. Printers supervise print orders to ensure they remain consistent with client demands. 5. Production worker Primary duties: A production worker packages completed products in the manufacturing process. These workers review products and process them on conveyor belts for final packaging. Production workers operate packing machinery, along with cleaning and maintaining them for a safe work environment. 6.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9203258493939996, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2876, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.0885663}
{"text": "These workers review products and process them on conveyor belts for final packaging. Production workers operate packing machinery, along with cleaning and maintaining them for a safe work environment. 6. Press operator Primary duties: A press operator operates presses to produce an image or text on materials. These operators develop printing plates with their client's desired designs, along with setting up machinery to ensure that prints are successful and free of errors. Press operators clean and maintain their equipment to ensure printing accuracy. 7. Wood finisher Primary duties: A wood finisher handles chemical treatment products to achieve certain effects or looks on wood products. These finishers sand, shape and treatwood with solutions to alter their texture, color and durability. Wood finishers might spray, brush or rub finishing products to restore or seal them. 8. Print manager Primary duties: A print manager oversees printing production processes and product quality. These managers train and supervise printing personnel to maintain operational standards. Print managers review completed print products to identify errors and areas for improvement with workflow or equipment management. 9. Bindery operator Primary duties: A bindery operator is a publishing professional who operates paper binding machinery. These operators inspect and prepare binding materials to ensure accuracy. Bindery operators remove unwanted products or byproducts from machine operating areas to maintain a clean and safe work environment. 10. Framer Primary duties: A framer is a construction professional who builds or repairs wooden frames for buildings. These professionals may specialize in framing for residential, commercial or industrial buildings or for floors, roofs or walls. Framers read blueprints and communicate with contractors to determine wood materials and construction methods. 11. Sales associate Primary duties: A sales associate is a company or brand representative who provides customers with product recommendations or solutions. These associates engage customers and answer their questions to persuade them to purchase a product. Sales associates listen to customer demands to help them find the product that fits their needs. 12. Maintenance mechanic Primary duties: A maintenance mechanic programs and repairs machinery. These mechanics test and troubleshoot equipment to identify problem areas and perform repairs. Maintenance mechanics perform preventative maintenance and parts replacements to ensure machine functionality and optimization. 13. Laboratory technician Primary duties: A laboratory technician is a scientific professional who provides research and experimentation support. These technicians label, categorize and document laboratory samples, along with operating equipment to test them. Laboratory technicians enter their test results in a 14. Quality specialist Primary duties: A quality specialist tests and reviews products for defects or malfunctions. These specialists assess component qualities and functions to determine if they meet product specifications.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9233580785834042, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 3113, "token_count": 517}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.115948}
{"text": "Laboratory technicians enter their test results in a 14.Quality specialist Primary duties: A quality specialist tests and reviews products for defects or malfunctions. These specialists assess component qualities and functions to determine if they meet product specifications. Quality specialists identify inconsistencies and develop strategies to minimize production errors for higherquality results.15.General manager Primary duties: A general manager handles the daily operations of a business, from staffing to marketing. These managers hire, train and supervise personnel to enforce business standards and safety regulations. General managers perform business evaluations to identify areas for improvement and implement goals and budgets.16.Carpenter Primary duties: A carpenter is a construction professional who installs and repairs wood structures. These professionals inspect frameworks and wood components to identify damages and develop methods to repair or improve them. Carpenters work with other construction professionals, such as installers, inspectors or roofers.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9227397260273973, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1095, "token_count": 176}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.1488404}
{"text": "Disadvantages Flavour and some color may be lost from the food into liquid. Loss of nutrients especially water-soluble vitamins may be high. Foods to Boil Eggs: Hard- and soft-boiled eggs require different stovetop boiling times. Generally speaking, aim for 5 minutes for a soft yolk, and 6-7 for a hard-cooked egg. For more details, see my other egg cooking techniques, including one in the Instant Pot. Pasta: Every pasta is different, but the goal is to boil until the pasta is al dente, or to the tooth. Ideally, the pasta should still provide some resistance instead of being completely soft all the way through. Potatoes and root vegetables: Depending on the density and size of the potato or root vegetable, this can vary. It is considered cooked when the tip of a sharp knife can be inserted easily into the vegetable without too much resistance. Blanching vegetables: No more than a few moments for green vegetables like broccoli, green beans, and spinach. Grains: Every grain has its own unique cooking time, so read the instructions carefully. Spelt, farro, quinoa, millet, wheat berries all cook up beautifully with boiling. Rice: If you don t use a rice cooker, boiling rice is the next best way to cook it. Brown, wild, and black varieties all take much longer than any of the white rices, so plan accordingly and read the instructions on the label of each carefully. Some rice requires exact measurements of water for an accurate rice-towater ratio, while others can be boiled freely in water and then drained. Ways to Make Water Boil Faster The old adage of a watched pot never boils seems true if you ve ever waited an eternity for a large stock pot of water to heat up. If you re wondering what you can do to speed up the process, there s some science that suggests that adding a water-soluble substance like salt or sugar to the liquid can lower the boiling temperature somewhat and make that water boil faster. If that doesn t appeal to you, put the lid on your pot and that should help. Safety Rules The boiling utensil should be matched with the quantity of food to be cooked. If not enough space is available water will spill as it boils. The food handler should take care when placing foods into or removing items from, boiling liquids.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HOME-SCIENCE-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.906026298951437, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2286, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.196636}
{"text": "If it hasn t, all is not lost: just filter it out with a strainer or coffee filter. Once your starch has cooled enough to handle, spray it generously on your fabric and press as desired. If you desire more or less stiffness in your fabric, you can alter the recipe to suit your needs. Safety precautions to be observed when carrying our various special treatments - Wearing protective equipment s - Washing hands regularly - Ensure surfaces are dry and not watery to avoid falls - Chemical disinfection should be used with a lot of care.- Always check for objects inside clothing s that can cause injury - Ensure you carry out special treatment in open place or laundry room.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-JUNIOR-SECONDARY-HOME-SCIENCE-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9120588235294118, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 680, "token_count": 135}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.1740751}
{"text": "There are two main mouse types: optical and mechanical. The optical mouse uses an electronic eye to detect movement and is easier to clean. The mechanical mouse uses a rolling ball to detect movement and requires regular cleaning to work properly. Mouse alternatives There are other devices that can do the same thing as a mouse. Many people find them easier to use, and they also require less desk space than a traditional mouse. The most common mouse alternatives are below. Trackball: A trackball has a ball that can rotate freely. Instead of moving the device like a mouse, you can roll the ball with your thumb to move the pointer. Touchpad: A touchpad also called a track pad is a touchsensitive pad that lets you control the pointer by making a drawing motion with your finger. Touchpads are common on laptop computers. Assembling and disassembling computer case Part1: How to assemble a CPU step by step This part is all about CPU assembling. Specifically, you have to be very careful with this process. Following are the steps to assemble CPU: 1. Take Inventory 2. Make space and time 3. Prepare your CPU case 4. Install motherboard 5. Install the processor 6. Install the processor heat sink 7. Install the RAM 8. Install SMPS 9. Install the HDD 10. Install CD DVD drive 11. Connect Expansion cards 12. Install SYS Rear cooling fan 13. Bus cable connection 14. Power Cable connection 15. Front Panel connector connection1. Take Inventory: Before you start, take inventory of your parts. Make sure you have the following components and tools with you. 1. Case Tower Cabinet 2. Motherboard 3. Processor 4. Heat Sink and CPU Fan 5. SMPS 6. Hard disk drive 7. CD DVD drive 8. RAM 9. CMOS Battery 10. A good screwdriver sets 2. Make Space, Make Time: Building a PC takes space. You can use your dining room table to build your PC. So, make sure you have plenty of working space and a few hours to proceed with minimal interruption. You must work on a flat, stable tabletop surface or bare floor, where you have room to lay out all of the items, to begin with, assemble. 3. Prepare your CPU cabinet: Now it is time to prepare the case.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8707619842129399, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2152, "token_count": 512}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.210264}
{"text": "You must work on a flat, stable tabletop surface or bare floor, where you have room to lay out all of the items, to begin with, assemble. 3. Prepare your CPU cabinet: Now it is time to prepare the case. Remove the case cover from the CPU cabinet. You need to check Screw brass standoffs are perfectly placed or not. If it is not in a proper position, in that case, you need to position them accurately. Always check the manual and follow their instructions 4. Install the motherboard: Fig: motherboard and Back panel cover You must take great care, especially when installing the motherboard. First, remove the motherboard of its packaging and put it on top of the antistatic bag it came in. Remember, you always want to safeguard your components from potentially hazardous static electricity. 1. You need to secure the motherboard onto the PC case chassis and inspect carefully for any visible defects. 2. Next, review the motherboard handbook, to make sure you are familiar with the motherboard layout and understand which socket is which. Manuals are immensely helpful, usually easy to read, and include illustrations instructions. 3. Check the layout of the sockets on the motherboard. And confirm that the ports on your motherboard s back panel match the holes on the case s Input output I O shield installed in your case. If it is necessary, then remove the old I O shield bytapping it firmly a few times with the thicker end of a screwdriver. And then replace it with the shield that came with the new motherboard. 4. You need carefully position the motherboard on top of the brass standoffs. After that line up all the holes, use the screws that accompanied the case to fasten down the motherboard. 5. Don t forget to place the CMOS in the proper position. 5. Install the processor CPU : Fig: CPU placement 1. Use the unlocking mechanism to open the CPU socket which is, usually a lever. 2. Carefully line up the pins and place the chip in its socket; it will fit only when oriented correctly. An arrow or a missing pin on one corner of the chip will show you how to line things up. 3. Align with the triangular symbol with the processor and socket key marks, as shown in the Figure. 4. Lower the lever to lock the CPU into place. 6. Install the CPU heat sink: You should follow the manufacturer instructions to install the heat sink and the cooling fan.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8969389965975477, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2368, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.2276788}
{"text": "Lower the lever to lock the CPU into place. 6. Install the CPU heat sink: You should follow the manufacturer instructions to install the heat sink and the cooling fan. If you bought an OEM CPU and a separate heat sink, then you need to spread a thin layer of the thermal grease over the chip. The thermal grease ensures proper transfer of heat. There are some heat sinks that come with this grease already applied. In that case, you don t need to use thermal grease over the chip. 1. Attach the clip that holds the heat sink in place, keeping in mind that it may require a fair amount of force. Again, follow the instructions that came with the heat sink. They will show you how to fit it correctly. If you are in doubt, you can visit the manufacturer s website for more information. 2. Plug the CPU fan s power connector into the proper connector on the motherboard. 7. Install RAM memory: Fig: Install RAM 1. Unlock the two tabs from both ends of the RAM slot. 2. To install the RAM, insert them into the proper sockets and push down firmly but evenly until the clips on both sides of the socket pop into place. If yourmotherboard supports dual-channel memory, consult the user manual to determine which pairs of RAM sockets you should use. 8. Install the Power Supply Unit SMPS : Fig: Install Power supply unit SMPS 1. Place the SMPS inside the CPU cabinet in the proper position. If you are not able to find the correct location, then check the manual. 2. Final steps, to install SMPS, you need to tighten the screw to secure the SMPS to the case. 9. To install HDD: You can see a 3.5 inch bay inside the CPU cabinet. If you are unable to find it, then check the manual of the case to identify the bay location. Place the HDD inside the bay properly and tighten the screw. Fig: Install drives 10. To install CD DVD: You can see a 5.25 inch bay inside the CPU cabinet. If you are unable to find it, check the manual of the case to identify the bay location. Place the CD DVD inside the CPU cabinet to align with the 5.25-inch bay. And, finally, you need to tighten all the screws to hold firmly. 11. Install Expansion cards: Expansion cards help to increase the functionality of your computer. You can place Expansion cards on the motherboard.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8858231678486999, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2250, "token_count": 514}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.2498674}
{"text": "11. Install Expansion cards: Expansion cards help to increase the functionality of your computer. You can place Expansion cards on the motherboard. Fig: Install Expansion Cards PCI compatible expansion cards can place on the PCI slots of the motherboard. PCI-e compatible expansion cards can place on the PCI-e slots of the motherboard. Video cards or graphics cards can place on the AGP slot of the motherboard. You must know about various parts of a motherboard such that, you can effortlessly identify the different connectors. 12. Install Sys Rear cooling fan: Cooling FansFind the location where you can place the Sys Rear cooling Fan. Generally, SYS Rear cooling can place below the SMPS. Fig: Cooling fans 13. Bus cable connection: Amazingly, bus cable or data cable connections are prime connections. Bus cable helps to share information or data between the storage device and motherboard. Sata-pata bus and connector If your motherboard has a SATA Bus connector, then you need to use SATA cables. AND if your motherboard has a PATA Bus connector, then you can use PATA cable or IDE cable. In general, two bus cables need to connect inside the CPU. First, Bus cable connects the HDD and motherboard. And the second Bus cable connects the CD DVD drive and motherboard. 14. Power Cable connection: Fig: Cable connection This one is the final step of assembling a CPU. You need to provide power to the different parts of the CPU. Plug the ATX power connector from your power supply into the matching port on your motherboard. 1. You can find a 20 24 pins ATX power connector port on the motherboard. The 20 24 pins ATX power connector cable coming from SMPS needs to connect here. Check the lock system in both ends of the connector and the port, and place it properly. As always, refer to your motherboard s manual for the exact locations. 2. There is another 4-pins ATX power connector port, you can find on the motherboard. You can locate this port near the processor socket. You must connect the 4-pins power connector in this port properly. 15. Front Panel connector connection: Use your motherboard user manual and find the description of front-panel connectors. First, attach each of the tiny leads from the power and reset switches. After that, the hard-disk activity lights, the PC speaker, and any front-panel USB to the corresponding pin on your motherboard. Part2: How to assemble PC This one is the final part of assembling a computer system.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8985667232354138, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2461, "token_count": 517}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.288977}
{"text": "First, attach each of the tiny leads from the power and reset switches. After that, the hard-disk activity lights, the PC speaker, and any front-panel USB to the corresponding pin on your motherboard. Part2: How to assemble PC This one is the final part of assembling a computer system. 1. Check your keyboard connector port. If it is a USB connector, then connect your keyboard into the proper USB port. And if it is a PS 2 connector, then connect to the correct, PS 2 port. 2. Same steps you need to follow to connect your mouse into the proper port. 3. You require a VGA Video Graphic Array cable to connect the monitor and CPU. Find the 15 pins male connector on the backside of the CPU cabinet and your monitor. Use the VGA cable to connect the CPU cabinet and the monitor. Finally, you need to tighten the lock screws. 4. If you have a speaker, you can connect the speaker on the backside of your CPU cabinet. To get sound from the speaker, you need to plug the speaker s cable with the Aux port. 5. And if you have a printer, you can connect the printer on the backside of your CPU cabinet. These days, you can connect your speaker BUS cable on the USB port. Finally, connects power to the various parts of your computer. You have to connect the power cable with the CPU case, monitor, speaker, and printer. Check your PC Set-Up: It is time to turn on your system and check your PC set up. Make sure the keyboard, mouse, and monitor are all plugged into the appropriate ports on the back of the PC. Plug the power cord back in, and turn the machine on. To boot a computer you need hardware and software. Till now you have understood to assemble a computer. If you want to work on that computer you need to install an Operating System. If you do not know how to install an operating system on a computer, check the following two articles: Disassembling a PC? Disassembling a PC means disconnecting the different components of a PC. Steps for disassembling a PC Generally, people want to know both assemble and disassemble steps of a computer. Therefore I am sharing my ideas to help you to assemble and disassemble a computer system. 1. Unplugged the AC power supply to the PC from the wall socket 2. Remove the Cover or chassis or case. 3.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8947719107517474, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2248, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.3384674}
{"text": "Unplugged the AC power supply to the PC from the wall socket 2. Remove the Cover or chassis or case. 3. Unplugged bus cables and ATX power cables 4. Remove Adapter Cards if any 5. Now Remove the processor and the heat sink and fan 6. Remove hard disk and CD DVD drives 7. Next, remove the Memory Modules 8. Remove the Power Supply SMPS 9. Finally, Remove the Motherboard1. Unplugged the AC power supply to the PC from the wall socket This one is the first step to begin a PC disassemble process. Always remember first disconnect all the power supply connected to your computer system before starting to remove parts. 2. Remove the case covering Loose the screws and remove the case covering to access the inside parts of the CPU cabinet case. 3. Unplugged bus cables and ATX power cables Disconnect all the cables one by one inside the CPU case. First, disconnect ATX power cables from the motherboard. After that, disconnect power supply cables, bus cables from the HDD SSD, and motherboard. 4. Remove adapter cards if any If any adapter is connected then, disconnect the card from the motherboard. 5. Remove the processor and the heat sink and fan Now its time to remove the heat sink from the motherboard. Generally, the CPU fan and the heat sink attach together. If it is separated in that case, you need to remove the fan first after that, you can remove the CPU heat sink. In the final step, unlock the processor socket and remove the processor from the motherboard carefully. 6. Remove hard disk and CD DVD drives Its time to remove the other parts of the computer system. Remove the Hard disk drive or SSD from the motherboard. You can also remove the CD DVD drive from the CPU case. Sometimes, to remove CD DVD drive from the CPU case, you need to remove the front cover of the CPU cabinet case first. After that, you can remove the ROM drives. 7. Remove memory modules In this process, you do remove the RAM from the motherboard. First, unlock the RAM from both ends and pull the RAM carefully. 8. Remove the Power Supply Unit PSU Already you know, SMPS supplies power to the various parts of the computer system. Here you need to remove the SMPS from the CPU cabinet case. 9. Remove the motherboard The final step of the PC disassemble process is this one.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8915866144085527, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2274, "token_count": 513}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.333547}
{"text": "Here you need to remove the SMPS from the CPU cabinet case. 9. Remove the motherboard The final step of the PC disassemble process is this one. Carefully remove the motherboard from the CPU cabinet case. Note: Remember, bolts or screws are the very essential things. They help to make rigid, all the parts used inside the computer. To remove any part from the computer system mostly, you need to take out bolts first. Here in PC disassemble steps, I have ignored that portion. Conclusion Assembling and disassembling a computer system is not a difficult task but requires keen observation and knowledge of the different components of thesystem. You need to be extra careful when fitting in these components and make sure that they are not fitted forcefully but firmly. In case of hardware failure or to install new add-on cards, you need to have good knowledge to assemble and disassemble a computer system Major parts of a computer case https: www.youtube.com watch?v HB4I2CgkcCo Inside a computer Have you ever looked inside a computer case, or seen pictures of the inside of one? The small parts may look complicated, but the inside of a computer case isn't really all that mysterious. This lesson will help you master some of the basic terminology and understand a bit more about what goes on inside a computer. Motherboard The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board. It's a thin plate that holds the CPU, memory, connectors for the hard drive and optical drives, expansion cards to control the video and audio, and connections to your computer's ports such as USB ports . The motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer. CPU processor The central processing unit CPU , also called a processor, is located inside the computer case on the motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry out commands. Whenever you press a key, click the mouse, or start an application, you're sending instructions to the CPU. The CPU is usually a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip located inside. The chip is usually about the size of a thumbnail. The CPU fits into the motherboard's CPU socket, which is covered by the heat sink, an object that absorbs heat from the CPU. A processor's speed is measured in megahertz MHz , or millions of instructions per second; and gigahertz GHz , or billions of instructions per second. A faster processor can execute instructions more quickly.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9133942022021106, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2462, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.354518}
{"text": "The CPU fits into the motherboard's CPU socket, which is covered by the heat sink, an object that absorbs heat from the CPU. A processor's speed is measured in megahertz MHz , or millions of instructions per second; and gigahertz GHz , or billions of instructions per second. A faster processor can execute instructions more quickly. However, the actual speed of the computer depends on the speed of many different components not just the processor. RAM random access memory RAM is your system's short-term memory. Whenever your computer performs calculations, it temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed. This short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're working on a document, spreadsheet, or other type of file, you'll need to save it to avoid losing it. When you save a file, the data is written to the hard drive, which acts as long-term storage. RAM is measured in megabytes MB or gigabytes GB . The more RAM you have, the more things your computer can do at the same time. If you don't have enough RAM, you may notice that your computer is sluggish whenyou have several programs open. Because of this, many people add extra RAM to their computers to improve performance. Hard drive The hard drive is where your software, documents, and other files are stored. The hard drive is long-term storage, which means the data is still saved even if you turn the computer off or unplug it. When you run a program or open a file, the computer copies some of the data from the hard drive onto the RAM. When you save a file, the data is copied back to the hard drive. The faster the hard drive, the faster your computer can start up and load programs. Power supply unit The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of power needed by the computer. It sends power through cables to the motherboard and other components. If you decide to open the computer case and take a look, make sure to unplug the computer first. Before touching the inside of the computer, you should touch a grounded metal object or a metal part of the computer casing to discharge any static buildup. Static electricity can be transmitted through the computer circuits, which can seriously damage your machine. Expansion cards Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to add various types of expansion cards. These are sometimes called PCI peripheral component interconnect cards.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9139506672058229, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2473, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.3985484}
{"text": "Static electricity can be transmitted through the computer circuits, which can seriously damage your machine. Expansion cards Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to add various types of expansion cards. These are sometimes called PCI peripheral component interconnect cards. You may never need to add any PCI cards because most motherboards have built-in video, sound, network, and other capabilities. However, if you want to boost the performance of your computer or update the capabilities of an older computer, you can always add one or more cards. Below are some of the most common types of expansion cards. Video card The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Most computers have a GPU graphics processing unit built into the motherboard instead of having a separate video card. If you like playing graphics-intensive games, you can add a faster video card to one of the expansion slots to get better performance. Sound card The sound card also called an audio card is responsible for what you hear in the speakers or headphones. Most motherboards have integrated sound, but you can upgrade to a dedicated sound card for higher-quality sound. Network card The network card allows your computer to communicate over a network and access the Internet. It can either connect with an Ethernet cable or through a wireless connection often called Wi-Fi . Many motherboards have built-in network connections, and a network card can also be added to an expansion slot. Bluetooth card or adapter Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication over short distances. It's often used in computers to communicate with wireless keyboards, mice, and printers. It's commonly built into the motherboard or included in a wireless network card. For computers that don't have Bluetooth, you can purchase a USB adapter, often called a dongleTHE MOTHERBOARD Power supplyfor CPUfan24pins ATMountingPete xt PetesMotherboard Definition of the Motherboard A motherboard is the main circuit board inside a computer that connects the different parts of a computer together. It has sockets for the CPU, RAM and expansion cards and it also hooks up to hard drives, disc drives and front panel ports with cables and wires. Motherboard is also known as a mainboard, planar board or logic board, system board, mobo or MB. It links all the individual parts of a computer together and also, allows the CPU to access and control these separate parts. Other than bridging internal components, the motherboard ports also allows you to connect external devices to the computer.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9209176976369053, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2613, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.4431214}
{"text": "Motherboard is also known as a mainboard, planar board or logic board, system board, mobo or MB. It links all the individual parts of a computer together and also, allows the CPU to access and control these separate parts. Other than bridging internal components, the motherboard ports also allows you to connect external devices to the computer. Such external devices would include the monitor, speakers, headphones, microphone, keyboard, mouse, modem and other USB devices. Functions of the Motherboard The functions of a computer motherboard are as follows: i. The motherboard acts as the central backbone of a computer on which other modular parts are installed such as the CPU, RAM and hard disks. Ii. The motherboard also acts as the platform on which various expansion slots are available to install other devices interfaces. Iii. The motherboard is also responsible to distribute power to the various components of the computer. Iv. They are also used in the coordination of the various devices in the computer and maintain an interface among them. V. Some of the Sizes in which the motherboards are available are : BTX, ATX, mini-ATX, micro-ATX, LPX, NLX etc.. Types of Motherboards A computer s motherboard is typically the largest printed circuit board in a machine s chassis. It distributes electricity and facilitates communication between and to the central processing unit CPU , random access memory RAM , and any other component of the computer s hardware. There is a broad range of motherboards, each of which is intended to be compatible with a specific model and size of the computer. To comprehend what motherboards are and what they do, we must first examine their various types and specifications. 1. Advanced Technology AT motherboard Due to their larger physical dimensions which can be measured in hundredths of millimeters , these motherboards do not work properly with computers that fall into the category of smaller desktops. A larger physical size makes it more difficult to install new hardware drivers. The power connections on these motherboards are in the form of sockets and plugs with six prongs each. Due to the difficulty in recognizing these power connections, users often have issues while trying to connect and operate them. In the 1980s, motherboards of this sort were all the rage, and they continued to be manufactured far into the 2000s. 2. Standard ATX motherboard ATX is an enhanced version of the AT motherboard that Intel created in the 1990s.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9123086271545655, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2499, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.4312308}
{"text": "In the 1980s, motherboards of this sort were all the rage, and they continued to be manufactured far into the 2000s. 2. Standard ATX motherboard ATX is an enhanced version of the AT motherboard that Intel created in the 1990s. Its name means advanced technology extended, and its initials stand for advanced technology. Unlike AT, it is much more compact and enables the associated components to be interchanged. The connection elements have witnessed significant progress and development. 3. Micro ATX motherboardThe length and width of these motherboards, measured in millimeters, are also 244 mm size metrics will differ as per the manufacturer . This motherboard has fewer ports and slots than the Standard ATX board. Users who do not want excessive connections and subsequent upgrades, like adding more RAM, an extra GPU, or other Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI cards, are better suited for this kind of motherboard than others. This motherboard may be installed in any case with enough space to accommodate 244 mm by 244 mm. It can also be installed in larger cases that are compatible with Standard ATX or eXTENDED ATX motherboards. 4. Extended ATX motherboard The dimensions of this motherboard are 344 millimeters by 330 millimeters dimensions will differ with different manufacturers . This motherboard supports a single or a twin CPU configuration and has up to eight RAM slots. Additionally, it has a higher number of PCIe where e is for Express and PCI slots, which may be used to add PCI cards for a wide range of applications. Workstations and servers are both able to use this software. There is sufficient room on all eATX motherboards, making them ideal for desktop computers, thanks to the significant space provided for airflow and the attachment of various components. 5. Flex ATX motherboard These ATX Form Factor mainboards do not enjoy the same degree of popularity as their ATX Form Factor counterparts. They are the ones within the ATX family that are considered the most compact. They were designed to occupy a minimal amount of space and had a minimal price tag. Flex ATX is a modification of mini ATX that Intel created between 1999-2000. It is a motherboard standard. 6. Low-Profile EXtended LPX motherboardIn comparison to previous iterations, this has two significant enhancements.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8982219931131626, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2334, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.4096034}
{"text": "4. RAM memory RAM slots connect the random access memory RAM to the motherboard. RAM allows the computer to temporarily store files and programs that are being accessed by the CPU. Computers with more RAM capacity can hold and process larger files and programs, thus enhancing performance. However, RAM contents are erased when the computer is shut down. A computer usually has two RAM slots. However, some computers have up to four RAM slots in the motherboard to increase the available memory. 5. Basic input output BIOS system The BIOS contains the firmware of the motherboard. It consists of instructions about what to do when the computer is turned on. It is responsible for initializing the hardware components and loading the computer s operating system. The BIOS also allows the computer s operating system to interact and respond with input and output devices such as a mouse and keyboard. In some motherboards, the legacy BIOS is replaced by the modern extensible firmware interface EFI or the unified extensible firmware interface UEFI . UEFI and EFI allow the computer to boot faster, provide more diagnostic andrepair tools, and provide a more efficient interface between the operating system and computer components. 6. Chipsets The chipsets of a computer control how the computer hardware and buses interact with the CPU and other components. Chipsets also determine the amount of memory users can add to a motherboard and the type of connectors that the motherboard can have. The first type of chipset is the northbridge chipset. The northbridge manages the speed at which the CPU communicates with the components. It also controls the processor, the AGP video slot, and the RAM. The second type of chipset is the southbridge chipset. The southbridge chipset controls the rest of the components connected to the computer, including communication between the processor and expansion ports such as USB ports and sound cards. 7. Cooling fans The heat generated when electric current flows between components can make a computer run slowly. If too much heat is left to build up unchecked, it could damage computer components. Thus, a computer performs better when kept cool. Cooling fans increase the airflow, which helps to remove heat from the computer. Some elements, such as video adapter cards, have dedicated cooling fans. 8. Adapter cards and expansion slots Adapter cards are integrated into the motherboard to enhance a computer s functionality. Examples include sound and video adapters. The expansion slots allow users to install compatible adapter cards.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.917674882589641, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2586, "token_count": 486}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.49467}
{"text": "Adapter cards and expansion slots Adapter cards are integrated into the motherboard to enhance a computer s functionality. Examples include sound and video adapters. The expansion slots allow users to install compatible adapter cards. Examples of expansion slots include the peripheral component interconnect PCI slot, the AGP slot which enables the insertion of video cards , the PCI Express serial bus slot, and the PCI-extended slot. 9. CMOS batteryThe CMOS battery is a small round battery found on the motherboard of every computer. It provides power to the complementary metal oxide semiconductor CMOS chip. The CMOS chip stores BIOS information and computer settings, even when powered down. The CMOS battery allows users to skip resetting BIOS configurations, such as boot order, date, and time settings, each time they power on their computer. 10. Storage devices Storage drives store data permanently or retrieve data from a media disk. The storage devices can either be installed in the computer as hard drives or in removable drives that can connect to the computer through the USB ports. Hard disk drives HDD or solid-state drives SSD are computers primary storage drives. Computers with SSDs execute tasks much faster and perform better than HDDs. Users can also use optical drives such as compact discs to store information. 11. Front panel connectors Front panel connectors connect the light-emitting diode LED lights on the front of the case to the hard drive, the power button, the reset button, and the internal speaker for testing. Some USB and audio devices also have LED lights. These front panel connectors are usually plugged into small pins on the motherboard. Although the pins are grouped and color-coded, their layout structure varies depending on the model of the motherboard. 12. Power connector The power connector provides an electric supply to the computer to function as intended. The power supply connector has 20 pins and converts 110-V AC power into -12-Volt, -5-Volt, and 3.3-Volt direct current DC power. Functions of a Motherboard The following are seven functions of a motherboard:1. Manages data flow The BIOS component of the motherboard ensures that the operating system interacts well with input and output devices, such as the keyboard and mouse, to process instructions. This ensures that the data sent to the computer moves as expected to perform the intended purpose. It also manages data flow through its USB ports, allowing for data transfer between devices. Additionally, it ensures the processor can access information from the RAM to boost efficiency. 2.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9050096602049831, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2627, "token_count": 516}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.50167}
{"text": "It also manages data flow through its USB ports, allowing for data transfer between devices. Additionally, it ensures the processor can access information from the RAM to boost efficiency. 2. Conserves resources The motherboard saves consumers time, energy, and money by connecting all the computer connects. The motherboard provides a platform on which manufacturers can connect all the necessary components to ensure that the computer functions. Thus, saving consumers time and energy as they do not have to assemble and connect different parts manually. Moreover, collecting the individual components can prove costly as consumers would be forced to incur additional transport and other miscellaneous costs. 3. Optimizes power distribution The motherboard provides and distributes power optimally. Computers require electricity to function. The motherboard has a power connector plugthat connects the computer to a power source and converts it into a form of electrical power that the computer can use. After that, the motherboard ensures that the electric current is distributed optimally to different system components. The motherboard has an integrated circuit technology with pre-defined connections that ensure each element gets the necessary power. Moreover, the circuits ensure less energy is consumed to make the computer an energyefficient machine. 4. Drives communication The motherboard makes communication between different components easier. For a computer to process a particular set of instructions, sometimes it may require several components to communicate and work together to complete the task. In such scenarios, the motherboard relies on its circuit technology to enable communication between these components. The motherboard may also depend on some of its components, such as the CPU, BIOS, expansion ports, and USB ports, to interact with the computer s operating system. 5. Enhances performance The motherboard boosts the capabilities of a computer. Motherboards often transform the capabilities of a computer. For instance, they have additional features and functionalities, such as built-in sound and video capabilities that can enhance the computer s output. Motherboards also allow users to connect peripheral devices such as printers, enabling computers to perform additional tasks such as printing documents. Additionally, users can expand and upgrade factory-made motherboard parts such as memory slots or hard disks to boost the capabilities of their computers. 6. Improves reliability A good motherboard boosts the overall reliability of the computer. A highquality motherboard provides a stable foundation for its components to operate on. A good motherboard has proper cooling, and its integrated circuit technology is set in place. These factors enable it to control the computer s hardware efficiently by ensuring that each element functions as expected andcommunicates with the other components.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9251089535121209, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2940, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.5192742}
{"text": "Data bus 3. Control bus The buses connect the CPU microprocessor to each of the memory and I O devices. The CPU is involved in sending or receiving information to or from memory location, input or output device, and a secondary memory device FDD or HDD . When the CPU sends data to a device or memory, it is called WRITE operation and when the CPU receives data it is called READ operation. The functions of buses are described now. Address Bus The address bus is unidirectional, information flows over it only in one direction, from the CPU to the memory or I O devices. The CPU generates addresses on the lines of the address bus. Each of the addresses corresponds to one memory location or one I O device. When the CPU wants to communicate with READ or WRITE , a certain memory location or I O device, it places the appropriate address on its address output. This address is then decoded to select the desired memory location or I O device. This decoding process usually requires address decoder circuits. Microprocessor local buses Data Bus The data bus is bidirectional and data can flow to the CPU through it. The data bus can be either input or output depending on whether the CPU performs a READ or a WRITE operation. During READ operation the data bus receives data that has been placed on the data bus by memory or I O device selected by the address. During WRITE operation the data bus acts as the output and places data on the data bus which are sent to a selected memory location or I O device. Control Bus The control bus consists of a set of signals that are used to synchronize the activities of separate microcomputer elements. Some of these control signals are sent by the CPU to the other components to tell them the type of operation in progress. The I O devices can send control signals to the CPU. Read Write, Rest, and interrupt are examples of control signals used in a microcomputer. Other busesCOMPUTER MONITOR OR VIDEO DISPLAY UNIT TYPES, AND FEATURES VDU 1. Short for visual display unit, VDU is an any device used with computers to display text and images. For example, a flat-panel display and a projector are both examples of VDUs. However, VDU most commonly describes the CRT cathode ray tube monitor, a now archaic standard replaced by flat-panel display methods like LED lightemitting diode . Early VDUs had a 13\" screen size.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.912183427489247, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2368, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.5339098}
{"text": "For example, a flat-panel display and a projector are both examples of VDUs. However, VDU most commonly describes the CRT cathode ray tube monitor, a now archaic standard replaced by flat-panel display methods like LED lightemitting diode . Early VDUs had a 13\" screen size. By the mid-1990s, 15\" and 17\" VDU screen sizes became more common, with some 20\" screen sizes being released. By the early 2000s, flat-panel monitors with 15\" and 17\" screen sizes gained popularity and started replacing CRT monitors. 2. Short for video display unit, VDU is a computing device that allows input from a user and output to a display, like a computer monitor. A VDU consists of a display device and a keyboard and could include a mouse. In the United States, it is sometimes known as a video display terminal or VDT video display terminal . Please note The computer monitor is an output device that is used to display softcopy data that is processed on the system unit. A computer monitor is also known as a screen or Visual Display Unit VDU . Some types of computer monitors are CRT, LCD, TFT, Plasma, OLED, LED, touch screen, and curved screens. To acquire a new computer screen, some of the features to consider are resolution, size, technology, refresh rate, video connector, aspect ratio, and viewing angle among other factors. Types of Computer monitors Computer monitors have evolved from the bulky big Cathode Ray Tube monitor to the ultra-slim curved screen that we have today. Some of the computer monitor types that you will find in the market include: 1. Cathode Ray Tube CRT . These are the oldest types of computer monitors and they used the technology of cathode rays. On the back of the screen, there is a cathode gun that shot rays through a vacuum into the screen. The screen has an anode and material that glows when hit by the electrons. The rays hit the glowing material and the image is created appropriately. The monitor had a long back side because the front and cathode gun had to be at a distance for it to give the best results. 2. Liquid Crystal Display LCD . They used the crystal liquid which is easy to be manipulated and changed when light strikes it. Compared to CRT they are lightweight, slimmer, and use less power. 3.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8937728144388044, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2250, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.5896912}
{"text": "They used the crystal liquid which is easy to be manipulated and changed when light strikes it. Compared to CRT they are lightweight, slimmer, and use less power. 3. Light emitting diode LED It uses the light-emitting diode as the backlight which makes it slim because it doesn t need the distance that is required in CRT. They produce images with high resolution, are slimmer, less bulky, and produce less heat and less power. 4. Organic Light Emitting Diode OLED It is the latest technology an improvement from LED but still very expensive to produce in bulky. It has an organic substrate that glows when electricity is passed through it. They use less power and they are even slimmer because they don t need backlight since the substrate can produce light. 5. Touchscreens monitors Currently, computer screens are manufactured to take instruction from the human touch. An operating system such as Microsoft Windows 8 and above versions was developed to support a touch screen operation. There are 4 main technologies used for touch screens. A. Capacitive touch screen These screens use the capacitor concept which stores charge. Since the human body has electrical charges when you touch the screen at a specific position you discharge that particular point. The information is then sent to the processor which interprets what needs to be done. They are mostly used on smartphones in today s applications. B. Resistive touch screen The resistive screen uses the concept of resistors where it has two layers with a gap between them. For it to be effective the user has to press and not just touch because the two layers must make contact at the point where it has been pressed. When it is pressed the point can be identified and interpreted appropriately. These touch screens can be touched with a finger and any other objectthat can exact pressure and not a must that it has electrical changes. C. Infrared touch monitors They have an infrared emitter and receiver which create an invisible grid of rays. When you touch the screen you disrupt the ray transmission which is then recorded as a touch. D. Surface acoustic wave monitor These touch screens use sound waves to detect the touch. They have transducers and receivers on the opposite corners of the screen. When you touch the screen you disrupt the sound wave which is sensed as a touch command. 6. Plasma display panel They are flat-panel types of screens made up of small cells containing plasma. Plasma contains charged particles ions and electrons .", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9142524573442568, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2521, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.59948}
{"text": "6. Plasma display panel They are flat-panel types of screens made up of small cells containing plasma. Plasma contains charged particles ions and electrons . When electricity is passed through them they emit light which forms an image. They are not common computer screens because they are more economical for big-size screens. 7. Curved computer monitor These are replacing flat screen monitors by offering a curved viewing screen. They offer a better viewing angle compared to a flat screen Factors to consider when choosing a good computer monitor1. Resolution: It is the number of pixels that can be displayed per inch of the screen. The higher the number the more clear the image that is displayed. 3. Aspect ratio: It is the ratio of the length horizontal and width vertical of the monitor. It determines how the image will be stretched on the screen. The main ratios are 4:3 and 16:10. 4. Viewing angle: It is the angle where you can view the image without distortion. CRT screens had a wide viewing angle than LCD screens. 5. Power consumption: LCD uses the least power compared to CRT and OLED type of technology. Less power means power is conserved and also it reduces overheating. 6. Technology: screen comes from different technology modes as discussed in different types above. The technology will determine the image quality, cost, and user preference. 7. Connector video input: latest video connector for monitors is HDMI. However, to be on the safe side you should have a computer screen that supports more than one way of connecting. If you are buying a screen for an already existing system unit make sure you check which is a compatible type of supported connection. 8. Ergonomics: most users spend more time on the screen and would like to get a screen design for comfort. Select a screen that has height adjustability, and can change screen brightness and contrast among other designs. 9. Refresh rate: this is the rate at which the screen can refresh the displayed image per second. A higher refresh rate means the image will be clear and it will not look like it hangs. It is measured in hertz and the higher the better. Most computer screens have 144Hz. 10. Contrast and brightness: contrast ratio is how dark the black part is and how bright the white parts of an image can get. While brightness is the measure of light that the screen can produce. 11. Built-in speakers: latest monitor come with an inbuilt speaker that can be used to complement the system unit speakers.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8968006060164293, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2503, "token_count": 517}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.586052}
{"text": "While brightness is the measure of light that the screen can produce. 11. Built-in speakers: latest monitor come with an inbuilt speaker that can be used to complement the system unit speakers. 12. USB port: USB port is a common connector interface in today s devices including screens. They can be used to load data without even connecting to the system unit. For future improvement and use, you can select a monitor that has a USB port. Types of computer screen connectors Every computer offers a connection port that allows the computer monitor to be connected to the system unit so that it can receive data being transmitted. Most monitors are connected using a VGA cable. The cable connects the VGA card which translates the information from the system unit into images and text that the user can be able to view. Other screen connectors are AUX, HDMI, DVI, and Display Port. Structure of Visual Display Unit The structure of a Visual Display Unit VDU can vary depending on the specific type of device, but most VDUs have several key components in common. Here is a general overview of the structure of a VDU:1. Display panel: This is the part of the VDU that actually displays the visual information. It is typically made of a thin layer of crystal or plastic, and can display images using a variety of technologies, such as liquid crystal display LCD or organic light-emitting diode OLED . 2. Backlight: Many VDUs, especially those used in portable devices, use a backlight to illuminate the display panel. This helps to make the images on the screen more visible in low light conditions. 3. Circuitry: The VDU contains a number of electronic circuits that control the display panel, the backlight, and other components of the device. 4. Housing: The VDU is typically enclosed in a housing or casing that protects the internal components and provides a way to mount the device. 5. Input output I O ports: The VDU may have one or more I O ports that allow it to receive data or signals from other devices, such as a computer or a cable TV box. 6. Power supply: Most VDUs require a source of power, which may be supplied through a power cord or a built-in battery. Functions of Visual Display Unit Some specific functions of a VDU include: 1. Displaying text and graphics: VDUs use a screen to display text and graphics, which can include text documents, spreadsheets, websites, and more. 2.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9019570557008161, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2404, "token_count": 517}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.614874}
{"text": "Functions of Visual Display Unit Some specific functions of a VDU include: 1. Displaying text and graphics: VDUs use a screen to display text and graphics, which can include text documents, spreadsheets, websites, and more. 2. Providing a visual interface: VDUs allow users to interact with a computer or other device by providing a visual interface through which users can see and understand the information being processed and input commands and data. 3. Allowing for multitasking: VDUs allow users to work on multiple tasks at the same time by displaying multiple windows or programs on the screen. 4. Supporting high-resolution displays: Some VDUs support highresolution displays, which can provide a more detailed and accurate representation of the information being displayed. 5. Providing connectivity: VDUs may have connectivity options, such as HDMI or DisplayPort, which allow users to connect the VDU to other devices, such as a computer or a television. Uses of Visual Display Unit Visual Display Units VDUs , also known as computer monitors, are used in a wide range of applications. Some common uses of VDUs include: 1. Office work: VDUs are commonly used in office environments to display text documents, spreadsheets, and other business-related information. 2. Education: VDUs are used in classrooms and educational settings to display educational materials and videos, and to allow students to interact with educational software. 3. Entertainment: VDUs are used to display movies, television shows, and video games, and they can also be used to access streaming services like Netflix or Hulu. 4. Gaming: VDUs are often used in conjunction with gaming consoles or PC gaming systems to display video games. 5. Design and graphics: VDUs are used by designers and graphic artists to create and edit graphics and other visual content. 6. Medical and scientific research: VDUs are used in medical and scientific research to display data and images, such as MRI scans or microscopy images. 7. Military and aviation: VDUs are used in military and aviation applications to display maps, navigation information, and other data. 8. Industrial and manufacturing: VDUs are used in industrial and manufacturing settings to display production data, machine status, and other information. Benefits of Visual Display Unit Visual Display Units VDUs , also known as computer monitors, offer a number of benefits, including: 1.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.902744954352539, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2426, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.6723065}
{"text": "8. Industrial and manufacturing: VDUs are used in industrial and manufacturing settings to display production data, machine status, and other information. Benefits of Visual Display Unit Visual Display Units VDUs , also known as computer monitors, offer a number of benefits, including: 1. Improved productivity: VDUs allow users to work more efficiently by providing a clear and easy-to-read display of text and graphics. 2. Multitasking: VDUs allow users to work on multiple tasks at the same time by displaying multiple windows or programs on the screen. 3. High-resolution displays: Some VDUs support high-resolution displays, which can provide a more detailed and accurate representation of the information being displayed. 4. Connectivity: VDUs may have connectivity options, such as HDMI or Display Port, which allow users to connect the VDU to other devices, such as a computer or a television. 5. Easy to use: VDUs are generally easy to use, with simple controls and an intuitive interface. 6. Energy efficient: Many modern VDUs are energy efficient, which can help reduce electricity consumption and reduce the environmental impact of using a computer. 7. Customization: VDUs can be customized to meet the specific needs of the user, such as adjusting the display settings to reduce eye strain or to optimize the display for specific tasks. 8. Access to information: VDUs allow users to access a vast amount of information and data that is stored on computers, which can be useful for research, education, and more. Limitations of Visual Display Units VDUs Visual Display Units VDUs , also known as computer monitors, have a few limitations, including: 1. Limited viewing angles: Some VDUs have limited viewing angles, which means that the display may appear distorted or washed out if viewed from certain angles. 2. Limited display size: The size of a VDU is limited by the size of the screen, which may not be large enough to display certain types of information or graphics. 3. Limited color depth: Some VDUs may not support a wide range of colors, which can impact the accuracy and quality of the display. 4. Limited refresh rate: The refresh rate of a VDU refers to how often the display is updated, and a lower refresh rate can result in a less smooth and responsive display. 5.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8985011120781357, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2298, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.67844}
{"text": "4. Limited refresh rate: The refresh rate of a VDU refers to how often the display is updated, and a lower refresh rate can result in a less smooth and responsive display. 5. Limited resolution: The resolution of a VDU refers to the number of pixels on the screen, and a lower resolution can result in a less detailed and accurate display. 6. Limited lifespan: Like all electronic devices, VDUs have a limited lifespan and may need to be replaced after a certain period of time. 7. Cost: VDUs can be expensive, particularly high-end models with advanced features. 8. Environmental impact: The production and disposal of VDUs can have an impact on the environment, as they contain materials and chemicals that can be harmful if not properly managed. Hazards of Visual Display Unit There are a few potential hazards associated with using Visual Display Units VDUs , also known as computer monitors, including: 1. Eye strain: Prolonged use of a VDU can cause eye strain, which can cause symptoms such as dry eyes, blurred vision, and headache. 2. Repetitive strain injury: Repetitive actions, such as typing or using a mouse, can cause repetitive strain injuries, such as carpal tunnel syndrome. 3. Back pain: Poor posture while using a VDU can cause back pain, particularly if the workstation is not set up correctly. 4. Electromagnetic fields: Some VDUs emit electromagnetic fields, which have been linked to an increased risk of cancer and other health problems. However, the risks associated with electromagnetic fields from VDUs are generally considered to be low. EXAMPLES OF VDULCD vs LED Displays: The Differences When it comes to choosing between LCD and LED displays, the decision can often be confusing. At first glance, they may seem identical, but there are key differences in their construction, performance, and energy efficiency. In simple terms, LED displays are a type of LCD with a unique backlighting system, and they tend to offer better image quality and power efficiency than standard LCDs. LCD Displays LCD, which stands for Liquid Crystal Display, utilizes a panel of liquid crystal molecules to create images. These molecules twist and untwist to control the amount of light passing through them. However, they do not produce light on their own. Instead, they use a separate backlight or reflector to illuminate the liquid crystals. The backlight in traditional LCD panels is often a Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp CCFL .", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9071303752067094, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2446, "token_count": 514}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.661842}
{"text": "However, they do not produce light on their own. Instead, they use a separate backlight or reflector to illuminate the liquid crystals. The backlight in traditional LCD panels is often a Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp CCFL . While these displays offer good image quality, they have some limitations. Generally, they consume more power and are bulkier than their LED counterparts. Moreover, they may not provide as high contrast or as vibrant colors. LED Displays LED, or Light Emitting Diode displays, are essentially a type of LCD display. The key difference lies in the backlighting system. Instead of using CCFL, LEDdisplays use tiny light-emitting diodes to illuminate the liquid crystals. This change in lighting source opens up a range of benefits. Firstly, LED displays are more energy efficient. LEDs consume less power than CCFL, making them a greener choice. Secondly, they allow for a slimmer and lighter design, making them ideal for modern, sleek devices. One of the critical advantages of LED displays is the potential for greater picture quality. In LED displays, the diodes can be dimmed or brightened individually. This feature, known as local dimming, enhances the contrast ratio, making blacks appear deeper and whites brighter. Consequently, images are more vibrant and lifelike. PRINTERS Different Types of Printers and Their Functions: What Are the Types of Printers? Thermal Transfer Printers Thermal printers use heat to create an image on special thermal paper. They provide direct thermal and thermal transfer, and they re commonly used in receipt printers, shipping label printers, and fax machines. Additionally, they re fast, quiet, and don t require ink or toner. However, the print quality of a thermal printer may fade, and the paper can be expensive. Dye-Sublimation PrintersDye-sublimation printers use heat to transfer dye onto special paper or other materials like fabric or plastic. They re popular for high-quality photo printing and creating customized items like mugs and T-shirts. Additionally, they produce vibrant, long-lasting prints with excellent color accuracy, but the cost of consumables ink and paper can be relatively high. And they re not ideal for standard office documents. 3D Printers 3D printers create three-dimensional objects by layering material often plastic on top of itself based on a digital 3D model.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9160830783312546, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2371, "token_count": 485}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.717509}
{"text": "The best part? UV printing offers vibrant colors and durability on various surfaces. However, initial equipment costs can be high, and maintenance may be needed to keep the printer functioning optimally. Digital Presses Digital presses make a great choice for commercial printing and publishing. They re high-volume printing machines suitable for large quantities of books, brochures, and other printed materials. They offer fast, consistent, high-quality printing for large print runs. However, they re expensive and may require specialized training to operate effectively. In summary, there s a wide array of printers, each designed for specific purposes and printing needs. Choosing the right printer depends on the type of documents or images you need to print, the printing volume, and your budget. Consider your requirements carefully to select the printer that best suits your needs, whether for everyday home use, office tasks, creative projects, or industrial applications. Other Types of Printers 9. Plotters HP 9862A Calculator Plotter Example: HP Design Jet T210 A plotter prints vector graphics by drawing lines on paper using a pen. Some plotters use markers to draw multiple, continuous lines onto paper, while some use knives to cut a material like leather or vinyl. The latter is called cutting plotters. These devices have been phased out by computer-controlled printing machines. However, cutting plotters are still used in many industries. Pros Prints on large sheets of paper with high resolution Draws a single pattern more than one thousand times with no degradation Works with various materials, including cardboard, plywood, plastic, and aluminum Cons Expensive and larger than a conventional printer 8. Impact Printers The impact printer physically presses an inked ribbon against the page. Its plastic or metal head strikes the ink ribbon, whereby the ribbon is pressed against the page, and the specific character impression is printed on the paper. Although this mechanism is quite old, impact printers are still widely used in workplaces and industries. Many different types of impact printers have been developed to date. The most common ones are:8.1 Line Printers IBM 1403 line printer Example: Printronix P7-1500N line matrix printer As the name suggests, Line printers print one line of text at a time the full width of the page . They use a continuous feed of paper instead of individual cut sheets. And they can print up to 2,500 lines per minute.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9060970718010429, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2493, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.7515023}
{"text": "The most common ones are:8.1 Line Printers IBM 1403 line printer Example: Printronix P7-1500N line matrix printer As the name suggests, Line printers print one line of text at a time the full width of the page . They use a continuous feed of paper instead of individual cut sheets. And they can print up to 2,500 lines per minute. Pros High-speed printing More durable Low operating costs Consumables are less harmful to the environment Cons Low print quality and cannot print graphics Very noisy, requires sound-absorbing cases 8.2 Dot Matrix Printers Epson LX310 Example: Tvs MSP 250 In a dot matrix printer, the pins are arranged in one or multiple vertical columns. The print head which contains several pins moves up and down or in a back and forth motion and prints by striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the page. This is just like a typewriter, but it can also print arbitrary patterns and not just particular characters. A character printed by a dot matrix printer is actually an accumulation of multiple dots on a very small region of the paper. The printer can be used for text, multiple fonts, and basic graphical printing. The outputs, however, have a dotted appearance. Pros Low printing cost Reliable Prints on multipart forms or carbon copies Useful for data logging Cons Slow speed Limited print quality They can be used to print multiple copies at the same time with the help of carbon copying. Thus, they are widely installed in offices and shops where multipart forms are required. 8.3 Daisy Wheel Printers The daisy wheel and print head on a Diablo D-25 printerExample: Commodore DPS 1101 A daisy wheel printer contains a disk and attached extension on which molded metal characters are mounted. When printing, the printer rotates the disk to each character and strikes it into an ink ribbon to create characters on paper. Pros Can use heavy paper grades and fan-fold paper Can create carbon copies Low costs and maintenance Cons Slow speed Low print quality 7. Minilab Printers SureLab D870Example: Epson Sure Lab D1070DE Minilabs are small photographic-developing and printing systems that are used in several retail stores to provide quick photo finishing services.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8882826742526642, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2239, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.7837718}
{"text": "When printing, the printer rotates the disk to each character and strikes it into an ink ribbon to create characters on paper. Pros Can use heavy paper grades and fan-fold paper Can create carbon copies Low costs and maintenance Cons Slow speed Low print quality 7. Minilab Printers SureLab D870Example: Epson Sure Lab D1070DE Minilabs are small photographic-developing and printing systems that are used in several retail stores to provide quick photo finishing services. A minilab machine is made of two systems: a film processor and a printer paper processor . Pros Perfect for photo processing High-capacity ink packs Prints on double- or single-sided sheet media Provides better exposed, color-corrected prints in less than 30 minutes Cons Quite pricey Larger and bulkier and than typical printers The Agfa and Kodak minilab machines use C41b chemistry to process films and RA-4 chemistry to process the paper. Depending on the device capabilities and operator s expertise, films can be ready for collection within 20 minutes. 6. Thermal PrintersF2C portable thermal printer Example: Polono Label Printers A thermal printer is made of three components: Thermal head: Generates heat to produce an image on the page Platen: A roller that moves the page Spring: Holds the printhead and paper together by applying small pressure The printer passes paper with a thermochromic coating over a print head. This print head contains several electrically heated elements, typically arranged as a line of small, closely spaced dots. The coating on the paper turns black in the region where it is heated, generating an image. These printers can have a resolution of up to 1,200 DPI. Although most of them print black and white monochrome text, some produce twocolor images. Due to decent print quality, speed, and portability, thermal printers are widely used in the banking, retail, grocery, healthcare, and airline industries. Voucher printers in slot machines, information kiosks, and point of sale systems are some of the commercial applications of these printers.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8998302650476564, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2093, "token_count": 453}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.7629225}
{"text": "Although most of them print black and white monochrome text, some produce twocolor images. Due to decent print quality, speed, and portability, thermal printers are widely used in the banking, retail, grocery, healthcare, and airline industries. Voucher printers in slot machines, information kiosks, and point of sale systems are some of the commercial applications of these printers. Pros More quiet and faster than dot matrix printers Easier to use as there is less use of software involved Requires less maintenance Comes in various models and sizes Cons Prints fewer colors The high heat limits wax and resin choices They are also used to generate sub-seafloor seismic imagery and print real-time records of side-scan sonar. In the data processing field, they are used for quickly creating hard copies of continuous hydrographic or seismic records. 5. Dye-sublimation PrintersTexart RT-640 Example: Texart XT-640 High-Volume Dye-Sublimation Printer Dye-sublimation printers utilize heat to transfer dye onto materials like card, paper, fabric, or plastic. They use the CMYO cyan, magenta, yellow, over coating system to deposit the ink on the surface one color at a time. The ink is deposited via a heat press, which ultimately changes from solid to gas hence the name sublimation and enters the material. The process is carried out at lower temperatures and higher pressures. Small heating elements on the print head change temperatures quickly to lay different amounts of dye. Polyester and polyester resin-coated substances are the perfect materials for this printing technique. Pros Allows printing on rigid surfaces Print thousands of colors using four-color ink CMYK Best for creating ID cards and photographic prints Short learning curveCons The item may lose color over the months Specific type of ink is required Professional and consumer dye-sublimation printers are developed for creating photographic prints, ID cards, license plates, etc. And since these printers are available in various sizes and styles, consumers can print on various products like mouse pads, coffee mugs, handbags, smartphone cases, dresses, pillows, and more. 4. Solid Ink Printers Example: HP Laserjet M209DW As the name suggests, these printers use solid ink instead of fluid ink or toner powder.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9091011931064958, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2325, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.8062198}
{"text": "And since these printers are available in various sizes and styles, consumers can print on various products like mouse pads, coffee mugs, handbags, smartphone cases, dresses, pillows, and more. 4. Solid Ink Printers Example: HP Laserjet M209DW As the name suggests, these printers use solid ink instead of fluid ink or toner powder. The printer melts the ink which is usually a waxy resinbased polymer to print images on paper or any substrate. This is how the process goes: small pucks or spheres of solid ink are stored in a hopper. From there, they are transferred to the printhead and melted as per the requirement. Pros Provides precise prints with bright colors Can print on many different types of media Less waste generated compared to inkjet or laser printers Suitable for intermittent use with long periods of downtime Cons The printer need to pause and reheat in between prints Ink may clog printhead nozzles This type of printer can create large graphic images with bright and vivid colors at reasonable costs. It is suitable for users who always have to print in color and require high-quality images. And since the solid ink doesn t dry out over time, you don t have to order new cartridges when you need to print something after a long time. 3. 3D PrintersPrusa I3 MK3S Example: Tronxy X5SA Pro 3D printers are based on a technique called additive manufacturing. They create a physical three-dimensional object from a CAD computeraided design or digital model. It involves adding materials such as powder grains or composites or bio-materials layer by layer at the millimeter scale. Unlike injection molding and CNC machining that uses various cutting tools to make objects, 3D printers require no cutting tools. They construct objects directly onto the built platform. Pros Enables fast design and production Gives you the flexibility to create anything that fits within its build volume Minimize waste Cost-effective Cons Not yet versatile enough to work with most materials Requires post processing Depending on the type of printer, material used, and size of the object, a print takes several hours to complete. The finished object often requires post-processing like sanding, paint, or other conventional finishing touches to achieve the desired surface finish. 3D printing processes can be categorized into 7 groups: 1. Vat photo polymerization 2.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9019027664304409, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2401, "token_count": 513}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.8532434}
{"text": "The finished object often requires post-processing like sanding, paint, or other conventional finishing touches to achieve the desired surface finish. 3D printing processes can be categorized into 7 groups: 1. Vat photo polymerization 2. Material Extrusion 3. Sheet Lamination 4. Directed Energy Deposition 5. Material Jetting 6. Binder Jetting 7. Powder Bed Fusion Modern 3D printers are advanced enough to create complex structures and geometries that would be otherwise impossible to build manually. They can be used to build a range of objects, from simple prototypes to intricate final products, such as medical instruments, aircraft parts, ecofriendly buildings, and even artificial organs using layers of human cells. 2. Liquid Inkjet PrintersHP Smart Tank 530 Example: Canon PIXMA G3260 The inkjet printer creates an image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper or plastic substrates. Its print head moves back and forth as the paper feeds through rollers. The complete image is made of thousands of minuscule dots, like the pixels on a television screen. These dots are extremely small between 50 and 70 microns in diameter and positioned very precisely with resolutions up to 1200 x 1440 DPI. Also, these dots can have multiple colors combined together to produce high-quality pictures. Pros Quieter than impact printers Practically no warm uptime Really good at producing natural shades and colors Easy to set up and use Cons Liquid ink can dry out when stored for a longer period of time Expensive ink refillsLiquid inkjet printers perform best on nonporous paper and slightly heavy bond paper with a hard surface that effectively prevents colors from bleeding. They are available in many different varieties and sizes, ranging from small cost-efficient consumer models to expensive professional machines. While most home inkjet printers are lightweight and have low per-page costs, commercial machines are larger and print on a broader range of materials. 1. Laser Printers Pantum M6602NW Example: HP OfficeJet 5255 Laser printers have become a common consumer product, often used along with personal computers. Their working principle involves electrophotographic, which is the same technique used in photocopy machines. To create a high-quality image, the laser printer continuously passes a laser beam back and forth over a photoreceptor drum. This drum is nothing but a negatively charged cylinder.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8964277548720562, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2435, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.829466}
{"text": "Their working principle involves electrophotographic, which is the same technique used in photocopy machines. To create a high-quality image, the laser printer continuously passes a laser beam back and forth over a photoreceptor drum. This drum is nothing but a negatively charged cylinder. It collects positively chargedpowdered ink toner and transmits the image to paper. The paper is then slightly heated to permanently fuse the image onto it. The standard resolution in most laser printers is 600 DPI, whereas the high-end production machine can have a resolution of 2,400 DPI. Plus, they can print at a much faster rate than inkjet printers. A high-end model can print about 12,000 monochrome pages per hour or 6,000 colored pages per hour. However, they don t print color photos as well as inkjet printers do. That s why most photographers and designers prefer inkjet printers for gallery-quality photos. Pros Fast printing speed Noiseless Produces high-quality monochrome prints Mechanical components are reliable and durable Cons High initial investment cost Not suitable for high quality graphics Laser printers are well suited for office use due to their capability to quickly print large amounts of documents. Overall, they are excellent for text, documents, and printing medium-quality color photos1.1 LED Printers OKI MC853dn Example: Xerox VersaLink C7000DN LED light-emitting diode printers are generally grouped with laser printers because they use a similar technique for creating text or graphics. Both use a toner, drum, and fuser to provide high-quality prints. However, LED printers have an array of light-emitting diodes instead of a laser and mirror. Since LED printers contain fewer moving parts, they are more reliable and efficient than traditional laser printers. Plus, they are cheaper to manufacture and less prone to mechanical wear. Pros Contains fewer moving parts Inexpensive and reliable Noiseless Provides excellent image quality Cons High initial cost Slower printing speed than laser printersFactors to consider when selecting a printer Choosing the best printer can be overwhelming with so many options. To help you decide which type of new printer you should buy, consider the following factors and your specific needs: Printing Purpose Home Use: If you need a printer primarily for occasional home use, like printing documents, school assignments, or family photos, an inkjet printer should suffice.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.905288136298825, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2470, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.870131}
{"text": "Plus, they are cheaper to manufacture and less prone to mechanical wear. Pros Contains fewer moving parts Inexpensive and reliable Noiseless Provides excellent image quality Cons High initial cost Slower printing speed than laser printersFactors to consider when selecting a printer Choosing the best printer can be overwhelming with so many options. To help you decide which type of new printer you should buy, consider the following factors and your specific needs: Printing Purpose Home Use: If you need a printer primarily for occasional home use, like printing documents, school assignments, or family photos, an inkjet printer should suffice. They re affordable and can handle a variety of printing tasks. Small Businesses: A laser printer is a good choice for a small office or home office SOHO where you must print frequently. It offers fast and efficient text printing. Color or Black and White Consider an inkjet or color laser printer if you need to print in color. For basic black-andwhite documents, a monochrome laser printer is cost-effective. Print Volume For bulk printing, a laser printer with a high page-per-minute PPM rate and a large paper tray may be more suitable. Inkjet printers make a better choice for lower print volumes. Printing Photos If you re into photography and want to print photos, a dedicated photo printer or a highquality color inkjet printer with photo capabilities is a good choice. Consider other costs like glossy photo paper for the printing process, maintenance, etc. Size and Space Consider the available space where you plan to put the printer. Consider a compact inkjet printer if you have a small space, as laser printers can be larger. All-in-One or Single Function An all-in-one a multifunction printer combines printing, copying, scanning, and even faxing in one machine. It s convenient for saving space and money if you need these functions. Connectivity Options Ensure the printer you choose has the connectivity options you need. Common features include USB, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and mobile printing capabilities. Cost Considerations Think about both the upfront cost of the printer and the long-term cost of consumables like ink or toner cartridges. Some printers may be inexpensive initially but cost more to maintain. Brand and Model Consider reputable brands known for quality and reliability. Read reviews and compare printer models within your budget. Additional Features Some printers have extra features like automatic duplex double-sided printing, touchscreen controls, and memory card slots for direct photo printing.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9203995389934692, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2603, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.8902245}
{"text": "Brand and Model Consider reputable brands known for quality and reliability. Read reviews and compare printer models within your budget. Additional Features Some printers have extra features like automatic duplex double-sided printing, touchscreen controls, and memory card slots for direct photo printing. Assess whether these features matter to you. Compatibility Ensure the printer is compatible with your computer s operating system. Most modern printers support Windows and macOS, but it s always good to check. Warranty and Support Check the warranty, warranty extensions, and available customer support for the printer. Extremely reliable customer service can be crucial if you encounter any issues. Environmental Considerations If you re eco-conscious, look for printers with energy-saving features, recyclable ink or toner cartridges, and eco-friendly certifications. In summary, the type of printer you should buy depends on your specific needs and budget. Consider your printing volume, fast print speeds, whether you need color printing, available space, and any extra features for high-quality prints you require. It s also a good idea to read reviews and compare prices before deciding. Considering these factors, you can find a printer that suits your print jobs and helps you achieve your printing goals efficiently. How to Print a Document from Your Computer 1 Make sure that your printer is connected and turned on. If your printer connects over Wi-Fi, this will mean making sure that you're on the same Internet network as your printer; otherwise, you'll need to plug your printer's USB cable into your computer. Check your printer's manual to confirm how to set it up if you haven't already done so. Be sure to update your printer drivers. 2 Open the document you want to print. This could be a PDF, Word document, Excel spreadsheet, or even photos. Use the File Explorer to find the file if needed. 3 On your keyboard, press Ctrl P . This is the keyboard shortcut to open the print menu. You can also manually open the print menu by clicking the printer icon. In some apps, you'll need to click File and then Print. The print menu may look different depending on the application used to open your file. 4 Select your printer. Click the \"Printer\" drop-down box, then click your printer's name. If you don't see your printer, you'll need to add it. 5 Select a number of copies. In the \"Copies\" box, type in the number of copies of the document that you'd like to print.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9073340962821305, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2506, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.9093459}
{"text": "First we ll tell you what RAM memory alternatively referred to as main memory, primary memory, or system memory, Random Access Memory RAM in a computer system, it is also sometimes known as read-write memory or RWM, then we ll go over how RAM works in Macintosh s and pcs. Also, there are different kinds of RAM, including VRAM, PRAM, DRAM and SRAM . Random access memory RAM This is the most common type of main memory. It is called random access memory RAM because ; its content can be read directlyregardless of the sequence in which it was stored. As opposed to ROM, the content in RAM is held temporarily and its content is lost once the computer is turned off. Characteristics of random access memory RAM are: 1.Data can be read retrieved and written stored in it. 2 .RAM is a temporary volatile storage because its content disappears when the computer is switched off. 3.Its content is user defined i.e. the user dictates what is to be contained in the RAM. Types of RAM There are two types of-RAM namely, static RAM SRAM and dynamic DRAM .Static RAM is very fast compared to dynamic RAM and holds its content as long as there is power. Dynamic RAM on the other hand can only hold its content for a short while even when power is all .To maintain the content of dynamic RAM, the memory chip is designed in away that its content is refreshed automatically rewritten severally per second. Static RAM is more expensive. It is mostly used to make special types of memories. Special purpose memories Apart from ROM and RAM there are several types of special purpose memories found inside the CPU or in the input and output devices. These memories are vital because they increase the overall performance of data and instructions moving in and out of the CPU. These memories include buffers, registers and cache memory. Buffers This is a temporary holding place that may be part of the CPU or built in an input or output device. Because the CPU is very fast compared to the input or output devices, buffers provide temporary storage so that the CPU is set free to carry out other activities instead of waiting for all data to be entered or information to be output. For example since a printer cannot work at the speed of a CPU, the printer buffers temporarily holds the output to be printed hence freeing the CPU to perform other functions. Buffers can hold more than one piece of data at a time.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-COMPUTER-STUDIES-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9097453792966528, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2414, "token_count": 512}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.9443252}
{"text": "Example: 453 This number is the answer 321 145413 1284 321 x 4 1284 1701 Subtract 1284 from 1454 and bring down the 1 1605 321 x 5 1605 963 Subtract 1605 from 1701 and bring down the 3 963 321 x 3 963 0 Subtract 963 from 963 Exercise 3 Do these calculations. Show your method. Not just an answer. A 432 128 - 248 529 b 164 600 196 4169 GM 2023 c 35 x 78 d 5 822 16 e 80 357 619 450 f 231 609 218 344 g 27 x 39 h 9 206 28 Exercise 4 1. Use the HORIZONTAL METHOD a 456 350 239 b 648 352 371 2. Use the VERTICAL METHOD a 1 226 x 82 b 3 437 x 24 HCF and LCM The HCF and LCM are numbers that share the same factors. These are called common factors and you can find the highest common factor, HCF, of two or more numbers. You can also find the lowest common multiple, LCM, of two or more numbers. Example: The multiples of 12 are 12 ; 24; 36; 48; 60; 72 ; 84; and the multiples of 15 are 15; 30; 45; 60; 75; 90; which means that the LCM of 12 and 15 is 60. You can use the prime factor method for finding the LCM or an HCF . For example: 12 2 x 2 x 3 and 15 3 x 5 so the LCM is 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 which contains all possible prime factors of both numbers. The HCF of 12 and 15 is 3 as that is the highest factor common to both numbers.", "metadata": {"source": "GRD-7-MATHS-T1-2023-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.6556033406713115, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1268, "token_count": 467}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.928311}
{"text": "12 GM 2023 Complete the sums below using BODMAS BOMDAS. No CALCULATORS are allowed. Show all working out. A 30 X 12 4 0f 20 b 17 x 25 x 24 2 10 x 10 c 24 14 x 25 5 d 235 80 x 50 10 215 of 8 e 200 20 285 95 8 4 f 790 1 000 125 50 10 g 50 35 of 75 32 h 470 692 x 10 20 630 PROBLEM SOLVING: BRAIN TEASER Two lighthouse beacons can be seen from the top of a hill. These two beacons start flashing at the same time. One beacon flashes every 4 minutes and the other flashes every 9 minutes. Calculate how long it will be before they both flash at the same time again. Use your 4 x and 9 x table to calculate. Exercise 8 There are special rules that apply to the number zero and the number one. 1. What happens to numbers when you multiply or divide by 1? Solve these problems. A 28 1 b 28 1 c 8 344 1 d 8 344 1 e What can you conclude about multiplying or dividing by 1? 13 GM 2023 2. What happens to numbers when you add or subtract 0? Solve these problems. A 429 0 b 429 0 c 5 360 0 d What can you conclude about adding or subtracting 0. 3. What happens when we multiply by 0? A What does it mean when we say 4 0? 4. What happens when we divide 0 by a whole number? A 0 4 b 0 8 c 0 58 d 0 347 5. What happens when we divide by zero?", "metadata": {"source": "GRD-7-MATHS-T1-2023-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.6874818512277578, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1329, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.9625595}
{"text": "What happens when we divide 0 by a whole number? A 0 4 b 0 8 c 0 58 d 0 347 5. What happens when we divide by zero? A 4 0 b 8 0 c 58 0 d 347 0 RATIO AND RATE RATIO A ratio is used to compare the sizes of two or more quantities that use the same unit of measurement. A ratio of 5:6 means that for every 5 of the first quantity, there are 6 of the second quantity. Ratio can also be written as a fraction. In the ratio 5:6, the first quantity would be written as 511. The second quantity would be written as611. Ratios can be simplified, e.g., 10:12 can be simplified to 5:6. Another example: The ratio of an original price of a coat to the sale price is R300:R210. We simplify this to 10:714 GM 2023 RATE A rate is used to compare the sizes of two or more quantities that use different units of measurement, e.g., hours h , minutes m , Rands R , millimeters mm , centimeters cm , etc. Exercise 9 1. Simplify the ratio 32:16. 2. Write the fraction 32 48 in its simplest form. 3. Now write the ratio 32:48 in its simplest form. 4. The ratio of women engineers to men engineers in a construction company is 2:7. A There are six women engineers. How many men engineers are there in the company? B How many engineers are there in the company altogether? C What fraction of the total number of engineers are women? D The company decides to improve their gender equality. The company wants to change the ratio of women engineers to men engineers to 2:5. The company cannot afford to employ more than 28 engineers in total. When the company achieves this ratio, how many women engineers and men engineers would they have? SHARING A WHOLE IN A GIVEN RATIO Share R 2 250,00 in the ratio 3:2:1 This means 3:2:1 that 3 2 1 6 parts of the whole 2 250.", "metadata": {"source": "GRD-7-MATHS-T1-2023-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.7921236478781236, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1771, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.979226}
{"text": "CONVERTING FRACTIONS To convert an improper fraction to a mixed number, simply divide the number by the denominator: Example: 12 5 12 5 2 r 2 We write this as 2 25 To convert a mixed number to an improper fraction, multiply the whole number by the denominator. Add the numerator to this. Write this answer as the numerator and keep the denominator the same. Examples: 8 Multiply 8 by 2, and then add 1 This will give you a total of 17 The improper fraction will therefore be 172 Exercise 12 1. Convert the improper fractions to mixed numbers: 3 15 1000125 2. Convert the mixed numbers to improper fractions: 1323; 17811; 437; 6415; 971218 GM 2023 Equivalent fractions SIMPLIFYING FRACTIONS To simplify a fraction, you must reduce the fraction to its smallest form. To do this, you need to divide both the numerator and the denominator by the same highest common factor. Example:12 30 The highest number that can fit into both 12 and 30 is 6. 6 is therefore the highest common factor HCF Divide the numerator and denominator by the highest common factor. E.g. 12 30 66 25 SO: 12 30 25 NB: A common fraction must always be written in the simplest form! Exercise 13 1. Equivalent fractions a 3035 7 b 1144 1 c 6390 7 d 911 99 19 GM 2023 2.", "metadata": {"source": "GRD-7-MATHS-T1-2023-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.7699827045032349, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1273, "token_count": 366}, "cleaned_at": 1750360544.9916801}
{"text": "12 30 66 25 SO: 12 30 25 NB: A common fraction must always be written in the simplest form! Exercise 13 1. Equivalent fractions a 3035 7 b 1144 1 c 6390 7 d 911 99 19 GM 2023 2. Simplifying fractions 1890 ; 32545 ; 946112 ; 52460 FRACTIONS OF QUANTITIES When asked to work out a fraction of a quantity, use one of the following methods: Method 1: 110 of 30 Bodmas Rule: of becomes x 110 301 Multiply numerators, then denominators 3010 Reduce answer to simplest form 31 3 Method 2: 110 of 30 by 10; x1 3 Exercise 14 a 34 of 200 b 710 of 150 c 58 of 800 d 45 of 375 GIVING PARTS OF QUANTITIES AS FRACTIONS First change the amounts to the same unit of measurement. Write both amounts as fractions. Reduce the fraction to its simplest form. Example: What fraction is 20c of R2? R2 200c Same unit of measurement 20200 2010 Both amounts as fractions 110 Simplest form 20 GM 2023 Exercise 15 1. Solve the problems given below, in your books, and remember to show your workings: a What is 34 of 640? B What is 23 of 900? C What fraction is 58 of 800? D What is 56 of 300? E What fraction is 14 hours of 1 week? Exercise 16 1. Complete by filling in , or . Show your working out: a 20 b 10 c 60 d 18 e 8 f 102 2. Arrange these fractions in descending order, show your working out: a 4 6 79 b 2 6 812 3.", "metadata": {"source": "GRD-7-MATHS-T1-2023-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.6893530017152659, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1375, "token_count": 485}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.0449047}
{"text": "5 3 2 6. 6 of 3 2 Exercise 20 1. A baker uses 1 45 of a 10kg bag of flour each day. How much flour does he use? A In a day b In a week 2. A recipe for biscuits makes 24 biscuits. A baker needs to make 3 34 of that amount. How many biscuits will he make? 3. Kimera is given R240. Her mother tells her to spend 38 on flour, 15 on sugar and to bring home the change. A What fraction of the money will she bring home? B How much money will this be? 4. Oliver s petrol tank is 45 full. His car will use 1215 of this amount to complete its next journey. What fraction of petrol will be used? 23 GM 2023 5. A shop keeper grants a discount of 23 off a damaged product so that he can clear a space for his new stock. The original sale price is R330. How much will the customer pay for the damaged product? 6. Siya is given R450 for his birthday. He uses 15 to buy shoes, 115 on CDs, 16 for games and 12 on clothes. A What fraction of the money has been spent? B How much change will he receive? 7. There are 185 learners in a Grade Seven group. 35 of these learners are girls. How many boys are there? DECIMAL FRACTIONS What is a decimal fraction? A decimal fraction is a number that is written with a comma. Decimals are commonly used to indicate temperature, length, mass, money, and other forms of measurement. Proper common fractions can be expressed in a decimal form e.g. 4,9 4 910 If we have 9 units and we add 1 more, we now have a Ten. Each place value on the left is 10 times bigger than the one on the right, e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "GRD-7-MATHS-T1-2023-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8149914848987286, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1543, "token_count": 434}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.015694}
{"text": "Example: 493,64 700 496,64 100 733 GM 2023 4,9664 7 0,705 Exercise 28 1. Complete the following: a 71,435 7 d 24,1 4 b 6,257 5 e 288,144 12 c 837,84 6 2. Write down the answers to the following: a 165,2 1000 d 143 725,811 1000 b 18,976 10 e 0,8 100 c 0,0731 100 3. Use any method to complete the following: a 29,185 50 b 571,424 700 c 32,13 9000 d 146,5 20 e 8166,128 400 FINANCIAL MATHS Money in South Africa: The rand, sign R: and the code ZAR , is the currency of South Africa and is issued by the South African Reserve Bank. It gets its name from the Witwatersrand, the ridge upon which Johannesburg is built and where most of South Africa s gold deposits were found. The rand has the symbol R and is equal to 100 cents, symbol c . 34 GM 2023 FINANCES PROFIT, LOSS AND DISCOUNT Profit is the surplus remaining after total costs are deducted from total revenue. Revenue means your income. Profit can be calculated in different ways. Normally when we talk about a 10 profit, we calculate it on the cost price. We sometimes also refer to a 10 mark-up. Example: If I sell a football which cost me R200,00 for R220,00, I made a 10 profit. Loss is the excess of expenditure over income. Discount is the amount deducted from the asking price before payment. Remember that profit and loss do not only apply to businesses but also to your personal income. Exercise 29 Are you making a profit or a loss in these examples. How much profit or loss? 1a You are buying sweets for 45c and selling them for 65c each.", "metadata": {"source": "GRD-7-MATHS-T1-2023-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.7362029008794102, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1571, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.0864148}
{"text": "Exercise 29 Are you making a profit or a loss in these examples. How much profit or loss? 1a You are buying sweets for 45c and selling them for 65c each. I made a profit loss of amount per sweet. B You are buying pencils for R2,00 each and selling them for R2,40 each to your friends. You manage to sell 40 pencils. I made a profit loss of amount . C On Saturdays you hire a stall at the local flea-market for R50,00. You are buying juice for R1.50 each and selling them for R2,50 each. Last Saturday it was cold, and you only managed to sell 40. I made a profit loss of amount . D You are buying biscuits in large packets of 100 for R10,45 per packet. You are selling to your friends for 30c per biscuit. During the first break, you manage to sell 75 biscuits. I made a profit loss of amount . E You are buying fruit directly from the market and selling it to your neighbours, friends, and family. Last weekend you bought 3 boxes of bananas. Each box contained 12 bunches of 12 bananas each. Each box cost you R75,00. You managed to sell 80 of35 GM 2023 the bananas at 65c each before the rest were too ripe and you had to throw them away. I made a profit loss of amount . 2a You are buying sweets for 45 c each and you want to make a 25 profit. How much must you sell them for? Amount . B You are buying pens for R1,27 each and you want to make a 17 profit. How much must you sell them for? Amount . C On Sundays you hire a stall at the local flea-market for R50,00. You buy juice for R1,50 per box and you normally sell 200 units per Sunday. If you want to make a 35 profit after paying for the stall, how much must you ask per fruit juice? Amount . FINANCES - BUDGET Do you know what a budget is? Can I have my own budget or is it only for adults? Budget is the estimate of cost and revenues over a specific period.", "metadata": {"source": "GRD-7-MATHS-T1-2023-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8063781562727815, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1975, "token_count": 513}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.0787199}
{"text": "FINANCES - BUDGET Do you know what a budget is?Can I have my own budget or is it only for adults?Budget is the estimate of cost and revenues over a specific period. Budget is like a scale where you try to balance your income and your expenses. Important: Your income should always outweigh your expenses. Creating a budget is the most important step in controlling your money. The first rule of budgeting is: Spend less than you earn!Example: If you received a R250,00 allowance pocket money per month and another R80 for your birthday, you cannot spend more than R330,00 for the entire month. Net income is, like profit, the surplus remaining after all costs are deducted from total gross revenue. If the expenses exceed the income, we call it a shortage. It is always a bright idea to SAVE for a RAINY day!FINANCES- LOANS AND INTEREST What is a loan?What is interest?A loan is a sum of money that an individual or a company lends to an individual or a company with the objective of gaining profits from interest when the money is paid back.36 GM 2023 Interest is the fee charged by a lender to a borrower for the use of borrowed money, usually expressed as an annual percentage of the amount borrowed, also called interest rate. There are two kinds of interest: Simple and compound. Simple or flat rate interest is usually paid each year as a fixed percentage of the amount borrowed or lent at the start. With compound interest, you also pay interest on the interest!The simple interest formula is as follows: Interest Principal x Rate x Time Where: Interest is the total amount of interest paid. Principal is the mount lent or borrowed. Rate is the percentage of the principal charged as interest each year. Time is the time in years to pay back the loan. It is never a good idea to BORROW money. Rather SAVE until you can afford to buy something!END OF TERM 1 AND WE MADE IT!", "metadata": {"source": "GRD-7-MATHS-T1-2023-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8949491094529906, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1918, "token_count": 412}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.1307216}
{"text": "All art uses some blend of many or all of these aspects in order to be pleasing to the eye or to communicate its message. For example, Grant Wood's Fall Plowing uses a blend of color, repetition, line, shape and balance to bring his piece to life. He uses bold greens, yellows and reds, hard, flowing crop lines, and repetition of fun shapes to guide the viewer's eye over what seems to be a fairly serene scene of a freshly plowed field. To analyze the visual elements of visual arts one has to Consider the composition, colors, textures, size, space, and other visual and material attributes of the artwork The seven principles of visual arts 1. Balance refers to the visual weight of the elements of the composition. It is a sense that the painting feels stable and \"feels right.\". Imbalance causes a feeling of discomfort in the viewer. Balance can be achieved in 3 different ways: Symmetry, in which both sides of a composition have the same elements in the same position, as in a mirror-image, or the two sides of a face. Asymmetry, in which the composition is balanced due to the contrast of any of the elements of art. For example, a large circle on one side of a composition might be balanced by a small square on the other side Radial symmetry, in which elements are equally spaced around a central point, as in the spokes coming out of the hub of a bicycle tire. Contrast This is the difference between elements of art in a composition, such that each element is made stronger in relation to the other. When placed next to each other, contrasting elements command the viewer's attention. Areas of contrast are among the first places that a viewer's eye is drawn. Contrast can be achieved by juxtapositions of any of the elements of art. Negative Positive space is an example of contrast. Complementary colors placed side by side is an example of contrast. Notan is an example of contrast. Emphasis This is when the artist creates an area of the composition that is visually dominant and commands the viewer's attention. This is often achieved by contrast. Movement is the result of using the elements of art such that they move the viewer's eye around and within the image. A sense of movement can be created by diagonal or curvy lines, either real or implied, by edges, by the illusion of space, by repetition, by energetic mark-making.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-2-NOTES-CREATING-AND-PERFORMING-IN-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9108006560610178, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2355, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.2071266}
{"text": "This is often achieved by contrast. Movement is the result of using the elements of art such that they move the viewer's eye around and within the image. A sense of movement can be created by diagonal or curvy lines, either real or implied, by edges, by the illusion of space, by repetition, by energetic mark-making. Pattern is the uniform repetition of any of the elements of art or any combination thereof. Anything can be turned into a pattern through repetition. Some classic patterns are spirals, grids, weaves. For examples of different pattern types see the Artlandia Glossary of Pattern Design. A popular drawing practice is Zentangles, in which an abstract or representational outline is divided into different areas, each of which contains a unique pattern. Rhythm This is created by movement implied through the repetition of elements of art in a nonuniform but organized way. It is related to rhythm in music. Unlike pattern, which demands consistency, rhythm relies on variety. Unity Variety You want your painting to feel unified such that all the elements fit together comfortably. Too much unity creates monotony, too much variety creates chaos. You need both. Ideally, you want areas of interest in your composition along with places for your eye to rest. PAINTING Colour wheel Colour wheel a diagram used in the visual arts to represent the colours of the visible spectrum and their relationships to one another. The colours are arranged systematically into a circle, with each hue usually falling into one of three categories: 1. Primary2. Secondary 3. Intermediate. Colour gradation strip for colour contrast Start with your chosen colour at the top of the column on your palette cool blues below the cool blue column, warm reds below the warm red column and apply in a broad band on your canvas. Back to your palette, add white to your colour and mix it in the column below the first colour. Still life drawing Still Life drawing is literally creating a two dimensional image of inanimate objects. Various media are used to emphasize a skill or topic. Still Life drawings created as preliminary studies for paintings are typically pencil, pastels, or pen and ink. A still life drawing is created by placing objects in a design setting that utilizes available light and contrasts in shapes in an eye pleasing manner. The artist sketches the basic shapes first and continues to fill in details and or color until the desired outcome is achieved.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-2-NOTES-CREATING-AND-PERFORMING-IN-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9178148663811588, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2467, "token_count": 484}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.1988938}
{"text": "What Is Time Signature 3 4? The time signature or meter 3 4 is show in the music as a 3 above a 4. This comes before the music starts but after the clef and key signature. The 3 stands for 3 beats per measure and the 4 tells us that each beat is a quarter note. This means that the notes in each measure will add to three quarter notes. See if you can spot the three quarter note beats in this line of music. Now here it is with the beats labelled. Master Time Signatures With Our Free Mini Course Get 10 video lessons complete with worksheets and quiz to learn about simple, compound and irregular meters. How To Count In 3 4 3 4, like all meters, has a distinctive feel to it. We count 3 4 as 1..2 3 .1 2 .3 and you can see this on the music below. These three quarter-note beats are counted regardless of how those beats are divided up. Here is a piece by Chopin. It contains more complex rhythms with a variety of note lengths, however this piece would still counted with three quarter-note beat. Can you spot where each beat falls? Now here it is with the beats added. 3 4 Is A Simple, Triple Time Signature There are three broad types of time signature: simple, compound and irregular. Simple time signatures have beats that divide into two. Compound time signatures have beats that divide into three and irregular time signatures have a mixture of beats. In time signature 3 4 each beat is a quarter note and therefore can be divided into TWO eighth notes. This makes 3 4 a Simple Time Signature. It is a Triple time signature because there areThe notes below show how each quarter note beat in 3 4 time can be divided into two eight notes. Athletics and Montage Athletics is a sport that includes a number of events involving running, jumping, throwing or walking. Middle distance races. Middle distance race starts with a standing start, athletes start from an upright, standing position the crouch forward with one foot about 18 inches behind the other. The leading foot and shoulder both point forward. The upper body should not be twisted. Strategies applied by middle distance runners during a race: Pacing Stride length Recovery. Pacing rate at which an athlete runs.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-2-NOTES-CREATING-AND-PERFORMING-IN-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.873525813555175, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2196, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.2560449}
{"text": "The upper body should not be twisted. Strategies applied by middle distance runners during a race: Pacing Stride length Recovery. Pacing rate at which an athlete runs. An athlete knows how long it takes him or her to cover a certain distance. Stride length it is the uniform length of steps taken during running. Recovery - It is a stop, walk or slow jog made after striding. It helps an athlete to catch a breath and relax before striding again which helps in developing speed and running skills. Middle-distance running events are track races longer than sprints, up to 3000 metres. The standard middle distances are the 800 metres, 1500 metres and mile run, although the 3000 metres may also be classified as a middle-distance even MONTAGE is the production of a rapid succession of images in a motion picture to illustrate an association of idea. Photomontage. Photomontage is the process and the result of making a composite photograph by cutting, gluing, rearranging and overlapping two or more photographs into a new image. It is assembly of images that relate to each other in some way to create a single work or part of a work of art. Photomontage is an image constructed from collaged photographs. Characteristics shown in photomontage. Superimposition-combine two images to create something new. Use of pictures. Emphasis on shape. MELODY Composing melody A melody is a collection of musical tones that are grouped together as a single entity. Most compositions consist of multiple melodies working in conjunction with one another. In a rock band, the vocalist, guitarist, keyboardist, and bassist are all playing melodies on their respective instruments. The basic process of melody writing is to create a musical sequence of notes, often referred to as a line, that's interesting and pleasing to the listener. This is done by using pitch notes and rhythm beats . Melodies are most often built using scales or modes. There are a few ways to extend a melody, depending on the style of music and the desired effect. Here are a few methods that may be helpful: Repeat and vary the melody. Repeat the melody multiple times, with slight variations each time. This can create a sense of familiarity and build tension. Add a countermelody. Introduce a new melody that complements the original melody.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-2-NOTES-CREATING-AND-PERFORMING-IN-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9097844149711084, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2326, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.267656}
{"text": "This can create a sense of familiarity and build tension. Add a countermelody. Introduce a new melody that complements the original melody. This can create a sense of harmony and depth. Use harmonic progression. Change the chords that the melody is played over. This can create a sense of movement and tension. Add a coda. Add a section at the end of the melody that provides a sense of closure. NETBAL Netball is a ball sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of seven players. The primary objective is to shoot a ball through the defender's goal ring while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own goal ring. Passes in netball 1. Chest pass in Net ball. Chest pass is a way of throwing the ball to a teammate where the ball is released and received at the chest level. The pass is usually used when the teammates are not far from each other. Learning points for the chest pass. 1. Grip Spread your fingers out behind the ball to form a W formation, holding it at chest height with your elbows out in front of you. 2. Stance. Face the direction you want the ball to go in. Step forwards with your dominant foot as you begin to straighten your arms. 3. Execution of the pass. Push the ball away from your body at chest height by powerfully extending the arms forwards and flicking the wrists. Follow through with the arms, wrists, hands and fingers in the direction of the throw. Chest pass drills Dodging and marking in Netball. Dodging is a technique used to counter the marking attempts. It is applied by members of the team in control of the ball. The player being marked attempts to get free from the marker and move into space to receive a pass. It may involve changing pace and use of deceptive body actions to put the marking player off balance. Deceptive means misleading or trickiness while off-balance means not steady or stable. Intercept means block a pass or prevent it from reaching destination or to block something from happening. Body movements used by a player when dodging an opponent. Using bending or leaning movements with the body trunk to the left or right or left once or repeatedly. Sprinting off from the marker. Sprinting and stopping. Extending the left or right arm away from the opponent.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-2-NOTES-CREATING-AND-PERFORMING-IN-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9084704064367998, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2273, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.330723}
{"text": "Sprinting off from the marker. Sprinting and stopping. Extending the left or right arm away from the opponent. Marking is a technique used by a team that is not in possession of the ball to prevent an opponent from receiving a pass. The intention is to obstruct passes made by the team in control of the ball. A player can mark an opponent in possession of the ball or an opponent without the ball. Marking opponent with the ball. Marking opponent without the ball. Body movements used by a player when marking an opponent. Standing in front of the player being marked. Standing beside the player being marked. Raising hands up or to the side to reach the path of the ball. Stepping forward, or sideways while avoiding any obstruction. Things to learn when dodging and marking stance. Marking a player without the ball. Establish the basic stance for marking with body weight on your toes. Take a position slightly in front of the player you intend to mark. Be on your toes, with knees slightly bent, ready to catch the ball or move in the direction of the opponent. The hands should be on the side of the body. React quickly when the opponent being marked makes any movement, move in the direction of the opponent using short steps, shuffle sideways without crossing the feet. Focus on both the ball and the player and forth from one place to another. Activity. Guided by the teacherDemonstrate Basic stance for dodging, marking, body movement for dodging and marking. Footwork in Netball. Landing techniques. In netball, the ball is played using hands. During play, the players may: Run to doge an opponent or to reach a ball. Jump to catch a high ball or rebound from the ring. Stop the running action suddenly to dodge an opponent or avoid getting to an offside position. Land on the floor or the ground as dedicated by the laws of gravity in integrated science and as guided by the law of the game. However, players need to land safely for safety and healthy living. There are two landing techniques in Netball: The double foot landing. Single foot landing. Pivoting.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-2-NOTES-CREATING-AND-PERFORMING-IN-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9089531027948841, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2111, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.3422647}
{"text": "Batik fabrics often include colorful, intricate, ornamental designs. What are two types of batik art? There are several different varieties of batik art. Two main types include hand-painted or drawn and stamped, block printed, or machine-printed. What is the batik method? The traditional batik method includes the drawing of a pattern on fabric, then the application of hot wax on the pattern, the dyeing of the fabric, removal of the wax, or some wax, then sometimes additional rounds of dyeing. The parts under the wax are not dyed. Other methods than the aforementioned traditional method exist. Light and Dry Crackle Effects has been formulated to create dry, cracked floors on the undersurfaces of vehicles, dioramas and vignettes. This product has been developed for the creation of scale crackle effects. On an acrylic base, use a thin coat and let dry. Descant recorder or Any other western instrumentDescant recorder, is the third-smallest instrument of the modern recorder family and is usually played as the highest voice in four-part ensembles SATB soprano, alto, tenor, bass . Recorders made today are designed after originals preserved in museums and based on historical evidence regarding dimensions, materials and pitch. Recorders come in many different sizes. The main kinds, from small to large, are: sopranino, descant soprano , treble alto , tenor and bass. Examples of western solo instruments. Instruments Playing technique Fingering chart for the G scale. Violin Bowing on the strings Guitar. Plucking the strings Trumpet in B flat Blowing air while producing a buzzing sound. Tones can be varied by pressing the valves. Xylophone Hitting the bars with a small mallet. Each piece of wood is a different length so it produces different sounds when they are hit. Piano Pressing on the keys. Playing the recorder using appropriate techniques. The following techniques are used to play descant recorder: Tonguing. Gently say tu when blowing air into the recorder. Embouchure. This is how one places their mouth on the recorder s mouthpiece to ensure that no air is lost when blowing into the instrument. Fingering. Correct placement of the fingers on the recorder. As a rule, the left hand is always at the top part of the recorder. All the holes must be tightly covered to prevent leakage of air.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-2-NOTES-CREATING-AND-PERFORMING-IN-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9157173447537474, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2335, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.400632}
{"text": "Correct placement of the fingers on the recorder. As a rule, the left hand is always at the top part of the recorder. All the holes must be tightly covered to prevent leakage of air. Blowing. Blow warm air into the recorder. Blowing gently gives a good sound. Blowing too hard generates unpleasant sounds. Slurring. This is the technique of playing more than two notes in one breath. This involves only the movement of fingers while the airflow is constant. Staccato. Playing notes in a detached manner. Notes to be played staccato have a dot above or below the note. Tone quality. Listen carefully to the sound you produce when you blow into the recorder. Blowing gently and having consistent air gives a good tone. Blend and balance. Being able to listen to what the other in an ensemble are playing helps to blend and create a balanced sound. Interpret performance directions when playing the descant recorder. You should be able to play melodies on the descant recorder while observing the following directions: a. Repeat. Repeat signs are two dots that are placed before or after a double bar line. Whey they are placed after a double bar line, it means it is the start of the repeat. However, when they are placed before a double line, it means the end of repeat. B. 1st and 2nd ending The two lines above the staff mean that one will avoid playing 1 notes when repeating. This applies where there is a repeat and the last part of the melody is different from the first one. C. Da capo al fine It is often abbreviated as D.C al Fine. It means one goes back to the beginning of the piece and plays to the point written. D. Dal segno al fine. It is often abbreviated as D.S al fine. It means you go back to a point in the piece of music with the sign and play or sing to the bar marked Fine end then stop. E. Accent. The note with sign is played with emphasis. F. Fermata. This sign means that you can hold the note a little longer that its given time value or number of counts. G. Dynamics. This refers to how quietly or loudly a piece of music should be played. Italian terms are used to indicate dynamics in the piece of music. Dynamics English meaning.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-2-NOTES-CREATING-AND-PERFORMING-IN-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9013354995199928, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2195, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.423716}
{"text": "This refers to how quietly or loudly a piece of music should be played. Italian terms are used to indicate dynamics in the piece of music. Dynamics English meaning. Pianissimo pp Very soft Piano p Soft Mezzo piano mp Moderately soft Mezzo forte mf Moderately wide. Forte f Loud. Fortissimo ff Very loud. H. Tempo. This term is used to refer to how fast or slow a piece of music can be played. Italina terms are used to indicate what tempo the music is played Tempo terms English meaning. Andante At a walking pace 73-77 beats per minute Allegro Fast 109-132 beats per minute Adagio Slow ss-65 beats per minute Lento Slowly 40-45 beats per minute VerseVerse is writing arranged in lines which have rhythm and which often rhyme at the end. ... A slim volume of verse. I have been moved to write a few lines of verse. Synonyms: poetry, poems, lyrics, rhyme More Synonyms of verse Composing a verse Start by committing your main ideas to paper, then go back and refine them later. Draw on devices like simile and metaphor to tell your story in a way that's engaging to the listener. Don't just explain the action give life to it through concrete images and unexpected turns of phrase. VOLLEYBAL Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's Overarm and Jump serve in Volley. Over arm serve. Over arm serve is where a player tosses the ball with one hand and strikes it in the air above their head with the other hand so that it crosses the net and lands into the opponents side. Safety instructions. Ensure you perform thorough warm up activities. Avoid congestion by maintaining a safe distance from your peers. Follow instructions. Jump serve in Volleyball. This is a type of serve where the serving player increases power and serve height by jumping to hit the ball when serving in volleyball. Minor Games and basic rules. Minor games are small sided games that help you practice skills learnt in volleyball while applying the rules of the games. Safety precaution. Never fist hit the ball as you could hit someone s face. Do not swing on the post.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-2-NOTES-CREATING-AND-PERFORMING-IN-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8982334283999844, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2191, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.4766796}
{"text": "Safety precaution. Never fist hit the ball as you could hit someone s face. Do not swing on the post. Do not go under the net, always walk around the nets. Do not throw the ball over the net, roll it under the net. Diagram of human figures playing Volley. Student activities monitored and instructed by the teacher Draw human figures of players serving or volleying a ball. C Serve the ball using the jump serve over a net. D Perform the volley for skill acquisition, KENYAN FOLK DANCE Classifying Kenyan folk dance African folk songs are classified according to the following. Their origin. Occasion. Function. Type. A. Community of origin. -. African songs can be classified according to their origin. -. The origin in this case means the community they are drawn from. -. Therefore, songs belong to a particular community such as luhya, luo, gikuyu, gusii. Kuria, Kamba, iteso, giriama, digo, Pokomo, gabra, nandi, Kipsigis, Marakwet, pokot, turkana and taita. -. These songs are passed on by oral tradition from one generation to the next. -. The music is related to the culture of a particular or region. For example, you can identify the culture od a particular community or region by their dressing, languageused, musical instruments, props, body adornments, ornaments, body movements, vocal embellishments used to enrich music, style of sing and tone among others. B. Occasion. -. African folk songs can also be categorized according to occasions they are performed. -. For example: - naming folk songs. -. Initiation folk songs. -. Marriage folk songs. -. War folk songs. -. Funeral folk songs. -. Worship folk songs among others. C. Function. Folk songs belong to the people with a common culture. Therefore, folk songs keep people connected to their cultures and heritage. They give history of the people and their culture. Folk songs usually pass important information, stories, messages and history from generation to generation. Folk songs are used to express emotions. They narrate stories of joy and sorrows in the simplest way. Folk songs are used as a means of unifying the community members when they come together to sing.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-2-NOTES-CREATING-AND-PERFORMING-IN-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9031423290203329, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2164, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.4674463}
{"text": "Folk songs are used to express emotions. They narrate stories of joy and sorrows in the simplest way. Folk songs are used as a means of unifying the community members when they come together to sing. This also creates positive outcomes or consequences if they do not watch their actions and intention. Some of the folk songs are purely for entertainment, enjoyment by performers and the audience. D. Type. African folk songs can also be classified according to the type such as: Lullabies. Dirges. Love songs. Protest songs. Children s songs among others. Creating improvised implements to use in performance of Folkdance songs. Folk dances are performed by different participants who plays different roles as follows: Soloist-person who leads the rest of the participants in singing the melodies and dancing during the performance of the dance. Response group-they provide an answer to the soloist during the dance. Instrumentalist-plays instruments to accompany a dance. Dancers- makes dance movements and formation in response to the songs and instruments. Along side the participants, folk song dances also require other implements so help in identifying different cultures and diversities such as costumes, ornaments, body adornments, body make ups, props etc. During a folk-dance performance, participants wear specially designed cloths, hides or skins called costumes. Costumes are made using locally available materials such as sisal fibre, sisal string, comb and pair of scissors. The participants also decorate their bodies using different paints to make patterns. This is called body adornments. Body adornments are made using the following materials: Water paints. Chalk powder. Objects or items of different shapes and sizes like bottle tops, water bottles, combs, folk and other design shaped objects. Dancers also use beads, necklaces, bracelets and anklets during the dance performance. These are called ornaments. Body ornaments are made using locally available materials such as: Pieces of thread. Pair of scissors. Grains such as beans, maize soaked in water to make them soft A needle. The costumes, body adornments and ornaments vary from one community to another expressing different cultures in Kenya. The following are social importance of songs to the pastoralists: Songs they sing accompany their journey to facilitate movements.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-2-NOTES-CREATING-AND-PERFORMING-IN-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9153078202995009, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2404, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.547869}
{"text": "Grains such as beans, maize soaked in water to make them soft A needle. The costumes, body adornments and ornaments vary from one community to another expressing different cultures in Kenya. The following are social importance of songs to the pastoralists: Songs they sing accompany their journey to facilitate movements. They songs are sung during their herding sessions to take away boredom. They are a source of unity and collaboration among the community members. They educate on the importance of the animals and other resources. They tell the history of the community. General uses of Folk songs. As a source of entertainment. As a source of cultural and national unity. In teaching subjects such as history, literature and geography among others. To educate. To rebuke. To advise. To worship. To encourage. To promote culture. To give moral teachings. Economic importance of the songs. Economic importance or economic significance of something refers to the monetary or trade value of an item. Songs have economic importance to individuals, the cultural community and even the country. General these are the economic importance of folk songs: Performers can earn money or income by performing folk songs at private parties. Folk song musicians also earn a living by offering singing lessons. Some musicians are employed as singers or trainers of folk songs by some institutions such as cultural centres, universities and schools among others. Folk songs musicians also earn the country foreign exchange when they perform outside the country. Folk musicians also earn the country revenue when they pay taxes. Folk musicians can be independent artists by recording and selling their music. Indigenous Kenyan craft Baketry Kenya's artistic heritage also includes a rich tradition of traditional crafts, such as beadwork, woodcarving, pottery, and basket weaving. These crafts have been passed down through generations and are often used for practical purposes as well as for ceremonial and decorative purposes basketry items made using coil techniques This method is widely used throughout the world in making strong, fairly rigid objects for daily use: partitions for dwellings, baskets to be carried on the back, cages, and fish traps with a Mediterranean variety composed of three layers of standards and a knotted thread . Swimming Breast stroke in swimming.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-2-NOTES-CREATING-AND-PERFORMING-IN-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9168530020703934, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2415, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.5416098}
{"text": "Indigenous Kenyan craft Baketry Kenya's artistic heritage also includes a rich tradition of traditional crafts, such as beadwork, woodcarving, pottery, and basket weaving. These crafts have been passed down through generations and are often used for practical purposes as well as for ceremonial and decorative purposes basketry items made using coil techniques This method is widely used throughout the world in making strong, fairly rigid objects for daily use: partitions for dwellings, baskets to be carried on the back, cages, and fish traps with a Mediterranean variety composed of three layers of standards and a knotted thread . Swimming Breast stroke in swimming. Breast stroke is a stroke in which the arms are pushed forward and then swept back in a circular movement, while the legs are tucked in towards the bod and then kicked out in a sideways and backward movement. Description of the prone body position. The body lies in a horizontal position in the water with the head in line, with the spine and the face in the water, eyes looking down. The arms are extended forward and the legs are held close together, toes pointed. The breast stroke begins with a forceful push from the poolside in order to generate some propulsion, which results in a glide. The body moves in a smooth, continuous and effortless motion while lying on the stomach and glides in a horizontal position. From the glide phase, the propulsive arm action takes place and then the leg action as the arms recover. The body is then in a streamlined glide for a short moment in each before the next stroke begins. Glide. For effective gliding in the water, the body should be well streamlined. This can be affected by the underwater recovery movements, as the propulsive force remain still and streamlined. For example, as the legs kick to provide propulsion, the arms should be extended forward to create the ideal streamlined body position at the front. Similarly, as the arms pull around, the legs should be in the glide phase to create the same streamlined body position at the back. Gliding helps to make the breast stroke movement smooth and reduces the effort required by the arms to move forward, resulting on a more efficient swimming technique. It is important to cultivate a glide so that the proper sequence of arms-breath-leg - glide can be established. The breast stroke starts with the arm pull, breathe, then the kick and finally the glide in a streamlined position. Prone body postion and glide.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-2-NOTES-CREATING-AND-PERFORMING-IN-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9188023952095808, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2505, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.6325655}
{"text": "It is important to cultivate a glide so that the proper sequence of arms-breath-leg - glide can be established. The breast stroke starts with the arm pull, breathe, then the kick and finally the glide in a streamlined position. Prone body postion and glide. Stand waist-deep in water, with knees bent or feet flat against the side of the pool. You can hold onto the side of the pool with one hand for support. Breathe in and put your face in the water. Puch off the wall and glide to the prone body position. Lie flat, head facing down with your body in line with the water surface. Keep your face down and arms extended forward. Your eyes should look downwards and slightly forward to avoid straining the neck. Keep your shoulders, hips and legs horizontal as possible, and keep your hips as close as possible to the surface. Do not let your hips drop in the water. Stretch your legs behind with toes pointed but slope your body slightly to allow the legs to stay beneath the water. Keep your neck and shoulders as relaxed as possible to aid the arm action and reduce strain. Keep your body straight and streamlined to make swimming easier and enhance speed. The head movement should be kept to a minimum, and the shoulder should remain level throughout the stroke. Arm action. The arm pull technique is needed to assist the leg movement and also to keep the breast stroke streamlined and efficient. Cath phase. I. Begin with the glide position, arms extended out in front of you, fingers and hands together, palms facing downwards. Ii. Pitch your hand outwards and downwards to an angle of about 45 degrees at the start of the catch phase. Iii. Pull your arms outwards and downwards until they are appropriately shoulderwidth apart. Your elbows should begin to bend, and your shoulders to roll inwards at the end of the catch phase. Propulsive phase. Sweep your arms downwards and inwards, and let the hands pull to their deepest point. The elbows bend to 900 and remain high. At the end of the down sweep, your hands, your hands should sweep inwards and slightly upwards. The elbow should tuck into the side as you pull your hand inwards towards the chest and the chin. Recovery phase. Your hands should recover by stretching forward in a streamlined position.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-2-NOTES-CREATING-AND-PERFORMING-IN-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9083106643870673, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2290, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.6187341}
{"text": "The elbow should tuck into the side as you pull your hand inwards towards the chest and the chin. Recovery phase. Your hands should recover by stretching forward in a streamlined position. They should recover under, on, or over the water surface ready to restart the arm action. Leg action. The legs are the powerhouse of the breast stroke, and the full leg kick should be a simultaneous and flowing action, resulting in a powerful boost that propels the whole stroke. I. Start with your legs straight and together. Ii. Bend your knees and bring the heels towards your seat with the sole of the feet facing outwards for the frog kick . Iii. Sweep the legs outwards and download in a flowing circular path. The heels and soles of your feet should drive around and back to provide power and propulsion to the stroke. Iv. Squeeze legs together to come back together to the starting streamlined position with the toes pointed. Breathing action. -. Breast stroke breathing occurs naturally as the breast technique has a body lift, which gives the ideal breathing point for each stroke. Breathing in takes place every time your arms pull back to all the body to lift and the head to rise. Lift your shoulders to bring your face out of the water to breath. Don t raise your head, let the head naturally rise with the shoulders so your chin is resting just above the water. Inhale through your mouth before letting your shoulder drop as you sweep with your arms. Breath out as your legs kick back and extend your arms forward. The head returns to the water to exhale as the arms stretch forward to begin their recovery phase. Timing. A well-executed breast stroke timing sequence is key to achieving a smooth and efficient swimming stroke as you will effortlessly glide through the water. A. Try to time your arm action and leg kick so there is always something propelling you through water. B. The arms will be propulsive while the legs recover and the legs propulsive while the arms recover. C. To coordinate the leg kick, the arm strokes, and the breathing, think of the phrase pull, breath, kick, glide d. As your arms complete the power phase, take a breath, and then draw your feet toward the hips. E. When your arms are about halfway through the recovery phase, begin the leg action.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-2-NOTES-CREATING-AND-PERFORMING-IN-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9109280138768431, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2306, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.6813061}
{"text": "B. The arms will be propulsive while the legs recover and the legs propulsive while the arms recover.c. To coordinate the leg kick, the arm strokes, and the breathing, think of the phrase pull, breath, kick, glide d. As your arms complete the power phase, take a breath, and then draw your feet toward the hips.e. When your arms are about halfway through the recovery phase, begin the leg action.f. Time the arm strokes and kick so that the arms and legs are both at their full length as the kick finishes.g. Rest in the phase position as your body glides through the water. Then the glide begins to slow down, it is time to start another stroke. Water treading To maintain an upright position in deep water by moving the feet with a walking movement and the hands with a downward circular motion.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-STRAND-2-NOTES-CREATING-AND-PERFORMING-IN-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9027027027027028, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 814, "token_count": 177}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.5992603}
{"text": "1 GILBERT MWANGI O711510486 KALOLENI JUNIOR SCHOOL CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS TERM 1 2024 LESSON NOTES Foundations of Creative Arts and Sports Introduction to Creative Arts and Sports By the end of the Sub Strand, the learner should be able to: a describe categories of Creative Arts and Sports, b outline the relationships among the categories of Creative Arts and Sports, c create a chart on the categories of the Creative Arts and Sports, d appreciate the categories of Creative Arts and Sports Foundations of Creative Arts and Sports Components of Creative Arts and Sports describe the components of Visual Arts, b describe elements of a story, c perform activities demonstrating the components of fitness, d execute basic elements of Music, e appreciate the components of Creative Arts and Sports Introduction to Creative Arts and Sports. What is creative arts? Creative Arts is a description of various artistic activities that allow performers to use their imaginations, creativity, and express ideas through a variety of mediums to passage a message to the audience. What is sports? A sport is any activity involving physical or mental effort combined with skills in which an individual or a team or teams compete against another or others for entertainment. 2 Roles of Creative arts and sports in the society. Social roles of Creative arts Sports. Creates a sense of identity-bring people together, creating shared experiences that help to foster a sense of community and collective identity. Creative arts and sports promote cohesion through teamwork. Through creative arts and sports culture is preserved-it ensures that our history and traditions are not forgotten, and that future generations can appreciate and learn from them. Creative arts and sports provide provides us with entertainment through components such as music, dance, drama, narratives, films and movies, various sports i.e., soccer, basketball, netball, volley ball. Economic roles of Creative arts and Sports. Creative arts and sports provide employment opportunities such as artists, musicians, referees, sports coaches, sports doctors, choreographers. Trainers, teachers etc. One can earn income through activities related to creative arts and sports hence eradicating poetry. Through creative arts and sports, a country can earn or generate tax revenue. Boosts revenue collection Creative arts and sports attract investments which in turn increases job opportunities.", "metadata": {"source": "CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9130639549639175, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2477, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.7326684}
{"text": "There are different genres of Performing Arts namely music, drama, dance, film and elocution. They can also be referred to as the disciplines of Performing Arts. 2. Each discipline is divided into smaller areas, for example music vocal and instrumental music , drama skit and play , dance Creative and folk dances , film documentaries, fiction films and elocution verse, narrative . These are known as the genres of Performing Arts. 3. Ln some cases, several disciplines can be used together in a particular performance. For example, songs can be used in narratives and skits to make them more interesting poetry is used with background music, while a movie trailer uses drama, film and music. Activity 3: Discussing the Importance of Performing Arts in Society 1. Performing Arts are used as a medium of self-expression. 2. Through Performing Arts, talents are identified and developed. 3. Performing Arts are a source of entertainment. 4. They promote cultural appreciation, unity and cohesion when people come together to watch a performance 5. Performing Arts enables the learner to develop skills that can help him or her to solve the issues and challenges of everyday life. 9 Importance of doing research of art Preparation for a presentation Factors to consider when making preparation and presentation of art research . 1. Relevance of the content It is important that the information in the presentation is relevant to the main topic. This help in preventing the speaker and the audience from talking about things not related to them. The information should be well organized starting from what the audience knows to providing new information 2. Oral presentation When making oral presentation, use appropriate language and expressions. Remember also to maintain eye contact with the audience. 3. Team work Every member of the group should actively participate in the activities. All members should take part in carrying out tasks during presentations. These includes: preparations, organization sample artwork, operating the equipment and answering questions from the audience. All members should demonstrate respect for one another and unity when carrying out the group activity. Guidelines to follow when making a presentation on categories of arts 1. Introductions Introduce yourself and member of the group to the audience. Give the tittle of the presentation. 2.", "metadata": {"source": "CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9011905416768171, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2401, "token_count": 485}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.7516518}
{"text": "Introductions Introduce yourself and member of the group to the audience. Give the tittle of the presentation. 2. Body of the presentation Discuss the meaning of the arts Give as many examples of the arts as possible Show actual samples, pictures or drawing to emphasize your points Demonstrate where necessary10 Conclusion Ask the audience whether there are questions of contributions Answer the questions confidently, ask other group members, the audience of the teacher if you are not able to give a response to the question. When there are not more questions, thank the audience for the co- operation. Presentation and appreciation categories of arts A presentation involves talking to an audience about the topic, an idea or a product. The main purpose of a presentation is to pass information and persuade an audience about a certain idea or topic. Elements of presentation Speaker of the presenter The role of the presenter is to communicate with the audience. The speaker also controls the presentation. The presenter should involve the audience and other members of the group during presentation. The audience These are people the presenter will communicate with. It is important to maintain attention of the audience by involving them through questions and asking them to participate in some activities. The content This is the information you will pass to the audience. The resources used in the presentation These may include o samples of artwork o presentation software o charts o posters11 Career pathways in the arts Career pathways - is an area of study taken so as to lead and prepare someone for a specific career. The arts is a wide a field that has very many opportunities. Careers in the art range from traditional fine art emerging digital and media design. The artist therefore, has an opportunity to choose a career pathway that is interesting and suits their individual abilities in the world of work. Careers Path in Secondary school The arts are offered as two subjects in lower secondary: performing and Visual arts. Performing arts include: - music - dance - theatre and film Visual and applied art: - fine art - applied art - time based media Pupil s activities Pg. 1012 Presentation on career pathways in the Art When making a presentation on the career in the arts, follow the same procedure as in the categories of the arts. Make sure you have done a good research and that you have enough point for the presentation.", "metadata": {"source": "CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9117069967403962, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2483, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.7695603}
{"text": "In small groups, sing songs that have the semiquaver patterns. 3. Recite the following rhythmic patterns using French Rhythm names and clap them. 16 Use common words or names of the members in the class to practise the rhythmic patterns with semiquavers, for example: apple juice, ripe mango, mama mboga etc. 17 Activity 3: Grouping Notes into Beats in Simple Time 1. Notes of small value such as quavers and semiquavers are joined together to form a crotchet beat. This is known as grouping notes. 2. A horizontal line, known as a beam, is used to connect two or more notes of small value to form a crotchet beat. 3. The number of beams in a group is equal to the number of flags or tails in the separate notes. 4. The following shows how the notes are grouped into beats. Note 1. Music is made up of strong and weak beats. 2. The strong beat is shown by the use of a symbol known as an accent insert 3. The strong beat can recur every two, three or four beats. 4. With the help of your teacher, clap the rhythmic patterns below, stressing the strong beats in each. 18 1. The repetition of the strong beat after either two, three or four beats is known as meter. 2. In written music short vertical lines, known as bar lines, are used to separate the groups of beats into twos, threes or fours. These groups of beats are known as bars. The first beat of every bar is accented and double bar lines are used at the end. 3. The meter of music is shown using a symbol of two numbers, one on top of the other. This is a called a time signature. The top number shows the number of beats in a bar and the bottom number shows the value of the beats. 19 The number 4 is used at the bottom because there are four crotchet beats in a semibreve. 4. The commonly used meters are simple duple, simple triple and simple quadruple time. The strong beat can occur after 2 beats, 3 beats and 4 beats. Activity 4: Writing Rhythms in Simple Time on Monotone. Can You Recall? 1. A time signature is a symbol made up of two numbers that shows the meter of a piece of music. 2. Music is divided into strong and weak beats. 3.", "metadata": {"source": "CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8741293532338308, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2106, "token_count": 523}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.8260107}
{"text": "Demonstrations for javelin a. Grip in javelin Place the javelin along the length of your plan Hold the javelin at the back of the cord Keep the point of the javelin pointed in the direction you want to throw Keep the javelin lined up with your eyes Keep your grip relaxed Types of grips in javelin There are three types of grip in javelin a. The American grip b. The V grip c. The finish grip22 a. The American grip Here you Place your thumb and the first two joints of you index finger behind the cord The V grip hold the javelin between your index and middle fingers, behind the cord. The finish grip: place your thumb and the first tow joints of your index finger behind the cord, while the index finger supports the shaft of the javelin. Extend the index finger further away. Leaning points in javelin Carriage 1. Hold the javelin near your head above your shoulder 2. The javelin should point down towards the ground slightly. 23 3. Ensure the javelin is parallel to the ground. 4. Look at the direction of your through. Approach run After you have the javelin in position, begin running towards your target with the javelin Keep your hips high and down on the balls of your feet Let your free arms swing across your body Extend the arm carrying the javelin fully behind you. Keep your head facing in the direction of your target Turn so that the left side of your body faces your target. Cross over. Place yourright foot on the ground and your left foot forward and elevated. A. Put your right ahead in a lean back positions b. Pull the javelin back a little further so that the tip is lined up with your eyebrows c. Keep the right foot close to the ground d. Let the right heel touch the ground e. As the right foot moves forward, move the left foot up and lean your trunk back at 115 degree angle. F. Place your right foot on the ground and you left leg forward and elevated g. Direct your shoulder and hips towards your left target. H. Wait for your left foot to touch the ground i. Straighten your torso j. Turn your face toward the direction of the throw with the javelin parallel to your shoulder k.", "metadata": {"source": "CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8985650637723298, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2147, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.854489}
{"text": "Write tonic sol-fas of the melody below the staff. Remember \"doh' is the note that gives the key its name, for example, in C major, doh is C, 4. Practise singing the tonic sol-fas of the melody, first in crotchets and then using the correct rhythm. Notice the movement of successive notes in each of the melodies. Stepwise motion is where the interval between any two neighbouring notes is not more than a step on the scale. In some cases there can be more than a step between two successive notes of a melody. This type of motion is called skipwise motion or movement by leaps. Each melody has a shape, which depends on the successive movement of notes. A melody can move upwards, downwards, in waves forming a curve and so on. This is referred to as the melodic shape or contour. Activity 3: Creating 1-bar Melodies in Simple Time on Treble Clef Things To Remember Before you begin creating a melody, you should: draw the staff, add the treble clef, write the key signature of the scale you want to use, and write the time signature you will use. Work in Pairs 1. What are the qualities of a good melody as was discussed in the previous activity? 2. Practise Writing a 4-bar melody in simple time in major scales of C, G, D and A. 3. Sing or play the melody you have created. 4. Describe the melodic motion and shape or contour. 28 5. What is the first and the last note in each of the melodies? Activity 4: Playing or Singing Melodies Created by Self and Others Can You Recall? What are the qualities of a good melody? Work in pairs 1. Take turns to play each other's melodies. 2. Discuss the qualities in each of the melodies played. Group Activity With the guidance of your teacher, use mobile apps or computer software to create, notate and play back 4-bar melodies. Activity 5: Appreciating Melodies Composed by Self and Others Listen and Learn 1. You have created 4-bar melodies in simple time in the major scales of C, G, D and A 2. In pairs, take turns to sing or play or use: digital devices to listen to and appraise each other's melodies. 3. Take turns to sing your melodies to the class.", "metadata": {"source": "CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8811861526417293, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2116, "token_count": 514}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.8724809}
{"text": "Communication good marking is a product of communicating with teammates to develop a suitable plan or approach to counter the playing actions of the attacking teams 6. Courageous a good marker should be courageous to withstand non-avoidable contacts that may occur during one on one tackling situations 7. Peripheral vision a player who is marking needs to see what is happening around him or her and not just focuses on the player being marked alone. Body feign in handball Body feigns are performed by using the trunk legs. They involve a shift of balance and weight. This can be done with or without the ball. Body feigns are used to free the player from an opponent and get a better position for receiving or passing the ball. Types of dodging technics include: a. Single feign dodge b. Double feign dodge37 Single feign dodge In group of five players, form two lines facing one another 5m apart Players approach each other In closing to one another, each of them performs a single feign to the opposite side. Leaning point for double feign dodge Take a position at least 5m in front of an opponent Make a short run and break it with a double foot landing referred to as a zero step Lean towards either the right or left and repeat the feigning. Complete the original intended love. Drill 1: Pair feign dodge In pairs without the ball, stand facing each other One of you to practice the double feign dodge Repeat three times and switch roles Drill 2: Quinque drill In groups of five, place a cone in the court and make a line facing the cone Sprint to the cone and stop on zero steps, feign to the right, then left and then move to the right to receive the ball. Dribbling in handball Dribbling it is a technique in handball where the player bounces the ball on the ground once or repeatedly. Types of handball dribbling 1. High dribble 2.", "metadata": {"source": "CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8994560984640527, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1876, "token_count": 444}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.871065}
{"text": "Dribbling in handball Dribbling it is a technique in handball where the player bounces the ball on the ground once or repeatedly. Types of handball dribbling 1. High dribble 2. Low dribble38 Demonstrating low dribble Stand with the feet shoulder-width apart The knees should be slightly bent and body weight on the balls of the feet Push the ball downwards using the wrist and the fingers for better control The arm of the non- dribbling hand should be extended outwards from the body for balance Use a pump like action to bounce the ball repeatedly with the enough force so that it bounces slightly above knee level. This constitutes a low level. Control the ball by flexing the wrist and the fingers Bounce the ball below knee level for a low dribble Keep the head up and avoid looking at the ball Learning points for high dribble Stand with the feet shoulder- width apart Keep erect with a slight lean forward and body weight on the balls of the feet Push the ball downwards using the wrist and the fingers for better control The arm of the non-dribbling hand should be extended outwards from the body for balance Use a pump like action to bounce the ball repeatedly with enough force so that it bounces slightly above knee level for a high. This constitutes a high dribble. Keep the head up and avoid looking at the ball. Drills of dribbling in handball Drill 1: Step and dribble Take three steps, make one dribble and take three more steps.", "metadata": {"source": "CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9057777155626067, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1478, "token_count": 354}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.9086537}
{"text": "This constitutes a high dribble. Keep the head up and avoid looking at the ball. Drills of dribbling in handball Drill 1: Step and dribble Take three steps, make one dribble and take three more steps. Increase the number of dribbles between three- step sections At the end of the sequence, make a shot or a pass Drill 2: Walking drill Walk across the court with a ball five times making a high dribble Repeat the drill using a low dribble Drill 3: The cone drill Place seven cones in a line 1.5m apart In groups of five, practice zigzag movement pattern in and out of the cones one at a time Start with a low dribble and later a high dribble39 As you perfect the dribble, make more challenging by shortening the distance between the cones Drill 4:The court drill Individually dribble a ball along a court marking using high and low dribbles. Use a movement pattern of three high dribble and three low dribbles. SHOOTING IN HANDBALL Shooting it involves throwing the ball in to the opponent s goal to make a score. Safety measures to be observed when performing shooting in handball Never aim to hit or injure the goalkeeper with the ball. Take turn and shoot one player at a time Warm up adequately before starting the shooting activity Adhere to the instructions given by the instructor Be conscious of the nature of the floor or the ground while making a falling or a dive shot . . . Types of shots in handball include: a Jump shot b Dive shot c Running shot d Falling shot e Lob shot40 Demonstrating jump shot A jump shot is where a player can shoot from a stationary position and gain horizontal distance and the releasing powerfully towards the goal at the highest point of the jump. Make a shot run with a maximum of three steps while gripping the ball Make a single foot take off in the last step for an upward thrust. Bend the other leg at the knee for more force upward. Demonstration for a running short Running shot is executed while the player is in motion making the three steps progression.", "metadata": {"source": "CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8981656616947001, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2055, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.9472883}
{"text": "Make a shot run with a maximum of three steps while gripping the ball Make a single foot take off in the last step for an upward thrust. Bend the other leg at the knee for more force upward. Demonstration for a running short Running shot is executed while the player is in motion making the three steps progression. Make two or three steps towards the attacking goal end then make a shot at the goal Follow through with a swing of the throwing hand41 Demonstrating a dive shot Take a position outside the 6m line facing the attacking goal. Take off with both feet high and the head fast towards the goal area. Release the ball while airborne and land in the goal area with the body low. Convert your landing into a roll for safety. Learning points for falling shot Take a position outside the 6m line facing the goal. With the feet firm on the floor outside the goal area, fall towards the goal area . Release the ball before contacting the goal area with the hands or any other part of the .body Learning points for lob shot Take a position outside the 6m line Face the goalkeeper who may have moved closer to you in defense Throw the ball in a curved path over the goalkeeper Flick the wrist to give the ball direction and accuracy.", "metadata": {"source": "CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.900899680030115, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1265, "token_count": 298}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.9612725}
{"text": "Learning points for falling shot Take a position outside the 6m line facing the goal. With the feet firm on the floor outside the goal area, fall towards the goal area . Release the ball before contacting the goal area with the hands or any other part of the .body Learning points for lob shot Take a position outside the 6m line Face the goalkeeper who may have moved closer to you in defense Throw the ball in a curved path over the goalkeeper Flick the wrist to give the ball direction and accuracy. 42 Drills for shooting in handball Drill 1: Step and shoot In groups of five make a line facing the goal with the leader at the free throw line The leader makes a pass to the first player in the line The player makes 3 steps and then a jump shot After making a jump shot the player joins the line from the back Repeat the activity3 times then change to practice a running shot Drill 2: Drill and shoot In a group of four players, make a line at the substitution zone facing the goal where you intend to shoot Use a high dribble to move towards the goal area On reaching the free throw line, catch the ball and make a jump shot Retrieve the ball and run along the goal line to the corner and then along the sideline to join your teammates After three attempts change and practice a running shot Drill 3: Corner drill In a group of five, make a line at the corner of the court The leader to stand at a point within the court The first player in the line to run along the goal area line When at a comfortable position, catch the ball from the group leader and make a dive short. Pupils activities Pg. 35. 43 Creating and Performing in Creative Arts and Sports Western Solo Instrument Western Solo Instruments Activity 1: Tuning the Descant Recorder or Any Other Solo Western Instrument Study the following instruments and answer the questions that follow. 1. What can you see? 2. With the guidance of your teacher and resource persons, watch a live or recorded solo instrumental performance. 3. In groups, discuss the importance of tuning a solo Western instrument in preparation for a performance. 4.", "metadata": {"source": "CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8912959892341336, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2145, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360545.992557}
{"text": "3. In groups, discuss the importance of tuning a solo Western instrument in preparation for a performance. 4. Watch videos demonstrating techniques of tuning various Western instruments and apply them to your chosen instrument. Activity 2: Playing the Scale Of C Major On Staff What I need to know 1. Western instruments have different fingering charts to guide in playing of different pitches. 2. Use digital devices to download the fingering charts for the instrument of choice. 3. Below is the fingering chart for the Descant Recorder showing the notes of the scale of C major. Descant Recorder Fingering Chart44 Individual Activity 1. Practise playing the notes of the scale of C major ascending and descending on your instrument using the fingering chart. 2. On a digital device, watch videos to learn how to play the scale of C major. 3. Use the fingering provided to the play the notes C D EF G A B C' on the descant recorder. 4. Practise playing the scale in ascending and descending order. Group Activity Play familiar tunes in the scale of C major on your instrument. Activity 3: Sight Reading Simple Melodies in C Major To do individually and in groups. 45 1. Look at the clef below. 2. Check the key signature and keep the key in your head while playing 3. Look at the time signature. 4. Clap or tap the rhythms of each of the melodies before you play them. 5. Locate the notes on the instrument. 6. Look at the melodies and play. 1. Sight-reading is playing of music without prior preparation. 2. Your teacher will provide 2-bar melodies for you to sight-read. 3. Do so without referring to the fingering chart or tapping the rhythms before playing. Activity 4: Playing with Appropriate Techniques 1. Every instrument has specific techniques to be applied while playing. For example, for strings there is bowing, plucking, strumming, fingering; and for wind, there is tonguing, blowing and fingering. 2. All the techniques when well applied ensure good tone quality. How To Produce a Good Tone on The Descant Recorder 1. Blow gently into the descant recorder as you make the sound du with the tongue. This is referred to as tonguing and it helps to produce a clear sound. 2. Do not blow too hard into the recorder because it will make a high pitch sound. 3.", "metadata": {"source": "CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8780769230769231, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2275, "token_count": 521}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.0764637}
{"text": "2.Do not blow too hard into the recorder because it will make a high pitch sound.3.If you are having trouble producing a sound after lots of practice, clean your recorder. Cover the air hole below the mouthpiece and blow in hard.46 Activity 5: Observing Performance Directions What I Need to Know 1.Performance directions are words, phrases or signs showing the appropriate tempo, dynamics, articulation and repeats in a piece of music.2.The directions help to enhance the overall effect in a performance.3.With your teacher s guidance, play various melodies observing the performance directions shown.4.Your teacher will also help you search for short duets in C major to be played in pairs and groups.47 Creating and Performing in Creative Arts and Sports Football.", "metadata": {"source": "CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8793798655931865, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 791, "token_count": 158}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.0107963}
{"text": "Is the most advanced creature to appear on earthImportance of Fossil Records. Fossils refer to the preserved remains of plants and animals that are found beneath the surface of the earth. Fossil records help to understand how human beings evolved, lived, adapted and changed their physical appearance in the past. Fossil records have the following importance:Provide past evidence on how plants and animals adapted to their environment. Helps to establish evolutionary relationship between organisms and their ancestors. Fossil records help to establish the time period in which organisms lived. Fossil records help archeologists and other natural scientists to place important events and species in the appropriate historical and geographical era. Fossil records of humans help us to understand the social, political and economic life of man over years. They give us information on the culture of humans, clothing, food, and beliefs in the past. Fossil records give us information on the economic activities of man such as the animals they hunted, crops they cultivated, fishing among others. Fossil records give us information on the type and uses of tools and other materials used by humans in farming, hunting, war or religious activities over the years. They provide evidence of Africa being the cradle of humanity. Locations of human remains discovered in Africa. Prehistoric sites are places where man s remains which are evident of his past existence were found. The oldest known human remains in Africa were discovered in Ethiopia, dating back to around 200,000 years ago. The following are a few examples of where and when pre-historic human remains have been discovered in Africa. Other places are:Fort Ternan Kenya where Ramapithecus or Kenyapithecus were found. Changes that took places in humans as a result of evolution. Evolution of human beings has been a continuous process resulting from various changes and adaptations. These changes are characterized in their teeth, arms, body shape, brain size, structure of their legs and shape of their head. These changes were important for them to adapt to new environmental conditions for survival. Human beings evolved to walk on two legs, freeing their hands for tool use and enhancing mobility. Overtime, the human brain had grown, leading to advanced cognitive abilities. They developed the ability to make and use tools. Humans developed language, enabling communication. Evolution influenced teeth, adapting them to a diverse diet including plants and animals. Humans evolved complex social structures, forming family units and communities.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9198594930914323, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2630, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.094753}
{"text": "Humans developed language, enabling communication. Evolution influenced teeth, adapting them to a diverse diet including plants and animals. Humans evolved complex social structures, forming family units and communities. Humans have had reduced hair on the bodies. 1.2 Early civilization. Places of origin of early visitors to the East Africa coast. East Africa was visited by visitors from Europe and Asia. They included the following:ArabsPortuguese. Indian. Persians. Chinese. Greek. Egyptians. Phoenicians. Romans. Syrians. Swahili civilization along the East African Coast. The east African coastline is a long stretch made up of Somali, Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. Swahili civilization developed from the interactions between local bantu speaking communities and the Arab traders who visited the East African Coast. They practiced a blend of Islam and traditional African religions. They changed the culture, religions, economic and even social way of life. They came up with new clothing designs to blend with different cultures. This includes Kanga, kanzu and taqiyah. They also introduced special Swahili foods such as biryani, pilau, mahamri among others. Swahili people were known for their skills in trading, fishing and seafaring. They established city-states such as Kilwa, Mombasa and Zanzibar which later become centres of trade. They traded their goods such as gold, ivory and slaves. They built impressive religious structures such as mosques and houses made from makuti, coral stones and lime. The Swahili people constructed dhows which were small wooden boats that helped them navigate along the East African Coast of the Indian Ocean. They also had networks of trade routes that connected them to other parts of Africa and the Middle East. Over time, European powers established colonies in East Africa. They abolished the slave trade, which had a significant source of wealth for the Swahili city-state. However, the Swahili people and their culture still thrive along the East African Coast to date. The Swahili language is spoken by people of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and even Democratic Republic of Congo. Factors that led to the growth of East Africa city-states. Bantu migration and arrival of the Arabs. Migration of Bantu speaking people to the east African coast where they interacted with the Arabs. Bantus practiced agriculture while Arabs were traders. This helped in the establishment of trading centres that grew into city-states. Trade.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9196013679991175, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2485, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.141598}
{"text": "Bantus practiced agriculture while Arabs were traders. This helped in the establishment of trading centres that grew into city-states. Trade. There were trading activities between the East Africa merchants and traders from India, China, Persia and Arabia. The East African cities exported agricultural products and slaves. Monsoon winds. Facilitated the movement of vessels of traders to travel from one coast to another. Rise of Islam. Conversion of Islam linked Swahili states to massive trade networks that crossed the coastal area. Good deep natural harbours. The natural harbours along the coast ensured the safe docking of vessels. Swahili language and culture. City-states are considered the product of Swahili language and cultural heritage. Best practices of early civilization that contributed to the development of the modern world. Ancient Egypt was the beginning o building designs and construction of permanent buildings we have today. The hieroglyphics form of writing in Egypt used to keep records developed into modern writing and education. Knowledge of planning and predicting of seasons based on the calendar started in the early civilisation. Today, it has been developed further to include weather forecasting in predicting accurate changes in weather. Industrial development in the ancient Kingdom was based on simple skills. Copper and tin were used in ancient Egypt to make items. Today, most of the industries use metals and alloys to make construction and infrastructural equipment. The modern irrigation technology borrows a lot from the ancient irrigation techniques such as shadoof irrigation. This has been applied in the agricultural sector. Tools such as jembes or hoes used in farming today were developed in the ancient civilisation. The political structure of the modern government resembles the government structure adopted in early civilisation. The current civilization owes its development to the ancient based on the following reasons:1.3 Population growth in Africa. Population growth is determined to carrying out a national census and comparing the outcome with the previous census outcome. Population growth can either be positive or negative. Positive population growth results when the birth rates and immigration rates are higher than death rates and emigration rates. This results in rapid population growth. Negative population growth rate occurs when there are some people leaving a population through death or emigration as compared to those joining it through birth and immigration. This results in slow population growth. Population growth is the change of population size in a region over a period of time. Several factors influence population growth. These include:Migration. High birth rate. Reduced death rate etc.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9263279967159278, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2784, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.160631}
{"text": "These include:Migration. High birth rate. Reduced death rate etc. Population census data among countries in Africa, is counted and analysed to guide the government in planning and making decisions that affect lives of many people. Causes of Population growth in Africa. Population growth in Africa is influence by various causes and has both positive and negative effects. Population growth in Africa is caused by:High fertility rates-African countries have high birth rates due to cultural, social and economic factors such as early marriages, limited access to contraceptives and traditional beliefs that value large families. Declining mortality rates-improved healthcare, access to clean water and advancement in medical technology have led to lower infant and child mortality rates. Urbanization-rapid urbanization in Africa has led to increased migration from rural areas to cities in search of better opportunities. This contributes to growth of population. Lack of education-lack of education limits individual understanding of the family planning methods and contraceptives which results in high birth rates. Natural calamities- natural calamities such as drought and famine results in high deaths in Africa. This slows down the rate of population growth. Effects of population growth in Africa. Over-exploitation of resources. Unemployment and poverty due to few employment opportunities. Shortage of social amenities. Increased innovation. Development of urban centres due to increased population. Food insecurity. Increased crime rates. Ready markets for goods and services. Increase in supply of human labour. Types of Migration in Africa. Deforestation to provide human settlement. Strain on limited resources such as land, water and food and in infrastructure and services such as housing, transportation and sanitation. Loss of culture and diminishing of trust among citizens. Rise in dependency ratio which increases the economic pressure on the work force. Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another. The place that people move from is called the place of origin. The place people move to is called the place of destination. People migrate due to different reasons. There are different types of migration as follows: Internal migration-this is the movement of people within a country. Internal migration has the following types of migration as well. Rural to urban migration-migration involving people moving from rural areas to urban area. Urban to Rural migration-involve moving from urban areas to rural areas. Rural to rural migration-involves moving rural areas to other rural areas. Urban to urban migration-involves moving from one urban centre to another. External migration- migration of people from their country to other countries.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9273638968481376, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2792, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.2067075}
{"text": "Rural to rural migration-involves moving rural areas to other rural areas. Urban to urban migration-involves moving from one urban centre to another. External migration- migration of people from their country to other countries. Effects of migration in Africa. Development of urban centres due to increase in population. Congestion of urban areas dur to increase in the population. Migration results in cultural diversity. Growth of slums due to poor living conditions. Pressure on public services such as schools, housing and healthcare. Separation of families. Money sent to home countries in form of remittances boost the local economy. Results in rural areas having more elderly people as the younger ones migrate in search of a better life. Demographic trends in Kenya. Kenya s demographic trend have been changing over the years. Population growth-Kenya s population has been growing steadily over the years, and it is currently estimated to around 50m people. Urbanization-more and more Kenyans are moving from rural areas to urban centers in search of better opportunities. This has led to the growth of cities like Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu. Age structure-Kenya has a relatively young population, with large proportion of people under age of 30. This has implication for education, employment and social services. Ethic diversity-Kenya is the home to many different ethic groups, each with its own language and culture. This diversity can be a source of strength, nut also present challenges in terms of national unity. Health and mortality- Kenya had made significant progress in improving health outcomes recently, but challenges remain. Infant mortality rates are still high and HIV AIDS continues to be a major public concern. STRAND 2 PEOPLE AND RELATIONSHIPS. 2.1 Building Self-esteem. Building self-esteem refers to the process of developing a positive perception and belief in one s own worth and abilities. It involves recognizing and appreciating one s strengths, accomplishment and unique qualities, while accepting and learning from mistakes and setbacks. Factors that influence self-esteem in day-to-day life. There are many factors that can influence a persons self-esteem in day-to-day life. The factors include:Positive interactions such as showing empathy and acts of kindness can boost our selfesteem while negative interaction can lower it. Accomplishing personal goals or achieving success in different areas of life can increase our self-esteem. Negative body image can lead to low self-esteem while positive body image can boost it.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.91492795804058, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2587, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.2130616}
{"text": "The factors include:Positive interactions such as showing empathy and acts of kindness can boost our selfesteem while negative interaction can lower it. Accomplishing personal goals or achieving success in different areas of life can increase our self-esteem. Negative body image can lead to low self-esteem while positive body image can boost it. Supportive environment can boost our self-esteem while a negative environment can lower it. Unrealistic beaty standards and expectations can lead to low self-esteem. Ways of building a healthy self-esteem for promotion of social cohesion. A healthy self-esteem is important in promoting social cohesion. It helps to enhance positive interactions and respect for others. We can build a healthy self-esteem by:Believing in yourself and embracing your strengths and weaknesses. Celebrating successes and achievements. Maintaining a positive attitude. Being king to yourself by doing things you enjoy, practising positive self-talk among others. Promoting body positivity and unhealthy body image. Being assertive. Healthy esteem in social interactions. Healthy esteem involves demonstrating confidence, self-worth and self-acceptance in our thoughts, behaviours and interaction with others. We can exhibit show a healthy self-esteem by; Being confident in ourselves. Setting goals and working towards achieving them. Seeking support or guidance when faced with challenges. Handling criticism positively. Practising self-care such as maintaining personal hygiene and doing physical exercise. Values that enhance healthy self-esteem in day-to-day life. Integrity. Responsibility. Patience. Love. Kindness. Respect. 2.2 Emotional care. Emotional care refers to one s well being and the ability to cope with challenges in life and recognise our own feelings and the emotions of those around us. Ways of dealing with difficult emotions in daily life. Difficult emotions refer to feelings that are challenging to manage. They include:Anger. Sadness. Fear. Loneliness. Guilt. Anxiety. Shame. Difficult emotions can be overwhelming and may lead to distress, elf criticism and reduced self-esteem. We should manage difficult emotions in a healthy manner that I not harmful to ourself and others. We can deal with difficult emotions by:Recognizing and accepting that difficult emotions are a natural part of the human experience. Identifying the emotions. Seeking support from others. Finding what triggered the emotions. Engaging in physical activities. Guiding and counselling. Real life situations that require emotional intelligence in day-to-day interactions.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9214848832759283, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2613, "token_count": 490}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.3033607}
{"text": "Engaging in physical activities. Guiding and counselling. Real life situations that require emotional intelligence in day-to-day interactions. Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to recognise, understand and manage our own emotions as well as the emotions of others. Rel-life situations that require emotional intelligence in day-to-day interactions can be encountered in various environments such as:School environment. Family environment. Social environment. Emotional intelligence is important because:It helps individuals make better decisions. It helps one to manage emotions. It helps to maintain healthy relationships with others. You can be described as having emotional intelligence if you show the following qualities:Self-awareness-recognise and understand one s emotions, strengths and weaknesses. Self-regulation -ability to control one s emotions, stay calm under pressure and in challenging situations. Self-motivation -involves staying focuses, setting goals and maintaining a positive attitude, especially when faced with challenges. Empathy -involves understanding and appreciating the feelings of others and responding with compassion and support. Social skills -ability to build and maintain healthy relationships. It also involves effectively communicating with others. Exhibiting emotional intelligence. We can exhibit emotional intelligence by:Recognizing and understanding your own emotions. Learn to manage and control your emotions. Identify our emotional triggers. Finding positive ways of coping with stress and difficult emotions. Journaling the emotions experience. Understanding and appreciating the feelings of others. 2.3 Resilience. Resilience is the ability to bounce back and recover from adversity, challenges or stressful situations. It is the ability to cope with challenges while maintaining a positive mindset. Resilient individuals are able to persevere in the face of setbacks, learn from failures and fin solutions to problems. Situations thar require resilience in day-to-day life. Resilience is important because it helps to approach challenges with a positive attitude. Circumstances that require resilience include:Dealing with chronic or terminal illness. Overcoming grief after loss of a loved one. Failure. Losses in business. Practising a new skill. Rejection or discrimination. Characteristics of a resilient person. The following are characteristics of a resilient person. Problem solver-willing to find solutions for the challenges they are facing. Positive attitude-maintains a positive mindset even when faced with challenges. They believe that they can overcome the challenges they face. Flexible-they can easily adopt to changing circumstances. They are open to new ideas and can change.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9262310564138889, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2766, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.3329241}
{"text": "They believe that they can overcome the challenges they face. Flexible-they can easily adopt to changing circumstances. They are open to new ideas and can change. Perseverance-not giving up easily, even when things get tough. It involves staying committed to one s goals and working hard to achieve them. Emotionally intelligent-they are able to recognise, understand and manage their emotions when faced with challenges. Confident-believes in themselves and their abilities. This helps them stay motivated and confident, even when faced with challenges. Growth attitude resilient people view challenges as opportunities for growth and learning. Self-awareness resilient people understand their emotions, strengths and weakness. Good communicator resilient individuals often possess good communication skills, which enable them to express their needs, thoughts and emotions effectively. Accepting a resilient person accepts reality and face challenges head-on, instead of avoiding them. Values that enhance effectiveness in resilience in life. Courage -resilient people show courage by tackling challenges, risks and persisting even when faced with setbacks. Patience-resilient people show patience by thinking long-term, setting achievable goals and staying positive even when faced challenges. Integrity -resilient individuals show integrity by staying true to their values and acting ethically in tough situations. Humility-resilient individuals display humility by seeking help when needed. Gratitude -resilient individuals express gratitude by focusing on the positive aspects of their lives and showing appreciation, regardless of the circumstances. Ways of Building Resilience in different situations. Knowing when to ask for help. Developing a positive mindset. Embracing change. Building your self-esteem. Managing stress positively. Improving your problem-solving skills and coping strategies. 2.4 Socio-Cultural diversity and inclusion. Socio-cultural diversity refers to social, cultural, racial and ethnic backgrounds that exists in different communities. It can be seen the way people dress, the food they eat, languages they speak, the festivals they celebrate and the social interactions they engage in. Socio-cultural diversity refers to social and cultural characteristics that exist among people. It includes differences in aspects such as ethnicity, nationality, language, religion, gender, age and socio-economic status. Inclusion refers to the practice of giving people from diverse background equal access to opportunities without discrimination or exclusion based on factors such as race, gender, beliefs or ability.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9195110741313048, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2685, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.343737}
{"text": "Socio-cultural diversity refers to social and cultural characteristics that exist among people. It includes differences in aspects such as ethnicity, nationality, language, religion, gender, age and socio-economic status. Inclusion refers to the practice of giving people from diverse background equal access to opportunities without discrimination or exclusion based on factors such as race, gender, beliefs or ability. Ways of celebrating various socio-cultural diversity in the community. We can celebrate cultural diversity by:Participating in music and drama festivals which represents various cultures. Celebrating Utamaduni day. Organizing and participating in cultural festivals. Encouraging intermarriages between people from different races and ethnic communities. Interacting freely with people from different religious, race, ethnic communities among others. Cooking and eating dishes from different cultures. Promoting respect for socio-cultural and inclusion in society. We can promote respect for social-cultural diversity and inclusion in he following ways:Learning about different cultures. Participating in cultural events of other communities. Participating in the Kenya Music and Drama Festivals. Creating awareness about socio-cultural diversity and inclusion. Preserving cultural artefacts in museums and cultural centres. Respecting and celebrating various socio-cultural diversities. 2.5 Building healthy relationships. Relations refers to connections between individuals. Engaging in healthy relationships in day-to-day. Ways of building health relationship include:Effective communication. Empathy. Respect. Trust. Resolving conflicts. Building healthy relationships for sustainable lifestyle. Tips for building healthy relationships for sustainable lifestyles. Shared values. Communication. Educate and inspire. Shared activities. Volunteer together. We can build healthy relationships which will enable us to support healthy lifestyles by engaging in activities such as:Planting trees. Engaging in physical exercises. Engaging in business enterprises. Cleaning waste in the community. Signs that indicate unhealthy relationship. Poor communication. Lack of trust. Disrespectful behaviour. Physical abuse. Emotional abuse. Repeated patterns of conflict. Characteristics of an unhealthy relationships. Unhealthy relationships often involve difficulties in effectively expressing needs and feelings. Unhealthy relationships involve dishonesty which results in lack of trust. Unhealthy relationships can exhibit disrespect through constant criticism. Unhealthy relationships involve jealous. Values that enhance healthy relationships in life. Trust-allows people to feel safe, protected and connected. Respect -promotes consideration in relationships. Unity -involves a sense of togetherness, shared goals and support for each other. This strengthens the bond in a relationship.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9297461159530125, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2912, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.3540819}
{"text": "Respect -promotes consideration in relationships. Unity -involves a sense of togetherness, shared goals and support for each other. This strengthens the bond in a relationship. Gratitude -can improve relationship by enhancing a positive outlook and appreciation for others. Love -involves care, respect and affection which creates a nurturing and positive environment that contributes to emotional wellbeing in relationships. Empathy - -allows people to understand and share their feelings which enhances understanding in relationships. 2.6 Peaceful Conflict resolution. Conflict is a disagreement or argument between individuals or groups of people. It can arise to differences in opinion, interest or belief. Situations that may lead to conflict in a family. Poor communication -leads to misunderstandings and disagreements. Competition such as sibling rivalry. Parental comparison between siblings. Unequal distribution of house chores. Differences in valueStressCharacteristics of a peaceful family. Provides support, love and care for its members. Maintains open and honest communication, allowing each member to express their thoughts, feelings and concerns without fear of judgment. Spends quality time together and engages in activities that strengthens their bond. Family members shows respect towards each other, creating an environment where each person feels important and valued. They have conflict resolution mechanism or strategies, allowing them to address disagreements and challenges in a healthy. Family members provide emotional support, celebrate accomplishments and offer encouragement during tough times. Non-violent ways of solving family conflict. Non-violent methods of resolving conflict are approaches and strategies that aim to address disagreements and disputes without resorting to physical violence or harm. Some of the non-violent methods of resolving family conflict include:Negotiation- family members should discuss and find a solution that meets everyone s needs. Problem-solving- involves willingness to identify the issue that resulted in the conflict and solving them. Both parties should find lasting solution to the problem. Mediation-involves a neutral third party to help in communication and amicable solutions. Apologizing -family members should apologise for harmful actions and words. Forgiveness - family members should forgive each other to promote peace. Importance of resolving family conflicts peacefully. Maintains healthy and positive relationship. Sets a positive example for the family. Reduces stress and tension within the family. Promotes understanding and empathy among family members. STRAND 3 COMMUNITY SERVICE LEARNING. 3.1 Community Service-Learning Project. A community service project refers to a voluntary initiative undertaken to solve a specific need or improve the well-being of the community.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9250111373188243, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2867, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.4709961}
{"text": "STRAND 3 COMMUNITY SERVICE LEARNING. 3.1 Community Service-Learning Project. A community service project refers to a voluntary initiative undertaken to solve a specific need or improve the well-being of the community. Identifying a problem or a gap in the community. The following are ways to determine the gaps or needs in the community. Classroom discussion where learners discuss and share their observations and experiences regarding community needs. Field trips to community centres, shelters or NGOs working in the area may assist learners to interact with individuals involved in community development, who knows more about gaps they address and the needs they fulfil. Conducting survey where learners design and distribute questionnaires to their peers, family members and community members to gather their opinions on community needs. Conducting media analyses where learners analyse local news articles, social media platforms or online community forums to understand the concern and needs expressed by the community members. Implementing the plan for solving the identified problem. Set clear objectives. Break down the project into tasks. Assign responsibilities for individuals responsible for each task. Set deadlines for each task. Gather the resources required for the project. Perform the tasks allocated as planned. Regularly monitor the progress of each activity. Assess the effectiveness of the solution implemented and measure the impact achieved making adjustments where necessary. Benefits of Community Service Learning. Give us opportunity to apply what you have learnt in classroom to real-life situation. Helps to develop skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking, communication, collaboration and leadership. One gains better understanding of social issues and needs facing our communities. Boosts our self-esteem and personal growth s we overcome challenges while conducting he project. Community benefits from the project. Encourages diversity since learners from different backgrounds participate in shared projects. STRAND 4 NATURAL AND HISTORIC BUILT ENVIRONMENTS. 4.1 Map reading and interpretation. A map is a representation of an area, drawn to scale and showing various features such as roads, rivers and landmarks. Map reading is the process of interpreting and analysing information presented on a map. Marginal information to interpret maps. Marginal information refers to the information and additional facts found around the margin or border of a map. The information is always given on the margin of the map sheet. Elements of a map. They include: Title. Frame. Key. Compass direction. Scale. THE FOLLOWING ARE ELEMENTS OF MARGINAL INFORMATION.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9202186115214182, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2708, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.4813263}
{"text": "Compass direction. Scale. THE FOLLOWING ARE ELEMENTS OF MARGINAL INFORMATION. A topographical map is a representation of the earth s physical features and manmade features in details. These features include:Rivers. Roads. Railways. Mountains among others. Types and Uses of Scales on maps. A scale is a ratio of distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground. It helps in understanding the relationship between distance on the map and actual distance in the physical world. There are 3 types of scale as follows:Statement scale. Representative scale. Linear scale. Statement scale. This is a written description of the relationship between the distance on the map and the distance on the actual ground. For example,A statement scale might say:1 centimetre represents 100 kilometres. Representative scale. This is a ratio scale that expresses the relationship between the distance on the map and the distance on the actual ground. For example, a representative scale might be expressed as 1:10,000, which means that one unit on the map represents 10,000 of the same units on the ground. It is also referred to as a fraction scale. Linear scale. A linear scale is a graphic representation of the relationship between the distance on the map and the distance on the ground. It is usually shown as a bar or line with markings that indicate the distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground. Uses of scales on Maps. Used to measure distance on maps and compare them to actual distance on the ground. They are used to determine level of details that a map can display. Scales enable us to draw a map expressing the actual distance on a small flat surface. Scales can be used to determine the shortest route to follow when navigating. Converting scalesConverting representative fraction scale RF into linear scaleNOTE:Scales used on maps can be representative, linear or statement. Scales are important as they enable us to find actual distance on the ground. They also enable us to determine details presented by a map. This is determined by the size of maps. The size of maps is determined by scale. This can be:Small scale maps -this is a map that has a scale larger than 1:1000,000. Medium scale maps this is a map whose scale range from 1:25,000 to 1:50,000.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8922560553633219, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2312, "token_count": 490}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.4582016}
{"text": "The areas of all the strips are added together. For example, in the following field in a map, Find the length of each strip, calculate the area of each and add all the areas of the rectangle strips. Use of grid squares. This methos is used in most topographical maps which always have grid squares formed by eastings and northings and they are drawn to a scale of 1:50,000 with each square representing an area of 1km2. To calculate area of an irregular shape on the map, use the following procedure. Mark complete squares and record their number, multiply the total number with 1km2. Calculate half squares using different marks, the total number of half squares should be divided by 2 and then multiplied by 1km2. Add the total area of complete squares to the total area of the half squares to get the total area of the feature. Methods of representing relief on topographical maps. Relief of an area means the physical appearance of the land surface in term of shape, size, height above see level elevation and slope. Earth surface is made up of various natural features such as water bodies, landforms and rocks. A location s relief is the difference between the highest and lowest elevations. On topographical maps, some features are represented using different methods as shown in the table. Ways in which vegetation is represented on a topographical map. Colouring different colours are used to represent different types vegetation. Symbols different symbols can be used to represent different types of vegetation such as trees, crops among others. Text label -labels with text explaining the type of vegetation can be used. Interpreting Physical features on a map. Topographical features have numerous physical features indicated on them and represented differently. The relief features are widely shown by means of contours. Contours on the maps occupy patterns with respect to the shape of the landforms relief features . Relief on topographical maps are represented using different lines. The lines are arranged differently depending on the type of relief being represented as shown in the table below. 4.2 Weather and Climate. Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions of a particular place at a specific time, such as temperature, humidity, precipitation and wind. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of weather in a particular area, including average temperatures, precipitation levels and other meteorological factors. Factors influencing weather and climate in Africa.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9074585104170347, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2523, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.4886556}
{"text": "Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions of a particular place at a specific time, such as temperature, humidity, precipitation and wind. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of weather in a particular area, including average temperatures, precipitation levels and other meteorological factors. Factors influencing weather and climate in Africa. DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CLIMATIC REGIONS IN AFRICA. Characteristics of Equatorial Climate. Temperatures are very high throughout the year, averaging to about 260 C. The hottest months in the year are march and September when the sun is overhead at the equator. Daily temperature range is very small about 30C. Humidity us high throughout the year. It mainly receives convectional rainfall. The rain falls mainly in the afternoons. Rainfall falls mainly over a short period of time, about 15-20 minutes. The rainfall is heavy and falls throughout the year, averaging about 2,000 mm. Characteristics of Tropical climate. Found alongside east African coast. High rainfall is experienced ranging between 100mm to 2000mm per year. There is moderate temperature of about 220 C due to low altitude. The region receives convectional rainfall due to nearness to large water bodies. There is high humidity throughout the year due to high rate of evaporation. It has two main seasons wet and dry. Modified equatorial climate. Mostly located close to large water bodies. Experiences long rains between march to may and short rains between October to December. Modified tropical climate. Mostly located in the high lands of Africa such as the Ethiopian highlands, East Africa rift highlands, Kenya and Tanzanian highlands. Desert climate. Also known as a rid climate. Evaporation rate are high making it difficult for plants to survive. Hot and dry winds cause low rainfall. It is experienced in areas such as Sahara Desert, Nubian desert and Kalahari deserts in Africa. 4.3 Vegetation in Africa. Vegetation refers to the plant life that grows in a particular region or area. It includes all types of plants such as trees, shrubs, grasses and flowers. Factors influencing vegetation distribution in Africa. Climate. Drainage. Pest. Soil. Human activities. Altitude. Government policy. Relief. Characteristics of major vegetation regions in Africa. Natural vegetation in Africa includes:Tropical rainforest. Savannah vegetation. Desert vegetation. Semi desert vegetation.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9063324597061762, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2432, "token_count": 492}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.6327538}
{"text": "Savannah vegetation. Desert vegetation. Semi desert vegetation. Mediterranean vegetation. Mountain vegetation. Mangrove vegetation. Tropical rainforest. Found in equatorial type of climate that experiences high rainfall. The emergent layer is made of giant trees that are taller than average canopy trees. Vegetation is ever green, thick and dense. The leaves of plants are broad. Trees in the vegetation zone are mainly hardwood such as oak, mahogany, teak, ebony and ironwoods among others. Savannah vegetation. Grasses have deep roots. Trees are often deciduous hence they shed leaves during dry season to conserve water. Tree have deep roots for search of water. Vegetation zone is dominated by various grass species which can grow tall and form dense carpet across the landscape. Trees are scattered with main trees being acacia and baobab. This vegetation is a home to large herbivores such as elephants, giraffes, zebras and antelopesThis vegetation zone experiences distinct wet and dry seasons. Desert vegetation. Little or no plants. Animals can stay for long without water. Plants germinate after a long period of time. Plants grow to taller heights. Plants are short and mostly shrubs. There are special places with water known as oasis. Semi desert vegetation. Has short, scanty and thorny bushes. Vegetation have adaptations that enable them to preserve water such as thick stems, small needle-like leaves and thorn to scare away animals. Vegetation is usually drought resistant. Mediterranean vegetation. Trees have thick back and wax coated leaves that help them reduce transpiration. Citrus fruits such as oranges, olives and grapes are commonly cultivated. Mountain vegetation. This type of vegetation is found in high mountains in Africa. The vegetation is not uniform all over the mountain due to the effects of altitude, soil, winds and other local physical variations. Mountain vegetation is characterized by rapid changes in vegetation due to changes in altitude. The vegetation zones on a mountain include:4.4 Historical sites and monuments in Africa. Africa has many historical sites and monuments such as fort Jesus, Kilwa, great Zimbabwe. The Giza pyramids, Meroe, Timbuktu and Robben IslandImportance of historical sites and monuments for preservation of cultural heritage. Historical sites and monuments are important to a country because:They are sites of tourist attraction. The earn a country foreign exchange through tourism.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9219234755552301, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2462, "token_count": 482}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.6109343}
{"text": "The Giza pyramids, Meroe, Timbuktu and Robben IslandImportance of historical sites and monuments for preservation of cultural heritage. Historical sites and monuments are important to a country because:They are sites of tourist attraction. The earn a country foreign exchange through tourism. They create jobs for people who work on the sites. Some sites and monuments serve as cultural and religious centres. Historical sites preserve some aspects of architectural development. Historical sites and monuments represent tangible remains of society. Ways of conserving historical sites and monuments in Africa. Cleaning the historic sites and monuments. Regularly monitor the conditions of the historical sites and monuments to identify any changes or threats. Avoid writing on the walls of the historic sites and monuments. St regulations and laws governing the use of historic sites and monuments. Create awareness to the community members for them to conserve the sites and monuments. Decorating the places to make them more attractive. Reconstruct worn-out parts. STRAND 5 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND GOVERNANCE. 5.1 The Constitution. A constitution is the rule book for state or country. It sets the basic principles by which the state or country is governed. Components of the Constitution of Kenya. Preamble- sets out guiding principles and objectives of the constitution. Bill of rights outlines the fundamental rights and freedoms of all individuals in Kenya. Structure of the government-establishes the three arms of government-the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary- and goes a head to define their powers and functions. Devolution-provides for the establishment of country government and outlines their powers and functions. Citizenship-defines who is considered a citizen of Kenya and outlines the rights and responsibilities of citizenship. Land and responsibilities- Sets out principles for the management and use of land and the protection of the environment. Leadership and integrity- Establishes standards of ethical conduct for public officers and provides for mechanisms to ensure accountability. Elections-sets out the principles and procedures for conducting elections in Kenya. Public finance-outlines principles of public fianc management, including budgeting, taxation and public debt. National security provides for the security of Kenya and outline the roles and responsibility for security agencies. Amendment of the constitution-sets out the procedures for amending the constitution. The roles of the three arms of government in reference to the relevant chapters in the constitution. Interrelationship between the three arms of Government. The interrelationship between the three arms of government are crucial for the functioning of a democratic government.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9263478288015483, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2799, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.5915525}
{"text": "The roles of the three arms of government in reference to the relevant chapters in the constitution. Interrelationship between the three arms of Government. The interrelationship between the three arms of government are crucial for the functioning of a democratic government. The executive branch proposes laws and policies which are then debated and approved by the legislature branch. The judiciary, in turn, ensures that these laws are constitutional and applied fairly. The executive branch also relies on the judiciary to resolve disputes and interpret the law. Additionally, the legislature branch has the power to impeach the President or other government officials if they are found to have committed serious misconduct. The guiding principles in the Constitution of Kenya. Leadership principles in the constitution of Kenya. Accountability-leaders are responsible for their actions and decisions. Inclusivity-leaders should promote diversity and ensure equal opportunities for all. Transparency-leaders should be open and honest in their dealings. Participatory -leaders should involve citizens in decision making processes,Good governance -leaders should promote efficiency, effectiveness and fairness. Integrity principles in the constitution of Kenya. Honesty-leaders should be truthful and trustworthy. Ethics -leaders should adhere to moral and ethical standards. Anti-corruption -leaders should fight against corruption and promote integrity. Public interest -leaders should prioritise the welfare of the public. Accountability -leaders should be answerable for their actions and use of public resources. Ways of upholding constitutional principles of leadership and integrity in daily interactions with each other. Uphold the constitutional principles of leadership and integrity in daily interactions. Lead by example and demonstrate ethical behaviors. Act with honesty, transparency and accountability. Respect the rights and dignity of others. Promote equality, fairness and justice in all interactions. Foster a culture of trust, teamwork and collaboration. Make decisions based on the best interest of the people and the nation. Strive for excellency and continuous improvement in all endeavours. Embrace diversity and inclusivity in our interactions. Uphold the rule of law and ensure equal access to justice for all. Exhibiting good leadership intended in Chapter Six of the Constitution of Kenya. Good leadership in chapter six of the constitution is intended to promote integrity, transparency and accountability. It emphasizes the need for leadership to be honest, ethical and responsible in their actions and decisions. The chapter also emphasizes the importance of leadership being servants of the people and working towards the well-being of the citizens. Good leadership in chapter six encourages leaders to uphold the values of national unity, inclusivity and respect for diversity.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.931503088538092, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2914, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.6487167}
{"text": "It emphasizes the need for leadership to be honest, ethical and responsible in their actions and decisions. The chapter also emphasizes the importance of leadership being servants of the people and working towards the well-being of the citizens. Good leadership in chapter six encourages leaders to uphold the values of national unity, inclusivity and respect for diversity. It also highlights the need for leaders to promote social justice, equality and freedoms of all individuals. The chapter emphasizes the need for leaders to promote national values and principles of governance. Good leadership in chapter six aims to foster a culture of good governance and ethical conduct among leaders. 5.2 Human Rights. Human rights are defined as the fundamental rights that all human beings possess regardless of their race, national or ethnic origin, residence, religion or any other status. Respecting and protecting human rights in the community. Respecting human rights involves recognizing the inherent dignity and equality of every individual. It is our daily duty to advocate for and ensure that community practices protect individual freedoms. Everyone should feel free from unwarranted harm. Listening to other s perspective, avoiding making assumptions and fostering an atmosphere of mutual respect in interaction are some of the ways to respect human rights. We should stand up against discrimination when you witness it, promote inclusivity, and ensure that everyone in the community is treated fairly. Investigating how children s rights are violated in the society. Children, like everyone else have fundamental rights that are crucial for their well-being and development. The include the right to education, health and protection. Children are more often vulnerable to violations of their rights due to their age, dependency on adults and lack of access to adults. We should find out whether children have access to quality education, and if any barriers or discriminations exist based on gender or social-economic status. Collaborating with local authorities, Non-governmental organizations and child protection agencies to ensure children s voice and experience are heard will uphold children s right. Empowering children as active participants equips communities to address root causes of rights violations. By investigating how children s rights are violated, we can shine a light on areas that need improvement, advocate for change.,. And work towards creating a society where every child s rights are protected and respected. The rights of children as stipulated in the children s Act, 2022 and African charter on the right and welfare to the child.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9203302198456856, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2689, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.7238843}
{"text": "Empowering children as active participants equips communities to address root causes of rights violations. By investigating how children s rights are violated, we can shine a light on areas that need improvement, advocate for change.,. And work towards creating a society where every child s rights are protected and respected. The rights of children as stipulated in the children s Act, 2022 and African charter on the right and welfare to the child. World children day was established in 1954 as a Universal Children Day and it is celebrated on 2oth November annually. O This day aimed to promote international togetherness, awareness among children worldwide and improving children s welfare. It is an important date as it is the date in 1959 when the UN General Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child. It is also the date in 1989 when the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Children Act, 2022 is a law in our country that outlines the rights of children and ensure their well-being. It covers things like education, healthcare and protection from abuse. The African charter is an international treaty that was adopted by the African Union to protect the rights and welfare of children across the continent. It includes similar rights as the Children Act but also emphasizes on cultural values and traditions. Both the children s act and the African charter recognizes the right to education, healthcare and protection from abuse and exploitation. They also emphasize the right to a name, nationality and family. The Children Act,2022 is a revision on the Children s Act,2001. Promoting protection of human rights in the society. You can do the following to promote and protect human rights. Demonstrating respect for human rights in your daily interactions. Raising awareness about human rights. Educating yourself on various human rights. Encouraging diversity and inclusivity. Participating in local initiatives that promote human rights, such as volunteering at children homes, hospitals among others. 5.3 Citizenship. Global citizenship is the concept that all people of the world are members of a worldwide community. A global citizen is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world and their place in it. They take an active role in their community and work with others to make the planet more peaceful, sustainable and fair. Factors that promote Eastern Africa and African citizen in the community. Civic education-actively participating in community life shows our commitment to the well-being of our African community.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.909792201482255, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2608, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.75672}
{"text": "They take an active role in their community and work with others to make the planet more peaceful, sustainable and fair. Factors that promote Eastern Africa and African citizen in the community. Civic education-actively participating in community life shows our commitment to the well-being of our African community. Environment stewardship -caring for the environment ensures the well-being of our African communities. Cultural celebration -celebrating our diverse cultures strengthens our sense of being Africans. Educational programs-learning about African history empowers us to actively contribute to our community. Language promotion -promoting our language helps preserve our unique African heritage. Trade collaborating economically withing East Africa contributes to our collective prosperity. Qualities and responsibilities of a global citizen in the world today. Responsibilities of a global citizen. Respecting human rights. Supporting sustainable development. Valuing other s dignity. Respecting and cherishing diversity. Understanding global issues. Understanding how countries in the world are interconnected and interdependent. Advocating greater international cooperation with other nations. Qualities of a global citizen. Open-mindedness Empathy. Courageous. Patient. Similarities in the ways in which the selected Nobel Prize Winner responded to injustice and unfair situations in the society. Wangari Maathai and Mahatma Gandhi. They were committed advocates for non-violent resistant and civil disobedience as powerful tools for social and political change. Both Maathai ad Gandhi were champions of women s rights. Maathai s Green Belt Movement was a symbol of women s rights efforts both at home and abroad. Gaandhi was a vocal advocate for women s education and empowerment. Gandhi and Maathai were instrument in addressing socio-economic issues. Gandhi focused on poverty and the caste system while Maathai tackled deforestation and environmental degradation. Both leaders exhibited global citizenship. They recognised that their actions could have a broader impact. Both leaders engaged in political activism to challenge oppressive systems and governance. Maathai was involved in Kenya politics, advocating for democracy and environmental conservation. Gandhi, through his leadership in the Indian National Congress played a key role in India s struggle for independence. 5.4 Essential skills in Critical thinking. Critical thinking is the process of analyzing and evaluating information or situations in a logical and objective manner. Essential skills for critical thinking in different situations. The following are critical thinking skills. Creativity- thinking and coming up with ideas out of nothing. Generate ideas or solutions especially when traditional approaches are insufficient.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9273468887647842, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2837, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.7647955}
{"text": "The following are critical thinking skills. Creativity- thinking and coming up with ideas out of nothing. Generate ideas or solutions especially when traditional approaches are insufficient. Problem solving -use systematic approaches to address challenges and find solutions, often involving multiple steps and testing different strategies. Analysis- ability to break down complex information or situations into their constituent s parts, examine each to understand how they relate to the whole. Open Mindedness -this encourages individuals to explore various potential solutions and approaches to a problem. Communication- involves sharing ideas with others in order to find solutions. Hinderance to critical thinking in different circumstances. Pressure from the society Peer pressure. Emotions. Fear of failure. Lack of information. Importance of critical thinking. Enhance problem solving skills by encouraging individuals to analyse situations. Enables individuals to make well-informed decisions based on a thorough analysis of available information. It promotes creativity encouraging individuals to explore different perspective, think outside the box and generate ideas. Individuals with strong critical thinking skills express their ideas more clearly and engage in constructive discussions, contributing to effective communications. 5.5 Developing of Creative thinking. Developing creative thinking involves cultivating the ability to generate and explore new ideas, think outside the box and approach problems from different points of view. Creative thinking is the ability to generate new ideas, concepts or solutions by approaching problems and challenges in innovative and imaginative way. It involves breaking free from traditional thought patterns, explore different perspective and making connections between seemingly unrelated concepts. Creative thinking is not limited to art, it also applied to problem solving, decision making and various aspects of daily life. The following are characteristics of creative thinking. Originality-ability to generated ideas that are unique. Flexibility being open minded and adaptable to change. Fluency ability to produce many ideas or solutions. Elaboration develop and expand upon ideas to add depth and richness. Risk taking willingness to step outside of ones comfort zone and explore unconventional solutions. Complexity to understand and deal with difficult problems or concepts-Common challenges in creative thinking. Distractions -things that take away your attention such as noise, notifications or interruptions that disrupt your focus and flow of ideas. Mental blocks are obstacles that stop creative thinking. Can come from stress, depression or preconceived ideas, making it had to think creative. Lack of inspiration. Peer influence. Self-doubts. The following are ways to overcome challenges in creative thinking.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9277185409908116, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2902, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.777911}
{"text": "Peer influence. Self-doubts. The following are ways to overcome challenges in creative thinking. Embrace failure as part of creative thinking process and use it as a learning point. Take breaks to clear your mind when stuck. Challenge negative self-talks by recognizing your strengths and achievements. Work in a conducive environment that has no distractions. Seek inspiration from various sources. Values that enhance creative thinking in day-to-day life. Courage-allow one to experiment, try new things. Curiosity -drives exploration and spark new ideas which contribute ro creative thinking Perseverance. Resilience -encourages perseverance in the face of creative challenges. Empathy-promotes collaboration and the integration of diverse points of view which enrich creative thinking. Making ethical choices ensures that innovative solutions are not compromised by unethical practices. Integrity. Ways of developing creative thinking in different context. Using imaginations and innovation as you carry out different activities. Sharing ideas with others. Participating in learning such as field trips and hand-on activities. Embrace experimentation of alternative approaches to problems-solving and idea generation. Collaborate with different people to expose yourself to a variety of perspectives and ideas. Importance of Creative thinking. Improves collaboration and understanding, as creative thinkers can covey ideas in engaging ways which facilitate positive social interactions. Promotes resourcefulness by encouraging individuals to find alternative solution with limited resources. Fosters a community s ability to respond to evolving challenges and embrace positive change. Enhances a sense of persona; accomplishment and fulfilment through the exploration and realization of creative ideas. Improves your problem-solving skills. Develops and grows your personality. Boosts your confidence. It enables you to have freedom of thought. It promotes your entrepreneurial skills. Makes your easier and more convenient. It improves your productivity quality of life. 5.6 Process of problem-Solving. Problem solving is the process of analysing and understanding a problem. It involves identifying its cause and deciding on a solution which solves the problem and prevents it from being repeated. The Rational problem-solving model in different Context. Rational problem-solving means thinking carefully, considering facts and following a stepby-step method to find the best solution to a problem. A rational problem-solving model involves a systematic approach to addressing challenges. It is designed to help individuals make well-informed choices by following a series of step to identify problems or opportunities, analyse alternatives and select the best solution.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9254185211773153, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2800, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.8762183}
{"text": "Rational problem-solving means thinking carefully, considering facts and following a stepby-step method to find the best solution to a problem. A rational problem-solving model involves a systematic approach to addressing challenges. It is designed to help individuals make well-informed choices by following a series of step to identify problems or opportunities, analyse alternatives and select the best solution. The following are steps of the rational problem-solving model:Identify the problem clearly defining and understanding the issue or challenge. Choose a decision style. Develop alternatives. Choosing the best solution. Implement solutions Evaluate the decision. Obstacles to problem-solving in society. Effective problem-solving skills in social interactions. The following are effective problem-solving skills in social interactions:CommunicationActive listeningNegotiationConflict resolutionDecision makingFlexibilitypatienceValues that enhance problem-solving. Empathy o Integrity.o Respect. Responsibility. Roles of values in problem-solving. Values serve as guiding principles that help individuals and communities determine what is important and morally right. Values influence the ethical considerations in decision-making process. Values often emphasize social responsibilities and the well-being of others.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALISED-SOCIAL-STUDIES-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9279411764705883, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1360, "token_count": 228}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.8175802}
{"text": "GRADE 7 PERFORMING ARTSLESSON NOTES COMPLETE TERM 1, 2,3 1. PERFORMING ARTSIntroduction to Performing Arts Basic ElementsActivity 1: Defining Performing ArtsPerforming Arts can be defined as cultural and creative activities prepared and staged for an audience. Activity 2: Identifying the Various Disciplines of Performing ArtsThere are different genres of Performing Arts namely music, drama, dance, film and elocution. They can also be referred to as the disciplines of Performing Arts. Each discipline is divided into smaller areas, for example music vocal and instrumental music , drama skit and play , dance Creative and folk dances , film documentaries, fiction films and elocution verse, narrative . These are known as the genres of Performing Arts. Ln some cases, several disciplines can be used together in a particular performance. For example, songs can be used in narratives and skits to make them more interesting poetry is used with background music, while a movie trailer uses drama, film and music. Activity 3: Discussing the Importance of Performing Arts in SocietyPerforming Arts are used as a medium of self-expression. Through Performing Arts, talents are identified and developed. Performing Arts are a source of entertainment. They promote cultural appreciation, unity and cohesion when people come together to watch a performancePerforming Arts enables the learner to develop skills that can help him or her to solve the issues and challenges of everyday life. RhythmActivity 1: Clapping Rhythmic Patterns Incorporating the SemiquaverA quaver is half the value of the crotchet. A semiquaver is half the value of a quaverTwo quavers make a crotchet while, four semiquavers make a crotchet. The rhythmic patterns that include the semiquaver in simple tune are ta-fa-te-fe, ta-te-fe and ta-fa-teActivity 2: Aurally Recognizing Rhythmic Patterns with Semiquavers and Their Corresponding RestsClass ActivityWith the help of your teacher, listen to various pieces of music and identity where the semiquavers are round. In small groups, sing songs that have the semiquaver patterns. Recite the following rhythmic patterns using French Rhythm names and clap them.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9081633910095367, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2199, "token_count": 483}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.8452847}
{"text": "The rhythmic patterns that include the semiquaver in simple tune are ta-fa-te-fe, ta-te-fe and ta-fa-teActivity 2: Aurally Recognizing Rhythmic Patterns with Semiquavers and Their Corresponding RestsClass ActivityWith the help of your teacher, listen to various pieces of music and identity where the semiquavers are round. In small groups, sing songs that have the semiquaver patterns. Recite the following rhythmic patterns using French Rhythm names and clap them. Use common words or names of the members in the class to practise the rhythmic patterns with semiquavers, for example: apple juice, ripe mango, mama mboga etc. Activity 3: Grouping Notes into Beats in Simple TimeNotes of small value such as quavers and semiquavers are joined together to form a crotchet beat. This is known as grouping notes. A horizontal line, known as a beam, is used to connect two or more notes of small value to form a crotchet beat. The number of beams in a group is equal to the number of flags or tails in the separate notes. The following shows how the notes are grouped into beats. Note1. Music is made up of strong and weak beats. 2. The strong beat is shown by the use of a symbol known as an accent insert 3. The strong beat can recur every two, three or four beats. 4. With the help of your teacher, clap the rhythmic patterns below, stressing the strong beats in each. The repetition of the strong beat after either two, three or four beats is known as meter. In written music short vertical lines, known as bar lines, are used to separate the groups of beats into twos, threes or fours. These groups of beats are known as bars. The first beat of every bar is accented and double bar lines are used at the end. The meter of music is shown using a symbol of two numbers, one on top of the other. This is a called a time signature. The top number shows the number of beats in a bar and the bottom number shows the value of the beats. The number 4 is used at the bottom because there are four crotchet beats in a semibreve. The commonly used meters are simple duple, simple triple and simple quadruple time. The strong beat can occur after 2 beats, 3 beats and 4 beats.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9003380131623061, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2172, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.9042914}
{"text": "The number 4 is used at the bottom because there are four crotchet beats in a semibreve. The commonly used meters are simple duple, simple triple and simple quadruple time. The strong beat can occur after 2 beats, 3 beats and 4 beats. Activity 4: Writing Rhythms in Simple Time on Monotone. Can You Recall? A time signature is a symbol made up of two numbers that shows the meter of a piece of music. Music is divided into strong and weak beats. The strong beats occur after every bar line. Grouping of notes makes it easier to read music. Group ActivityWith the help of your teacher, write down 2-bar rhythms in simple time on monotone. Use all the rhythmic patterns you have learnt so farTake turns clapping your written rhythms. You can also take turns to tap and write down each other's rhythms. Your teacher will assist you to write down the rhythms of familiar songs in simple timeActivity 5: Appreciating Music in Simple TimeClass ActivityListen to the song \"pease porridge hot\" played by your teacher:With the help of your teacher, study the song to find out what its time signature is. Practise beating time for the different time signatures. The conducting patterns in simple duple, triple and quadruple. Listen to a variety of excerpts that will be played by your teacher. You will be assisted to beat time for each of them. Individual ActivityListen carefully to the rhythmic patterns which will be played by your teacher. Write down the rhythmic patterns in your exercise book. Group ActivityYour teacher will play some rhythmic patterns tor you. In groups, write down the dictated rhythmic patterns. PitchActivity 1: Writing Musical Notes on Treble StaffCan You Recall? 1. Pitch is the highness or lowness of sound. 2. A scale is made up of eight notes d -d1. Pitches can be represented using the letters A, B, C, D, E, Fand G. Music is written on a set of five horizontal lines and four spaces between them, known as the staff. The lines and spaces are numbered upwards. 4 The lines are numbered 1 to 5, while the spaces are numbered 1-4 starting from the bottom.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8934193364310754, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2088, "token_count": 481}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.9845195}
{"text": "Music is written on a set of five horizontal lines and four spaces between them, known as the staff. The lines and spaces are numbered upwards. 4 The lines are numbered 1 to 5, while the spaces are numbered 1-4 starting from the bottom. A symbol is written at the beginning of the staff to determine the position of the pitch names A, B, C, D, E, F, G on the lines and spaces. The symbol is called a clef. The treble clef fixes the second line as the note G. It touches the second line severally and therefore it is also known as the G clef. Practise drawing the treble clef by joining the dotted lines starting from the Second line. Join the dots 1-64 to make the treble clef. Practise drawing several treble clefs on the staff belowThis is how the lines and spaces are named. The word for spaces is F-A-C-E. The lines are E-G-B-D-E. Here are some fun ways to remember the order of the lines. Every Good Boy Does Fine. Eleven Girls Bring Donuts Friday. Can you come up with other interesting sentences to help you remember this? Share with your classmates. Below are the notes in the treble clef compared to the notes on the keyboard. You will notice a short line below and above the treble staff on which other notes are written. This short line is used to extend the staff to include notes whose pitches are lower or higher than the five lines and spaces. This line is referred to as a ledger line. Activity 2: Describing Melodic IntervalsWhat I Need to KnowAn interval is the distance in pitch between two notes. The smallest interval on the major scale is a semitone. It can be found between m-f and t-d1 in the major scale. All the other notes are a tone apart. Kodaly Hand SignsSing the major scale using hand signs to hear the sounds of semitones and tones. The semitone intervals are found between E- F and B-C on the keyboard. Note that they do not have a black key in between them. The interval between a black key and the adjacent white key is a semitone. Since the black keys do not have letter names, we use special symbols known as accidentals to name them. An accidental is a symbol that alters the pitch of a note by a semitone.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8987588172140113, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2151, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.9921858}
{"text": "The interval between a black key and the adjacent white key is a semitone. Since the black keys do not have letter names, we use special symbols known as accidentals to name them. An accidental is a symbol that alters the pitch of a note by a semitone. There are three commonly used accidentals: sharp , flat b and natural . The sharp raises the pitch of a note by a semitone as shown on the keyboard as shown on the following page. The flat b lowers the pitch of a note by a semitone as shown on the keyboard below. The natural cancels the effect of either a sharp or a flat b previously encountered. It, therefore, restores the note to its original state. Practise writing the three accidentalsSharp Raises by a semitoneFlat b Lowers by a semitoneNatural Cancels out previous or b 9. Each black key has two letter names relating to the white note on either side. 10. On the staff, the accidentals are written before the note. On the pitch they appear after the letter. 11. Looking at the notes C and D there are two letter names apart and so this interval is a 2nd. 12. Looking at the notes C and E there are three letter notes apart and so this interval is a 3rd. There are two ways of describing an interval: numerically by counting the number of note names in between the two notes and by quality using an adjective or descriptor determined by the number of semitones in between the two notes . Unison is the simplest interval as it involves a note and its repetition, for example, when you play the note C followed by the same note C. It is called a perfect unison. The smallest interval between two notes is a semitone. It is round between a white key and the adjacent black key or between the two white keys without a black key in between, that is, E - Fand B-C. An interval of a semitone is a 2nd. A second with only one semitone is known as a minor 2nd. A 2nd with two semitones in between the notes is a major 2nd. Thirds can also exist as either minor or major. A minor 3rd has three semitones in between the notes, whereas a major 3rd has four semitones.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.886509663797304, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2115, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360546.9970844}
{"text": "Sing the melodies in tonic sol-fa. Use hand signs to indicate the tonic sol-fas as you sing the melodies. NarrativeA narrative is a story or an account of events or experiences whether true or fictitious imaginative. The person who tells a story is known as a story teller or a narrator. A narrative is told to a person or people. The person or people watching a narrative is called an audience. A narrative is an account of events or experiences narrated by a narrator to an audience. It could also be defined as a story told by a storyteller to an audienceActivity 2: The Elements of a NarrativeIn a narrative, there is a logical sequence or flow of events. This is known as the storyline or the plot. The plot of a narrative usually has a conflict. A conflict refers to the obstacles, setbacks or challenges that the main character has to overcome before the story ends. The action or events in a narrative must take place at a specific place or a physical location. The place where the events in a narrative take place is known as the setting. A narrative has characters. Characters can be human beings or non-human beings. A narrator uses characters to advance the story. Narratives are used to pass important messages to the society. These messages are called themes. A theme is the lesson that is learnt from the narrative at the end of the narration. It is also referred to as the message. Some people call it the moral of the story. Most of the themes addressed in the narratives are contemporaryActivity 3: Demonstrating the Qualities of a Good Story-TellerThe qualities of a good storyteller are:Good storytellers have good memory. They should be able to memorize the story and narrate it afresh every time they meet a new audienceGood storytellers are creative, original and imaginative. They recreate the story afresh or anew each time it is narrated. They make the story relevant to the audience by using it to address or refer to contemporary issues. Good storytellers are confident, courageous and determined. They do not panic or tremble while narrating They face the audience directly without being shy. They do not avoid looking at the audience by facing down, looking sideways or looking up. Good storytellers speak loudly in order to be heard by everybody in the audience. Speaking loudly does not mean shouting. Good storytellers know how to use their voices to make the story interesting.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9175551987544398, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2418, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.074767}
{"text": "Good storytellers speak loudly in order to be heard by everybody in the audience. Speaking loudly does not mean shouting. Good storytellers know how to use their voices to make the story interesting. They can imitate the voices of the characters to make it sound real. They also vary their voices to make sure the story is not boring. Sometimes they even sing songs contained in their narratives. Good storytellers use parts of their bodies to tell the story. They use gestures and body movements to drive home the messages in their stories. Good storytellers use their facial expressions to capture the mood in the narrative. Good storytellers utilize space by making relevant stage movements,Good storytellers involve the audience in their story. VerseActivity 1: Describing the Basic Elements of a VersePoems are written to be performed or to be read aloud to an audience. Poems a have a definite structure that is easily recognized. They have lines. A line of a poem is the equivalent of a sentence in prose. In poetry, poets intentionally use broken lines to create rhythm and musicality in a poem. A poem has stanzas. A stanza is a collection of several lines in a poem. A stanza is the equivalent of paragraph in prose writing However, not all poems are divided into stanzas. Some poems like Sunset only have one stanza. Poems often use language musically. Certain sounds, letters, words, phrases or lines are repeated to create rhythm. When some words on the same line of a poem begin with similar consonant sounds, we call that alliteration. When some words on the same line of a poem have similar vowel sounds, we call that assonance. When some words, phrases or lines are repeated in a poem, we call it repetition. Poems are short in nature. The poet uses fewer words to communicate a lot of information. Unlike prose and drama, a poet selects words carefully and uses fewer words to communicate a lot of information. Poems communicate strong feelings. Poems convey heavy emotions. Poets carefully select words that are packed with emotions so as to affect the readers emotionally. With the help of your teacher, write down the words which have high emotions in the poems in the previous page. With the help of your teacher:Identify words that appeal to the various senses of your body in each of the poems on page 39. Identify similes, metaphors, personification and exaggeration that are used in the poems on page 38.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9156994413276038, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2434, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.1205428}
{"text": "With the help of your teacher, write down the words which have high emotions in the poems in the previous page. With the help of your teacher:Identify words that appeal to the various senses of your body in each of the poems on page 39. Identify similes, metaphors, personification and exaggeration that are used in the poems on page 38. Activity 2: Discussing Theme in VerseWhen listening to the performance of a poem, we pay attention to what the poem is about. We get to know what the poem is about by paying attention to:The character speaking in the poem- the persona. The experiences of the character speaking in the poem-what he or she goes through and what he or she says. From what the persona says or goes through in the verse, we are able to get the message of the verse. The message in the verse is also known as the theme of the verse. Most themes address issues that affect the society. Verses convey certain values in the society that we must learn. Activity 3: Reading a Verse to Convey MeaningWhen reading a verse in order to convey meaning:Firstly, we have to read the poem once just to have a feel of the verse. Secondly, we have to read the poem while observing the punctuation marks. This helps to bring out the intonation in the poem. Intonation is the rising or falling of the voice while reading. Thirdly, we have to read the poem in order to emphasize the content words. Content words are the words that carry the meaning or message of each line. Such words are usually nouns, verbs and adjectives. The next step is to read while observing the stressed and unstressed syllables in each word. This ensures that the rhythm of the verse comes out well during the reading. The last step is the reading of the verse so as to bring out the various emotions in different words, phrases or lines. For example, if we read very fast, we want to convey emotions of excitement, anxiety or tension, we read slowly when expressing sadness or lamentation; we read loudly when emphasizing something reading loudly does not mean shouting or screaming ; we read softly to express emotions of love, persuasion reading softly does not mean we should be inaudible . SkitActivity 1: Describing, Structure and Themes of a SkitSkit -This is a short performance intended to educate or inform. It is usually performed in an informal set up. It requires little preparation.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9090026433108456, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2380, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.1260011}
{"text": "SkitActivity 1: Describing, Structure and Themes of a SkitSkit -This is a short performance intended to educate or inform. It is usually performed in an informal set up. It requires little preparation. It is meant to be acted. Structure - It is the general organization of a skit. It refers to how the story in the skit is laid out from the beginning, middle to the end. It entails the following:Plot - How the story in a skit is brought out from the beginning, middle to the end. It shows the following:The beginning - The introduction or beginning of the story. It is the first important event from which the rest of the plot develops. Here, the audience asks, what next? A series of events that follow and where characters are introduced and the problem or conflict is made known, characters are seen to struggle to solve the problem they are experiencing, leading to the climax. Middle - When the plot reaches Climax, it is at its most important part. It is the turning point that determines the outcome of the conflict and when the problem is resolved. The ending - From the climax, a series of events leading to the end of the story followMilestones - This is the series of events that show how the plot unfolds from beginning to the end. They show the problems or the challenges that the character or characters are facing and their struggles to solve them. Theme - This refers to the issues being addressed in the skit. Most are contemporary issues that affect us in the society. It gives us the message in the skit. Characters-These are the people taking part in the various roles in a skit. They are the actors and actresses. The main character is called the protagonist, while the villain or the character who is in conflict with the main character is referred to as the antagonist. Support characters serve various roles in the skit. Setting - When and where the action is taking placeConflict - Problems, challenges or issues being experienced by the characters that need to be resolved. Language - Manner of communicating or the choice of words used to bring out the desired message effectively. It varies from one character to another depending on the role. Activity 2: Discussing the Importance of Improvisation and Use of Dialogue in a SkitIn a dialogue, the exact words of the speakers are used. It refers to the speeches or lines that the character says. It is the most critical part of a skit.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9124933728364261, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2420, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.1467574}
{"text": "Activity 2: Discussing the Importance of Improvisation and Use of Dialogue in a SkitIn a dialogue, the exact words of the speakers are used. It refers to the speeches or lines that the character says. It is the most critical part of a skit. It carries the information that the writer wishes to convey to the audience. Person's thoughts and feelings are revealed through his or her tone of voice and way the word is spoken. Language should be appropriate for the character. How a person interacts with others is based on his or her responses and how much or how often he or she speaks. It is through a dialogue that a character is developed. Stage directions such as Mary: disgusted should be minimized and character dialogue to be self-explanatory. Shortened form is often used as well as hesitation markers like, mm...I...um... and interjections like ouch! Hurray! Wow! Improvisation is the acting of a scene without prior preparation. It is not scripted. One should avoid negative ideas that may not build the improvisation. Always keep the focus of the scene clear. Keep questions direct. Build stories on the spot, use your mind but, do not over-think. To make improvisation successful;Do not try to be better than those in the group, work with them. One must connect with the other players. Do not deliberately make a joke out of everything. Use your body to perform different actions. It builds confidence and imaginative and creative abilities. Activity 3: Discussing Functions of Costumes and Props in a SkitCostumes are clothes and accessories worn by the actors to portray character. They can indicate style, genre and period, as well as give clue about the character. Props, which is short for properties, are the other items used in the skit apart from costume such as hand props like walking stick, fly whisk or spear. They can also be movable items on stage that ad in telling the story. They help to tell the story. They help in identification of the character s . They help the actors get into character. They communicate details of a character's personality to the audience and bring out different aspects of the character. Help actors to transform into new and believable persons. They immediately tell the audience what is going on. They indicate time and place of the skit, that is, the settingIt is of utmost importance to learn of items from other cultures and understand them. This is called appreciation. 2.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9117234887895342, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2437, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.2217133}
{"text": "They indicate time and place of the skit, that is, the settingIt is of utmost importance to learn of items from other cultures and understand them. This is called appreciation. 2. CREATINGRhythmActivity 1: Outlining Factors to Consider When Creating a Rhythmic PatternWhat I need to knowA good rhythm has a variety of rhythmic patterns. In order to achieve unity, some rhythmic patterns can be used more than once repeated . The number of notes in each bar should correspond to the time signature. Activity 2: Interpreting Rhythmic Patterns in Simple TimePlay or sing the short melodies provided. 2. The time signature will guide you to emphasize the main beat, and the number of beats in every bar. 3. Write down the French rhythm names below each melody, then tap or clap them while reciting. 4. In groups, clap the following 2-bar rhythms as you recite the French rhythm names. Activity 3: Improvising Rhythmic Accompaniments to Tunes in Simple TimeWhat I Need to KnowPercussive instruments are used to provide rhythmic accompaniment. The rhythmic accompaniments can be written or improvised based on the main beat. Sing familiar tunes in Simple time and improvise accompaniment on drum or any other percussive instrument. For example: Maua mazuri can be accompanied using any of the following rhythmic patterns. Activity 4: Creating Rhythms in Simple TimeCan You Recall? 1. Rhythms are created by combining various rhythmic patterns. 2. In simple time, and time signatures are used. 3. The first beat in every bar in simple time is an accented beatIndividual ActivityCombine the rhythmic patterns you have learnt to create 2-bar rhythms in simple time and write them down in your exercises book. Work In PairsTake turns to clap or tap the rhythms you have created as the other recites the French rhythm names. Activity 5: Appreciating Rhythms in Simple TimeRhythm PuzzleMelodyActivity 1: Identifying Qualities of a Good MelodyThe melodies move in stepwise motion with a few leaps. The melodies begin on notes d, m or s and end on d. They have a good melodic contour. They have several rhythmic patterns.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8994329473213265, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2124, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.2154043}
{"text": "The melodies begin on notes d, m or s and end on d. They have a good melodic contour. They have several rhythmic patterns. Activity 2: Interpreting 4-bar Melodies in Simple TimeSing the melodies below and take note of the melodic contourTo interpret a melody, the following should be done:Identify the clef, key signature and time signature. Tap the rhythms of the melody. Write tonic sol-fas of the melody below the staff. Remember \"doh' is the note that gives the key its name, for example, in C major, doh is C,Practise singing the tonic sol-fas of the melody, first in crotchets and then using the correct rhythm. Notice the movement of successive notes in each of the melodies. Stepwise motion is where the interval between any two neighbouring notes is not more than a step on the scale. In some cases there can be more than a step between two successive notes of a melody. This type of motion is called skipwise motion or movement by leaps. Each melody has a shape, which depends on the successive movement of notes. A melody can move upwards, downwards, in waves forming a curve and so on. This is referred to as the melodic shape or contour. Activity 3: Creating 1-bar Melodies in Simple Time on Treble ClefThings To RememberBefore you begin creating a melody, you should: draw the staff, add the treble clef, write the key signature of the scale you want to use, and write the time signature you will use. Work in PairsWhat are the qualities of a good melody as was discussed in the previous activity? Practise Writing a 4-bar melody in simple time in major scales of C, G, D and A. Sing or play the melody you have created. Describe the melodic motion and shape or contour. What is the first and the last note in each of the melodies? Activity 4: Playing or Singing Melodies Created by Self and OthersCan You Recall? What are the qualities of a good melody? Work in pairsTake turns to play each other's melodies. Discuss the qualities in each of the melodies played. Group ActivityWith the guidance of your teacher, use mobile apps or computer software to create, notate and play back 4-bar melodies.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9028110877498249, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2122, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.2716634}
{"text": "Work in pairsTake turns to play each other's melodies. Discuss the qualities in each of the melodies played. Group ActivityWith the guidance of your teacher, use mobile apps or computer software to create, notate and play back 4-bar melodies. Activity 5: Appreciating Melodies Composed by Self and OthersListen and LearnYou have created 4-bar melodies in simple time in the major scales of C, G, D and AIn pairs, take turns to sing or play or use: digital devices to listen to and appraise each other's melodies. Take turns to sing your melodies to the class. PERFORMING ARTS GRADE 7 NOTES TERM 2NarrativeActivity 1: Creating A NarrativeCan you recall? Name the qualities of a good narrator. The process of developing a theme of a narrative begins with an idea. An idea is an issue that is affecting the society and which you have a strong feeling about. When you decide to compose a narrative on this issue, it becomes a theme of the narrative. We can develop themes of narratives from various sources such as:Our daily experiences the daily conversations that we have with our classmates, schoolmates, friends, family, relatives and even neighbours. The things we observe within our environment. What we watch on television or listen on the radio. What we read in books, magazines or newspapers. Issues that are trending on the media. Activity 2: Creating a Narrative StoryCan you recall? Name four sources of ideas for scripting a narrative. Narratives are created in order to educate the audience about a chosen theme. A good story begins with the introduction. This is the beginning point of the narrative. At this point:The audience is told about where the action of the narrative is taking place setting . The audience is told who the main characters is name and what he or she wants to achieve in the story the goal . The main problem that the main character faces is introduced to the audience conflict . As the main character struggles to overcome the initial problem, he or she encounters other problems that prevent him from overcoming the first problem. These are called milestones. At some point in the narrative the problems may become too much for the main character until he or she seems defeated and cannot fight anymore because he or she has finished all the efforts and tricks. This is the point of no return. This point is called the climax of the story.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9072097878911887, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2397, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.2859159}
{"text": "At some point in the narrative the problems may become too much for the main character until he or she seems defeated and cannot fight anymore because he or she has finished all the efforts and tricks. This is the point of no return. This point is called the climax of the story. The last point in the narrative is when the main character finally manages to overcome all his or her problems. This is called the conflict resolution. It marks the end of the story. Activity 3: Creating Characters in A NarrativeCan you recall? Define the following terms:Setting. Beginning. Goal. Middle. Milestone. EndingThere are two types of characters in narratives:The main character. The minor characters. The main character is the one that the story is about. He or she is the one who carries the story. Most events in the story revolve around the main character. The minor characters play very important roles in the narrative:Some support the main character to achieve his or her goals. Some oppose the main character or create problems and trouble for the main character. When minor characters support or create problems for the main character they help in creating milestones in the story. Activity 4: Writing A Narrative ScriptCan you recall? Who is a main character? What are the functions of the minor characters? Writing is the process of putting the narrative that has been created into a written text. A narrative text is a written story of the narrative that is going to be performed. Before writing a narrative ensure that all milestones are plotted. These are the series of events in the narrative. As we write the story, we use descriptive words that make the story interesting,In the written text, the following should be well described in order to help the audience to understand them:The introductionThe setting. The goal. The conflict. The beginning. The middle. The ending. VerseActivity 1: identifying a theme for a verse scriptCan you recall? How can you read a poem in order to bring out its meaning? The theme of a verse is an issue that affects the society. People who write poems get their themes from:Their own personal experiences in homes, school, mosques, churchesor even at the places of work. What they observe other people do or go through in life. What they watch or listen to using digital devices such as televisions,radios and computers. What is trending on the media. What they read in the newspapers or magazines. Activity 2: Writing A PoemCan you recall?", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9121872236958444, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2496, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.344317}
{"text": "What is trending on the media. What they read in the newspapers or magazines. Activity 2: Writing A PoemCan you recall? What is a theme of a verse? From which sources do poets get the ideas for writing their poems? Before you write a verse, you must decide on the theme you want to write about. After identifying a theme, you have to come up with one topic under that theme that you will write the poem about. It is good to write a poem about your own experiences that are related to the topic you have chosen. As you write a poem, you must choose a character who will tell the experiences you want him or her to share the poem with people. This is the person speaking in your poem. We call this person the persona. After writing a few stanzas of the poem, keep it in the portfolio for future use. This enables you to go and think about the poem you are writing. As you think about it you will discover many things that will help you to improve on the poem to make it better. The poem that you have kept for future use is known as the draft. A draft is a script of a poem that is still being worked on. It is an incomplete verse script. Activity 3: Using Poetic Devices to Write a VerseCan you recall? Who is a persona in a poem? What is a draft? Writing a poem is a process. The first stage which you have already done is called the drafting stage. The second stage is called the reworking stage. Reworking on a poem can be done several times. In the reworking stage the following things take place:Poetic devices are included in the poem. Some of the poetic devices are:rhyme - words at the end of different lines end with similar sounds. Repetition some words, phrases or lines are repeated in the poems. You can compare things in the poem using similes and metaphors. You can also use personification by making non-human beings like animals and plants to behave like human beings. Words that describe emotions are also introduced in the poem to add emotions to it. Can You Recall? Define the following terms:Rhyme. Simile. Alliteration. Metaphor. Assonance. Personification. Repetition. Activity 4: Improvising PropsA prop is an item that a performer of the verse uses to demonstrate an action.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9076566496163684, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2208, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.3192306}
{"text": "Personification. Repetition. Activity 4: Improvising PropsA prop is an item that a performer of the verse uses to demonstrate an action. Examples of props include: balls, caps, hats, stethoscopes, school bags, pens, pencils, books, Bibles and jembes. Props are made from locally-available materials such as carton boxes, manila papers, sugar bags, plywoods and sticks. We do not use real objects as props. Props must be improvised. SkitCreating A Scenario for A ScriptCan you recall? What is a dialogue? Who is a character? What are costumes and props? Tell your partner about some issues that you have already come across in the skits learnt in the previous lessons. Creation of a skit means coming up with a skit. It begins with an idea which makes up the story. Ideas for a skit can be got from:Our own experiences or other peoples experiences. What we watch on television, listen to on radio, read in newspapers or from happenings in the social media. Idea determines the theme or message to be communicated. One needs to decide who will be in the story and what will happen. One needs to think of the problem that arises and needs to be solved. Think of where actions will take place. Always remember to answer the who, the what and the where. Scenario is thus, the storyline or framework or outline of the plot. It is the summing up of what is going on or what the situation is. It is essentially a story with characters and situations. It must be believable. Activity 2: Improvising Costumes, Props and Make-UpCan you recall? What are costumes? What are props? What is the importance of costumes, props and make-up in a skit? Costume design is the creation of clothing for the overall appearance of character or performer. Improvisation is to make or do something by using locally-available materials. It provides an alternative to the original. Improvised items should convey the desired message just as the original material. It involves serious thinking, creativity, communication and coming together of different opinions. Make-up enhances the illusion that the actor has become the character, It is used to cover all the exposed parts that are not covered by the costume won by the actor. It helps in easy interpretation of the skit and its location. Activity 3: Scripting for Stage -Language and Style. Can you recall? What is a scenario?", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9105784885604353, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2357, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.3883078}
{"text": "Activity 3: Scripting for Stage -Language and Style. Can you recall? What is a scenario? What are milestones? What is a dialogue? While scripting a skit, it is of utmost importance to note the following:Milestones: They bring show problems or issues that the characters are faced with in skits and how they try to resolve them. They show the expectation in a skit or how it will flow from the beginning to the end. They develop the story line. They guide you in writing the script of a skit. Characters: the audience interacts with the skit through the characters and their speech. The main characters as well as the support characters must be believable. Clear description of the characters is important in the writing of a dialogue in a skit. Language and Style: concerns itself with the use of words with maximum effect. One needs to avoid unnecessary words that may hinder the development of the story and character. The language used should be appropriate to the character s in question. It should define them, for instance, a skit with a police officer, street child and a lawyer, will not use the same language for all. While the street child is likely to use sheng , the doctor should use formal language and the officer, a semi-formal language. Copying: is the use of other people s work without their approval. Thus, when writing a script use your own ideas. Activity 4: Using Locally Available Resources in A SkitCan you recall? What is improvisation of costume, prop and make-up? What is the importance of make-up in a skit? Name some materials that can be used for improvisation. Watching skits from other communities helps us to respect one another. Understanding skits from other communities makes us to understand and enjoy watching skits from those communities This is referred to as appreciation,Using locally-available materials as costumes, props and make-up boosts our creativity and imagination. 3. PERFORMINGFolk SongsActivity 1: Classifying Kenyan Folk Songs According to Origin, Type and FunctionWith the guidance of the teacher, watch live or recorded performance of Kenyan folk songs. Discuss any observations you make about the common aspects, such as:The community of origin. The participants are they male, female, young, old, mixed? Body movements. Costumes used by the participants. Instruments used to accompany the performance. A folk song is a traditional song originating from a particular community.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.912091503267974, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2448, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.3896134}
{"text": "Costumes used by the participants. Instruments used to accompany the performance. A folk song is a traditional song originating from a particular community. It is performed in the native language. It is passed down from generation to generation orally. Folk songs can be:Solo - involving one performer singing. Solo and response - involves singing or leading the performance and a group responding. Group - involves a group singing without a soloist. Folk songs are associated with other activities in the community, such as weddings, child birth, naming, burial among others. Talk ActivityTalk about various social activities in the community where folk songs are performed. Activity 2: Social Economic Uses of Folk SongsWith the help of your teacher or resource person, watch live or recorded performances of folk songs. For each folk song, fill in the following table. Group ActivityDiscuss the social and economic uses of folk songs in Kenyan and Western communities, during various occasions as follows:Childbirth. Naming ceremony. Singing games. Initiation. Marriage. Funeral. Work songs. Other social gatherings. Individual ActivityStudy the following pictures and answer the questions that follow. State the occasion shown in each of the pictures. Which type of folk song is being performed? 3. Identify the costumes used by the participants. 4. What kind of message is being passed by the participants? Activity 3: Performing Solo and Group Folk Songs1. With the help of your teacher, parent or guardian, watch or listen to various folk songs. Select a folk song to be performed in class. In groups, select one solo and one group folk song. Learn the selected folk songs, for presentation. Use appropriate costumes, body movements and instruments to accompany your performance2. Discuss the techniques used in performing Kenyan folk songs. Activity 4: Report WritingYou have discussed, learnt and performed different types of Kenyan folk songs. Write a report on the folk songs in your community. In groups, collect a variety of folk songs and classify them according to origin, type, function and occasion. Kenyan IdiophonesActivity 1: Classification of IdiophonesCan you recall? Percussion instruments produce sound when hit, shaken or scraped. Study the pictures and name the instruments. How are the instruments played? Idiophones are percussion instruments. They produce sound by vibration of the instrument itself. Home ActivityUse digital devices to watch clips of various percussion instruments and identify the idiophones.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9119614301019802, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2552, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.407276}
{"text": "Idiophones are percussion instruments. They produce sound by vibration of the instrument itself. Home ActivityUse digital devices to watch clips of various percussion instruments and identify the idiophones. Collect photographs of various Kenyan percussion instruments and name the idiophones. Idiophones are either melodic or non-melodic. Idiophones are further categorized by the way they are played. They can be shaken, clapped, stamped, plucked, scraped and struck. Here are examples of idiophones from Kenyan communities. Add more instruments on the list. Activity 2: Role of Idiophones in A Performance1. Idiophones are mostly rhythmic and, therefore, enhance the rhythmic aspects of a performance such as:Keep time or maintain pace,Providing rhythmic accompaniment,Providing rhythmic variety. Activity 3: Care and Maintenance Procedures For Idiophones. Idiophones are made from different materials such as wood, animal skins and metals. For proper care and maintenance of the instruments, note the following:i Keep them away from water. Keep them away from fire. Avoid dropping them. Replace or repair damaged parts. Store them properly by hanging or placing them on a shelf or cupboard. 3. In groups, apply proper care and maintenance techniques on the idiophones available in school. Activity 4: Techniques of Tuning IdiophonesMelodic idiophones require tuning from time to time. This ensures that they stay in pitch for the case of melodic idiophones. With the help of your teacher or resource person, discuss the various ways of tuning idiophones. In groups, practise tuning idiophones available in school. Activity 5: Performance ProjectGroup ActivityL. Select any available idiophones and tune them applying proper techniques. In groups, select various idiophones to form a percussion band. Take turns to play different instruments in the percussion band. Practise and perform in a percussion band in class, school or community functions. Western Solo InstrumentsActivity 1: Tuning the Descant Recorder or Any Other Solo Western InstrumentStudy the following instruments and answer the questions that follow. What can you see? With the guidance of your teacher and resource persons, watch a live or recorded solo instrumental performance. In groups, discuss the importance of tuning a solo Western instrument in preparation for a performance. Watch videos demonstrating techniques of tuning various Western instruments and apply them to your chosen instrument.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9172315654412841, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2484, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.4248981}
{"text": "With the guidance of your teacher and resource persons, watch a live or recorded solo instrumental performance. In groups, discuss the importance of tuning a solo Western instrument in preparation for a performance. Watch videos demonstrating techniques of tuning various Western instruments and apply them to your chosen instrument. Activity 2: Playing the Scale Of C Major On StaffWhat I need to knowWestern instruments have different fingering charts to guide in playing of different pitches. Use digital devices to download the fingering charts for the instrument of choice. Below is the fingering chart for the Descant Recorder showing the notes of the scale of C major. Descant Recorder Fingering ChartIndividual ActivityPractise playing the notes of the scale of C major ascending and descending on your instrument using the fingering chart. On a digital device, watch videos to learn how to play the scale of C major. Use the fingering provided to the play the notes C D EF G A B C' on the descant recorder. Practise playing the scale in ascending and descending order. Group ActivityPlay familiar tunes in the scale of C major on your instrument. Activity 3: Sight Reading Simple Melodies in C MajorTo do individually and in groups. Look at the clef below. Check the key signature and keep the key in your head while playingLook at the time signature. Clap or tap the rhythms of each of the melodies before you play them. Locate the notes on the instrument. Look at the melodies and play. 1. Sight-reading is playing of music without prior preparation. 2. Your teacher will provide 2-bar melodies for you to sight-read. 3. Do so without referring to the fingering chart or tapping the rhythms before playing. Activity 4: Playing with Appropriate TechniquesEvery instrument has specific techniques to be applied while playing. For example, for strings there is bowing, plucking, strumming, fingering; and for wind, there is tonguing, blowing and fingering. All the techniques when well applied ensure good tone quality. How To Produce a Good Tone on The Descant RecorderBlow gently into the descant recorder as you make the sound du with the tongue. This is referred to as tonguing and it helps to produce a clear sound. Do not blow too hard into the recorder because it will make a high pitch sound. If you are having trouble producing a sound after lots of practice, clean your recorder.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9121076087837291, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2408, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.4865894}
{"text": "This is referred to as tonguing and it helps to produce a clear sound. Do not blow too hard into the recorder because it will make a high pitch sound. If you are having trouble producing a sound after lots of practice, clean your recorder. Cover the air hole below the mouthpiece and blow in hard. Activity 5: Observing Performance DirectionsWhat I Need to KnowPerformance directions are words, phrases or signs showing the appropriate tempo, dynamics, articulation and repeats in a piece of music. The directions help to enhance the overall effect in a performance. With your teacher s guidance, play various melodies observing the performance directions shown. Your teacher will also help you search for short duets in C major to be played in pairs and groups. Kenyan Folk DanceActivity 1: Classification of Kenyan Folk DancesWith the teacher s guidance, watch performances of folk dances from diverse Kenyan communities. Group ActivityDiscuss the performances you have watched and categorize them in terms of the following:Gender of the performers. Occasion. Age of the performers. Community of origin. With the guidance of the teacher or resource persons, discuss the function, themes or messages in the folk dances. Here are examples of dances from Kenyan communities. Add more to the list. Activity 2: Providing Background Information of Kenyan Folk DanceGroup ActivityWith the help of the teacher, select a folk dance and get the following information about it. Title. Community. Gender. Theme. Occasion. 2. Write the information in your exercise book. 3. Take turns to present the information you collected on a folk dance from your community. Activity 3: Performing A Kenyan Folk Dance with Appropriate Dance MovementsClass ActivityWatch performances of folk dances from different communities and observe the movements in them. Group ActivitySelect a Kenyan folk dance from the ones you have watched. Learn the dance movements, keeping to the traditional idiom. Perform the dance before the class. Activity 4: Singing Songs Appropriate for The DanceWith the help of your teacher, resource person, parent or guardian, write down the words of the songs used in the folk dance. Learn singing the songs to be used in the folk dance performance articulating the words clearly. Activity 5: Using Appropriate Music Instruments, Costumes, D cor and Props in A Kenyan Folk DanceGroup ActivityIdentify and source for the music instruments to be used in the dance. Learn playing the musical instruments.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9126339999220364, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2515, "token_count": 512}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.4681442}
{"text": "Learn singing the songs to be used in the folk dance performance articulating the words clearly. Activity 5: Using Appropriate Music Instruments, Costumes, D cor and Props in A Kenyan Folk DanceGroup ActivityIdentify and source for the music instruments to be used in the dance. Learn playing the musical instruments. Collect costumes and props to be used. Get the material for the body adornment. Practise and present a performance of a Kenyan folk dance incorporating the appropriate music instruments, costumes, d cor and props. Use digital devices to record each group s performance for sharing and review. NarrativeActivity 1: Selecting A Narrator and The Support Cast for Our NarrativeCan you recall? Describe the process of writing a narrative script. After coming up with a narrative script, a process called casting follows. Casting is the process of selecting a group of performers who will perform certain roles in a given performance. A narrative has the main narrator or narrators and the support cast. The main narrator is selected based on the qualities of a good narrator. The support cast is selected based on the roles they are supposed to play in the narrative. Most narratives have dancers, singers and instrumentalists. The support cast helps the narrators to enhance the narrative. Activity 2: Designing A Rehearsal ProgrammeCan you recall? What is casting? What should be considered when casting narrators? Rehearsals are important when preparing a narrative for performance. It is important to have a rehearsal programme that guides you when to rehearse, especially when you are free. A good rehearsal programme should allow room for individual rehearsal, group rehearsal and team rehearsal. Activity 3: Rehearsing the NarrativeCan you recall? What should be considered when making a rehearsal timetable? Rehearsal is a continuous process. We have to keep on rehearsing until the narrative communicates the message well and is entertaining. Rehearsals help the narrator and the support cast to memorise and internalise their lines. Rehearsals help the narrator and the support cast to improve on their gestures, voice variation, facial expressions and stage movements. Rehearsals help the narrator and the support cast to introduce aspects in the narrative that make it interesting such as asking the audience rhetorical questions, song and dance, riddles, proverbs and even jokes or funny lines that are relevant to the narrative. The other members of the class who are not participating in the narrative are important during rehearsals.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.92158477529996, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2568, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.5224884}
{"text": "Rehearsals help the narrator and the support cast to improve on their gestures, voice variation, facial expressions and stage movements. Rehearsals help the narrator and the support cast to introduce aspects in the narrative that make it interesting such as asking the audience rhetorical questions, song and dance, riddles, proverbs and even jokes or funny lines that are relevant to the narrative. The other members of the class who are not participating in the narrative are important during rehearsals. They help the narrators to internalise their lines, use appropriate gestures, facial expressions and voice variations. Their work is to correct mistakes and encourage the cast to improve. Their input can add value to the performance of the narrative. 1 can also rehearse during my free time at home as follows:Before a friend. Before a digital video recording device. Activity 4: Designing Props and Costumes for The NarrativeCan you recall? What is the importance of rehearsal? How are rehearsals conducted? Costumes are very important in a narrative. Costumes help us to know the setting of the story. The costume won by the narrator s helps us to identify who the main character is in the story. The costumes worn by the support cast help in enhancing the message in the story. They may also help us to understand who the other characters in the narrative are. In a narrative we use very few props. This is because the narrative relies more on telling the story or narrating. The props only enhance the telling of the story. VerseActivity 1: The Persona s Point of View and Meaning In A VerseThe persona is the voice speaking in a poem. Poets use the persona to express their viewpoints about certain issues in the society. In this poem, the poet has created a dog as a persona so as to criticise the inhuman treatment of domestic pets. The persona could also be seen symbolically as a domestic worker who is lamenting about the inhumane treatment he receives from his boss. We need to use empathy when reading a poem. When we put ourselves in the shoes of the persona, empathy helps us to understand the meaning of the verse. We get to know the meaning and point of view of the persona by paying attention to the words in the poem. The choice of words in a poem is called diction. The choice of words in a poem helps us to decide the facial expressions to be used to enhance the meanings of those words.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9163926306675922, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2419, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.5260646}
{"text": "We get to know the meaning and point of view of the persona by paying attention to the words in the poem. The choice of words in a poem is called diction. The choice of words in a poem helps us to decide the facial expressions to be used to enhance the meanings of those words. The choice of words used helps us to decide on which gestures and dramatisation to be used on the selected words. Activity 2: Expressing the Performance Features of A verseCan You Recall? What is the importance of empathy when reading a verse? What is diction in a verse? What is tone? The performance of a verse begins with the script. The script must be poetic. It must have a poetic language with poetic devices. The voice is an important aspect of a verse performance. The voice is used to communicate the various emotions brought out in the verse. Voice variation is important as it creates variety and breaks the boredom created by using only one tone. Facial expressions are used to bring out the mood and emotions in the verse. They are determined by the words in the verse. Gestures are used to demonstrate actions in the verse. In a verse, we are encouraged to use minimal gestures and rely on the voice and face more for communication. Stage movements are important in a verse performance. In verse, performers move on stage for a reason. They do not just move unnecessarily. Activity 3: Rehearsing the VerseCan you recall? Define the following terms:Facial expressions. Voice variation. Tempo variation. Gestures. Body movement. Stage movement. Can you draw a rehearsal timetable like the one you drew for the narrative? Remember to allocate time for individual, group and team rehearsal. When rehearsing a verse, one needs to memorise and internalise a poem. For us to internalise the poem, we must put ourselves in the shoes of the characters in the verse and begin to feel like them. This is called empathy. We should also draw a lot from our own past experiences of a similar experience as the one the character in the verse is going through. These experiences help us to bring out the best feelings through the voice and the face. Meaningful gestures, body movements and stage movements are helpful in verse performance. We can rehearse in many ways as follows:Before our friends so that they can correct our errors. Before our classmates so that they can give us a feedback. We can record ourselves rehearsing then view and correct our mistakes.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9156037475626576, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2445, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.572169}
{"text": "We can rehearse in many ways as follows:Before our friends so that they can correct our errors. Before our classmates so that they can give us a feedback. We can record ourselves rehearsing then view and correct our mistakes. Activity 4: Performing the VerseCan you recall? How does one internalise a poem? How many ways of rehearsing can you recall? Before performance of a verse, casting has to be done. This is the selecting of the people who will perform the verse. The criteria for selecting those who perform a poem is based on the following:Voice quality. Ability to vary voice. Ability to use facial expressions. Ability to use gestures well. Flexibility in stage movement. When performing a verse, the following should be considered:Mastery of the poem. The use of voice to display the different emotions in the verse. The use of facial expressions to bring out the different moods in the poem. The use of relevant gestures. The use of relevant body movements. The use of relevant stage movements. Verses can be performed as solo verses or choral verses. Solo verses are performed by one person, while choral verses are performed by more than one person. SkitActivity 1: Describing Scenario, Milestones, Role PlayCan you recall? What is improvisation? What are milestones? What is a scenario? Role play takes place between two or more people who act out roles from a particular scenario. It builds self-confidence while handling the situations in life and making correct reactions to situations. Appreciating other peoples efforts enhances love and respect towards each other. Activity 2: Auditioning and Casting for A SkitCan you recall? What is role-play? What is the importance of role-play? Group ActivityGet the skit devised in Activity 1 to use for auditions. In your groups, select members that will represent you in the auditioning panel to select the best actors for the various roles and the support cast. Run the lines on the skit and select the best members to represent the group. Class ActivityAuditioning panel to sit at the front of the class. Actors are selected to present the part of the skit allocated to them. Using the scenarios given in the skits the panel finds the best possible talents for various roles. All the actors to demonstrate their suitability and skills. Members can also be given various other tasks to perform as they say a few lines.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.913863009104026, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2391, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.5753307}
{"text": "Using the scenarios given in the skits the panel finds the best possible talents for various roles. All the actors to demonstrate their suitability and skills. Members can also be given various other tasks to perform as they say a few lines. Activity 3: Manipulating Voice, Body and Space in Delivery of a SkitPlot is the series of related events that take place before the audience. It brings out the storyline. Milestones show the issues, problems or conflicts being addressed in the skit from the onset to when they are resolved. Body language entails the use of non-verbal expressions. These are all the expressions that do not make use of words. For example, facial expressions, body movements and gestures. A lot of communication between humans is through the body and this must be well manipulated to bring out the right message. Voice should be well used so that the audience can hear and understand the actor. It should be loud enough and not too loud. Pitch should be as natural as possible. The pace in speaking is dictated by the response at hand. Tone is brought out through the use of words by the actor. Space: This includes the place where the action takes place. Actors need to be aware of not only their place on stage but also of the other actors so that they can interact well. Position on stage affects everything in a skit thus, it is of utmost importance to be aware of space and utilise it well. Rostrum and parts of the set can be used to create levels in a skit. All these help to develop the character and the story. Activity 4: Using of Props, Costumes and Make-Up to Enhance Performance of a SkitCan you recall? The importance of costumes. '. The importance of props in a skit. The importance of make-up. The importance of voice, body and space while acting. Rehearsing is practising a skit in preparation for a presentation. It involves going over or running through the lines. It involves learning lines, character work, warming-up, taking direction, staging and basically bringing everything together. Project: Rehearse the scripted skit in readiness for presentation.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9146713505074162, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2100, "token_count": 436}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.6043825}
{"text": "It involves going over or running through the lines. It involves learning lines, character work, warming-up, taking direction, staging and basically bringing everything together. Project: Rehearse the scripted skit in readiness for presentation. KLB TOP SCHOLAR PERFORMING ARTS GRADE 7 NOTES TERM 3CRITICAL APPRECIATIONKENYAN FOLK MUSICActivity 1: Identifying Media of Performance, Components and Messages in Kenyan Folk MusicWatch performances of various Kenyan folk music and identify the medium of performance as:Vocal only. Vocal with instrumental accompaniment. Instrumental only. Watch performances of various Kenyan folk music and identify the components in them as:The performers soloist, respondents or dancers, instrumentalists . Songs. Instruments. Costumes, d cor and props. Dance movements. In groups, discuss the messages and values passed in Kenyan folk music. Activity 2: Describing the Style of Performance and Expressing Personal FeelingsWatch performances of Kenyan folk music and describe the styles as:Solo - involving only one person either singing or playing instrument s or both. Solo-response involves a soloist as a leader and a response group. Choral - involves group performing without a soloist. In groups, discuss personal feelings, mood and attitudes towards Kenyan folk music you have watched and listened to. Kenyan Folk DanceActivity 1: Analysing the Components of Kenyan Folk Dance PerformanceWatch various folk dances from different Kenyan communities and in groups, discuss the components in each of them:SongsVocal ornamentationInstrumental accompanimentPerformers soloist, singers or dancers Costumes and d corProps and artefactsDance steps, formations, patterns and transitionsWith the guidance of the teacher, discuss the messages and values passed through Kenyan folk dance performances. Group ActivityDescribe the sequence of events in a folk dance performance as:EntryMain partClimaxExit. Individual ActivitySelect one of the folk dance performances you have watched and write down a detailed report about it. The report should include the following:Title of the dance. Community of origin. Gender and age-group of performers. Occasion. Performers soloist, singers, dancers, instrumentalists . Style of performance solo, group . Vocal ornamentation. Costumes and d cor. Props and artefacts.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9165508529666693, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2368, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.588198}
{"text": "Vocal ornamentation. Costumes and d cor. Props and artefacts. Dance steps, movements, formations and transitions. NarrativeActivity 1: Appreciating the story of the narrativeCan you recall? What is a costume? What is a prop? What is the importance of costumes and props in a narrative? When appreciating a narrative, we begin by looking at the theme, a good theme addresses important issues that affect the people in the community. We also look at the storyline or plot of the narrative. We also look at how entertaining the narrative is. We also appreciate a narrative by looking at the language used. If the language is too difficult, then it becomes hard for us to understand and appreciate the narrative. Activity 2: Appreciating the Narrator S And the Narration TechniquesCan you recall? Do you remember all the narratives you have watched using a digital device? Do you remember the narrative that was performed by your classmates? There are three common narration techniques in Kenyan context used in narratives:Solo narration, where one narrator tells the story single-handedly from the beginning to the end. Tandem narration, where two narrators narrate the story together at the same time. Relay narration, where more than two narrators take turns to narrate the story. Unlike the tandem narration where two narrators speak at the same time, in relay narration each narrator waits for their turn to narrate. When a narrator s turn reaches, he or she is given a baton that allows them to narrate. A baton is anything that is handed over to the next narrator such as a walking stick, a school bags, a sweater. Good narrators use their voices to recreate the story afresh as well as hold the attention of the audience. They also use mimicry or imitation of the characters in the narratives. The narrators also communicate well using gestures, facial expressions, body movements and stage movements. Activity 3: Appreciating the Role of Costumes and Props as Well As The Audience in Narrative PerformancesCan you recall? List the three narration techniques or styles that were covered in the previous activity. Costumes define the main narrator of a narrative. The costume of the main narrator may help in identifying who the main character is in the story. The costumes of the support cast help in identifying the other characters in the story. Generally, costumes help us to understand the narrative. The props used in narratives enhance the story.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.917529985186601, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2462, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.6559782}
{"text": "The costumes of the support cast help in identifying the other characters in the story. Generally, costumes help us to understand the narrative. The props used in narratives enhance the story. In narratives it is recommended that fewer props be used since the empbhasis is on narrating the story rather than dramatising. The audience plays a very important role in the performance of a narrative. The audience responds to the narrators in different ways:They may cheer, applaud, clap if the story reaches an exciting moment or if they are happy with what the main character is doing. They may jeer or boo if the main character does something irritating or unpleasant. They may sigh with relief if the main character manages to successfully go through a terrifying experience. They may nod their heads in agreement or shake their heads in disagreement. They may use facial expressions such as smiling at events they like, frowning at events they dislike or sneer at events they hate. They may join in song and dance depending on how interesting the narrator has been. They may also respond to questions posed or riddles thrown at them. VerseActivity 1: Evaluating A Verse Themes, Poetic LanguageCan you recall? What is the difference between a choral and a solo verse? What do we consider when performing a verse? What criteria do we use when selecting people to perform a verse? The process of appreciating verse begins with identifying the type of verse being performed. A solo verse is performed by one person. A choral verse is performed by more than one person. We also need to appreciate the verse by identifying the theme being addressed in the poem. We appreciate the poem more if the theme being addressed is about the issues affecting our community. This makes us to identify with the verse more. We appreciate a verse as a poem if the language used in it is poetic. We appreciate the language is poetic if we are able to identify poetic devices in it. Common poetic devices are repetition, rhyme, rhythm, alliteration, assonance, similes, metaphors and personification. Activity 2: Evaluating Verse Voice and CharactersCan you recall? Apart from the type of verse being presented, what else do we consider when appreciating a verse? We appreciate a verse to see whether the performers are projecting the voices or not. Voices that are well projected are said to be audible. Voice projection is not shouting. Shouting is irritating to the ear.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9182395247029393, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2460, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.6778443}
{"text": "Voices that are well projected are said to be audible. Voice projection is not shouting. Shouting is irritating to the ear. Speaking very softly is also not pleasant to the ear since we strain to hear what is being recited. We appreciate a verse when there is voice variation. Voices are usually varied to communicate certain messages. The pitch can be either high or low depending on the message to be communicated. We appreciate verses by assessing whether there is speed variation in recitation. Speed variation means the performers recite very fast or very slowly at certain moments in the verse. They may recite very fast when they are celebrating or when there is a quarrel between two characters in the verse. They may recite slowly to show a sad mood or during a lamentation by one character. We appreciate a verse if we are able to identify the different characters speaking in the verse. In a solo verse, we may have only one character who takes many roles alone. In a choral verse, we have several characters doing different roles. Activity 3: Evaluating A Verse Using of Body and MovementsCan you recall? Give your teacher the answers to the home activity you did previously. We appreciate a verse by looking at how the performers use different facial expressions to show different moods in the verse. We appreciate a verse by looking at how the performers use gestures to communicate different messages. We appreciate a verse by looking at how the recitors use body movements to communicate important messages. We appreciate a verse by looking at how the performers use stage movements, and how important those movements are in communicating the message to the audience. SkitActivity 1: Evaluating Plot and Thematic Concerns in A SkitCan you recall? What is a plot in a skit? What is a theme in a skit? In evaluation of plot, check if the plot has communicated the message effectively. Conflict in a skit should be resolved. Thematic concerns should be contemporary and should bring out desired moral values. Activity 2: Evaluating Character Development, Use of Body, Voice and Space to Communicate Message in SkitCan you recall? What do you look for in evaluating a plot in a skit? What do you look for in evaluating them in a skit? Character s physical voice and energy levels must be appropriate for character roles. Stage space must show different locations and actions. Activity 3: Evaluating Role of Costume and Make-Up in Depicting CharacterCan you recall?", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9167258109864057, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2483, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.6682637}
{"text": "Character s physical voice and energy levels must be appropriate for character roles. Stage space must show different locations and actions. Activity 3: Evaluating Role of Costume and Make-Up in Depicting CharacterCan you recall?How do you evaluate character?How do we appreciate use of body, voice and space in a skit?We appreciate the use of costumes, props and make-up when they help to define or depict the intended character effectively. PERFORMING ARTS IN SOCIETYPerforming Arts in SocietyActivity 1: Social and Economic Roles of Performing Arts in The SocietyPerforming Arts is a medium of expression, knowledge and understanding for an individual and the society. Performing Arts is a tool that is reflective of the society. It teaches society about itself and can be used to educate people about their current situation. Performing Arts provides us with an opportunity to engage the mind, body and emotions, and to explore and express our talents. It boosts creativity and innovativeness. It promotes physical and personal development. It promotes self-confidence and self-belief. It fosters trust between participants. It unifies people across regions. It creates cultural awareness. Performing Arts is a career opportunity for singers, actors, comedians, dancers and other performers. It promotes tourism as visitors watch presentations from different cultures. Activity 2: Using Performing Arts to Address Pertinent and Contemporary IssuesPerforming Arts helps the learner to relate with real issues and challenges in the society and equips them with skills and knowledge on how to solve them. Performing Arts provides a platform to address difficult issues in the society. Some of these issues could be gender violence, racism, marginalization, disability, and politics. Performing Arts can be used to instill values like integrity, responsibility, respect, peace, and unity. Performing artists can reach a wider audience by collaborating with the broadcast media to air their works. They can also record them in studios and distribute to the general public. Activity 3: Making Connections Between Performing Arts and Real Life SituationsPerforming Arts has physical and emotional benefits to the participants. It encourages us to make meaningful and open communication even when faced with difficult situations in life. Participating in Performing Arts boosts one s confidence, enabling one to contribute ideas, views and personal feelings in every day interactions.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9182767270721223, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2515, "token_count": 473}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.7016656}
{"text": "Nutrition security Nutrition security means consistent access, availability, and affordability of foods and beverages that promote well-being, prevent disease, and, if needed, treat disease, particularly among racial ethnic minority, lower income, and rural and remote populations including Tribal communities and Insular areas. Kitchen garden Kitchen garden is the growing of fruits and vegetables at the backyard of house by using kitchen waste water. Otherwise called as Home garden or Nutrition garden or Kitchen gardening or Vegetable gardening. Advantages of Kitchen garden : Supply fresh fruits and vegetables high in nutritive value.tyReasons For Kitchen Garden 1.Clean air: Your balcony, terrace or courtyard can become your green lungs amidst the dust and dirt around you. The more you plant, the more fresh air with good oxygen you get. 2.Herbs detox: Herbs are quite essential in our food which helps in detoxifying and healing properties in our body. Few herbs and plants that are easy to maintain in kitchen garden are: lemon grass, coriander, cilantro, mint, tulsi, celery, fenugreek, spinach. 3.Aesthetics matter: Plants make your home greener, more peaceful, uplift your mood and make you feel more positive. 4. Stay grounded: Modernisation uproots us from the mother earth. As the ancient sages say, our body is made of five components that includes earth, water, ether, air and fire. So it is very important to stay connected with earth. 5.Organic vegetables: Growing own fruits and vegetables can offer the opportunity to reduce the amount of pesticides that are used commercially, making them healthier6. Compost your waste: Plant fertilisers, made by decaying organic materials, like kitchen wastes, will help your plants grow faster, while helping you to get rid of your garbage 7.Cheap and easy: Kitchen gardens can help you grow things at home and bring down the need to buy from the market, hence, save money on food purchase. 8.Recycle and use: You can recycle vegetables in your kitchen garden. For example, you can collect your unwanted vegetables and make compost for it and use it again for compost, growing new vegetables and herbs. 10. Health friendly: It is a great way to engage the whole family in physical activity. Gardening is known to reduce levels of stress hormones. Crops for kitchen garden Seeds or seedlings.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9070692278114918, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2355, "token_count": 489}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.7374475}
{"text": "Health friendly: It is a great way to engage the whole family in physical activity. Gardening is known to reduce levels of stress hormones. Crops for kitchen garden Seeds or seedlings. Common foods to grow include leafy greens such as spinach, leafy onions, sukumawiki, lettuce, tomatoes, terere, strawberries, herbs-mint, dhania, broccoli, cauliflower and even potatoes. Types of kitchen gardens. 1. Hanging kitchen gardens in Kenya Hanging kitchen gardens are perfect for small spaces or if you want to save on countertop space. Herbs and leafy greens do well in hanging gardens, as they don t need a lot of root room to grow. Just make sure to water your plants regularly so the soil doesn t dry out. Advantages: Offers a unique decoration for your kitchen Gives you the opportunity to grow your own herbs and spices Saves counter space Provides fresh air Can be a fun project for the whole family Cons: Requires regular watering May attract pests Must be positioned in a sunny spot Limited growing space Requires some initial set-up 2. Container kitchen gardens in KenyaContainer gardening is another great option for small spaces or those who want to move their garden around easily. You can use just about any type of container from pots and barrels to old wheelbarrows as long as it has drainage holes. Be sure to choose plants that are well-suited for container gardening, such as tomatoes, strawberries, and peppers. Advantages: They are less expensive than in-ground gardens. Are easier to set up and take care of. They can be placed almost anywhere, including on patios, decks, and balconies. Can help to save water since the soil is not exposed to the elements. They can produce a lot of food in a small space. Cons: The plants may not get enough sunlight if they are placed in a shaded area. The roots may become entangled if the containers are placed too close together. The plants may become stressed if they do not have enough room to grow. The soil may need to be replaced more often than in an inground garden. There is a greater risk of pests and diseases with container gardens than with in-ground gardens in Kenya. 3. Raised bed kitchen gardens in Kenya Raised beds are a great way to grow a variety of vegetables, herbs, and fruits.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9050882860126783, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2299, "token_count": 512}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.7488453}
{"text": "There is a greater risk of pests and diseases with container gardens than with in-ground gardens in Kenya. 3. Raised bed kitchen gardens in Kenya Raised beds are a great way to grow a variety of vegetables, herbs, and fruits. They re perfect for small spaces or areas with poor soil quality. Just be sure the bed is at least 6 inches deep so roots have enough room to grow. Also, make sure the sides of the bed are tall enough so you can reach in without stepping on your plants this will help prevent compacting the soil . Advantages: They take up less space than traditional gardens, so they re perfect for small yards or patios. The soil in raised beds warms up faster in the spring, so you can plant earlier. You can control the quality of the soil more easily, so your plants will be healthy and thrive. Because they re elevated, raised beds are easier on your back and knees when you re gardening. They re also more attractive than traditional gardens, so they can enhance the curb appeal of your home. Cons: They can be more expensive to set up than traditional gardens, since you ll need to buy lumber and soil. They require more watering than traditional gardens, since the soil tends to dry out quicker. The soil in raised beds can also get too hot in the summer, which can damage plants or hinder their growth. 4. In-ground kitchen gardens in KenyaIn-ground gardens are the most traditional type of kitchen garden. If you have the space, an in-ground garden is a great way to grow a large variety of plants. Be sure to choose soil that s well-suited for your climate and plant choices. For example, if you live in an area with hot summers, opt for sandy soil that will drain well and won t bake your plants in the heat. Advantages: You can design them to fit your specific needs and the space you have available. They can include features such as built-in irrigation and drainage systems. You can choose from a wide variety of plants to grow. They can be beautiful and add curb appeal to your home. They can increase your property value. Cons: They require more initial investment than above-ground gardens. They require more maintenance than above-ground gardens. They are subject to soil erosion and compaction if not properly cared for.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9036419717608293, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2286, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.7585495}
{"text": "Cons: They require more initial investment than above-ground gardens. They require more maintenance than above-ground gardens. They are subject to soil erosion and compaction if not properly cared for. They can attract pests and diseases if not properly managed. They may require special permits or permission from your homeowner s association or local government. 5. Indoor kitchen gardens: If you don t have any outdoor space or if you want to extend your growing season, consider starting an indoor kitchen garden in Kenya. Many vegetables, herbs, and fruits can be grown indoors with the right setup. Just make sure you choose a sunny spot in your home and use to grow lights if needed. ADVANTAGES: No pests or bad weather to ruin your plants! You can grow a wide variety of plants indoors. Indoor gardens are low maintenance. They can add color and life to any room. You can control the environment, making it ideal for growing delicate plants. CONS: Not all plants will do well indoors. You need adequate lighting to grow indoor plants successfully. Some plants require a lot of space, so they may not be suitable for small homes or apartments. Indoor gardens can be expensive to set up, especially if you need to buy special equipment like grow lights. If you re not careful, your indoor garden can become a breeding ground for mould and mildew. 6. Potager kitchen gardenA Potager is a type of kitchen garden that s designed for both beauty and function. These gardens are typically laid out in a symmetrical or geometric pattern and often feature ornamental plants as well as edible ones. If you have the space, consider adding a small pond or fountain to your potager this will not only add to its visual appeal but also provide a home for beneficial insects like dragonflies and frogs. PRO: A potager kitchen garden is a great way to have fresh herbs and vegetables right at your fingertips. They are also visually appealing and can add a touch of beauty to your yard or patio. They are easy to care for and don t require a lot of space. Potager kitchen gardens in Kenya are also great for entertaining since they can be used as a conversation piece. They are also a great way to get kids interested in gardening and eating healthy.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9082540070421754, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2285, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.7858489}
{"text": "They are easy to care for and don t require a lot of space. Potager kitchen gardens in Kenya are also great for entertaining since they can be used as a conversation piece. They are also a great way to get kids interested in gardening and eating healthy. CONS: The biggest con of having a potager kitchen garden is that it can be costly to set up. They also require regular maintenance in order to keep them looking their best. If you have pets, you ll need to be careful that they don t dig in the garden and disturb the plants. Bad weather can also damage your potager kitchen garden 7. Permaculture kitchen garden Permaculture is all about working with nature instead of against it. In a permaculture kitchen garden in Kenya, plants are grown close together so they can support each other for example, tall plants may provide shade for shorter ones . Companion planting is often used in permaculture gardens, which means different types of plants are planted next to each other to deter pests or improve yields. For example, garlic repels many common insect pests so it could be planted near tomatoes or cabbage just make sure you don t plant too much of any one thing as this can throw off the balance . Advantages: A permaculture kitchen garden can provide a family with most of their fresh produce needs year-round. These types of gardens in Kenya are designed to be lowmaintenance, meaning less work for the gardener. The use of companion planting and other natural methods means that permaculture gardens are typically more pest and disease resistant than conventional gardens. Water usage is often much lower in permaculture gardens due to the use of mulch and other water-conserving techniques. Permaculture gardens can be beautiful, incorporating edible plants into the design. Cons: Permaculture gardens can take some time to establish, especially if you are starting from scratch. You may need to learn some new gardening techniques if you want to start a permaculture kitchen garden. You may need to make some changes to your cooking habits if you want to make the most of your permaculture garden. 8. Vertical kitchen garden in KenyaA vertical garden is a great way to save space and grow a variety of plants. There are many different ways to create a vertical garden, from trellises and lattices to hanging baskets and shelves.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9135872789098596, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2376, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.834488}
{"text": "8. Vertical kitchen garden in KenyaA vertical garden is a great way to save space and grow a variety of plants. There are many different ways to create a vertical garden, from trellises and lattices to hanging baskets and shelves. Just make sure you choose plants that are appropriate for the type of support you re using. For example, vines will need something to climb on while smaller herbs or leafy greens can be grown in shallow containers without much root room. Advantages: You can grow a lot of plants in a small space. The plants get more sun than they would if they were on the ground. You can control the environment around the plants more easily. It looks cool. You can use the water that drains from the plants to water other plants. Cons: You have to water the plants more often because they dry out faster. The plants are more susceptible to pests and diseases. If you don t have a good support system, the plants can fall over and die. It can be difficult to harvest the plants. You have to be careful not to overwater the plants, or they will rot. 9. Hydroponic kitchen garden in Kenya Hydroponics is a method of growing plants in water instead of soil. This can be done with just about any type of plant, but it s especially well-suited for leafy greens like lettuce and spinach which don t need deep roots . Hydroponic gardens in Kenya are often used indoors since they take up very little space and can be controlled more easily than outdoor gardens for example, you can adjust the temperature and humidity levels . Advantages: They are very space efficient since the plants are grown vertically in a small footprint. They can be set up indoors, so even if you live in an apartment you can still grow your own food. Hydroponically grown plants tend to be more nutrient-dense than soil-grown plants, so you get more bang for your buck, nutritionally speaking. Since hydroponic gardens use less water than traditional gardens, they are more environmentally friendly. They are also less likely to attract pests and diseases since the plants are not growing in dirt. Cons: There are some drawbacks to hydroponic kitchen gardens as well: They can be expensive to set up, depending on the size and complexity of the system you choose.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9082934734997811, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2283, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.8546526}
{"text": "Since hydroponic gardens use less water than traditional gardens, they are more environmentally friendly. They are also less likely to attract pests and diseases since the plants are not growing in dirt. Cons: There are some drawbacks to hydroponic kitchen gardens as well: They can be expensive to set up, depending on the size and complexity of the system you choose. They require some basic knowledge of plant nutrition and physiology in order to be successful. If not properly maintained, hydroponic gardens can become breeding grounds for mould and other pathogens. 10. Staircase kitchen garden in KenyaA staircase garden is a type of vertical garden that s perfect for small spaces. These gardens are typically built on staircases or other types of raised platforms. Plants are grown in shallow containers, which can be placed close together to save space. Be sure to choose plants that don t need deep roots, such as herbs and leafy greens. ADVANTAGES: A staircase kitchen garden is a great way to make use of vertical space. Staircase kitchen gardens in Kenya are perfect for small spaces. They are easy to build and maintain. Staircase kitchen gardens are aesthetically pleasing. They can be used to grow a variety of plants and vegetables. CONS: Staircase kitchen gardens can be expensive to build. They require a lot of maintenance. The stairs can be dangerous if they are not built properly. They can be difficult to access for people with disabilities. Pests and diseases can easily spread in a staircase kitchen garden. 11. Simple drip garden12. Tyre kitchen garden 13. Multi storey kitchen garden14. Food robe kitchen garden15, Sack kitchen garden16. Wick irrigation kitchen garden17. Moist bed kitchen garden 18. Aquaponics kitchen garden19. Yard small kitchen garden20. Cone kitchen garden 21. Micro-kitchen gardenStarting a kitchen garden To start a kitchen garden in Kenya, you will need to find a sunny spot in your yard and prepare the soil. You can then choose what vegetables or herbs you would like to grow. Once you have chosen your plants, you will need to plant them in the prepared soil and water them regularly. Step 1: Find a sunny spot in your yard and prepare the soil.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.895329761904762, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2240, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.8252542}
{"text": "You can then choose what vegetables or herbs you would like to grow. Once you have chosen your plants, you will need to plant them in the prepared soil and water them regularly. Step 1: Find a sunny spot in your yard and prepare the soil. You will need to find an area in your yard that gets a lot of sunlight. Then, you will need to till the soil and add some compost or manure. Step 2: Choose what vegetables or herbs you would like to grow. Decide which plants you want to grow in your garden. Some popular choices include tomatoes, peppers, carrots, and lettuce. You can also choose to grow herbs such as basil or oregano. Step 3: Plant your seeds or seedlings. Plant the seeds or seedlings in the prepared soil and water them regularly. You will need to keep an eye on your plants and make sure they have enough water and sunlight. Harvest your vegetables or herbs when they are ready! What are the benefits of growing a kitchen garden in Kenya? There are many benefits to growing a kitchen garden. Some of these include: Getting fresh fruits, vegetables, and herbs that are pesticide-free Saving money by not having to buy produce at the grocery store Having a relaxing hobby that gets you outside in the fresh air Improving your physical health by getting exercise while gardening Boosting your mental health by reducing stressWhat are the best types of vegetables and fruits to grow in a kitchen garden? FOOD AND NUTRITION COOKING STARCHY CARBOHYDRATES https: www.youtube.com watch?v r9ZrT5vtVv0 Why is food cooked? Food may be contaminated with harmful microbes that can cause disease. The high temperature involved in cooking brings about chemical changes in food and kills these microbes. Cooking also makes food easier to digest and improves the food s appearance, texture and flavour. These are a few examples of ways to cook food, and notice that all of these methods involve heating the food to a high temperature: Baking Boiling Steaming Grilling FryingHeat transfer when cooking During cooking, heat is transferred from the source of heat to the food through conduction e.g. grilling steak on a grilling pan sitting on a stove , convection e.g. running cold water over frozen food to speed up thawing process and or radiation roasting marshmallow over fire .", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.908403878646054, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2302, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.8535593}
{"text": "These are a few examples of ways to cook food, and notice that all of these methods involve heating the food to a high temperature: Baking Boiling Steaming Grilling FryingHeat transfer when cooking During cooking, heat is transferred from the source of heat to the food through conduction e.g. grilling steak on a grilling pan sitting on a stove , convection e.g. running cold water over frozen food to speed up thawing process and or radiation roasting marshmallow over fire . Check out the resources below to learn more why food is cooked and how heat is transferred conduction, convection and radiation . We know that cooking gets the food hot. It makes what is otherwise unsafe to be consumed raw, safe to eat. In order to do so, food has to be put in an oven or on the stovetop and be subjected to a source of heat. When the heat transfers from something that is hot, such as a flame or a pot of boiling water, to the food, this process is called heat transfer. There are three types of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation. What distinguishes them is the manner in which the heat in transferred. Without a medium, heat cannot be transferred. The different ways that heat transfer can be accomplished determines how the food is cooked and what the end result will be. Convection Heat is transferred via liquids and gases. Fast moving molecules of the convection medium collide with the slower molecules in the food and heat them up. As warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler areas, it forms a continuous circulation pattern. These convection currents can be observed when water is boiling in a pot. Convection that takes place through air occurs in a convection oven. Compared to traditional ovens, ovens using convection are usually the better choice as it has fas to circulate the air around. On the contrary, traditional ovens mostly rely on radiation off the oven walls and is therefore a more eficient method of heat transfer. It heats food faster and reduces cooking times by at least 25 . Below are some examples of convection heating. Baking and roasting Boiling and steaming Running cold water over frozen food, which transfers heat into the food to thaw it more quickly Radiation Heat is transferrred via electromagnetical waves.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9142741848943896, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2288, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.9423056}
{"text": "Fibre-rich vegetables. ... Beans. How Heat Affects Foods and Their Flavors Posted on June 8, 2021 by MadgeTech MarketingStarches Starch is the most common carbohydrate in human diets, whether it s natural or is added to foods. As heat is applied to starch it absorbs moisture from its surroundings and becomes softer. This process is called gelatinization and is the reason pasta and rice double in size and soften when cooked. Gelatinization begins at 150 F. EFFECT OF OVERHEATING IN FOODNandhini Ramanathan Nandhini Ramanathan I am a foodtechnology student Leadership self-motivated team work Published Aug 30, 2023 Follow HOW HEAT AFFECTS FOOD During the heating process or the cooking of food, a complex series of physical and chemical changes take place. These changes vary according to the heating method and time exposed, but may ultimately include changes in nutrient composition, fat content, moisture, flavor, smell, texture, and color. The longer the food is heated, and the higher the temperature, the greater the nutrient loss. When we look at commercially prepared dog food or even home cooking as preparation, the heat applied during the extrusion process, grilling or microwaving contribute to the reduction in nutritional value most of the time. Graph Protein goes through certain physical and chemical changes when it is heated and cooked pg 88, SACN When the proteins in food are heated, they coagulate. An example of this can be observed in the proteins found in eggs which become denatured and coagulate during the heating process. The heat disrupts the hydrogen bonds and non-polar hydrophobic interactions. The bonds are disrupted by increasing the kinetic energy and causing the molecules to vibrate so rapidly and violently. Researchers have observed that single amino acid digestibilities, especially for aspartic acid and cysteine, which are known to be heat-sensitive, revealed a disproportionate reduction when tested in the commercially processed food compared to when tested alone. Protein that is exposed to hot temperatures, shrinks and loses moisture. This usually occurs at temperatures between 160 and 185 degrees Fahrenheit. When animal sources of protein are cooked slowly, any connective tissues present in the meat are likely to dissolve.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9089279523674457, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2298, "token_count": 480}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.895447}
{"text": "Protein that is exposed to hot temperatures, shrinks and loses moisture. This usually occurs at temperatures between 160 and 185 degrees Fahrenheit. When animal sources of protein are cooked slowly, any connective tissues present in the meat are likely to dissolve. Heat does not destroy the protein in food, but it may reduce the overall content Dextrinisation: The reaction of dry heat on the surface of food which changes starch to dextrin, e.g. toast. Gelatinisation: The process of thickening which takes place when a mixture of starch and liquid is heated. Ways to retain nutrients while cooking Prolonged exposure to water, heat, and light may cause some foods to lose nutritional value like vitamin B1, vitamin C and polyphenols. Here are simple tips which will help you retain nutrients while enjoying your favourite foods. Have a look! 02 11Rule for washingAlways wash the vegetables first and then chop them. Chopping first and then washing takes away the nutrition of your food. 03 11Don t chop small Do not chop vegetables into very small pieces as most of the nutients will be destroyed when they come in contact with air. The best way is to chop the vegetable into larger chunks. 04 11Water usageCook vegetables in smaller amounts of water. Boiling in too much water damages the nutrients. It is best advised to cook the veggies covered on low flame in their own water. 05 11Heating your foodAvoid re-heating of food as it destroys the chemical structure of nutrients and vitamins. 06 11Loss of mineralsAs soon as you chop veggies, you should cook them as the vitamins and minerals are secure in their cells as once they are exposed to light and air, the nutrient contents can be destroyed. 07 11Excess waterDo not throw away the excess water drained after boiling rice or vegetables. The excess water is loaded with nutrients and it can used in preparing gravies, kneading dough or serve it as a refreshment drink. 08 11Root rulesRoot vegetables like potato, ginger, turnip and carrots should be boiled with skins and the peel should be removed after boiling. Boiling with peels helps the nutrients to migrate to the centre of the vegetables which helps in better retention of its nutrients. 09 11Baking sodaDon't use baking soda when cooking vegetables. Although it helps in retaining color of the vegetables as well as speeds up the cooking process, but destroys the vitamin C content of the veggies.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.896204996034893, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2425, "token_count": 518}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.9391856}
{"text": "Boiling with peels helps the nutrients to migrate to the centre of the vegetables which helps in better retention of its nutrients. 09 11Baking sodaDon't use baking soda when cooking vegetables. Although it helps in retaining color of the vegetables as well as speeds up the cooking process, but destroys the vitamin C content of the veggies. 10 11Fresh food Eating fresh food is an good idea because the depletion of nutrients could be slowed down. Another reason is the quicker you consume it, the more nutrients can be gained from it. Try eating within 4 hours of cooking your food Check for aflatoGuidelines to minimize nutrient losses during preparation 1. Choose fresh foods that are not over-ripe, bruised, cut or scraped. 2. Peel thinly or cook inn their skins,jacket 3. Aim at golden brown whenncooking indry heat. 4. Use enough water to cover 5. Cooknthem for the appropriate time 6. Blend starchy flavours with cold water before cooking 7. Stirbthoroughly and continuously over low heat 8. Wash vegetables before cutting. Soaking or washing time should be reduced to minimize nutrient loss. 9. Cut vegetables into big pieces so that exposure of vitamins to water is less while cooking and washing. 10. Use a vegetable peeler to remove skin as it helps remove only a very thin layer of skin. 11. Use minimum water for cooking. Bring the water to boil and add the vegetables to cook. 12. Cook vegetables by steaming and pressure cooking to conserve nutrients. 13. Cover the vessel with a lid while cooking as it hastens cooking. 14. Vegetables salads should be prepared just before serving to conserve nutrients. 15. Use acids such as lime juice or vinegar to salads as it prevents loss of Vitamin C since Vitamin C is stable in acid. 16. Store foods in a cool, dark place. 17. When boiling, add the raw food to the boiling water rather than to cold water. 18. Steaming is a way of cooking with a minimum amount of water. 19. If possible use the cooking water for gravies, sauces or soups as it is a source of watersoluble vitamins and elements minerals . 20. Cook for the minimum time necessary to make the food palatable and safe. 21. Do not use baking soda to help keep the green colour of vegetables, as this increases loss of vitamin C. 22. Do not use copper utensils.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8798756418311415, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2285, "token_count": 522}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.9221578}
{"text": "Do not use baking soda to help keep the green colour of vegetables, as this increases loss of vitamin C. 22. Do not use copper utensils. Copper helps to destroy vitamin C. 23. Soak whole pulses overnight and other dhals for one hour before cooking. Safety in preparing and cooking starchy carbohydrates Choose foods processed for safety. ... Cook food thoroughly. ... Don t cook root tubers when they have any green, damaged ir sprouting bits Check aflatoxins in cereals or grains before cooking Eat cooked foods immediately. ... Store cooked foods carefully. ... Reheat cooked foods thoroughly. ... Avoid contact between raw foods and cooked foods. ... Wash hands repeatedly. ... Keep all kitchen surfaces meticulously clean. Explain four factors to consider when setting a table. The number of people taking the meal as this determine the number of covers to be laid. The meal to be served as this ensures that all the tableware is available. Number of courses dishes as this enables one to set the cover for the courses. Tableware as this determines their placement. Type of meal service as each type has its own way of laying the table. The type of dinners determines the way of table setting e.g. ages, special needs. A center piece should be available for beauty enhance appetite. Provide adequate space to avoid overcrowding for comfort. Ensure the room is clean for hygiene. The table cloth should be well laundered for neatness. Table appointments should be clean for hygiene enhance appetite Essentials for table settingplace setting for one person is a \"cover.\". 2. The plate, flatware and placemat should be 1-1 2\" from the table edge to allow for an attractive table and safety. 3. Flatware is placed in order of use from the outside in. 4. The napkin should be folded in a square or rectangle and placed so that the open edge is toward the plate. 5. Allow 20-24 inches for each place setting or cover. 6. Use only flatware and plates that are necessary for the specific meal. 7. Table cloth - the center fold should fall exactly on the center line of the table. The cloth then drops evenly on both sides. The cloth should hang over the table no more than 10-12 inches.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8815763016157989, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2228, "token_count": 518}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.9741864}
{"text": "Table cloth - the center fold should fall exactly on the center line of the table. The cloth then drops evenly on both sides. The cloth should hang over the table no more than 10-12 inches. 8. Tables should be set according to these principles; art, common sense, concern for comfort for those eating and courtesy. 9. A good centerpiece is: - in scale with the table - is low so people opposite each other can see across the table - can be placed anywhere on table as long as table looks well-balanced - can be part of the meal salad, fruit bowl, dessert, etc. Skip to document University High School Books Sign in My Library Information AI Chat Mealsfor special groups and occasion Used in meal planning Course Nutrition and dietetics DND 2204 36 documents University Thika School of Medical and Health Sciences More info Uploaded by: Anonymous Student Thika School of Medical and Health Sciences Comments Please sign in or register to post comments. Students also viewed Types of management styles Diseases of the Small Intestines Meal preparation units and equipments Background OF Medical Terminologies Inborn Errors OF Metabolism GIT disorders Upper - GIT Notes Related documents Lifespan notes on adolescents,adults,elderly Parenteral nutrition Criteria for Formula Selection Commonly used equipment in enteral feeding and parenteral Community Partnership Skills 1 Notes Principles OF Human Nutrition notes Preview text MEAL PLANNING FOR VARIOUS GROUPS AND SPECIAL OCCASIONS Unit objectives By the end of this unit, the learner should be able to: 1. Identify the various groups of individual with different nutritional needs 2. Describe on how to prepare and serve meals to meet their recommended allowance individually 3. Explain the need for the nutritional requirement in the lifespan and occupation 8 Introduction A nutritious and wholesome balanced diet is a key to good health. A well-balanced diet includes eating the right amount of foods from the five main food groups. Most people will have three main meals a day. No single food contains all nutrients the body needs so it is important to eat a wide variety. The right amount of different nutrients can increase life expectancy by keeping the heart and body healthy, and preventing many long-term illnesses.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9001033721677423, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2328, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360547.9959548}
{"text": "Most people will have three main meals a day. No single food contains all nutrients the body needs so it is important to eat a wide variety. The right amount of different nutrients can increase life expectancy by keeping the heart and body healthy, and preventing many long-term illnesses. Body weight can be kept to an acceptable level through healthy eating, leading to a fitter and more active lifestyle. Nutrition is one of the factors that contributes to the wellness of an individual. A balanced diet, when plannedcarefully, provides adequate energy and nutrients for growth, health maintenance, disease prevention and therefore it is essential for our whole lifespan. There is a number of factors to be considered when planning meals. Factors to be considered in meal planning for different categories Figure 1: Factors to be considered in meal planning for different categories Different examples of occasions are Fiesta, birthday, weddings, anniversaries, Christmas, Mother s day, Father s day, Baptismale.t. It important to plan meals for different occasions success of occasion depends on how well it is planned- from the decors, house arrangement and the food that must be specially chosen, prepared and served Foods, techniques and equipment C. Kitchen equipment must be safe and reliable if it is to be used to prepare and serve food for special occasions. Remember that: facilities must be appropriate for the number of guests being served if the celebration is to be held at a venue away from home, the host or caterer must consider what equipment and facilities are available cutlery, plates and storage space in refrigerators, freezers, cupboards and benches must be organised before the event to avoid any last-minute shortages kitchen equipment such as hand mixers, microwave ovens, blenders and stoves must be tested and checked before the event to detect any faulty equipment only equipment that saves time should be used the preparation and cleaning of some equipment outweighs its value oven, refrigerator and freezer temperatures must be tested to see that they are suitable for keeping food safe and so preventing any risk of food poisoning equipment should be cleaned before and after use to ensure proper hygiene stored equipment can often attract insects, rodents and cockroaches there must be enough serving equipment such as spoons, forks and tongs-when people swap serving utensils, cross-contamination can easily occur. Small- and large-scale meal preparation The size of an event can have a great impact on the preparation involved.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9211227912800531, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2585, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.026764}
{"text": "Kitchen equipment must be safe and reliable if it is to be used to prepare and serve food for special occasions. Remember that: facilities must be appropriate for the number of guests being served if the celebration is to be held at a venue away from home, the host or caterer must consider what equipment and facilities are available cutlery, plates and storage space in refrigerators, freezers, cupboards and benches must be organised before the event to avoid any last-minute shortages kitchen equipment such as hand mixers, microwave ovens, blenders and stoves must be tested and checked before the event to detect any faulty equipment only equipment that saves time should be used the preparation and cleaning of some equipment outweighs its value oven, refrigerator and freezer temperatures must be tested to see that they are suitable for keeping food safe and so preventing any risk of food poisoning equipment should be cleaned before and after use to ensure proper hygiene stored equipment can often attract insects, rodents and cockroaches there must be enough serving equipment such as spoons, forks and tongs-when people swap serving utensils, cross-contamination can easily occur. Small- and large-scale meal preparation The size of an event can have a great impact on the preparation involved. Planning an event for five or ten people is very different from organising an event for hundreds of guests. Planning ahead allows the host to organise an appropriate menu according to the information they have on the number of guests attending. This planning is necessary to: - avoid excessive waste of food and money - avoid the embarrassment of running short of food - ensure that the food is the best choice for the event. When catering for small numbers of guests, it is relatively easy to estimate rough quantities of food. When catering for large numbers of guests, a rough guess or estimate is not suitable. Every caterer follows a set of guidelines. A host must consider the factors listed when planning a menu. Consideration to consider in planning meals for special occasions 1. Factors to consider in meal planning a. Food Budget - refers to the amount of money needed for the food to be prepared. It should be prepared ahead of time b. Tools, Facilities and Equipment- menu you have planned can only be prepared if you have the needed tools, facilities and equipment c.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9183954283995639, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2412, "token_count": 488}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.036369}
{"text": "Food Budget - refers to the amount of money needed for the food to be prepared. It should be prepared ahead of time b. Tools, Facilities and Equipment- menu you have planned can only be prepared if you have the needed tools, facilities and equipment c. Time and Energy Available plan meals which will make reasonable demand on time and energy to save time and energy it is advisable to plan dishes you are familiar with and that you have skills and ability in preparing them. Plan cooking dishes which do not use the same equipment since it takes time for one dish to be cooked plan dishes that will not require last minute attention 2. Food Preferences of Guests - consider what dishes would the guests love to eat and what popular and special in a given culture or regions. Consider special nutritional needs 3. Goals in Preparing Meals for special occasions it is important to set goals that will not only satisfy the palate but also promote health and wellbeing of every guest. The meal should be nutritionally adequate, economically feasible, aesthetically satisfying, palatable and hygienically prepared 4. Nutritionally adequate means the meal has enough nutrients to make the body healthy. It contains all nutrients needed by the body like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Use the Three Basic Food Groups as guide 5. Economically feasible Food budget is enough to meet the food expenditures food budget should be reasonable and affordable 6. Aesthetically satisfying every dish is pleasing, deliciously inviting and satisfying it should appeal to the senses and to the appetite. There should be a variety of colorThe calorific requirement is generally higher in men than in women because men have larger body size, and they are more physically active and have more lean muscle mass. 8.1 Age groups i. Infants breast feeding is the safest and most desirable method of nourishment Human milk is considered the ideal starting food, with most of the nutritional requirements. However breast feeding should not be relied on exclusively for optional nutrition beyond the sixth mouth of the infant s life. For twins, optimum is 3-4 months. O Interval of feeding: Breast feeding should be started as soon as possible after birth if a mother and a baby are okay. A baby should be allowed to feed on demand and may suckle 1215 times day.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9035304432660649, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2396, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.0608582}
{"text": "For twins, optimum is 3-4 months. O Interval of feeding: Breast feeding should be started as soon as possible after birth if a mother and a baby are okay. A baby should be allowed to feed on demand and may suckle 1215 times day. However a common routine is that of 10-15 times during the day. After such feed a baby should be burped to remove the air swallowed together with milk by allowing the baby on the mothers knee or shoulders. For the first days the baby should be suckle both breast for only a few minutes each time to prevent any nipple sores or cracks. About 150ml of human milk per kg body weight the baby is getting enough milk if satisfied at a 12-20 times feeding, falls asleep promptly and sleep quietly for several hours, and also makes satisfactory weight gains from week to week. Duration of breastfeeding: sufficient until about 6 months of age, should continue for 2 years or even longer. Refer: duration of breast milk Replacement of breast milk Is the process of feeding an infant child who is not receiving any breast milk with a diet that provides all the nutrients a child needs Introduction of solid foods before the age of 4-6 months is not recommended due to immaturity of gastrointestinal tract and kidneys to handle solid food. After that, solid foods could be introduced gradually and individually. The typical order of introduction begins with cereal, usually iron-fortified ones, vegetables, fruits, eggs and then meat. A waiting period of 4-5 days before the introduction of another new food is recommended to make sure no allergic reaction or intolerance. It s only recommended when the AFASS criteria can be met. AFASS A -ACCEPTANCE: no barriers replacement feeding Barriers can be cultural, social and also due to fear of stigma and discrimination F- FEASIBLE: mother or the family has adequate time, knowledge ,skills and other resources to prepare the replacement food and feed the infant up to 12 times in 24 hours A- AFFORDABLE: Mother, family, community or even the health system support can pay for the cost of purchasing, preparing and using replacement feeding without compromising the health and nutrition of the entire family.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8930830442766783, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2197, "token_count": 483}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.0863671}
{"text": "This can lead to serious health problems, nutrient deficiencies and eating disorders in later life iv. Adults Growth is usually completed by the age of 25 years. The aims of nutrition during adult years are to obtain adequate energy and nutrients to maintain a healthy body weight and prevention of chronic diseases through appropriate food choices. Adulthood is a period when an individual begins to experience and cope with numerous changes in the realms of work, family and education. Healthy eating and lifestyle are important for them to cope with stress and maintain health. The calorific requirement begins to decrease after the age of 25 years as basal metabolic rates decrease. People during adult years may not get as much exercise as they did in earlier years. Thus, when appetite and food intake do not decrease, there is a common tendency toward weight gain during this period. An intake of 3,500 calories more than the body needs for maintenance and activities will result in a weight gain of 500 grams fat. A person who overeats by only 120 calories a day equal to a can of soft drink can gain 6kilograms in 1 year. Therefore, it is important to reach energy balance to maintain a healthy weight i. energy intake equals energy output . This can be achieved by eating less energydense foods, and increasing physical activities as exercise will increase the number of calories burned. Healthy eating and lifestyle are encouraged during adult years to maintain health and prevention of chronic diseases v. Elderly Physiological, psychosocial and economic changes of the elderly affect their nutrition status. The body s function changes with age. Metabolic rate slows down, bones become less dense and lean muscle mass is reduced. Eye-sight,hearing, taste and smell are less acute and poor dentition is common. The secretion of digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid is diminished which in turn impairs digestion and absorption of nutrients such as vitamin B12. The reduced muscle tone of the intestine may result in constipation in an elderly. The loss of spouse or close friends, physical disabilities, poor health, feeling of loneliness and uselessness may diminish an elderly s ability to shop, cook and also his her appetite to eat. Retirement of the elderly results in decreased income and this may affect one s choice of food. Some may choose foods by cost rather than nutrient content.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9082756314179188, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2428, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.1032996}
{"text": "Adequate folate intake is important for adult women before pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in infant. The iron requirement is highfor women throughout the childbearing years to replace blood loss during menstruation. Fruits and vegetables are important source of vitamins A, C, folate , minerals potassium , phytochemicals, and fiber. A diet high in fruits and vegetables are associated with lower risk of chronic diseases. For manual workers, meals should be a balanced diet rich in carbohydrates such as rice, noodles and pasta or bread to provide enough energy to work. Manual work increases sweating which in turn increases the loss of water and electrolytes. It is essential to increase fluid intake water, juice, soup to regulate body temperature and avoid dehydration. People with a sedentary lifestyle e. office workers, require to pay attention to energy balance to maintain a healthy body weight. Reduced physical activity together with an excessive energy intake from a large portion of energy-dense foods such as fast food, snacks increase the risk of obesity and other chronic disease in later life. The modern busy lifestyle has made fast food become popular because it is convenient and time-saving. High consumption of food in restaurants and fast food shops result in higher intake of fat, trans-fat, salt and sugar while the intake in fruits and vegetables is low. Meals for office workers should be rich in nutrients but low in energy. It is recommended to include more vegetables and fruits as they are rich in dietary fiber and low in calories, instead of energy dense snacks such as ice-cream, chocolates and chips. They are also rich in vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals that are beneficial to health and may help to prevent chronic diseases. Higher fiber diet is also more filling and helps to prevent constipation. Energy-dense foods and alcohol should be eaten in moderation only. E Elderly A balanced nutrient-dense diet is essential for maintaining good health of the elderly. Good nutritional status can help to prevent chronic disease and speed up recovery from illness, surgery or broken bones. An elderly s diet should include varied choices of food with most of the calories from carbohydrates, moderate in protein while low in fat, salt and sugar. Adequate protein is essential for tissue repairing, synthesis of immune cells and hormones. Lean meat or poultry without skin and low fat dairy products are good protein choices.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.919327731092437, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2499, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.1267362}
{"text": "An elderly s diet should include varied choices of food with most of the calories from carbohydrates, moderate in protein while low in fat, salt and sugar. Adequate protein is essential for tissue repairing, synthesis of immune cells and hormones. Lean meat or poultry without skin and low fat dairy products are good protein choices. Elderly are also encouraged to have adequate fruits, vegetables, whole grains products and legumes. These foods are rich source of vitamins, minerals and fiber. Adequate fiber and fluid can help to prevent constipation. Foods for breakfast should include enough carbohydrates noodles, whole meal bread, breakfast cereals, and congee and moderate protein foods lean meat, milk and dairy products, eggs . Lunch and dinner choices can follow the principles of healthy eating with cereals or cereal products as major food, moderate amount of fish, seafood, legumes, egg and lean meat. It is advised to prepare foods with low fat cooking methods such as steaming, boiling, stewing, grilling and stir-frying with little oil. Chinese family dinner usually consists of 2-3 dishes that are shared by family members, whereas western style dinner usually includes soup, appetizer, main dish, dessert and or a drink that are served on an individual basis. Healthy snacks such as low fat dairy products, sandwich, fruits, whole meal biscuits, chestnuts, sweet corn can supplement main meals for those with additional nutrition needs and small appetite. 8 Meal planning for special occasions celebrations; such as social gatherings, parties and festivals should take into consideration of the occasion, venue, age and number of guests, style of meal sit down or buffet type, Chinese or Western meal and special food if necessary. Prepare appropriate tableware, napkins, tablecloth and home decorations flowers or other ornaments , seats and tables for celebrations or parties. Background of guests, their age, gender, total number, food preference, nutritional needs and special ethnic or religion are factors for consideration when planning meals. A good meal should be nutritious, well cooked with careful combination of foods and flavors. For example, food for a birthday party for school-age children should be colorful, attractive, and easy to manage, in bite size, small packs and include more body building foods for growth. Dishes can be prepared using different methods e.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9122298958881431, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2429, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.140668}
{"text": "A good meal should be nutritious, well cooked with careful combination of foods and flavors. For example, food for a birthday party for school-age children should be colorful, attractive, and easy to manage, in bite size, small packs and include more body building foods for growth. Dishes can be prepared using different methods e. grilling, baking, boiling to give various texture e. soft, firm, crispy and served either hot or cold. Special food can be prepared for special occasions or festivals e. birthday cake for birthday party; Easter chocolate eggs for Easter festival, Chinese turnip cake for Chinese New Year etc. It is also advised to shop and plan for food in advance to allow changes of food in the menu if they are not available. Meals for outing; should be well planned and prepared. Depending on the duration of the outing, the meal should provide enough nutrients and energy to sustain daily activities as that from amain meal. It should be well-balanced by choosing foods from the three basic food groups and to include a suitable drink. Choose foods that are easy to eat, pack and carry, and can be kept for a longer time such as bread, fruits, packed drinks or canned foods. Use thermal containers with insulation or spaces for ice packs to keep food drinks at a safe temperature to avoid bacterial growth. Food can be packed in a plastic box for easy transport to avoid crushing damage. Download AI Quiz 00 SaveShare Document continues below Discover more from: Nutrition and dieteticsDND 2204 Thika School of Medical and Health Sciences 36 documents Go to course 6 Steps OF DIET Planning questions Nutrition and dietetics100 2 55 Tsmhs Nutrition Intervention IN Hivaids Module Nutrition and dieteticsNone 1 What Is Behavioral Psychology With Duties and Specialties Indeed Nutrition and dieteticsNone 1 Difference Between Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms Nutrition and dieteticsNone 17 Milk oils and other food production notes Nutrition and dieteticsNone 2 Commonly used equipment in enteral feeding and parenteral Nutrition and dieteticsNone fruits vegetables, meats, dairy products, fats sweets . Main energy source should come dairy products, dried or fresh fruits, wholemeal biscuits, unsweetened soy bean milk.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9001633926077647, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2335, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.1721663}
{"text": "Food can be packed in a plastic box for easy transport to avoid crushing damage. Download AI Quiz 00 SaveShare Document continues below Discover more from: Nutrition and dieteticsDND 2204 Thika School of Medical and Health Sciences 36 documents Go to course 6 Steps OF DIET Planning questions Nutrition and dietetics100 2 55 Tsmhs Nutrition Intervention IN Hivaids Module Nutrition and dieteticsNone 1 What Is Behavioral Psychology With Duties and Specialties Indeed Nutrition and dieteticsNone 1 Difference Between Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms Nutrition and dieteticsNone 17 Milk oils and other food production notes Nutrition and dieteticsNone 2 Commonly used equipment in enteral feeding and parenteral Nutrition and dieteticsNone fruits vegetables, meats, dairy products, fats sweets .Main energy source should come dairy products, dried or fresh fruits, wholemeal biscuits, unsweetened soy bean milk. Company About Us Ask AI Studocu World University Ranking 2023 E-Learning Statistics Doing Good Academic Integrity Jobs Blog Dutch Website Contact Help F.A.Q. Contact Newsroom Legal Terms Privacy Policy Cookie Statement View our reviews on Trustpilot English Rest of the World Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-HOME-SCIENCE-NOTES-TERM-12024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8573651526668291, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1423, "token_count": 359}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.1520216}
{"text": "GRADE 7 LESSON NOTES TERM1,2,3STRAND ONECONSERVING AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENTSoil pollution controlDef: Soil pollution - refers to anything that causes contamination of soil and reduces the soil quality. It occurs when the substances causing the pollution reduce the quality of the soil and convert the soil inhabitable for microorganisms and macro organisms living in the soil. Soil contamination or soil pollution can occur either because of human activities or because of natural processes. However, mostly it is due to human activities. The soil contamination can occur due to the presence of chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, ammonia, petroleum hydrocarbons, lead, nitrate, mercury, naphthalene, etc. In an excess amount. Causes of Soil PollutionSoil pollution is a complex occurrence, and it can be triggered by a variety of things and activities, from the littering of cigarette butts to excess use of chemical fertilizers. Every cause is linked with another. It is quite difficult to pinpoint one particular cause. However, the leading causes are listed below. Industrial Activity - Industrial activity has been the biggest contributor to the problem of soil pollution, especially since the amount of mining and manufacturing has increased. Most industries are dependent on extracting minerals from the earth. As a result, the industrial waste lingers on the soil surface for a long time and makes it unsuitable for use. Agricultural Activities - The utilization of chemicals has gone up tremendously since technology has provided us with modern pesticides and fertilizers. They are full of chemicals that are not produced in nature and cannot be broken down by it. As a result, they seep into the ground after they mix with water and slowly reduce the fertility of the soil. Waste Disposal - While industrial waste is sure to cause contamination, there is another way in which we are adding to the pollution. Every person excretes a certain amount of personal waste in the form of urine and feces. While much of it moves into the sewer system, there is also a large amount that is dumped directly into landfills in the form of diapers. Even the sewer system ends at the landfill, where the biological waste pollutes the soil and water. Accidental Oil Spills - Oil leaks can happen during the storage and transport of chemicals. This can be seen at most of the fuel stations. The chemicals present in the fuel reduces the quality of soil and make it unsuitable for cultivation.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9185556296014218, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2496, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.212742}
{"text": "Accidental Oil Spills - Oil leaks can happen during the storage and transport of chemicals. This can be seen at most of the fuel stations. The chemicals present in the fuel reduces the quality of soil and make it unsuitable for cultivation. These chemicals can enter into the groundwater through the soil and make the water undrinkable. Acid Rain - Acid rain is caused when pollutants present in the air mix up with the rain and fall back on the ground. The polluted water could dissolve away some of the essential nutrients found in the soil and change the structure of the soil. Effects of soil pollutionSoil influences almost all aspects of our daily lives. Sometimes we fail to understand it. As a result of this, we sometimes fail to understand the effect that soil pollution has on our daily lives. Polluted soil means stunted crops or even a toxic underground water table. Some major effects of soil pollution are:Effect on Health of Humans - Considering how soil is the reason we are able to sustain ourselves, the contamination of it has major consequences for our health. Crops and plants that are grown on polluted soil absorb much of the pollution and then pass it on to us. This could explain the sudden increase in small and terminal illnesses. The soil pollution can even lead to widespread famines if the plants are unable to grow in it. Effect on Growth of Plants - The ecological balance of any system is affected due to the widespread contamination of the soil. Most plants are unable to adapt when the chemistry of the soil changes so radically in a short period of time. Fungi and bacteria found in the soil that bind it together begin to decline, which creates an additional problem of soil erosion. The fertility of the soil slowly diminishes, making land unsuitable for agriculture and any local vegetation to survive. The soil pollution causes large tracts of land to become hazardous to health. Unlike deserts, which are suitable for their native vegetation, such land cannot support most forms of life. Decreased Soil Fertility - The toxic chemicals present in the soil can decrease soil fertility and therefore decrease the soil yield. The contaminated soil is then used to produce fruits and vegetables, which lack quality nutrients and may contain some poisonous substances to cause serious health problems in people consuming them. Poisoning of the Underground Water Table - Soil pollution also leads to the poisoning of the underground water table. Since this water is stored beneath the layers of the soil, the toxins in the soil could easily percolate slowly and steadily into the water table.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9230886268543173, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2629, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.2272558}
{"text": "The contaminated soil is then used to produce fruits and vegetables, which lack quality nutrients and may contain some poisonous substances to cause serious health problems in people consuming them. Poisoning of the Underground Water Table - Soil pollution also leads to the poisoning of the underground water table. Since this water is stored beneath the layers of the soil, the toxins in the soil could easily percolate slowly and steadily into the water table. Possible Solutions to Soil PollutionSoil pollution is a complex problem that ought to be solved. It is essential that we all realize how important soil is to us. The earlier we realize this, the better we will be able to solve the problem of soil pollution. It is a complex problem, and thus, it requires everyone, from an individual to the government, to work in complete unison. Listed below are a few things that could help in reducing soil pollution. Reduced Use of Chemical Fertilizers - Chemical fertilizers do more harm than good. While proper amounts could enhance the fertility of the soil, an excess of it actually poisons the soil. The excess of chemical fertilizers could pollute the soil in several ways. It could mess with the pH levels of the soil. It could also destroy the good microorganisms in the soil. Not only that, but the runoff from such soils also causes water pollution as well. Thus, using chemical fertilizers is like a double-edged sword. Reforestation and Afforestation Should Be Promoted - One of the major causes of soil pollution is soil erosion, which is caused due to deforestation. It is natural that, with an ever-growing population, humankind needs more and more space to expand their civilization. Often, it is achieved at the cost of the health of the soil. To prevent this from happening, reforestation of a deforested area should be promoted. Also, afforestation should be promoted and encouraged in the barren lands. The roots of the plants bind the soil particles together and even capture good microorganisms in the soil. It also ensures the maintenance of the underground water table. Recycle and Reuse Products - These steps not only reduce waste generation but also ensure that soil pollution is reduced. At present, plastic forms a significant portion of the generated waste. More often than not, this wastes are buried in landfills. In these landfills, these plastics and other materials decompose slowly and release toxic materials into the soil. These toxic substances are very harmful to the health of the soil and are a major source of soil pollution.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9214313496693894, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2571, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.2389343}
{"text": "More often than not, this wastes are buried in landfills. In these landfills, these plastics and other materials decompose slowly and release toxic materials into the soil. These toxic substances are very harmful to the health of the soil and are a major source of soil pollution. By reusing and recycling things, we would ensure that lesser wastes are dumped in these landfills, and this, in turn, would reduce soil pollution. Promote Use of Natural Manure - Natural manure is one of the best sources of nutrients for the soil. It is harmless and completely organic. It adds essential nutrients to the soil and restores the health of the soil. It has no harmful by-products that could harm the soil or the environment in any way. Create awareness - In order to ensure that a problem like soil pollution is solved, it is essential that every individual must get involved. It is with their involvement that things can work out better. Awareness programs could be designed so that people understand soil pollution better. If people are aware, they will help, even subconsciously. Safe farming practices that prevent soil pollutionDifferent types of soil conservation methods ensure long-term usage of land and keep it productive for future generations. Let s consider their benefits in regard to soil conservation. Conservation Tillage - The conservation tillage aims at addressing wind and water erosion by covering the earth with vegetation either crops or their residues and limiting the number of tilling operations. Another significant aspect is to choose the proper time for field operations, depending on the soil types. For example, clay ones are better to till after harvesting while other types are better to plow before seeding. Contour Farming - The soil conservation method proves efficient in slope territories and suggests planting species along the contour. Rows up and down the slope provoke soil erosion due to water currents while rows along the contour restrain it. An impact of terracing is similar: it also helps to conserve soil and reduce its degradation processes. Strip Cropping - In this case, farmers combine high-growing crops with low-growing ones for the sake of wind protection, like when corn grows in strips with forage crops. The strip cropping practice works even better when high-growing crops are intensified in the sides where winds blow most frequently. An extra benefit is the organic matter material from the low crops. Windbreaks - As the name suggests, this soil conservation practice is used to reduce the power of winds and its disruptive effect on soil. These are trees or bushes to shelter crops from snow and winds planted in several rows.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9227965786537746, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2689, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.2552323}
{"text": "An extra benefit is the organic matter material from the low crops. Windbreaks - As the name suggests, this soil conservation practice is used to reduce the power of winds and its disruptive effect on soil. These are trees or bushes to shelter crops from snow and winds planted in several rows. Depending on the number of rows, we can distinguish windbreaks properly up to five rows and shelterbelts six and more . Crop Rotation - Crop rotation vs. mono-cropping farming suggests changing agro species instead of planting one and the same for many subsequent seasons. Farmers applying this soil conservation method reap numerous benefits. Crop rotation helps them improve the earth structure with diverse root systems, to mitigate pest establishments, and to add nitrogen to the land with legumes known as nitrogen-fixing plants. Cover Crops - This soil conservation technique is another way to avoid bare soils and additionally benefit from planting cover crops secondary species in-between growing cash crops for different reasons like to:produce forage and grazing material for cattle;provide green manure;assist in weed control;retain moisture;ensure a natural environment for microorganisms and minor animals;balance nitrogen concentration either releasing or accumulating it with certain plants . Buffer Strips - These are trees and bushes on the banks of water bodies to prevent sediment, water wash offs. Their roots fix the soil to avoid slumping and erosion, canopies protect from excessive sunlight to water inhabitants and falling leaves are a source of organic matter and food of minor aquatic animals. Integrated Pest Management - Pests are a great nuisance to agriculturalists and have been a major issue to tackle while chemicals poison nature leaking to water and the atmosphere. It is important to eliminate synthetic herbicides replacing them with organic ones or establishing biological enemies of pests whenever possible, rotating crop species to minimize increasing pest populations in the same field for years, and using alternative techniques in complex. Benefits of Soil ConservationHumankind in general and farmers in particular benefit from numerous advantages of soil conservation. This agricultural practice contributes to sustainability in a number of ways:Boosts earth quality and productivity. Maintaining the natural environment for earth-dwelling organism s increases fertility and reduces the necessity of chemical fertilizing, thus boosting yields and saving costs at the same time. Mitigates erosion. Soil conservation methods to reduce erosion and depletion help agriculturalists to avoid the expansion of new lands when territories become infertile. Promotes water infiltration and increases its storage. The soil conservation technique of minimum tillage vs.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9285003553660272, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2814, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.2965257}
{"text": "Soil conservation methods to reduce erosion and depletion help agriculturalists to avoid the expansion of new lands when territories become infertile. Promotes water infiltration and increases its storage. The soil conservation technique of minimum tillage vs. conventional plowing affects soil moistureby reducing cracking and evaporation as well as rising the infiltration rate. Aids air and water purification. The importance of soil conservation relates to water supplies, and the earth functions as a natural filter to purify water. Soil conservation mitigates the concentration of pollutants and sediments. In its turn, water is the basic condition to dissolve nutrients for plants. Soil carbon sequestration and reduced chemical applications contribute to air purity, too. Gives food and shelter for wildlife. Land with growing vegetation is a living environment for animals; it is not only the source for nourishment but their home as well. When the well is dry, we know the worth of water. Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard s Almanack for 1733Water conservation methods in farmingMulch - We cannot overemphasize the importance of mulching. Mulch is something laid on the surface of the soil to protect the soil from the air, water and the sun. To mulch, first weed the soil then spread a thick layer of organic mulch on the soil. Examples of organic mulches are:Chopped leavesStrawGrass clippingsWood chipsShredded barkPine needlesMulching helps save time and labour as it discourages weeds and pests and conserve water through reduced evaporation. Irrigate early morning or dusk - At the hottest and driest time of the year it is most efficient to water your crops in the morning or in the evening. This avoids water loss from evapotranspiration water evaporating from the land and leaves of plants . Evaporation happens most in the midday sun. Don t over-water - It s a common misconception that plants would be happy with lots of water all of the time. But often farmers are over-watering crops unnecessarily. Save water! Plants will only take what they need and then all that extra water goes to waste through evaporation, run-off or infiltration. Check for leaks and damage - If you ve already invested in an irrigation system, make sure you re not losing any water before it reaches the crops. Irrigation pipes and equipment can become damaged or blocked which causes leaks.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9209534042967621, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2402, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.3211381}
{"text": "Plants will only take what they need and then all that extra water goes to waste through evaporation, run-off or infiltration. Check for leaks and damage - If you ve already invested in an irrigation system, make sure you re not losing any water before it reaches the crops. Irrigation pipes and equipment can become damaged or blocked which causes leaks. Thoroughly check your equipment for leaks and repair them so that all the water you have gets to the crops. Drip Irrigation - Drip irrigation systems deliver water directly to a plant s roots, reducing the evaporation that happens with spray watering systems. Timers can be used to schedule watering for the cooler parts of the day, further reducing water loss. Importance of water conservation in farmingIt minimizes the effects of drought and water shortages. By reducing the amount of water we use, we can better protect against future drought years. It helps to preserve our environment. Reducing our water usages reduces the energy required to process and deliver it to homes, businesses, farms, and communities, which, in turn, helps to reduce pollution and conserve fuel resources. It helps to preserve our environment. Reducing our water usages reduces the energy required to process and deliver it to homes, businesses, farms, and communities, which, in turn, helps to reduce pollution and conserve fuel resources. Water retention structures to conserve surface runoffWater Retention Structures means a structure designed to retain a large volume of waterThere are various methods of water retention to conserve surface runoff, this include:Water retention Ditches -Ditches are man-made waterbodies that are used mainly to drain the land. Earth Basins - is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single pointWater retention pits is an artificial pond with vegetation around the perimeter and a permanent pool of water in its design. Minimum tillage practices that conserve water in farmingTillage practices refer to the tillage operations carried out between the harvest and following sowing cultivation operation. Tillage, crop rotation and soil cover are practices related to pesticide and nutrient runoff, soil erosion, soil compaction etc.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9238392857142858, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2240, "token_count": 434}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.3014703}
{"text": "Earth Basins - is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single pointWater retention pits is an artificial pond with vegetation around the perimeter and a permanent pool of water in its design. Minimum tillage practices that conserve water in farmingTillage practices refer to the tillage operations carried out between the harvest and following sowing cultivation operation. Tillage, crop rotation and soil cover are practices related to pesticide and nutrient runoff, soil erosion, soil compaction etc. Some of the minimum tillage practices include: Use of herbicides;Uprooting slashing;Use of cash crops;Limiting cultivation to the point planting;Proper timing of cultivation;MulchingThere are other different tillage practices distinguished are:Conservation tillageConventional tillageZero tillageConservation tillage can include the following systems:Strip tillage or zonal tillage refers to a system where strips 5 to 20 cm in width are prepared to receive the seed whilst the soil along the intervening bands is not disturbed and remains covered with residues. The system causes more soil disturbance and provides less cover along the rows than zero tillage. Tined tillage or vertical tillage refers to a system where the arable land is prepared with equipment which does not invert the soil and which cause little compaction. For this reason, the surface normally remains with a good cover of residues on the surface. Ridge tillage is a system of ridges and furrows. The ridges may be narrow or wide and the furrows can be parallel to the contour lines or constructed with a slight slope, depending on whether the objective is to conserve moisture or to drain excess moisture. The ridges can be semi-permanent or be constructed each year which will govern the amount of residue material that remains on the surface. Conventional tillageRefers to the arable land treated by conventional tillage which involves inversion of the soil, normally with a moldboard or a disc plough as the primary tillage operation, followed by secondary tillage with a disc harrow. Zero tillageRefers to the arable land on which no tillage is applied between harvest and sowing. Zero tillage is a minimum tillage practice in which the crop is sown directly into soil not tilled since the harvest of the previous crop. Weed control is achieved by the use of herbicides and or appropriate mulching and stubble is retained for erosion control.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9247025561532837, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2467, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.3398087}
{"text": "Zero tillageRefers to the arable land on which no tillage is applied between harvest and sowing. Zero tillage is a minimum tillage practice in which the crop is sown directly into soil not tilled since the harvest of the previous crop. Weed control is achieved by the use of herbicides and or appropriate mulching and stubble is retained for erosion control. AgroforestryIt s the cultivation and use of trees and shrubs with crops and livestock in agricultural systems. Characteristics of AgroforestryWhile selecting tree species for agroforestry systems, the following desirable characteristics should be taken into consideration. Though all desirable characters are not found in a single species, but their multiple uses are taken care of. Tree species selected should not interfere with soil moistureTree species selected for agroforestry should have very less water requirementShould not compete with main agricultural crops for water. Tree species should be deep tap rooted so that they can draw water from deep strata of the soil. Tree species should not compete for plant nutrientsTree species should not utilize more plant nutrientsThey should help in building soil fertility,Leguminous tree species which fix atmospheric nitrogen in their roots should be prefered. The root system and root growth characteristics should ideally result in to exploration of soil layers that are different to those being trapped by agricultural crops. Tree species should not compete for sunlightTree species should not interrupt sunlight falling on the crops. Tree species should be light branching in their habit. Trees permit the penetration of light into the ground and promote better crop, pasture growth and yield. Tree species can withstand pruning operation if it possess dense canopy. Tree species should have high survival rate and easy establishmentTrees species should have high survival percentage,Leave little or no gaps after transplanting. Hardy tree species are easy to establish. They have less mortality percentage because they can tolerate transplanting shocks easily. Trees should have the ability to regenerate lateral roots within a short period of time after transplanting. Tree species should have fast growing habit and easy managementTree species for agroforestry system should be essentially fast growing,Rapid growth, especially in the early years,Tree should have short rotation the period between planting and final harvesting Fast growing speciesTree species should have wider adaptabilityA tree species selected for agroforestry combinations must have a wider adaptability.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9318286151491967, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2614, "token_count": 484}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.3722806}
{"text": "They have less mortality percentage because they can tolerate transplanting shocks easily. Trees should have the ability to regenerate lateral roots within a short period of time after transplanting. Tree species should have fast growing habit and easy managementTree species for agroforestry system should be essentially fast growing,Rapid growth, especially in the early years,Tree should have short rotation the period between planting and final harvesting Fast growing speciesTree species should have wider adaptabilityA tree species selected for agroforestry combinations must have a wider adaptability. Tree species should have high palatability as a fodderMost of the Indian farmer s rear livestock separately and cut and carry method of fodder production is quite prevalent. Therefore, in agroforestry, farmer must select those tree species which are palatable to livestock and had a high digestibility. Tree species should have shelter conferring and soil stabilization attributesSome tree species, because of their inherent growth habit and adaptability, are especially helpful in providing protection for soils, crops and livestock. Tree species should have capability to withstand management practicesMany agroforestry systems demand extensive pruning and lopping of the trees in order to maximize production. In such cases, the trees must be able to withstand such treatment without drastically restricting growth rate. Tree species should have nutrient cycling and nitrogen fixation attributesWithin an agroforestry system, trees can play an important role in recycling nutrients, leached down through the soil profile and minerals released from weathering parent material such as rocks and sediments. These nutrients are used in the growth and development of the tree, many returning to the top-soil in form of dead leaves, twigs, flowers and seeds which slowly decompose on the surface, or are eaten by animals. Although all trees play some role in maintaining the nutrient status of the soil through recycling. Deciduous trees drop most of their leaves in autumn leaving a thick mat of leaves on the ground, whereas most evergreen species maintain some level of litter fall throughout the year. Another important factor is the ability of many tree species to convert atmospheric nitrogen into organic nitrogen for their own use through complex symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and their fine roots. The bacteria form nodules on the roots which can convert nitrogen gas, as it is in the atmosphere, into usable nitrogen for the plant. The litter of these nitrogen fixing trees is generally high in nitrogen, thus increasing the nitrogen status of the soil.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9308148148148148, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2700, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.389231}
{"text": "Another important factor is the ability of many tree species to convert atmospheric nitrogen into organic nitrogen for their own use through complex symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and their fine roots. The bacteria form nodules on the roots which can convert nitrogen gas, as it is in the atmosphere, into usable nitrogen for the plant. The litter of these nitrogen fixing trees is generally high in nitrogen, thus increasing the nitrogen status of the soil. Tree species should have thin barkSpecies selected for agroforestry combinations should not shed its bark regularly but it should retain for longer period as bark shedding creates unhygienic conditions for under-ground crop. Tree species should be free from chemical exudationsThe species selected for agroforestry combination must be free from chemicals as these chemicals affect the growth of under-ground crops. Tree species should have easily decomposable leavesThe suitable tree species for agroforestry will be that one in which fallen leaves decompose with fast rate. The leaves of most of the legume tree species are small in size, decompose quickly and easily, and add a large quantity of organic matter and nutrients to the soil. Tree species having broad leaves such as teak, mango and banyan should not be preferred for agroforestry system. They contain more fibre matter and also require longer time for decomposition. Further, broad leaves when fall on the tender crop plants, block their photosynthetic activities. Tree species should have their multiple usesThe selected tree species should have multiple uses. The tree should yield more than one of the main produce like fuelwood, leaf fodder, edible fruit, edible flower and fibre. Tree species should have high yield potentialHigh yield potential is the most important criterion of selection of tree species for agroforestry systems as the main aim is to obtain overall more output per unit area. Care should be taken before collection of seeds and seedlings that they are being procured from reliable source. Suitable tree species for agroforestry Leucaena leucocephala Gravillea robusta Calliandra catothrysus Mangifera indica Sesbania sesban Lantana camara Cajanus cajanCHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS FOR AGROFORESTRYa Agricultural crops should be short duration and quick growing. B They should be at least partially tolerant to shade.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9290992112909922, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2409, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.4139516}
{"text": "Care should be taken before collection of seeds and seedlings that they are being procured from reliable source. Suitable tree species for agroforestry Leucaena leucocephala Gravillea robusta Calliandra catothrysus Mangifera indica Sesbania sesban Lantana camara Cajanus cajanCHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS FOR AGROFORESTRYa Agricultural crops should be short duration and quick growing. B They should be at least partially tolerant to shade. C Most of them should belong to Leguminous family. D They should respond well to high density tree planting. E They should bear some adverse conditions, like water stress and or excess of watering;f Crops should return adequate organic matter to soil through their fallen leaves, root system, stumps, etc. G Crops should appropriately be fitted in intensive or multiple cropping system. Advantages Importance of agroforestrySaves labour since some operations can be done at once for both plants and treesGives higher combined yieldProvide wide variety of agricultural produceReduces the risks of total failureCrops benefit from nitrogen fixing trees. Trees help in holding the soil firmlySome trees act as livestock fodder. Provides a wider variety of agricultural produce. Disadvantages of AgroforestryMechanization is difficult. Use of pesticides and fertilizer may be difficult. Productivity may suffer because the skills for managing the different treesSTRAND TWOCROP PRODUCTIONPreparation of planting sitePreparing land for planting is one of the most important parts of cultivating abundance. Whether you're planting fruit trees, wildlife corridors, or an annual garden, prepping the soil in the first place is the best way to set yourself up for success over the long haul. There are numerous methods that you can use for preparing land for planting that will help me make the living world around me come alive.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9265822784810127, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1896, "token_count": 423}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.3997402}
{"text": "Productivity may suffer because the skills for managing the different treesSTRAND TWOCROP PRODUCTIONPreparation of planting sitePreparing land for planting is one of the most important parts of cultivating abundance. Whether you're planting fruit trees, wildlife corridors, or an annual garden, prepping the soil in the first place is the best way to set yourself up for success over the long haul. There are numerous methods that you can use for preparing land for planting that will help me make the living world around me come alive. One-Time TillingMulch AloneSheet MulchingDouble DiggingSolarizingAnimals focus on chickens and pigs Crop establishmentCategories of planting materialsTypes of Planting Materials Seeds seasoning herbs, legumes, corn Seedlings most vegetable crops Cuttings cassava, potato, yam, ginger, dasheen, tannia, eddoes Suckers banana, plantain Budded grafted plants fruit trees Certain Factors need to be considered when you are choosing planting matter or seedlings from nurseries or plant shop. Environmental Factors The surroundings should be free from overgrown bushes, generally clean, no waterlogged conditions Seedlings should be in conditions that are free from excess shade. If seedlings have too much shade they do not harden off and they have difficulties when they are transplanted. Seedling CharacteristicsThe seedlings should:1. Be of the appropriate age seedlings with 4-6 healthy green leaves 2. Be free from pests and diseases3. Have healthy white roots good root development, with no balling of roots 4. Show vigorous, healthy growth5. Be of uniform appearance6. Have the proper Shoot to Root ratio 2:1 Methods of planting various cropsBroadcasting: Generally, the seeds are broadcast-sown and later planked. This method of sowing is easier and area coverage is quick. However, uniform population cannot be maintained since the seeds are not placed in uniform depth and germination may not be uniform. The skill of the labour is important to sow the seeds evenly covering the entire field. Broadcast-sowing is normally practiced under dryland condition. Seed requirement is generally high for broadcast sowing. Sowing behind the country plough: In this method, sowing is taken up behind the country plough operation.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9054474708171206, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2313, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.433038}
{"text": "Broadcast-sowing is normally practiced under dryland condition. Seed requirement is generally high for broadcast sowing. Sowing behind the country plough: In this method, sowing is taken up behind the country plough operation. Seeds are dropped in the furrow opened during ploughing and subsequently covered while the next adjoining furrow is formed. Bold seeded crops like groundnut are sown by this method in drylands. It is important to take up sowing at the appropriate soil moisture so that the depth of sowing is uniformly maintained. Drill sowing or drilling: Drill sowing is one of the best methods that provides uniform plant population since seeds are uniformly dropped in the furrows. Animal drawn or power operated seed drills are used for this purposes; seed cum fertilizer drill can also be used. By this way, depth of sowing can be maintained; fertilizer can also be applied simultaneously. Pelleting of small sized seeds may reduce the risk of irregular dropping. Since sowing is taken up in lines, intercultural operations can be easily practiced. It is possible to take up sowing of intercrops also. Dibbling: In the method, a seed or few seeds are put in a hole and covered. Under irrigated condition, seeds are dibbled in lines or on the sides of the ridges maintaining optimum intra- row spacing, e.g. maize and cotton. Though this method is laborious and time consuming, it gives rapid and uniform germination and the requirement of seed is less than in broadcasting. Methods of Plant PropagationCuttingThis is cutting the vegetative part of the plant leaf, stem, and root and then planting it again to regenerate the whole plant. The three types of cutting are named after the plant part being detached cut:Stem cuttingLeaf cuttingRoot cutting2. DivisionThis is a suitable technique for perennials plants that live for more than two years . It involves dividing the plant by digging and moving it to an already prepared site. This helps the plant to rejuvenate and reduce water and nutrient competition. 3. LayeringIn this technique, the attached and bent branch of the plant is covered with soil and allowed to root. After the emergence and development of roots that specific part of the plant is cut and allowed to grow as a new plant. This is called layering . 4.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9164044468163199, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2301, "token_count": 486}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.466542}
{"text": "After the emergence and development of roots that specific part of the plant is cut and allowed to grow as a new plant. This is called layering . 4. GraftingThis involves cutting a twig of one plant and joining it with the stem of another plant in such a manner that they form a unit and function as one plant. It is a bit of a complex process but allows you to bring the desired character to your plant. However, be sure to sterilize your hands and tools to make sure you don t transfer any infections during the process. 5. BuddingIn this method, a cut is made in the rootstock and a single bud with little or no wood is inserted into it in such a way that they unite and grow as a new plant. Time of planting depends on the following factorsSoil and weather conditionsThe kind of crop to be planted. The time the produce is desired. CROP MANAGEMENTAdoption of best crop management practices improves crop productivity and can contribute to greater yields with improved quality. Crop management is the set of agricultural practices performed to improve the growth, development and yield of crops. It begins with a seedbed preparation, sowing of seeds and crop maintenance; and ends with crop harvest, storage and marketing. The timing and sequence of agricultural practices depend upon several factors, such as winter or spring crops; harvested products such as grain, hay and silage; sowing methods-broadcast and row-crops; and, plants age, soil, climate and weather conditions. Physical methods of weedingManual controlManual control is the use of the hands or handheld tools to deal with. An advantage of manual control is that it minimizes soil disturbance, and decreases the likelihood of erosion and seed germination. Hand pullingHand pulling aims to remove the entire plant, including its roots, from the soil. This method is useful for small-scale infestations. It is best to hand-pull weeds after rain, when soil is moist. Sturdy gloves should be worn to avoid prickles, blisters or sap burns to the skin. It is not appropriate for all weed species, such as those with underground bulbs. Hand tools such as broad knives and trowels can be used to remove underground parts of weeds such as bulbs that may reshoot. In some cases it is necessary to dig out the crown of the plant. This requires the growing part of the plant to be cut beneath the ground using a knife.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9150621421589165, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2387, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.4912686}
{"text": "Hand tools such as broad knives and trowels can be used to remove underground parts of weeds such as bulbs that may reshoot. In some cases it is necessary to dig out the crown of the plant. This requires the growing part of the plant to be cut beneath the ground using a knife. Grubbing or chippingThis method requires weeds to be dug out using a mattock or chip hoe. Depending on the plant, it may be important to expose the root system, and remove the crown. In some cases, the mattock or chip hoe is used to cut the stem of the plant below the ground. This method is useful when the ground is hard. Gloves should be worn to avoid blisters. Mechanical controlMechanical control is the use of powered tools and machinery to manage weeds and is best suited to larger infestations. Care should be taken to minimise soil disturbance. Slashing, mowing, dozing, pushing and fellingAt times, controlling weeds using mechanical methods is preferred. However, care should be taken when machinery is used in the process. Disturbing the soil with mechanical control can:increase the likelihood of seed germinationdamage native vegetation. Bulldozers and chainsaws can be used on woody and tree weeds where they are pushed or felled and finally snigged dragged away . These methods are only suitable in certain situations, as they create high levels of soil and vegetation disturbance. Also, shoots and seedlings require follow-up attention. Grading or scalping the top layer of soil is an effective method of removing a seedbank. As this method greatly disturbs the soil, it is best suited for areas that are to undergo complete rehabilitation. Earth UpEarthing up refers to the act of heaping soil around the root zone of the potato plant. It is one of the primary production practices that must be done to increase the potato yield. Advantages of earthing upimproves tuber formation expansion roots pods formationImproves drainage around the cropConserves water soilFacilitates harvesting of tuber cropsRoot protectionManaging plant spacesThinningWhen the young seedlings are too close to each other, they do not grow well. They do not find enough nourishment in the soil and their leaves do not have enough room to develop. Leave only the strongest plants and remove the others. This is called thinning.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9211754537597234, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2314, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.5185754}
{"text": "They do not find enough nourishment in the soil and their leaves do not have enough room to develop. Leave only the strongest plants and remove the others. This is called thinning. When you take out the seedlings that are small, diseased or misshapen, be very careful not to damage the seedlings which remain in the beds. At the end, pack down the earth around the base of the plants and water them. StakingVegetables with long and weak stems, for example beans and tomatoes, need stakes. A stake is a stick firmly embedded in the earth. It is best to use hard wood, which does not rot. PruningCertain vegetables, like tomatoes, beans, eggplant, need pruning. Nip off surplus buds. Then there will be more fruits and they will be bigger. GappingWhen the seeds fail to germinate, empty spaces are seen within the rows. This if left unfilled can make the farmer incur losses as a result of low yields. The filling up of these spaces or the replacement of ungerminated seeds is called gapping. Advantages of thinning and gappingBoth thinning and gap filling ensures ideal plant population and optimum utilization of sunlight, space, nutrients, moisture and other inputs which ultimately increases yield. Crop hardeningHardening, or \"hardening off,\" is the process of allowing a plant to transition from a protected indoor or greenhouse environment to the harsh outdoor conditions of fluctuating spring temperatures, wind, and full sun exposure. A gradual introduction of these outdoor stresses will cause the plant to accumulate carbohydrates, to trigger more root development, to reduce the amount of freeze-prone water in the plant, and to actually thicken its cell walls. Plant growth will change from soft and supple to much firmer and harder. Hardening TimetableStart the process of moving plants outdoors about two weeks before the weather will be favorable enough for the particular plant to live outdoors. Check seed package instructions or inquire where you purchase seedlings as to when the plant can tolerate outdoor conditions. Keep in mind that air temperature is often warmer than soil temperature. This Vegetable Planting and Transplanting Guide provides guidance for when some popular crops can be planted outdoors. Hardening ProcessWhen temperatures are at least 45-50 , move plants outdoors to a shady, protected spot. Initially place in the shaded, sheltered location for two to three hours.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.919001173610529, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2416, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.5090034}
{"text": "Demand stricter laws for the protection of animals. ... Shelter an animal in need. Importance of Human treatment of animalsImproved levels of animal health and care will deliver better animal welfare, more efficient livestock production, safer animal-sourced foods and healthier, improved livelihoods. Animals that are well fed and watered, kept in clean and comfortable conditions, and that are handled well with opportunities to express important behaviours are less likely to die prematurely or show poor growth than less well cared for animals. They are more productive with more efficient use of resources such as time, labour and feed for livestock production bringing benefits including improved food security and greater income. Furthermore, avoiding stress before slaughter reduces contamination of meat with harmful bacteria and affects the quality, and value of the meat. Animal welfare is therefore also environmental protection. However, it is not only animals in stables or private households that need to be protected, but also animals in the wild. There they need above all plenty of space, clean water, fresh air, and sufficient food and shelter. General Management of PetsCharacteristics of petsDependent on Humans to Live A pet needs to be given food, water, and shelter by its owner. Being domesticated means the animal depends on its owner for all of its care. Lives in a Home A pet lives in a home. Some pets such as parakeets and hamsters live in cages. Alternatively, dogs and cats wander freely around a home and may have their own bed to sleep in. Needs a Veterinarian s Care Pets need care from a veterinarian. The type of healthcare a pet needs depends on what type of pet it is. An iguana and a beagle need completely different types of vet care! Some Pets Can Be Trained A dog can learn how to sit, stay, and heel in a course of obedience training. Parrots can be taught to talk, and some cats can be taught by humans to do tricks. Devoted to Its Owner Pets are often devoted to their owners. They can establish a trust with their owner over time. In fact, some pets want to be with their owners 24 7! Provides Companionship A pet is meant to be a companion to its owner. Pets are Different from a Therapy Animal A therapy animal receives specific training in order to provide support and care to its owner. As an example, some therapy dogs are trained to recognize the signs of a seizure in their owner.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9142835948221505, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2451, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.5628457}
{"text": "Provides Companionship A pet is meant to be a companion to its owner. Pets are Different from a Therapy Animal A therapy animal receives specific training in order to provide support and care to its owner. As an example, some therapy dogs are trained to recognize the signs of a seizure in their owner. The dog responds by trying to get the person to a safe place. Alternatively, a pet is there strictly as a companion. Different from a Farm Animal A cow or a chicken living on a farm serves a specific purpose. A cow provides milk while a chicken lays eggs to be eaten or sold. This makes farm animals a little different than traditional pets. Can Be Common or Uncommon When you think of a pet you probably picture a dog, a cat, a bird, a fish, or a gerbil. Those are common choices for pets. Some people prefer less common or exotic pets such as snakes, iguanas, spiders, and ferrets. As long as an owner can offer appropriate care, many animals can live happily as pets. Cannot Survive in the Wild One of the main characteristics separating pets from other animals is a pet can t survive in the wild. It has been domesticated or raised under a person s care. So, releasing a pet snake into the wild doesn t mean it will know how to find food or shelter. In fact, it will likely die. Different types of pets reared in the communityA pet is a domesticated animal that lives with an individual or family. There are popular, well-known pets like dogs and catsDogsCatRodentsFishBirdsTurtlesSnakeFactors to consider when selecting a pet for rearingChoose a pet that will suit your lifestyle and surroundings. For instance:How often are you home? If you work long hours, a dog may not be a good choice of pet, as all dogs require lots of companionship. In this case, pets such as fish might be more suitable. How large is your backyard, and do you have good fencing? If you have a small backyard or poor fencing, then a dog may not be a good choice. You could consider a pet such as a cat that lives indoors with you. Are you prepared to have more than one pet? Some types of animals, such as birds and rabbits, need the company of each other to stay happy and healthy. How much money can you afford to spend on your pet?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9094727435210009, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2238, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.5885193}
{"text": "Are you prepared to have more than one pet? Some types of animals, such as birds and rabbits, need the company of each other to stay happy and healthy. How much money can you afford to spend on your pet? All pets are expensive even animals that are cheap to purchase, like fish, birds and guinea pigs, can cost a lot of money when it comes to buying and setting up tanks, cages and hutches. Some dog breeds will cost more to keep than others. Large dogs need more food, some breeds of dogs need regular clipping of their coats. Are you renting? Your landlord may not let you to own a cat or a dog. You may want to consider other pets such as fish. Do you live in an apartment? Some birds, such as parrots, can be very noisy, and may attract complaints from neighbours. You may want to consider a quiet pet such as a cat, or fish. Do you have young children? Some types of pets tolerate children better than others. Are you prepared to have your pet inside with you? Dogs should not be left in the backyard all day they need to spend time inside the house with you, in order to remain happy and healthy. Does your council require cats to be confined to your property? If so, you must be prepared to have your cat live inside with you, or to buy or build cat proof fencing or a cat enclosure. How much time do you have to exercise your pet? Dogs need daily walks. Some breeds of dog are more energetic than others and may need longer or more frequent walks. How much time do you have to train your pet? Dogs, particularly puppies or young dogs, need time spent on toilet training and basic obedience training. Puppies and kittens also require lots of socialization, and regular small meals throughout the day, during the first 6 months of life. You may be better off adopting an adult dog or cat, who is already house trained and socialized. Acquiring a pet for rearingAdoption is the best choiceAdoption of a pet from a shelter is the best way to find a new companion. There are many animals in shelters waiting for a new home to call their own, including a large variety of breeds, sizes, and ages of animals. Some shelters also rehome small mammals such as rabbits, guinea pigs and hamsters who are often sadly taken to shelters when the children they have been bought for have lost interest in caring for them.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9102927784763085, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2318, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.6238682}
{"text": "Acquiring a pet for rearingAdoption is the best choiceAdoption of a pet from a shelter is the best way to find a new companion. There are many animals in shelters waiting for a new home to call their own, including a large variety of breeds, sizes, and ages of animals. Some shelters also rehome small mammals such as rabbits, guinea pigs and hamsters who are often sadly taken to shelters when the children they have been bought for have lost interest in caring for them. The benefit of rehoming from a reputable animal shelter is that the animals will have been assessed both in terms of their health and behaviorallyBrokers,pet stores,neighbors,professional breeders,commercial kennels,puppy mills, and animal sheltersManagement practices in rearing of petsColostrum feedingWeaningDisbudding - Arresting the horn growth at an early age, when the horn root is in the bud stage is called disbudding. Ear taggingCastrationVaccination schedule for adult animalsDisinfectionQuarantineIsolation of sick animalsInsuring the animalsDisposal of carcassRecord maintenancePreparation of Animal productsDifferent animal products include:meat and meat products, poultry products meat and eggs , fish, shellfish, dairy products milk and cheese , and non-food products such as fiber wool, mohair, cashmere, and leather Factors to consider when grading eggsThe grade is determined by theinterior quality of the eggthe appearance and condition of the egg shell. Eggs of any quality grade may differ in weight size . Weight or VolumecleanlinessSize,ColourFactors considered in detecting defects when grading eggsblood spot,meat spot,mold,stuck yolk,addled egg andembryonic growthProcessing raw honeyThe process of honey harvesting and extraction most likely happens on separate days.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9222528989508559, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1811, "token_count": 410}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.602412}
{"text": "Ear taggingCastrationVaccination schedule for adult animalsDisinfectionQuarantineIsolation of sick animalsInsuring the animalsDisposal of carcassRecord maintenancePreparation of Animal productsDifferent animal products include:meat and meat products, poultry products meat and eggs , fish, shellfish, dairy products milk and cheese , and non-food products such as fiber wool, mohair, cashmere, and leather Factors to consider when grading eggsThe grade is determined by theinterior quality of the eggthe appearance and condition of the egg shell. Eggs of any quality grade may differ in weight size . Weight or VolumecleanlinessSize,ColourFactors considered in detecting defects when grading eggsblood spot,meat spot,mold,stuck yolk,addled egg andembryonic growthProcessing raw honeyThe process of honey harvesting and extraction most likely happens on separate days. These are the tools required:Honey Harvest1 beekeepers suite - mesh helmet and folding veil would do it, with some layers of clothes2 smoker with fuel dry branches, leaves, etc. And a lighter3 frame super - where frames with honey combs will be put for transportation4 sting resistant gloves5 hive tool - to move the frames, scrape wax, etc. Honey Extraction1 heated knife - to unseal honey cells2 uncapping fork - to unseal honey cells missed by the heated knife3 tub for wax honey4 extractor! -. Fancy cylindrical piece of equipment, used to extract honey5 food-grade bucket - to catch honey out of the extractor6 double sieve - catches wax and impurities as honey is poured from extractor7 containers - final destination of honey before consumptionThe process of honey harvesting and extraction most likely happens on separate days. These are the tools required:HarvestingLight the smoker. Use dry branches, hay or newspaper. The smoke dulls the bees' receptors, and prevents them from releasing the alarm odor, a volatile pheromone. The smoke also makes bees gorge on honey, which further pacifies themPrepare SupersThe frames with honey comb are transported in supers. Have them handy. You may also want to have a cloth to cover the super with frames full of honey to prevent bees or other insects from getting to them.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9010057323310335, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2241, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.660945}
{"text": "The smoke also makes bees gorge on honey, which further pacifies themPrepare SupersThe frames with honey comb are transported in supers. Have them handy. You may also want to have a cloth to cover the super with frames full of honey to prevent bees or other insects from getting to them. Open SesameUsing the hive tool, lift the hive lid and blow some smoke in the hive. Open lid slowly. Our bees were pretty calm, but that is not always the case! Honey Frame InspectionPull the frames out of the super and inspect the honey combs. Depending on how busy the bees were, how warm it was and if the hive didn't swarm you will know how much honey you have. ExtractionNow the best part! Take the frame of capped honey. Mount the frame above the tub for wax and honey. Use the heated knife to unseal the cells. Lean the heated knife on the edges of the frame and under 30 degree angle and move \"fast\" - don't linger too long, it burns the honey! Repeat for both sides of the frame. The heated knife takes off most of the caps. For the leftover ones, use the uncapping fork and gently shave off the caps. Pour Out Slowly! Place your food-grade bucket under the extractor spigot. Use a double sieve to catch the wax and impurities as the honey starts pouring out of the extractor. Prepare ContainersWash your jugs, jars or whatever containers you will put the honey in. Air dry. Extracting honey without a honey extractorFor small apiaries, harvesting honey without an extractor can be a fun and inexpensive option. We ll cover two methods that do not require an extractor: the crush and strain method, and the cut comb method. Both of these extraction methods sacrifice comb, meaning your bees will need to draw out new comb before they can produce more honey which can mean a smaller harvest the next year. This may factor into your decision about which method you use. The crush and strain method is a low-cost honey processing technique. You simply scrape the honeycomb off of the frame into a bucket, then crush the comb. Place a sieve in another bucket or container, pour the crushed comb into the sieve, and strain it overnight. This process may be best suited for hobby beekeepers who only have one or two hives.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9118516654748348, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2221, "token_count": 481}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.654428}
{"text": "You simply scrape the honeycomb off of the frame into a bucket, then crush the comb. Place a sieve in another bucket or container, pour the crushed comb into the sieve, and strain it overnight. This process may be best suited for hobby beekeepers who only have one or two hives. The honey will move more quickly in a warm room, and you may be able to get more honey if you stir the crushed combs a few times and scrape large wax flakes off of the inside of the strainer. Cut comb honey is an elegant way to package and use your harvest. There are tools available for cutting and packaging comb, but a good-quality kitchen knife does the job nicely, as well. This method works only for frames that contain wireless wax foundation or no foundation you cannot use this method with frames that use plastic foundations, and wired wax foundation will limit the sizes and shapes of combs you can cut. Choose frames that are fully capped and sealed this indicates that the honey will have the right amount of moisture to prevent spoiling. Importance of sorting and grading eggsSorted eggs bring more money to the investor than unsorted. It reduces wastage. Separates eggs into grades of quality. A bad egg can be dangerous to consume and negatively affect someone's health. Importance of processing raw honeyimproves the honey's appearance,increases its shelf-life, andkills yeast cells that can affect the taste of the honey. It can prevent fermentation. It delays crystallization. Removes impurities. STRAND FOURAGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGYoff season cropping techniquesOff season cultivation refers to the production outside of their typical cropping cycle. The main objective of off season cultivation is to produce and supply to the market during their lean period. Importance Advantages of off season croppingIt helps in the more effective and efficient use of land and farm resources. The per-unit result of off-season planting is excellent. Consumers nowadays prefer fresh veggies even when they are not in season, and off-season vegetable cultivation can meet this need. It is sometimes feasible to gain foreign exchange by exporting fresh veggies. It is a great source of preventive food that also contributes to nutritional security. It's a good choice for seed production. Technologies for off season croppingDrip irrigationCrop yields can increase through improved water and fertility management and reduced disease and weed pressure. When drip irrigation is used with polyethylene mulch, yields can increase even further.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9231193383221741, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2539, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.694459}
{"text": "Construction of suspended garden designRefer to learner s bookVALUE ADDITION TECHNIQUESValue-added agriculture generally focuses on production or manufacturing processes, marketing or services that increase the value of primary agricultural commodities, perhaps by increasing appeal to the consumer and the consumer's willingness to pay a premium over similar but undifferentiated products. Benefits include:increased income,employment creation,improved food safety,food security,nutritional benefits andgreater consumer confidence. There are four major ways that value is added to crops along the value chain:product transformation, e.g. frying, dryingdistribution,storage, andadded service. The value of farm products can be increased by cleaning, cooling, cooking, combining, churning, culturing, grinding, extracting, drying, handcrafting, packaging and distributing, as well as by adding information, education or entertainment,Adding value to groundnutsApart from just eating them raw or cooked, groundnuts can be used to produce oil, paste, flour or sauce used in cakes and cookies obtained by grinding nuts, and peanut butter. Adding value to PotatoesThis can be done through boiling, frying, smashing. Learners to check on how to add value on other productsImportance of addition on crop produce explained Increased revenue. Any addition adds a percentage of increased financial value to the produce and has the effect of improving the incomes of the local farmers. Value addition allows the farmer to focus on the consumer while producing and through meeting expectations, he can create a loyal market around the product. Increased shelf life is a benefit any farmer would want. The longer the product can stay without getting spoilt, the more the guarantee one has of a product selling at their preferred price and time. Milk for instance, hardly lasts over 24 hours but with boiling, it can last more days while with further processing into ghee, the same milk can last months. With value addition comes increased bargaining power. Brand Creation is one of the de facto results of value addition and a fact that your product can be directly identified with you or your farm which is important in an industry where customers exercise a lot of brand loyalty. It allows them to always and readily identify with you as well as win you more referral customers. Value addition creates employment opportunities for people who work there like; industrial chemists, food processors, factory laborersWastage and disposal of unwanted refuse is curtailed since they can be made into different quality products.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9235062998583464, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2630, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.7128074}
{"text": "Brand Creation is one of the de facto results of value addition and a fact that your product can be directly identified with you or your farm which is important in an industry where customers exercise a lot of brand loyalty. It allows them to always and readily identify with you as well as win you more referral customers.value addition creates employment opportunities for people who work there like; industrial chemists, food processors, factory laborersWastage and disposal of unwanted refuse is curtailed since they can be made into different quality products. This helps to ensure zero waste and protect the environment.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9267828843106181, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 631, "token_count": 117}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.682994}
{"text": "GRADE 8 RATIONALIZED AGRICULTURE AND NUTRITION LESSON NOTESSTRAND 1-CONSERVING AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT1.1 -Soil Conservation Measures. Soil conservation measures refers to a combination of practices done or taken to prevent the loss of soil through soil erosion. Reasons Importance for Soil conservation. To keep top soil in its place. To maintain fertility in the soil. To maintain soil productivity. Helps to increase agricultural production promotes food security. Methods of soil conservation in agricultural environment. Strip cropping. Grassed water ways. Stone lines. Trash lines. Soil bunds. A. Strip cropping. It is the growing of crops in a way that crops that have little soil cover like maize are grown in alternating strips with those that have good ground cover such as sweet potatoes. Permanent vegetation such as grass can also be used as strips. The role of strip crop is it prevents loss of soil through surface runoff. B. Grassed water ways. Grassed waterways are natural or man-made shallow channels in which excess rain water flows. Grass and other vegetations are planted to grow in the channels. When surface run off is directed in the channels, the vegetation in the channels lower the speed of run off and also traps eroded soil. C. Stone lines. These are stones of different sizes heaped in a line along the contour to prevent loss of soil down the slope through run off. Stone lines reduce speed of run off increasing water infiltration especially in semi-arid areas. Water infiltration is the downward entry of water into the soil from the surface. Stone lines are suitable in gently slopes. D. Trash lines. Trash lines are plant materials or crop residues remains arranged along the contour in a cultivated field. Trash lines help to reduce runoff hence preventing loss of soil from land. They also increase water infiltration into the soil. Trash line should be 1 m wide and 0.5 m high. E. Soil bunds. A bund refers to a heap of compacted soil made along the contours. Grasses can be grown on top of the bunds to hold soil together firmly. Bunds help to reduce the volume of water flowing downwards in a cultivated field after rain fall. Bunds enhance water infiltration. NOTE:Most structures constructed to conserve the soil are made along the contour line. Therefore, it is very important to establish the contour lines first before construction of the structures.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9122018092513204, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2403, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.7586966}
{"text": "Bunds enhance water infiltration. NOTE:Most structures constructed to conserve the soil are made along the contour line. Therefore, it is very important to establish the contour lines first before construction of the structures. Contour lines are established to guide the position of the soil conservation measures. Contour farming is the farming carried out across the slope rather than up and down. Therefore, contour lines run across the slope and not up and down. A farm layout is a drawn plan that shows various farm enterprises and where they are placed in the farm. A farm layout is a plan of how various farm components enterprises are arranged and set up on the farm. A farm model guides the farmer to locate various farm activities and structures for convenience. What is the importance of Farm layout? It helps in maximum utilization use of land. Farm enterprise are orderly arranged. Local available material that can be used to make a farm model in school include: Cartons. Cardboards. Soil. Papier mache. 1.2 -Water Harvesting and StorageIn rainy season, a lot of water goes in waste. This water can be harvested and stored then used for farming purposes. Methods of harvesting and storing water for farming purposes. There are various methods used to harvest and store water for farming purposes. Use of rooftops. Use of diversion channels. Directs water into water ponds and water tanks. Water ponds. Shallow water pans. Tanks. Shallow water pansGrass should be planted around the shallow water pan to:Control soil erosion. Control sedimentation. Constructing Shallow water pan. Measure desired size of the structure. -. Dig out soil to the desired length and width with depth between 1 to 3 metres. Make conveyor or small channels that directs surface runoff to the structure. Water pondConstruction of a water pond. Mark desired measurements on ground. Dig out the soil. Place a polythene liner evenly covering the sides and the base. Reinforce the liner by placing soil in the upper part around the pond. Plant grass around the pond to control erosion and sedimentation. Make channels to transfer surface runoff. Water tanks. Water tanks can be used to collect surface runoff or water from the rooftops. Ensure water flow into the tank by removing any materials such as gravel, sediments from the sieve entrance of the tank. Gutters should be fixed around the house to collect water when it rains and direct it to the tank through pipes for storage.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9134938178069032, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2486, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.7472405}
{"text": "Water tanks can be used to collect surface runoff or water from the rooftops. Ensure water flow into the tank by removing any materials such as gravel, sediments from the sieve entrance of the tank. Gutters should be fixed around the house to collect water when it rains and direct it to the tank through pipes for storage. Underground water tank Elevated water tankFactors to consider when setting up a water harvesting and storage unit at home or at school. Location. Accessibility. Type of crop to be irrigated using water. Size of the farm. Dimension of the storage unit. The slope of the land. The cost of the work. Importance of harvesting and storing water. Harvesting and storing water helps to supplement other sources of water. It provides water during shortage and in dry seasons. Water is available through out. Reduces cost of farming. Excess water from the rain is utilized. Helps to prevent destruction of infrastructures such as buildings and roads by surface runoff. Maintenance of water harvesting and storage structures. Plant grass around the water pans and water ponds to control soil erosion and sedimentation and to stabilize the embankments. Remove foreign material in water found in water pans, ponds and tanks. Structures such as water pans and water pons should be fenced. Water tanks should be cleaned and foreign materials such as gravel, twigs, leaves sieved out during water entry. Clean the gutters to remove accumulated materials. Uses of water harvested and stored on the farm. Watering irrigating crops. Watering animals. Domestic uses such as washing, cleaning items etc. Types of water storage tanks. Water tanks can be:Plastic. Metallic. Concrete. They can also be elevated placed on top of the ground or underground. STRAND 2- FOOD PRODUCTION PROCESSES2.1 Kitchen and Backyard Gardening. Food security is an important aspect of a healthy society. To promote food security, household should embrace kitchen gardens. A kitchen garden ensures regular and ready supply of fresh vegetables, fruits and herbs. Food security exists only when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preference for healthy living. Kitchen garden is any convenient size of a plot, space or structure located in a home where a variety of crops are grown mainly for family consumption. The role of a kitchen garden in food and nutrition security. To produce safe, fresh food that is accessible to the family.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9177931707317073, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2500, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.829465}
{"text": "Kitchen garden is any convenient size of a plot, space or structure located in a home where a variety of crops are grown mainly for family consumption. The role of a kitchen garden in food and nutrition security. To produce safe, fresh food that is accessible to the family. It is a reliable source of green leafy vegetables, herbs, fruits, legumes and cereals for home consumption. Growing of both seasonal and off-season crops that ensures steady supply of nutritious food. Help family to meet their nutritional needs and promotes healthier lifestyles. Generates income from sale of surplus excess produce. Helps to save family income direct towards purchase of vegetables, fruits and others. Provide alternative when staple foods are not in stock. Helps to increase food production. Some form of kitchen gardening use recycled materials like plastics hence contributes to environmental conservation. Innovative technologies for kitchen garden. Increase in population and urbanization has led to limited space that can be used to establish large gardens. Innovative technologies ensure proper use of the small available space for maximum production. The main aim of innovative gardening is to maximize the small available space with proper water conservation, measures in crop production. Examples of innovative kitchen gardens include:Container. Wick. Hanging pots. Tyre. Multistore gardens. Simple drip. Organic sack garden. Most of the kitchen gardens focus on vertical gardens which keeps the crops off the ground as compared to horizontal gardening. Benefits of innovative gardens. Use locally available materials. Requires little amount of water. Easy to manage because less labour is required. Makes good use of little space. Some are portable-can be moved from one area to another. High productivity or yields. Aesthetic value around the compound. Ideal for urban areas and congested homesteads. 2.2 Poultry Rearing in a Fold. Poultry rearing is the keeping of domesticated birds such as chicken, ducks, turkeys, geese, pigeons, guinea fowls and ostriches. Poultry are kept for production of meat, eggs and other products. Poultry folds. Structural appearance of a poultry fold. A fold is a portable structure used for rearing poultry in an open piece of land where they can access sunlight, vegetation to supplement their feeds and can also exercise. Feed and water troughs are placed inside the folds. The fold can be moved from one place to another for the birds to eat fresh vegetation. Poultry folds are portable triangular shaped structures.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9215156250000001, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2560, "token_count": 490}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.799489}
{"text": "Feed and water troughs are placed inside the folds. The fold can be moved from one place to another for the birds to eat fresh vegetation. Poultry folds are portable triangular shaped structures. A fold has two sections, one is roofed and the other is left open but fitted wih wire mesh to secure the birds. The fold has a door fitted on one side. Materials used in the Construction of a poultry fold. Poultry folds are constructed using locally available materials. This makes it cheap and easy to construct them. Materials for constructing a poultry fold include:NOTE:Smaller folds have rollers and wheels that helps to move them from place to place. Some folds structures have wire mesh at the base to allow droppings to pass through to the ground. Fencing staples can be used instead of nails. The size of the fold depends on the number and type of poultry reared. Rearing practices of poultry in a fold. There are various practices which are carried out when rearing poultry in a fold. These rearing practices includes: Moving the fold to new sites regularly for the birds to feed on fresh vegetation. Ensure birds are provided with clean water. Ensure hygiene is maintained in the poultry fold. The fold should be strong enough to secure birds and kept in a safe place. The fold should be sheltered from the rain to avoid wetness. It should be placed in such a way that the open side is away from direct winds to avoid drought. How to rear Poultry in a fold. Sitting. Where to place your fold Ensure the fold is placed in an area: Protected from rain and direct wind. With enough security. That can be easily accessible. With enough vegetation. Stocking the folds. Place chicks into the fold carefully in the early hours of the day for them to familiarize with the environment. Place the right number of birds in the fold to avoid overcrowding which encourages diseases. Feeding. Provide enough feed depending on the stages of growth. Place feed in the feeding troughs. Move fold unit from one place to another to enable birds to eat fresh vegetation. Watering. Provide clean water in waterers. Sanitation. Maintain high standards of hygiene in the folds by cleaning the waterer, feed troughs and poultry folds. Vaccination.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.912621359223301, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2266, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.8170247}
{"text": "How fresh fish is processed. Fresh fish need to be processed immediately after being harvested from water to prevent spoilage. Various processes are carried out to prepare fresh fish for transportation, storage and consumption. Fish is prepared after harvesting by:Scaling-removal of scales. Gutting-removal of gut or the alimentary canal. Cleaning-washing the fish with clean water. These processes usually slow down the growth of micro-organisms and keep it fresh before use. Procedure followed when processing fresh fish. Specific methods of processing fish for consumption, storage and transportation are as follows:Inspect and select fresh fish for processing. Start the process as follows. A. Scaling. Rinse fish to remove slime. Place fish on a chopping board or tray with absorbent paper. Hold fish firmly by the tail and use a fish scaling tool or back of a knife to scrape off the scales moving from the tail to head on both sides Rinse the fish in clean water to remove any loose scales. Run your fingers over the fish skin to make sure that all scales have been removed. B. Gutting. Lie the fish on its side on either a chopping board or a tray. Make a cut in the belly of the fish at the tail-end and cut through the skin to the head. Insert your fingers into the belly through the cut opening and remove internal organs by easily pulling them out. Place them on a separate plate or tray. Rinse the inside of the fish with cold water until the water becomes clear. Use a kitchen paper or towel to dry the fish. Cleaning. Clean the fish thoroughly before and after gutting. Use cold water when cleaning fish. Salting. Use the fish that have been well prepared by scaling, gutting and properly cleaned. Place the fish on a flat clean surface or tray where they will remain after salting. Sprinkle layers of salt on all the parts of the fish. Leave the fish in layers of slat for at least 2 days. Keep the salted fish in a cool dry place. Frying fish Select a clean well-prepared fish. Heat oil in a saucepan and dip the fish to cook for 4 to 5 minutes.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9037509377344337, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2107, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.859825}
{"text": "Keep the salted fish in a cool dry place. Frying fish Select a clean well-prepared fish. Heat oil in a saucepan and dip the fish to cook for 4 to 5 minutes. Remove the fish from the oil using a draining spoon. Place the fish on a mesh tray to drain excess oil. NOTE: Processing fish should be carried out in a hygienic environment to prevent contamination. Cold water should always be used when cleaning fish to remove all the blood. This prevents deterioration due to multiplication of bacteria. Gutting fish may sometimes include the complete removal of the gills and the fins. Salting draws water from the fish increasing its shelf life. How to dress poultry carcass. Quality of poultry products can be linked to a variety of factors such as handling at slaughter. Poultry dressing procedures should be done in a hygienic manner in order to produce products fit for human consumption. When dressing poultry carcass, some parts can be detached and packed separately. However, the whole carcass can be packed with the parts attached. Poultry thighs poultry gizzardsDressing a poultry carcass. The following practices are carried out to dress the poultry carcass. Beheading-restrain the poultry well and cut the neck muscles with a sharp knife. Defeathering-scald the bird into hot water of a temperature of 550 C for about 2 minutes to loosen the feather. Remove and pluck off loose feathers completely. Singeing-hold the defeathered bird over a flame for a few minutes to burn the hair like structures left on the skin. Washing-wash the whole bird in clean cold water to remove the surface dirt. Prepare the poultry carcass for various purposes as follows. Place the carcass on its back on a clean surface or chopping board. Remove oil gland with a knife. Remove the offals by:Make a cut above the vent but avoid cutting too deep. Press on the breast and insert fingers through the cut made on the vent. Grab the visceral and pull them out avoiding too much pressures to prevent puncturing the gall bladder. Slit the neck skin to remove the crop, trachea and Oesophagus. Place the internal organs on a separate plate. Cutting the carcass into various pieces.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9101643382963955, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2188, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.8826666}
{"text": "Slit the neck skin to remove the crop, trachea and Oesophagus. Place the internal organs on a separate plate. Cutting the carcass into various pieces. Cut joints between thigh and the body and separate the thigh and the leg at the joint. Cut the joint between the wings and the body and then separate the wings. Cut the breast into two parts by separating the muscle in front of the keel. Cut the backbone and neck strip into 3 pieces each. Separate the gizzard, liver and the heart from the other internal organs. Cut open the wall of the gizzard lengthwise to the lining to remove hard grit and then peel out the lining. Wash these organs in cold water and then pack them. Pack all the pieces in clean storage bags as required. NOTES: High hygiene standards should be maintained when handling raw poultry meat to avoid contamination which can lead to food poisoning. Complete bleeding of carcass prevents discolouration of the meat due to formation of clots in the muscles. The clots attract micro-organisms. Care should be taken not to burst gall bladder as this makes the meat bitter. Pieces from poultry carcass are packed separately and sold at different prices. What is the importance of processing fresh fish and dressing poultry carcass? It adds value to the meat. Keeping quality of both fish and poultry products is increased hence prolonged shelf life. Packing poultry pieces separately enables selling at a higher price than the whole carcass. 2.5 Preserving Meat and Milk. Animals gives products such as milk, meat, eggs, honey, hides and skin. Some of the products easily go bad, hence they should be preserved to increase their shelflife. Methods of preserving milk and meat in the locality. Milk and meat deteriorate in quality with time. They should be well preserved to prolong their shelf-life and availability. Food preservation is the process of preventing food from spoilage. There are various methods of preserving milk and meat. Methods used in preserving milk include:Boiling. Fermentation. Methods used to preserve meat include:Sun drying. Smoking. Salting. Preservation of Milk and Meat at household level. Common methods of preserving milk are:Fermentation-Fermentation of milk produces certain acid that preserves milk. Boiling or pasteurization of milk-boiling milk kills micro-organisms by exposing them to high temperatures at the milk boiling point.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.914932075233261, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2404, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.9191601}
{"text": "Preservation of Milk and Meat at household level. Common methods of preserving milk are:Fermentation-Fermentation of milk produces certain acid that preserves milk. Boiling or pasteurization of milk-boiling milk kills micro-organisms by exposing them to high temperatures at the milk boiling point. This method preserves fresh milk. Common methods of preserving meat are:Sun drying-it removes moisture from meat making the action of micro-organism difficult. Meat is cut into small pieces, sundried and then packaged. Smoking-meat is covered with a layer of smoke which stops action of micro-organisms. Salting-salt is applied on the surface of pieces of meat or dipped in a highly concentrated salt solution know as brine. This salt solution dehydrates removes water the micro-organisms and stops their action on meat. What is the importance of preserving milk and meat? It increases the shelf-life of both milk and meat. It makes the two products available for a longer period of time hence enhancing food security. Strand 3 -HYGIENE PRACTICES. 3.1-Cleaning the Kitchen. Methods of removing dirt from the kitchen surfaces. Food should be prepared and cooked in a clean and orderly environment. A dirty kitchen can be a breeding place for other harmful living things such as pests and flies which can lead to health hazards. There are may ways of removing dirt from kitchen surface. The methods depend on types of dirt found on the surfaces. Methods of removing dirt from kitchen surfaces. Sweeping-Done using a broom, brush and dustpan. Dusting-it is done after sweeping a room. It ensures any dust that may have been blown in the air and deposited on the surface is removed. Wiping -it is used to remove fixed dirt on the surfaces that can be damaged by scrubbing. Surfaces that are wiped include furniture, ornaments, walls and windows. Scrubbing-this is where warm soapy water is used to together with a hard scrubbing brush. Vacuum cleaning-a vacuum cleaner is used to remove loose dirt from the surfaces which is sucked into a dirt bag attached to the vacuum cleaner and it is disposed of after cleaning. Mopping-this is the removal of fixed dirt from a surface by using a mop, bucket, water and detergents. State the reasons for cleaning the Kitchen. A kitchen must be kept clean at all times. Frequency of cleaning depends on type of fuel used and amount of cooking done.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.916018555073036, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2384, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.8994656}
{"text": "State the reasons for cleaning the Kitchen. A kitchen must be kept clean at all times. Frequency of cleaning depends on type of fuel used and amount of cooking done. Therefore, cleaning the kitchen is necessary for the following reasons:To preserve clean kitchen appearance. To prolong life of a surface, dirt can destroy the surface if allowed to accumulate. Psychological satisfaction of the user. To cut down cost of cleaningTypes of leaning for a kitchen. Daily cleaning. It is the removal of loose dirt from the kitchen surfaces on daily basis. It involves the following methods:Sweeping. Brushing. Dusting. Suction cleaning. Weekly cleaning. Involves the removal of both loose and fixed dirt. It involves:Sweeping. Dusting. Scrubbing. Wiping. Special cleaning. This is the thorough cleaning that is done occasionally when it is necessary. For example,Cleaning the chimney to remove soot,Painting the walls. Cleaning different kitchen surfaces. Strand 4- PRODUCTION TECHNIQUEStogether in position with stitches. This has to be done neatly and securely for the item to look presentable and to last long. A seam is any part of the garment or clothing article where two or more pieces of fabric are joined together using permanent stitches. Seam line is also referred to as the stitching line, construction line or fitting line. It is the line where permanent stitches are worked. Seam allowance is the distance between the seam line and the cutting line. It is usually1.5cm wide. Seam turning is the amount of fabric between the cutting line and the seam line. Types of Seams used in clothing construction. There are many types of seams used in clothing construction. The type of seam used depends on the desired outlook and stitching effects required. Open seam. Plain seam. Overlaid seam French seam. Machine fell seam double stitched Run and fell seam. Factors to consider when choosing seams in clothing construction. Type of garment-Frequent laundered garments are preferably made using a plain seam because the turnings of the plain seam are neatened together making it to remain closed during laundering. Type of fabric- heavy fabrics require seams that are not bulky to prevent the seam from becoming too thick, for example, an open seam can be used for heavy fabrics because it is not bulky. Position of the seam on the garment- some seams are more suitable for some areas of garment than others.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9154971098265896, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2422, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.959609}
{"text": "Type of garment-Frequent laundered garments are preferably made using a plain seam because the turnings of the plain seam are neatened together making it to remain closed during laundering. Type of fabric- heavy fabrics require seams that are not bulky to prevent the seam from becoming too thick, for example, an open seam can be used for heavy fabrics because it is not bulky. Position of the seam on the garment- some seams are more suitable for some areas of garment than others. For example, a plain seam is more suitable for the armhole seam as compared to open seam. The effect desired-when a decorative effect is required, seams such as machine fell and overlaid seams that are constructed show on the right side of fabric when used. Qualities of A well-made seam. A well-made seam should have some specific qualities as follows. Should be firmly stitched. Should be accurately stitched on the fitting line. Should be neatly stitched. Should be properly matched where two or ore seams meet. Should be of appropriate width. Should be well-pressed and flat. MAKING SEAMS. The most commonly used seams in garment construction are the open and plain seam. They lie flat when finishing pressed or ironed and can be used in most types of articles. Open Seam. An open seam is a simple seam that has been stitched and pressed open. STUDENT ACTIVITIES GUIDED BY THE TEACHERMaking an open seam. Requirements. 2 pieces of cloth 10 cm by 1o cm . A pair of scissors. Tape measure. Tailor s chalk. Hand sewing needle. Sewing thread. Pins. A table and well threaded sewing machine. Method. I. Measure 1.5 cm seam allowance from the top edge of each fabric. Mark the stitching line. Ii. Place the two pieces right side facing each other. Match the stitching lines and the raw edges. Pin the two pieces together at intervals to hold them firmly. Take along the stitching lines. Vi. Remove the pins. Machine stitch along the stitching line and remove the tackling stitches. Press the seam open on both the wrong side and the right side. Open Seams. A plain seam is a simple seam that has been stitched and pressed to one side. Plain sea, is a flat seam which is used in most clothing and articles.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9066449052438768, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2195, "token_count": 473}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.0009058}
{"text": "Open Seams. A plain seam is a simple seam that has been stitched and pressed to one side. Plain sea, is a flat seam which is used in most clothing and articles. It is made the same way as an open seam but unlike the open seam which is neatened by opening and finishing each seam turning separately, the plain seam is neatened by stitching the edges of the seam turnings together. Making a plain seam. Requirements. 2 pieces of cloth 1ocm by 10cm A pair of scissors. Tailor s chalk. A tape measure. Hand sewing needle. Thimble. Sewing thread. Pins. A table. A well threaded sewing machine. Method. Measure 1.5 cm seam allowance from the top edge of each fabric. Mark the seam line. Place the two pieces of fabric right sides facing. Match the fitting lines and the raw edges. Pin the two pieces of fabric together at intervals along the seam line to hold them firmly. Tack on the seam line and remove the pins. Remove the tacking stitches. Press the seam flat on the wrong side. 4.1 Innovative Waterer Project. Water is an essential requirement in animals just like in plants. Animals should drink clean and adequate water every day. Providing enough and clean water is a challenge for human beings and animals. Therefore, innovative economical ways of using available water to take care of domestic animals. Types of animal waterer used by the community. Domestic animals are provided water in containers called waterers. Different domestic animals use different types of waterers. Some waterers are left open for the animals to drink water directly while others are automatic. The types of waterer used for watering animals in the community depends on the type of domestic animals kept. Large animals such as cattle, camel. Donkeys, sheep, goat and pigs use open containers and troughs constructed as part of their houses. Small animals such as rabbits and poultry use small containers cutout from jerrycans and hanged on the walls of their cages. Challenges of the existing animal waterers used by domestic animals in the community. Use of poorly constructed waterers-leads to inadequate water intake by the animals. Lack of skills in handling the waters. Poor placement of the waters. Poor usage by the animals leading to spillage and contamination of water. Provision of water to animals is a tiresome process discouraging community members from keeping domestic animals. Provision of less spacious waterers for large number of animals.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9111253237570115, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2444, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.9479716}
{"text": "Poor usage by the animals leading to spillage and contamination of water. Provision of water to animals is a tiresome process discouraging community members from keeping domestic animals. Provision of less spacious waterers for large number of animals. Uses of innovative waterers. An innovative waterer is an equipment that is designed to improve the ease and efficiency at which drinking water is provided to an animal. It can be used to solve challenges of the existing waterer in the community. The type of innovative waterer depends on the farmers preference and the skill to use the waterer. The community household can be assisted to innovate and construct better waterer for their animals. Waterer should be made with materials that are durable, easily available and affordable. Containers for any type of chemical should nor be used for waterers, unless they are cleaned thoroughly with detergent before use. Innovative techniques for watering small domestic animals. An innovation means an idea generated in the mind and then created into reality. We can improve the existing waterer in the community to solve the challenges of watering animals or create new better waterer. Different groups can create their own innovations and select the innovation that has less cost. Requirements for functionality of Waterers. Should be workable. Should be easy to use. Should be easy to clean. Should have efficient overflow control system to prevent spillage. Should have a mechanism of adding water easily to avoid time wasting. Should be heavy enough to prevent animals from toppling it off the ground. Provision of Water to animals using the innovative waterer constructed. If waterer are placed at a higher point ,water remain clean for a long time. Waterer contaminated with feeds should be changed immediately. Accidental water spillage increases humid conditions in animals houses and should be controlled. Importance of using innovative waterer in animal rearing. Innovative waterer are made with locally available materials to suit needs of the farmer and of particular animals. They are economical and affordable. They are easy to operate and maintain. 4.3- ICT In Agricultural Support Services. ICT stands for Information Communication and Technology. ICT had become an important tool in agriculture when carrying out agricultural practices. ICT devices such radio, televisions, phones, computer softwares are used together with other applications to improve agricultural activities by accessing important information. Agricultural support services. Farmers need agricultural services which supports farming operations. The services can be obtained from ICT.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9270932270622314, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2670, "token_count": 480}, "cleaned_at": 1750360548.9810166}
{"text": "Agricultural support services. Farmers need agricultural services which supports farming operations. The services can be obtained from ICT. Examples of agricultural support services that farmers can obtain from field officers, print media through the use of ICT devices include:Weather forecasting-information on weather to help farmers make decisions related crop growth, irrigation, time of fertilizer application, pest and diseases control etc. Input supply ICT devices provide input and information on seeds, pesticides, soil testing, crop spraying, fertilisers and herbicides. Extension services use of radios, televisions, mobile phones and videos can help farmers access useful agricultural information instead of having to visit or visited by an extension officer. Market information farmers use ICT tools to access information on demand, supply and pricing of various agricultural commodities. ICT helps farmers to reach out to potential buyers who offer higher prices for their products. Banking services farmers can use ICT tools to compare various services offered by different financial institutions to make an informed decision on which to adopt. Accessing Agricultural support services using ICT. Agricultural support services can be accessed using available ICT search engines. ICT tools such as radios, television, computers, mobile phones, data projectors, software programs, printers and scanners can be used to get agricultural support services. The internet plays a greater role in enabling farmers access such information. Ethical and Security considerations in use of ICT platforms. ICT platforms should be used with precautions and responsibly. This ensures privacy personal data and information about companies involved. It also ensures ICT data is not erased or interfered with. When using ICT platforms, only concentrate on the target information to enhance efficiency in agricultural practices. The following are some of the ethical issues in ICT:Personal privacy. Refers to protection of personal data that is linked to other information about an individual causing emotional distress and harm such as physical, financial and professional to such an individual. Access right. Refers to permission granted to a user to perform a particular operation on a computer. Access rights restricts the user to specific operations only. Harmful actions. These are actions that can lead to loss of information, property and ownership. These damages cause security concerns to the user from the public. Copyright issues. Refers to legal rights given to investor for a fixed number of years to print, publish, perform, film or record literacy, artistic, or musical material. It allows inventors only to reproduce such work. Piracy. Refers to using unlicensed copies of software for operations by producing more copies than is licensed for.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9275837988826816, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2864, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.0410874}
{"text": "It allows inventors only to reproduce such work. Piracy. Refers to using unlicensed copies of software for operations by producing more copies than is licensed for. Security Threats to ICT.Computer viruses-are malicious programs that interferes with normal functioning of the computer by causing damage to data softwares. Unauthorised access-gaining access without permission to a network, computer system, an application, data or other resources. Data loss-refers to intentional or unintentional destruction of information caused by a person or a process from within or outside the organization. Cyber-crime-refers to criminal activities carried out by means of computer or the internet. Examples include compromised IoT devices, stolen credit card information, hacking into government website, theft of user accounts etc.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9259615384615385, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 832, "token_count": 154}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.0070395}
{"text": "GRADE 8 PRE- TECHNICAL STUDIES RATIONALIZED LESSON NOTESSTRAND 1: FOUNDATION OF PRETECHNICAL STUDIES1.1 FIRE AND DATA SAFETYImportance of safety in a work environment. Reduces financial losses needed to repair damaged property. Increases business rating because of customer and worker satisfaction. Reduces job losses that comes from permanent injuries. Reduces financial losses needed for medical expenses. Reduces damage to property because of lower number of accidents at workplaces. Reduces cases of injury because of lower number of accidents at workplaces. It improves productivity. Causes of fire in a work environment. Some of the possible causes of fire outbreak in the work environment include:Faulty equipment such as extension cables in places such as kitchens, offices, workshop or warehouses. Fires when performing tasks such as welding, flame cutting or grinding. This work generates heat, sparks or flames to cause fire. Improper storage of flammable and combustible materials such as flammable liquids or charcoal in workplace. Human errors such as using equipment such as electric cooker incorrectly, not reporting faulty machinery as well as leaving cooking food unattended may lead to fire accidents. Injuries caused by fire at work places. Injuries caused by fire occurs when you get in contact with open fire or burning objects. Some of the injuries caused by fire in a work environment include:Burns-where fire raises temperature of the skin and tissues causing the tissues and cells to die. Smoke chocking- where the victim suffers obstructed breathing, seizures and comas. Chemical poisoning from inhaling poisonous fumes such as carbon monoxide. Shock where a victim develops abnormal heart rhythm and becomes unconscious. Prevention of fire outbreaks in a work environment. Ways of preventing fire outbreak in the environment include:Providing enough safety and security at work premises. Keeping a work environment clean and orderly. Being cautious when performing activities using open fire. Having all equipment well services and maintained. Allowing for easy access to electrical switches and fire alarm equipment. Storing and handling flammable materials and liquids with care. Types of fire injuries and their first aid requirements. Different types of fire injuries require different First aid approaches. The first aid for different fire injuries are as follows:Performing First Aid for fire burns. Assess find out the situation to ascertain your own safety. Immediately get the person away from the heat sources to stop the burning.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9227013219524556, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2581, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.0655084}
{"text": "The first aid for different fire injuries are as follows:Performing First Aid for fire burns. Assess find out the situation to ascertain your own safety. Immediately get the person away from the heat sources to stop the burning. Cool the burn with cool or lukewarm running water for 20 minutes. Remove any clothing or jewellery that is near the burnt area of the skin. Do not move anything stuck to the skin. Make sure the person keeps warm using a warm cover such as blanket, but take care not to rub it against the burnt area. Cover the burn by placing a layer of cling film over it. If the injury is on the face, sit up as much as possible, rather than lying down. This helps to reduce swelling. Performing First Aid for smoke choking. Remove casuality from smoke or toxic exposure to a safe and more ventilated open space. Sit casuality upright and loosen clothing around the neck and airways. If the casuality has breathing difficulties, call for assistance to take him or her to the hospital. Performing First Aid for smoke poisoning. Move the casuality or victim to a safer place with fresh air if you can. Sit the person or lay them down on their side, not their back. If the victim has breathing difficulties, get emergency help to take him or her to hospital. Performing First Aid for shock. Lay the person down, and if possible, elevate their feet about 30cm unless the head, neck or back is injured or you suspect broken hip or leg bones. Do not raise the person s head or turn the person on the side if they are vomiting or bleeding from the mouth. Keep the person warm and comfortable. If the victim has breathing difficulties, get emergency help o take him or her to the hospitalFire fighting methods at work environment. There are four fire fighting methods applicable in a work environment. These are:Cooling method. This is where the temperature of the burning materials is reduced to slow down the burning. A suitable example is where cold water is used to put out a fire. Smothering method. This is where the supply of oxygen to the burning object is cut out to slow down the burning process. An example is covering a burning object with a fire blanket or sand. Starving method. This method involves the following activities:Removing combustible items from the vicinity of the fire. Removing the parts of the burning material from the mass of burning material.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9124749091623294, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2396, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.084629}
{"text": "1.2 -Computer Hardware. Computer hardware are the physical parts of the computer that are tangible. The physical parts of the computer make up the computer hardware. Computer hardware is made up the following categories of:Central processing unit. Input devices that are also subcategorized into keying, pointing, scanning, voice input, touch screen, digitizer, digital cameras. Output devices subcategorized into softcopy output devices and hardcopy output devices. Storage devices subcategorized into fixed and removable devicesCategories of the computer hardware. The computer hardware is grouped into the following categories:Input devices. Output devices. Storage devices. Central processing unit. CPU They include; mouse, keyboard, touchpad, joystick, scanner, camera, microphone and stylus. CPU-it processes the data entered into the computer according to the instruction given by the computer user. It is the brain of the computer and it is also called the processor. It is made up of Arithmetic Logic Unit. ALU , Control Unit and the registers. It retrieves and executes instructions by coordinating and processing all the functions of a computer. Output device-they are used to give out information from the computer. Examples of output devices include monitor, speakers, plotter, headphones, projectors and printer. Storage devices-they are used to store data and information. They save data, information, computer softwares and running operations. Examples of storage devices include hard disk, memory card, flash disk and external hard disks. Selecting Appropriate Hardware for different situations. Different computer hardware components are used in different situations depending on the tasks to be performed. Examples. For a taxi driver to communicate with his client he as to use a phone. To accurately capture item prices in a super market a scanner is used. During presentations a speaker and projector are required alongside a computer. Input devicesA computer works faster after receiving data. The data is entered in the computer system using input devices. Therefore, the work of input devices is to enable a computer user to enter data that needs to be processed and the instructions on how to process it. Categories of Input device. Input devices are categorized according to how they are used to enter data into the computer. They are hardware components that help in providing data and instructions to a digital device. The categories are as follow:Pointing input devices- they control a pointer or cursor on the screen. They include mouse, touchpads, joystick, light pen, mice and trackballs.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9200750027518723, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2628, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.1010935}
{"text": "They are hardware components that help in providing data and instructions to a digital device. The categories are as follow:Pointing input devices- they control a pointer or cursor on the screen. They include mouse, touchpads, joystick, light pen, mice and trackballs. Keying input devices- they help in entering data by pressing the keys on them. They include keyboard, keypads, and television remotes. Scanning input device- they capture data directly from the source and convert it into a form a computer can understand. They include barcode readers, optical character readers, optical mask readers, magnetic stripe reader and magnetic ink character readers. Voice input devices-they enter data and instructions into a computer in form of speech. The microphone is an example of a voice input device. Touch screen input devices -they enter data into a device by touching the screens that have electronic keyboards such as touch screen keypads. Digitizers they are also called graphic tables or drawing tablets. They convert analog touch input into digital signals that the device s processor can understand. This allows users to interact with the device through touch, tapping, swiping and pinching. They are devices that allows you to input drawings, sketches and handwritten notes into a computer. They consist of a flat surface and a stylus or pen-like instrument that you use to draw or write on the surface. Others Input devices categoriesGaming controller-they are used when playing computer games. Example includes joystick and steering wheel. Visual and imaging devices-They include digital camera, image scanner and video recorders. Appropriate input devices for different situations. Factors to consider when selecting input devices. User needs-the device should meet the need of the user. Type of data to be input. Available space for the input devices. Volume of the data to be input. Accuracy of the input devices. Cost of the input devices-the device shot be affordable. Compatibility-it is the ability of the input devices to work with the existing computer hardware. The device should be able to work together with other available devices in the computer. Reusing Input devices to minimize wastage. Input devices that are in good condition can be reused to minimize waste. Computers keyboards can be used to make: book covers, pencil holders, key holders, rings and fridge notes. A computer mouse can be used to make toys, soap dishes, toothbrush holders and Christmas tree decorations. Obsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products. Output Devices.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.922188679245283, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2650, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.1249733}
{"text": "A computer mouse can be used to make toys, soap dishes, toothbrush holders and Christmas tree decorations. Obsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products. Output Devices. Processed data can be given out in form of audio, text, pictures, graphics or videos. Output devices are used to give out information from the computer. Output devices of a computer. Output devices are peripheral devices that give out information from a computer to the user. Examples of output devices are: monitors, printers, actuators, plotters, speakers, earphones and projectors. Functions of Output devices. MonitorIt displays data in text and graphics. Speakers. Gives information in form of sound or audio. Headphones earphones. Produce audio information. Printers. Produce text or picture on paper. Projectors. Gives visual information by projecting it on a flat smooth like wall or a white board. Plotters. Produces digital created graphics and drawings. A plotter uses a pen to draw lines on paper. Actuators. A part of a device or machine that helps to create physical movement using signals from a computer. Braille embosser. A device that presses dots onto paper for people with visual impairment to read using their fingers. Categories of Computer Output devicesSoftcopy output devices. They give intangible output in form of text, audios and videos. These devices include; monitors, speakers and projectors. Hardcopy output devices. They give tangible output that is in form of printed text or graphics. Examples of hardcopy output devices are printers and plotters. Advantages and disadvantages of Softcopy and Hardcopy output. Advantages of hardcopy Disadvantages of hardcopyIt is considered permanent data as editing It is expensive to produce as it requires and changing is not easy. Paper, ink and printer. It does not need electricity, special devices It is not easy to move from one place to or software to display show another. When properly stored it is not easily lost It requires a lot of physical storage space. It is not subjected to data stealing and cyber It can be stolen or destroyed through wearattacks and tear or be subjected to factors such asfire and water. Advantages of softcopy Disadvantages of softcopyIt is easy to move from one place to It is vulnerable to cyber and data stealing. Another.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9202838063439065, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2396, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.152064}
{"text": "A nonvolatile memory used to store data in computers, digital cameras, universal serial bus, flash drives and mp3 players. Data in flash memory can be electrically erased and new data stored in it. Location of Fixed storage devices in a computer. Some fixed storage devices in a computer such as the hard disk and solid-state drive are usually found in the drive bay of the computer case or on underside of a laptop. Some solid-state drives are embedded on the motherboard. Internal flash drives are mostly located in small portable devices such as mobile phones and cameras. How data is stored Written and retrieved read from fixed storage devices. Writing data or saving data means storing data. Data is written on a fixed storage device by:Creating new files. Downloading. Copying or moving files and saving them in a computer storage device. Reading Data, retrieving data or opening data is same as getting data back from its location. When data is opened or a file is accessed in a fixed storage device then the data is read. Give the advantages and disadvantages of Fixed storage devices in a computer. The following table clearly gives the advantages and disadvantages of Fixed storage devices. How to manage waste from fixed storage devices:Always reuse the devices if still in good conditions or sell at a lower price. Return the device its manufacturer for reuse or recycling. Take the device to an e-waste management center for recycling and proper disposal. Removable storage devicesThese are portable storage devices that are not housed or fixed inside the computer case. The have to be connected or attached to a computer system through a port so that data can be read from or written to them. They can be used for backup and store and transfer of data from one computer to another. Types of Removable storage devices. External hard drives. Universal Serial Bus USB Flash drive. Memory drives. Memory cards. Compact discs CDs . Digital versatile discs DVDs . Blu-ray discs. Removable storage devices are used in a computing environment because:They are portable and can be used for transporting data and information from one computer to another. They can be used to back up data away from the computer in case the original data is lost or damaged. They can be read from or written to easily without affecting the operations of the computer. They enable sharing of information and data among computer users. They can store and be used to install critical applications like operating system in a computer.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9182916345362708, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2533, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.1768308}
{"text": "They can be read from or written to easily without affecting the operations of the computer. They enable sharing of information and data among computer users. They can store and be used to install critical applications like operating system in a computer. Factors to consider when selecting a removable storage device for use:Advantages of removable storage devices over fixed storage devices. Easy transfer of data and sharing between computer and users. Portable-can store data while outside or not attached to a computer. Easily read from and written to. 1.3-Consumer and Investor Protection. Consumer protection refers to measures by either the government of NGO or consumers to avoid exploitation of consumers by business people. It is a deliberate attempt to safe guard consumers against exploitation or malpractices in business. Investor protection -Importance of consumer protection. Prevents consumers from access poor quality goods and services. Prevents consumers from purchase of goods and services under unhygienic conditions and environment. Protects consumers from over priced goods and services. Protects consumer against underweight goods and inadequate services. Protects consumers against illegal goods and services. Protects consumers against harmful goods and services. Protects consumers against hoarding of goods to create an artificial shortage. Ways in which consumers and investors protect themselves. Educate members on their rights as consumers. Ensure regular supply of goods to avoid hoarding to create shortages. Ensure health and safety regulations are followed. Forming consumer associations to deal with all consumer related issues. Ways in which the government protects consumers and investors. Form laws that protect consumers such as public health act to ensure health and safety standards are met. Encourage formation of consumer organisations to deal with consumers interests. Encourage businesses to conduct their affairs in a way that does not exploit consumers interests. Ways in which Non-Governmental Organisations protect consumers and investors. Ensure standards are maintained by bot h producers and traders. Customer protection by informing customers on their rights. STRAND 2-COMMUNICATION. 2.1-Business Communication. Communication is the process of sharing information through a channel from the sender to the receiver. Business communication is the exchange of information between a business organization and its customers or between people within and outside a company. When business communication is done correctly, everyone can do their job, all of which increases productivity and even creativity. A communication channel is a medium or method that is used to deliver a message to an intended audience.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9233797315870751, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2778, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.1945157}
{"text": "Business communication is the exchange of information between a business organization and its customers or between people within and outside a company. When business communication is done correctly, everyone can do their job, all of which increases productivity and even creativity. A communication channel is a medium or method that is used to deliver a message to an intended audience. Forms of communication channels used in Business. Oral verbal communication channels. Written communication channels. Audio-visual communication channels. Oral verbal communication channels. It involves speaking and listening by both the sender and the receiver. Examples of oral communication channels include: Face to face conversations. Group presentations. Telephone calls. Speeches. Lectures. Advantages and disadvantages of oral communication channels. Written communication channels. They involve use of text to pass information. The text can be handwritten, printed or shared using digital communication devices. Examples of written channels of communication in businesses are: Emails. Letters. Memos. Reports. Circulars. Short message services SMS Newsletters. Advantages and disadvantages of written communication channels. Audio-visual communication channels. It involves a combination of different content forms such as text, audio, images, video and animation. Examples are: social media platforms. Blogs. Televisions. Video-conferencing. Websites. Advantages and disadvantages of audio-visual communication channels. Factors considered when selecting channels of communication. Cost of the channel. Urgency of the message. Number of people receiving the message. Confidentiality of the message. Reliability of communication. Nature of the message: whether it is urgent, private or confidential. Need for immediate feedback. Supporting technology: both the sender and the receiver should have supporting tools to ensure the message is delivered successfully, for example mobile phones and internet connectivity. 2.2-Plain Scale Drawing. Plain scale drawing involves drawing a line that has been divided into a specific number of equal parts. The first part of the line is subdivided into equal smaller portions or units. It can be used to represent two units, a unit or a fraction of a unit. Plain scale is used in engineering drawings to measure up to two units such as metre and decimeters or feet and inches. Interpreting a plain scale used in drawing.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9173936320408417, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2494, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.2075734}
{"text": "It can be used to represent two units, a unit or a fraction of a unit. Plain scale is used in engineering drawings to measure up to two units such as metre and decimeters or feet and inches. Interpreting a plain scale used in drawing. A representative fraction R.F is the ration od the size of a feature on a drawing to its true size on the object. It is expressed in fraction form as R FA plain scale can be constructed using the example below. Example 1.:On a drawing, 1 cm represents 1,5m on the ground. Draw a plain scale to measure up to 30m in 5m interval. Show the length of 27m on the scale. Steps to follow. Step 1Determine the scale to use. In our case 1cm represents 1.5m or 150cm. In this example, it is appropriate to use Centimetres. Step 2. Calculate the Representative fraction, R.FR.F measurement on the map divided by measurement on the ground. R.F 1cm 1.5m R.F 1 150. R.F 1:150. Step 3. Calculate the maximum length of the scale to read 30 metres length. Measurement on map R. F x measurement on the ground. Measurement on map 1 150 x3000 Measurement on map 20. Step 4Draw a straight line 20cm long and divide it into 6 equal parts. Divide again first part into 5 equal parts. Indicate the number on the points on the line as shown. To show length 27m, draw a line AB above the scale with and B at 25 m mark on the main scale. Extend the line for point A to be at point 2m on the smaller scale. Complete the drawing with all details. Example 2:On a scale 1:150, determine the length of line PQ as shown in the figure. Give your answer in metres. Steps to follow. Determine where line begins on the main scale. In this example, point Q is at the 15m mark. Determine the point on the smaller scale where the line reaches. From the diagram above, point P is between 2 and 3 on the smaller scale. Therefore, this point represents 2.5m from 0.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.840325053357248, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1883, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.2396991}
{"text": "Determine the point on the smaller scale where the line reaches. From the diagram above, point P is between 2 and 3 on the smaller scale. Therefore, this point represents 2.5m from 0. Combine the two values such that 15 is the value on main scale, while 2.5 is the value from smaller scale. Therefore, length of the line PQ is 15 2.5 17.5 m. Example 3On a drawing of scale 1.5, the length of a line is a s shown in the diagram. The unit of the scale is decimeters. Determine the length of the line in centimetres. Determine where the line begins on the main scale. In this came point is at 9cm mark. Determine the point on the smaller scale where the line reaches. From this case it is 8 mark representing a length of 8cm. Combine the two values such that: 90cm 9dm is the value rom main scale and 8cm is the value from smaller scale, 90 cm 8cm 98cm. Hence the length of the line 98cm. 2.3 Visual Programming. Introduction. Visual programming is developing applications using graphical components and figures. These graphical components and figures mostly include images and video clips. Types of visual programming applications. Visual programming is also called block-based programming. It is a way of creating applications using graphical components and figures. This is mostly done through the use of code blocks and drag-and drop processes. The most common examples of visual programming applications are:Microsoft MakeCode. Scratch. Code.org. Sprite box. Microsoft Visual Studio. Roblox. Minecraft. Visual programming applications are used because they are easy and interesting to use. They also help in creating stories, animations and videos that entertain users. Launching a visual programming application. Type the word Scratch in the search box. The Scratch application will appear. Click on the Scratch application to launch it. Alternatively, click Start. Scroll down to category S then click on Scratch App. The application will launch. Visual Programming Features. Features of Scratch. Scratch is a visual programming language that can be used to create interactive stories, games and animations.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8742950581777458, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2137, "token_count": 474}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.2553122}
{"text": "Visual Programming Features. Features of Scratch. Scratch is a visual programming language that can be used to create interactive stories, games and animations. Features of scratch include:The menu bar-it contains the fie menu used to save and load projects and the view menu which displays rulers, grid lines, status, zoom in and out options. The black palette-it contains a coloured set of code blocks that are used to program and give instructions to the sprite. The stage-it is the main working area where the sprite moves and performs according to the given code of instruction. Backdrops pane-it is the part used to add a back ground to the project. Functions of the features of Scratch. A sprite is a small graphic character that performs actions such as moving around the stage. The script area is also called the coding area; it is where codes scripts are created for a sprite to do a specific action. Codes are dragged and dropped here then snapped together to create a program. Code blocks are blocks shaped differently and are used to create codes in Scratch. The codes connect to each other vertically like a jigsaw. The sprite info shows information about the size of each sprite. The sprite pane displays all the sprites in a project. A selected sprite has a blue border around it. NBTo move the sprite, add a move block from the motion category. To add sound, click on sound category and choose a sound block. To move the sprite back, use a negative value on the move back block. The block can be repeatedly severally to generate the desired animation. Terminologies used in visual programming applications. The start option commands the sprite to perform moves, it is represented by a green flag. When you click stop the sprite ends its moves. Reserved words are also known as key words. These are words with a special meaning to the programming application. In scratch they are words that we cannot edit on the blocks. They include when, by and change. The rules that should be followed when writing a program using an application are called syntax. Input statement are blocks that are used to create animations. Output statements are outcomes of the processed instructions that are programmed using clocks. These are the actions viewed on the stage when the blocks are executing. Control structures are the blocks that allow selecting or repeating execution of certain blocks or instructions. A backdrop is the background for the stage. Backdrops can be changed from the gallery or photo in the computer.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9186908517350157, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2536, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.2805555}
{"text": "Control structures are the blocks that allow selecting or repeating execution of certain blocks or instructions. A backdrop is the background for the stage. Backdrops can be changed from the gallery or photo in the computer. The sensing category helps one to enable input from the mouse, keyboard and other input devices. IF is used to choose between two output. For example, it can be used to perform mathematical calculations and state whether the answer given is correct or notSTRAND 3-MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION. 3.1 Composite Materials. Identification of Composite materials. A composite material is formed by combining two or more materials of different characteristics. Some of the composite materials found in the locality include:Composition of composite materials. Different composite materials are made of different materials as described in the table below. Uses of Composite materials. Some of the uses of composite materials are explained as follows:In sports industry, composite materials are used to make various games and sports items. O Composite materials are used to make body parts of vehicles and bicycles. Composites materials are used to make customer goods and electronics such as mobile phones, television sets, radios and calculators. At home, composite materials are used to make hand tools and furniture. In construction industry, composites like concrete are used to build houses and to construct roads and bridges among other structures. In medical engineering, composite materials are used to make artificial body parts and implants. In transport industry, composite materials are used to make the body parts of vehicles, aeroplane, ships and boats among others. It is also used to make travelling bags and briefcases. NOTE:Artificial body parts are also called prosthetics. Prosthetics limbs are given to substitute missing body parts. These body parts may have been lost in an accident or through amputation. The prosthetic body parts help people with missing limbs to function properly and with ease despite the missing body partsCareers in use of Composite materials. Masonry-involves use of mortar, stones and concrete to construct structures. Pottery- involves use of mud to make pots, dishes, mugs, vases and other types of artworks. Interior design involves use of papier mache and manufactured boards to decorate interior of houses and motor vehicles. Sculpting -involves uses of clay, fiberglass, stone or concrete to make sculptures. Boat construction -involves use of fiberglass to construct boats that are light and resistant to corrosion.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9213422286935957, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2593, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.3035989}
{"text": "Interior design involves use of papier mache and manufactured boards to decorate interior of houses and motor vehicles. Sculpting -involves uses of clay, fiberglass, stone or concrete to make sculptures. Boat construction -involves use of fiberglass to construct boats that are light and resistant to corrosion. Carpentry involves use of manufactured boards to make furniture, construct ceilings and other finishes in a building. Importance of composite materials used in the locality. Promote recreation that improves health. Providing employment. Use of manufactures boards such as blockboards, softboards or chipboards to reduce deforestation through recycling of waste. Improves the appearance in landscaping of compounds3.2 -Ceramic materials. A ceramic material is made by mixing clay, earthen elements like silica, kaolin, alumina and feldspar, and water. The material is thoroughly kneaded, shaped into desired forms and baked before being covered in decorative, waterproof, paint-like substances called glazes. Some ceramic materials like sea shells occur naturally. The common type of ceramic materials are:Earthenware- clay heated at temperatures of between 10000C and 11500C. An example is clay used to make pot. Stoneware clay heated at an average temperature of 12000C until it appears like glass. An example is material used to make a stoneware mug. Porcelain -clay mixed with glass and heated at high temperature of between 12000C and 14500C. Example is material used to make a porcelain cup. Most common ceramics materials found in the locality. Ceramic tiles. Glass. Backed clay bricks. Clay tiles. Physical properties of Ceramic materials. Ceramic materials break easily when crushed. Ceramic materials are poor conductors of electricity. Ceramic materials have a hard surface which is difficult to scratch. Ceramic materials are resistant to corrosion. Ceramic materials do not absorb water. Ceramic materials do not bend. Ceramic materials do not burn. Uses of ceramic materials. In electrical and electronic engineering, ceramics are used to make items like resistors, semiconductors and inductors etc. Ceramic materials are used to make a variety of pottery items like pots and utensils. In the manufacturing industry, ceramics are used to make a variety of household utensils.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9105133148572119, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2316, "token_count": 471}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.3127134}
{"text": "In electrical and electronic engineering, ceramics are used to make items like resistors, semiconductors and inductors etc. Ceramic materials are used to make a variety of pottery items like pots and utensils. In the manufacturing industry, ceramics are used to make a variety of household utensils. Ceramics are used in plumbing works to make drainage installations and sanitary fittings such as toilets and wash basins,In construction, ceramics like bricks and tiles are used in building construction for walling, roofing and finishing materials. In beautification, ceramics are used to produce items like flower vase, lamp stand and souvenirs. STRAND 4 -TOOLS AND PRODUCTION. 4.1 Cutting tools. Identify and uses of various cutting tools. A cutting tool is a device that is used to chop, split, shape or remove excess materials from a workpiece. The common cutting tools are as follows:Knife-a small tool that has a sharp metal blade fastened to a handle. Its purpose is to cut cords, cutting and scrapping hides, reshaping timber, carving, cutting paper and kitchen work. Utility knife Skiving knifePanga-it is also called a machete. It is a tool made of a broad metallic blade with shapes. Used to chop wood as well as cut tree branches, shrubs and long weeds. Mainly used in fields of woodwork, construction and gardening. Axe-an axe is a woodwork tool. It is used to cut, split and shape wood. It is used to in the woodwork conversion industry as well as in the stone carving industry. Scissors-it is a tool that has to blades joined together at the middle so that the sharp edges can slide each other. They are of different types such as tailors scissors, barber s scissors, paper scissors and surgical scissors. They are used for cutting cloth, foil and paper, among othersScissors are used in fields like textile, medicine, beauty and leisure industry. Shears-a tool that has two blades joined together at the middle so that the sharp blades slide against each other,They are of different types. They are used to cut tough materials like leather, canvas and rubber. Shears are used by workers in leather industry, furniture industry and interior design. Carton shears. Leather shears. Snips-they are hand tools used to cut sheet metals and other tough materials. They come in different sizes. Mainly used in area such as construction, sheet metal work and leather industry.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9138839082111418, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2389, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.3278174}
{"text": "Snips-they are hand tools used to cut sheet metals and other tough materials. They come in different sizes. Mainly used in area such as construction, sheet metal work and leather industry. Secateurs-also called pruning shears-It is a cutting tool that looks like a pair of strong, heavy scissors. Used to prune flowers and small branches of shrubs, Main used in gardening and landscaping among others. Hand saw-a hand tool with toothed edge. Comes in different types. Main used in the field of woodwork, carpentry, gardening and building construction. Used to:Cut wood and wood products. Cat joints in carpentry and woodwork. Prune trees and large shrubs. Hack saw-it is a cutting tool made of thin blade held across a frame. Used to cut through thin materials such as plastic or metal pipes in the fields of plumbing, steel fixing, electrical installations and metal workPlane- a general purpose woodwork tool for smothering the surface of timber by removing excess material. It is used for shaving wood to provide uniformity to the wooden surface. Mainly used in carpentry and woodwork. Chisel-a hand tool with a characteristic shaped cutting edge of blade on its ends. Comes in different types. Used for carving, cutting and shaping hard materials such as wood, stone or metal. Used in fields like woodwork, metal work, masonry and stone carving. Cold chisel Wood chisel Stone chiselStrap cutter-it is a handheld tool with a sharp blade. Used to cut long lengths of leather materials into consistent widths. It is used in the leather industry to cut strap blanks such as belts, guitar straps etc. Bolt cutter-it is a tool with two handles and two short blades. It is used to cut bolts, chains, padlocks and wire mesh. Mainly used in mechanical engineering and metal work. Pipe cutter-also called tube cutter, a pipe cutter us a type of tool used by plumbers to cut pipes. Pipe cutters come in different shapes and designs. It is used to cut pipes and tubes. Pipe cutters come in different shapes and sizes. Mainly used by plumbers and other tradespeople. Scrapper- it is a hand tool that has a small handle and a metallic or plastic blade, Used to remove a wide range of materials from various surfaces such as walls and floors. Care for cutting tools.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9140088105726872, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2270, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.3558557}
{"text": "Mainly used by plumbers and other tradespeople. Scrapper- it is a hand tool that has a small handle and a metallic or plastic blade, Used to remove a wide range of materials from various surfaces such as walls and floors. Care for cutting tools. Caring for cutting tools is the process of keeping them in good condition even when they are not being used. Some of the ways of caring for cutting tools in the work environment are: Inspect tools regularly as some manufacturers have specific instructions for how to use cutting tools that are the right size and type for the job. Follow the correct procedure for using every cutting tool. Keep your cutting tools, sharp and in good condition. Always carry pointed tools with the points and heavy ends facing down. Never carry cutting tools in your pocket. Keep your punches and chisels in good conditions because mushroomed heads can slip and cause injuries. Don t use a cutting tool without a handle. Clean the cutting tool after use and return it to its proper storage place. Never place cutting tools where they hang on the edge of a bench. Store cutting tools vertically, with the points and heavy end facing down. Frequently clean and oil your scissors, snips and shears. Fit protective guards to sharp edges to prevent injury to you and damage to the tool. Importance of Cutting Tools. The importance of cutting tools in a work environment includes: Cutting tools enable workers to cut, shape and remove materials like metals, wood and plastics among others for use to make desired items in different work environment. It enables preservation of extra material from workplace. This enables the worker to only use materials that is required to make an item and leave the rest for others uses, thus lowering of cost of production. Cutting tools like saws, drills and blades are designed to make accurate cuts. They enable a worker achieve specific dimensions, angles and shapes required for a particular task or project. Cutting tools improve the appearance of items made by removing excess materials making the surface smoother. Working tools are used to accurately cut workpieces and their joints to the required size and shape. This enables the cut pieces and joints to fit properly. Some cutting tools have specialized uses.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9155804920155374, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2317, "token_count": 486}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.3978393}
{"text": "Working tools are used to accurately cut workpieces and their joints to the required size and shape. This enables the cut pieces and joints to fit properly. Some cutting tools have specialized uses. For example, mechanical workplaces, specialize cutting tools are used for shaping and modifying components and body parts for vehicle and building among others. 4.2 - Production UnitA production unit is a business enterprise that uses economic resources to provide goods and services for sale, with aim of making a profit. Examples of production units in your locality. Posho milli. Salon. Barber shop. Welding. Cybercafe etc. Factors that determine the size of a production unit:Volume of output large unit produce goods on large scale while small unit produce goods in small scale. Area covered by the premises a unit covering large floor area is considered large while a unit covering a small floor area is considered small. Number of workers -a large unit has many workers while a small unit has few workers. Methods of production- highly mechanized unit with capital-intensive method of production are considered large. Small unit uses labour-intensive methods. Size of the market controlled- when a business controls a large portion of the total market, it is considered big. When a business controls a small portion of the total market, it is considered small. Capital invested- if a lot of capital is invested in a unit, it is considered big. Incase small amount of capital is invested in a unit; it means that the unit is small. Volume of sales- large units make large amount of sales, while small units make small amounts of sales. Factors to consider when locating a production unit. Access to raw materials- raw materials should be readily available at affordable. Availability of labour-skilled and unskilled labour should be easy to access. Market-production units are usually located close to the market to cut on distribution costs. Government policies-to encourage production, the government may implement policies such as reduced taxes on imported raw materials, providing free land and building supporting infrastructure for business. Such like policies could be aimed at influencing location of production units in certain areas. Access to electricity and water supply-these are important in the operations of productions units. Access to supporting services such as banking, insurance and warehousing. Access to social amenities to be used by employees and their family. STRAND 5- ENTERPRENEURSHIP. 5.1 Bookkeeping.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9154820548909219, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2548, "token_count": 492}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.3859615}
{"text": "Access to social amenities to be used by employees and their family. STRAND 5- ENTERPRENEURSHIP. 5.1 Bookkeeping. Book keeping -This is the practice of recording and tracking on a regular basis the financial transactions of a business. It is done to keep records of a business which can be used anytime in decision making. Importance of Book keeping in entrepreneurship. Making accurate budgeting possible. Book keeping provides important information that helps in Helps an entrepreneur prepare for taxes. Book keeping maintain organized records in a business. It also enables proper reporting to investors, aiding in setting and monitoring business goals, ensuring compliance with government regulations. Book keeping reveals the financial status of a business. Classifying business transactions in entrepreneurship. Business transactions in entrepreneurship can be classified as:Cash transactions. Credit transactions. Cash transaction- is a transaction where payment is settled immediately. Credit transaction is a transaction in which payment is settled or done at a later date as agreed by the parties. Advantages of cash transaction. It is simple and faster. Use of cash transactions makes it easier to budget and stick to it. It helps to avoid any additional charges. Personal information is protected. Disadvantages of cash transactions. Carrying large amount of money can be risky making parties involved vulnerable to theft and robbery. May involve cases of fake money being used. Advantages of Credit transactions. It provides a record of transactions. Disadvantages of credit transactions. Customers may go bankrupt and fail to pay as agreed earlier. Credit transaction may come with charges and interests. Calculating assets, liabilities and Capital using the Bookkeeping formula. What is an asset? Assets are resources belonging to a business. They are things owned by the business. Examples of assets include:Money in hand cash Money in bank accounts. Properties such as buildings, machinery, furniture, crops and livestock, motor vehicles, tock or goods for sale. Money other businesses owes you. What is a liability? Liabilities are debts you owe other business and other people. Main examples of liabilities are:Creditors money owed by the business to supplier Bank loans. Bank overdrafts. What is Capital? Capital is the amount of investment the business owner put or used to start a certain business. Book keeping formulaAssets liabilities capital. To calculate the Assets:Calculate all the liabilities and adding them to the capital.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9187070613358074, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2578, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.413942}
{"text": "Capital is the amount of investment the business owner put or used to start a certain business. Book keeping formulaAssets liabilities capital. To calculate the Assets:Calculate all the liabilities and adding them to the capital. That means for one to find the capital used to start a certain business they have to calculate all the liabilities and subtract from all the total assets owned by the business. 5.2 Income Budgeting. Income-this is the money earned on a regular basis as payment of work done or as earning from an investment or business. A person can earn income when employed or self-employed. Categories of income sources. Active sources of income. This are income sources that require one to work to earn from them. Examples of active sources of income are:Fees. Wages. Salaries. Passive sources of income. These are sources of income resulting from work done to create an asset, painting or a block. These sources generate income for the owner without the person actively participating in the income generating process. Examples of passive sources of income are:Rent. Dividends. Interest. Royalties income earned from abilities and talents such as musician. Importance of budgeting in day-to day life. A budget is an estimate of how one plans to spend income over a certain period of time. Budgeting is the process of making a plan on how to spend income. Importance of budgeting. Helps one to have a clear picture of the amount of income that one had and how to spend it. Helps to control spending, therefore enables people to live within their means. Helps one to make and implement a saving plan. Helps to identify and avoid unnecessary expenses. Ways of Spending money wisely in day-to-day life. Spending is the act of using money to pay for goods and services. Spending money wisely is about strictly buying items on budget and purchasing them at reasonable prices. One should make a priority list with items to spend money on. Some ways in which money is spend include:Paying for basic needs such as food, clothes, water and healthcare. Paying rent. Paying school fees. Impulsive buying this is the tendency to buy items that a person had not planned for. Ways of spending money wisely in day-to-day life. Make a budget and stick to it. Find out the prices of items in various shops and market for comparison purpose. Avoid impulsive buying by only purchasing items that are budgeted for.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9130532296650719, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2432, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.44442}
{"text": "Make a budget and stick to it. Find out the prices of items in various shops and market for comparison purpose. Avoid impulsive buying by only purchasing items that are budgeted for. Buy in cash and make sure you carry enough cash for what you want to buy. Buying items on discount. Preparing a simple budget for personal finance management. A format of budget sample. Step 1: list all your income of the month. Step 2: list all things you want to spend money on and their prices. Start with the most urgent needs to the least urgent wants. Step 3: Calculate the total cost of all the items you want to buy. Compare the total cost with the total amount to be spent, in your budget. If the total cost exceeds your budget, adjust your list by removing the least important items. Step 4: Buy the items you have budgeted for. Sale of dairy products 15,300. Sale of poultry products 15,000. Sale of vegetables 5,500. Expenses Amount Ksh. Savings 4,000. Food 5,000. Rent 8,000. School fees 7,500. Medical insurance 500. Transport 2,000. Airtime 1,500. Television subscription 800. Internet 2,000. Donations to charity 1,000. Entertainment 1,500. Task. Calculate Mr. Gitau s total: a. Income:Income 15,300 15,000 3500 sh.33,800. B. Expenses. Expenses 400 5000 8000 7500 500 2000 1500 800 2000 1000 1500 sh.30,200. Ethical and unethical practices in budgeting and spending. Ethical practices in budgeting and spending include:Make budget and strictly following it. Balance income and expenses and adjusting to situations accordingly. Determining the amount one needs to save before spending money. Avoiding to carry excess cash when going for shopping. Unethical practices in budgeting and spending include:Unethical practices are bad behaviours or practices people adopt when spending money. These practices include:Spending money without a budget. Making a budget and not strictly following it. Misusing money because of bad influence, for example, entertaining friends when family needs have not been met. Postponing paying bills and clearing debts when one has money.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8288919091519429, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2076, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.455674}
{"text": "Making a budget and not strictly following it. Misusing money because of bad influence, for example, entertaining friends when family needs have not been met. Postponing paying bills and clearing debts when one has money. Accumulating many unnecessary debts. 5.3 -Marketing of Goods Services. Meaning and importance of marketing. A market is where buyers and sellers interact to facilitate the exchange of goods and services. Marketing is the process of promoting and selling goods and services. Consumer is any person who buys goods and services for their personal use. Goods, produces and services offered should target a specific market or consumers of the goods or services. Marketing should target specific consumers. Sources of information about the market and its potential customers. Sources of information about the market and its potential customers include the following:Family and friends. Internet from websites and social media platforms or sites. Mass media such as radio, television and newspapers. Business dealings in similar products and services. Organisations that conduct research about markets. Customers of business dealings in similar products. Factors to Consider when selecting a suitable market for goods and services. The number of traders selling goods and services that are similar. Accessibility of the market. Consumers taste and preferences-levels of income and living standards. The living standard of consumers. Consumer potential-involves considering consumers spending habits, consumers purchasing potential. Competition-one must consider the extent o competition as well as the strength of the competitor. Market size-one needs to access whether the market is large enough for him to capture market share. Demographic trends such as size, level of income. Marital status. Market cost and budget. Physical infrastructure. Market acceptance. ICT Platforms used for marketing goods and services. The following platforms are used for marketing goods and services. Mobile phones that are used to communicate with consumers who are in different places. Radios are used to advertise and promote goods to many consumers. Television can be used to market goods and services to the consumers. Social media such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter among others have become the best platforms to market goods and services. Internet provides platforms for marketing goods and services through online newspapers and magazines. Emails can be used to market goods and services. Methods of gathering information about the market and its potential customers:Observation-watch and note people behaviours to know their taste and preferences. Interviews-involves questions and answers. Surveys-gather information by asking targeted questions to a sample group of people. Focus on group discussions-gather information from a group of people who represents target market.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRE-TECHNICAL-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.925775430455489, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2888, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.5124967}
{"text": "GRADE 7 CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS TERM 1 LESSON NOTESIntroduction to Creative Arts and Sports. What is creative arts? Creative Arts is a description of various artistic activities that allow performers to use their imaginations, creativity, and express ideas through a variety of mediums to passage a message to the audience. What is sports? A sport is any activity involving physical or mental effort combined with skills in which an individual or a team or teams compete against another or others for entertainment. ROLES OF CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS IN THE SOCIETY. Social roles of Creative arts Sports. Creates a sense of identity-bring people together, creating shared experiences that help to foster a sense of community and collective identity. Creative arts and sports promote cohesion through teamwork. Through creative arts and sports culture is preserved-it ensures that our history and traditions are not forgotten, and that future generations can appreciate and learn from them. Creative arts and sports provide provides us with entertainment through components such as music, dance, drama, narratives, films and movies, various sports i.e., soccer, basketball, netball, volley ball. Economic roles of Creative arts and Sports. Creative arts and sports provide employment opportunities such as artists, musicians, referees, sports coaches, sports doctors, choreographers. Trainers, teachers etc. One can earn income through activities related to creative arts and sports hence eradicating poetry. Through creative arts and sports, a country can earn or generate tax revenue. Boosts revenue collection Creative arts and sports attract investments which in turn increases job opportunities. Creative arts and sports stimulate growth of economy through sectors such as tourism. Encourages tourism Components of Creative Arts and Sports. Creative arts is made of the following components:Visual arts -creative art forms appreciated through sense of sight such as; Play - a written work that tells a story through action and speech and is meant to be acted on a stage. Music - Music is a collection of coordinated sound or sounds. Making music is the process of putting sounds and tones in an order, often combining them to create a unified compositionDance dance is the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion. Principles of Visual arts. There are two principles of visual arts namely:Principle of dominance in Visual Arts.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9196983632143271, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2537, "token_count": 489}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.525246}
{"text": "Making music is the process of putting sounds and tones in an order, often combining them to create a unified compositionDance dance is the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion. Principles of Visual arts. There are two principles of visual arts namely:Principle of dominance in Visual Arts. Dominance is when a single element is so large and or different compared to the rest of the design that it dominates. It grabs your attention. Famous examples include the London Eye that dominates the skyline of London or the Ashoka Lions that dominate the Indian Passport and other official documents. Principle of Proportion in Visual arts. Proportion refers to the dimensions of a composition and relationships between height, width and depth. How proportion is used will affect how realistic or stylized. Proportion also describes how the sizes of different parts of a piece of art or design relate to each other. Proportion in any art is the relative size of objects in relation to each other or corresponding to the other elements as a whole. Basic Elements of a play. The theme refers to the message meaning that is intended to be expressed in the story. In other words, it is the main idea or the lesson to be learned from the story. Examples of themes in plays include: justice, loyalty. Drugs, bullying, human rights etc. Character- this is a person or individual taking part in the play or drama that may have defined personal qualities and or histories. Plot- A plot is a sequence of events within a play that tells a story. A plot is what makes a story. Five components make up a plot: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. Conflict and theme help drive the plot forward. Language- Language in drama is represented as spoken language or, in other words, as speech. In drama, language refers to the particular manner of verbal expression, the diction or style of writing, or the speech or phrasing that suggests a class or profession or type of character. Setting- The setting is the time and place in which the story takes placeElements of Music in Creative Arts. Sound-any tone with characteristics such as controlled pitch and timbreRhythm- Rhythm is the pattern of sound, silence, and emphasis in a songMelody- a melody is a combination of pitch and rhythm.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9163818257607337, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2399, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.5164006}
{"text": "In drama, language refers to the particular manner of verbal expression, the diction or style of writing, or the speech or phrasing that suggests a class or profession or type of character. Setting- The setting is the time and place in which the story takes placeElements of Music in Creative Arts. Sound-any tone with characteristics such as controlled pitch and timbreRhythm- Rhythm is the pattern of sound, silence, and emphasis in a songMelody- a melody is a combination of pitch and rhythm. Harmony-harmony, in music, the sound of two or more notes heard simultaneously. Elements of Dance in Creative Arts. Body - In dance, the body is the mobile figure or shape, felt by the dancer, seen by others. The body is sometimes relatively still and sometimes changing as the dancer moves in place or travels through the dance area. The body is the mobile instrument of the dancer and helps inform us of what is moving. Action This is what a dancer does, for example travelling, turning, elevation, gesture, stillness, use of body parts, floor-work and the transference of weightSpace Space refers to the area through which the dancer's body moves. Time - It is an essential part of choreographing and performing dance. It helps us to stay together when we dance in unison, identify the beat and the rhythm of how we move and provide stimulus for choreography. CATEGORIES OF ARTSARTS - This is a general term used to describe expression of creative human skill, feeling and imaginations. This is mainly appreciated for beauty and emotional value. The arts can be experienced through the following:Sense of lightHearingTouchSmellTasteEntrepreneurshipThis is the process of setting up, developing and running a business with the aim of getting profit. It requires marketing goods, services and new ideas in order to make profit. 1. Visual artsThese are arts forms appreciated through the sense of sight. They are appreciated for their emotional power and beauty e.g. Drawing paintingmontagecollageApplied ArtsApplied Arts are related to visual arts but involved making anddecorating of everyday items. These items are for practical use or utilitarian purposesPerforming ArtsPerforming arts involves performance or presentation to the audience.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9170297271412745, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2266, "token_count": 483}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.544729}
{"text": "They are appreciated for their emotional power and beauty e.g. Drawing paintingmontagecollageApplied ArtsApplied Arts are related to visual arts but involved making anddecorating of everyday items. These items are for practical use or utilitarian purposesPerforming ArtsPerforming arts involves performance or presentation to the audience. Artist use the following in performing artsBody movementFacial expressionVoices artistic expressionIt can be done live to an audience or recorded for future useWritten or Literacy artThis writing of stories that have artistic and cultural value. They display the beauty of speech and language to convey meaning. It may be inform of stories novels, script writing and spoken films and poetry. The main reason for doing research is to get new information about a specific area. It also help you get different views and what people think about an issue. Researching on the categories of art will enable you find out about a wide area in the Art. 1. PERFORMING ARTSIntroduction to Performing Arts Basic ElementsActivity 1: Defining Performing Arts Performing Arts can be defined as cultural and creative activities prepared and staged for an audience. Activity 2: Identifying the Various Disciplines of Performing ArtsThere are different genres of Performing Arts namely music, drama, dance, film and elocution. They can also be referred to as the disciplines of Performing Arts. Each discipline is divided into smaller areas, for example music vocal and instrumental music , drama skit and play , dance Creative and folk dances , film documentaries, fiction films and elocution verse, narrative . These are known as the genres of Performing Arts. Ln some cases, several disciplines can be used together in a particular performance. For example, songs can be used in narratives and skits to make them more interesting poetry is used with background music, while a movie trailer uses drama, film and music. Activity 3: Discussing the Importance of Performing Arts in SocietyPerforming Arts are used as a medium of self-expression. Through Performing Arts, talents are identified and developed. Performing Arts are a source of entertainment. They promote cultural appreciation, unity and cohesion when people come together to watch a performancePerforming Arts enables the learner to develop skills that can help him or her to solve the issues and challenges of everyday life.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9188642625327075, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2437, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.596184}
{"text": "Through Performing Arts, talents are identified and developed. Performing Arts are a source of entertainment. They promote cultural appreciation, unity and cohesion when people come together to watch a performancePerforming Arts enables the learner to develop skills that can help him or her to solve the issues and challenges of everyday life. Importance of doing research of artPreparation for a presentationFactors to consider when making preparation and presentation of art research . 1. Relevance of the contentIt is important that the information in the presentation is relevant to the main topic. This help in preventing the speaker and the audience from talking about things not related to them. The information should be well organized starting from what the audience knows to providing new informationOral presentationWhen making oral presentation, use appropriate language and expressions. Remember also to maintain eye contact with the audience. Team workEvery member of the group should actively participate in the activities. All members should take part in carrying out tasks during presentations. These includes: preparations, organization sample artwork, operating the equipment and answering questions from the audience. All members should demonstrate respect for one another and unity when carrying out the group activity. Guidelines to follow when making a presentation on categories of arts1. Introductions Introduce yourself and member of the group to the audience. Give the tittle of the presentation. 2. Body of the presentationDiscuss the meaning of the artsGive as many examples of the arts as possibleShow actual samples, pictures or drawing to emphasize your points Demonstrate where necessaryConclusionAsk the audience whether there are questions of contributionsAnswer the questions confidently, ask other group members, the audience of the teacher if you are not able to give a response to the question. When there are not more questions, thank the audience for the co- operation. Presentation and appreciation categories of arts A presentation involves talking to an audience about the topic, an idea or a product. The main purpose of a presentation is to pass information and persuade an audience about a certain idea or topic. Elements of presentation Speaker of the presenterThe role of the presenter is to communicate with the audience. The speaker also controls the presentation. The presenter should involve the audience and other members of the group during presentation. The audienceThese are people the presenter will communicate with. It is important to maintain attention of the audience by involving them through questions and asking them to participate in some activities.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.924594814556447, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2745, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.6092415}
{"text": "The presenter should involve the audience and other members of the group during presentation. The audienceThese are people the presenter will communicate with. It is important to maintain attention of the audience by involving them through questions and asking them to participate in some activities. The contentThis is the information you will pass to the audience. The resources used in the presentationThese may include o samples of artwork o presentation software o chartso postersCareer pathways in the artsCareer pathways - is an area of study taken so as to lead and prepare someone for a specific career. The arts is a wide a field that has very many opportunities. Careers in the art range from traditional fine art emerging digital and media design. The artist therefore, has an opportunity to choose a career pathway that is interesting and suits their individual abilities in the world of work. Careers Path in Secondary schoolThe arts are offered as two subjects in lower secondary: performing and Visual arts. Performing arts include: - musicdancetheatre and filmVisual and applied art: - fine artapplied arttime based mediaPupil s activities Pg. 10Presentation on career pathways in the ArtWhen making a presentation on the career in the arts, follow the same procedure as in the categories of the arts. Make sure you have done a good research and that you have enough point for the presentation. Present your points in a simple and clear language that everyone will understand. Present your points in the simple and clear language that everyone will understand. Be careful when talking in a simple and eye contact with your audience. Respect others and appreciate their contributions. Categories of Visual ArtsThe visual arts can be classified as either two dimensional or three dimensional. The two dimensional art forms can be also written as 2D, while three dimensional written as 3D. The 2D FormsThese are art forms that only have length and width. These artworks are done on flat surfaces and have no depth. Examples of 2D artwork are:DrawingPaintingMontageThe 3D arts FormsThese are artwork with length, width and heightThese types of artwork have volumeThey can be turned around and viewed from more than one direction. Some examples of 3D artwork are:PotteryBasketryOrnamentsPresentation on the categories of 2D and 3d Arts Pupils activities page 19.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9110046742454845, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2408, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.6295946}
{"text": "These artworks are done on flat surfaces and have no depth. Examples of 2D artwork are:DrawingPaintingMontageThe 3D arts FormsThese are artwork with length, width and heightThese types of artwork have volumeThey can be turned around and viewed from more than one direction. Some examples of 3D artwork are:PotteryBasketryOrnamentsPresentation on the categories of 2D and 3d Arts Pupils activities page 19. Creating and Performing in Creative Arts and Sports Composing rhythmRhythmActivity 1: Clapping Rhythmic Patterns Incorporating the SemiquaverA quaver is half the value of the crotchet. A semiquaver is half the value of a quaverTwo quavers make a crotchet while, four semiquavers make a crotchet. The rhythmic patterns that include the semiquaver in simple tune are ta-fa-te-fe, ta-tefe and ta-fa-teActivity 2: Aurally Recognizing Rhythmic Patterns with Semiquavers and Their Corresponding RestsClass ActivityWith the help of your teacher, listen to various pieces of music and identity where the semiquavers are round. In small groups, sing songs that have the semiquaver patterns. Recite the following rhythmic patterns using French Rhythm names and clap them. Use common words or names of the members in the class to practise the rhythmic patterns with semiquavers, for example: apple juice, ripe mango, mama mboga etc. Activity 3: Grouping Notes into Beats in Simple TimeNotes of small value such as quavers and semiquavers are joined together to form a crotchet beat. This is known as grouping notes. A horizontal line, known as a beam, is used to connect two or more notes of small value to form a crotchet beat. The number of beams in a group is equal to the number of flags or tails in the separate notes. The following shows how the notes are grouped into beats. NoteMusic is made up of strong and weak beats. The strong beat is shown by the use of a symbol known as an accent insert The strong beat can recur every two, three or four beats. With the help of your teacher, clap the rhythmic patterns below, stressing the strong beats in each.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.906854623907948, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2080, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.638966}
{"text": "NoteMusic is made up of strong and weak beats. The strong beat is shown by the use of a symbol known as an accent insert The strong beat can recur every two, three or four beats. With the help of your teacher, clap the rhythmic patterns below, stressing the strong beats in each. The repetition of the strong beat after either two, three or four beats is known as meter. In written music short vertical lines, known as bar lines, are used to separate the groups of beats into twos, threes or fours. These groups of beats are known as bars. The first beat of every bar is accented and double bar lines are used at the end. The meter of music is shown using a symbol of two numbers, one on top of the other. This is a called a time signature. The top number shows the number of beats in a bar and the bottom number shows the value of the beats. The number 4 is used at the bottom because there are four crotchet beats in a semibreve. The commonly used meters are simple duple, simple triple and simple quadruple time. The strong beat can occur after 2 beats, 3 beats and 4 beats. Activity 4: Writing Rhythms in Simple Time on Monotone. Can You Recall? A time signature is a symbol made up of two numbers that shows the meter of a piece of music. Music is divided into strong and weak beats. The strong beats occur after every bar line. Grouping of notes makes it easier to read music. Group ActivityWith the help of your teacher, write down 2-bar rhythms in simple time on monotone. Use all the rhythmic patterns you have learnt so farTake turns clapping your written rhythms. You can also take turns to tap and write down each other's rhythms. Your teacher will assist you to write down the rhythms of familiar songs in simple timeActivity 5: Appreciating Music in Simple TimeClass ActivityListen to the song \"pease porridge hot\" played by your teacher:With the help of your teacher, study the song to find out what its time signature is. Practise beating time for the different time signatures. The conducting patterns in simple duple, triple and quadruple. Listen to a variety of excerpts that will be played by your teacher. You will be assisted to beat time for each of them. Individual ActivityListen carefully to the rhythmic patterns which will be played by your teacher.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9057392183721301, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2287, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.6690927}
{"text": "Ensure the javelin is parallel to the ground. Look at the direction of your through. Approach runAfter you have the javelin in position, begin running towards your target with the javelinKeep your hips high and down on the balls of your feetLet your free arms swing across your bodyExtend the arm carrying the javelin fully behind you. Keep your head facing in the direction of your targetTurn so that the left side of your body faces your target. Cross over. Place yourright foot on the ground and your left foot forward and elevated. Put your right ahead in a lean back positionsPull the javelin back a little further so that the tip is lined up with your eyebrowsKeep the right foot close to the groundLet the right heel touch the groundAs the right foot moves forward, move the left foot up and lean your trunk back at 115 degree angle. Place your right foot on the ground and you left leg forward and elevatedDirect your shoulder and hips towards your left target. Wait for your left foot to touch the groundStraighten your torsoTurn your face toward the direction of the throw with the javelin parallel to your shoulderPosition your throwing and hand above shoulder level. ReleaseThrough the javelin with your arms as high as possiblePlant you left heels and thrust forward with your right footPull back with your left arm keeping it parallel to your right shoulderMove your throwing shoulder over your left legLift your left leg and move your throwing arm, with the elbow placed high and close to the midline. Release the javelin with your arm over your head in front of you. Follow throughLet your throwing arm travel diagonally across your body. For examples if you are throwing with your right arms, it should end up infront of your left side. Keep your left foot on the ground. Let the right leg pass the left foot and then stop you. Finish by standing on your right foot, with your left leg up behind you. Your right shoulder will turn left, with your chest facing to the left. PUPILS ACTIVITIESLearner to discuss various drills in javelin with the guidance of the teacherKLB TOP SCHOLAR PAG 47Creating and Performing in Creative Arts and Sports Composing MelodyMelodyActivity 1: Identifying Qualities of a Good MelodyThe melodies move in stepwise motion with a few leaps.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9160411037013165, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2316, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.6903715}
{"text": "Finish by standing on your right foot, with your left leg up behind you. Your right shoulder will turn left, with your chest facing to the left. PUPILS ACTIVITIESLearner to discuss various drills in javelin with the guidance of the teacherKLB TOP SCHOLAR PAG 47Creating and Performing in Creative Arts and Sports Composing MelodyMelodyActivity 1: Identifying Qualities of a Good MelodyThe melodies move in stepwise motion with a few leaps. The melodies begin on notes d, m or s and end on d. They have a good melodic contour. They have several rhythmic patterns. Activity 2: Interpreting 4-bar Melodies in Simple TimeSing the melodies below and take note of the melodic contourTo interpret a melody, the following should be done:Identify the clef, key signature and time signature. Tap the rhythms of the melody. Write tonic sol-fas of the melody below the staff. Remember \"doh' is the note that gives the key its name, for example, in C major, doh is C,Practise singing the tonic sol-fas of the melody, first in crotchets and then using the correct rhythm. Notice the movement of successive notes in each of the melodies. Stepwise motion is where the interval between any two neighbouring notes is not more than a step on the scale. In some cases there can be more than a step between two successive notes of a melody. This type of motion is called skipwise motion or movement by leaps. Each melody has a shape, which depends on the successive movement of notes. A melody can move upwards, downwards, in waves forming a curve and so on. This is referred to as the melodic shape or contour. Activity 3: Creating 1-bar Melodies in Simple Time on Treble ClefThings To RememberBefore you begin creating a melody, you should: draw the staff, add the treble clef, write the key signature of the scale you want to use, and write the time signature you will use. Work in PairsWhat are the qualities of a good melody as was discussed in the previous activity? Practise Writing a 4-bar melody in simple time in major scales of C, G, D and A. Sing or play the melody you have created. Describe the melodic motion and shape or contour.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9042788322574429, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2140, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.7136066}
{"text": "Practise Writing a 4-bar melody in simple time in major scales of C, G, D and A. Sing or play the melody you have created. Describe the melodic motion and shape or contour. What is the first and the last note in each of the melodies? Activity 4: Playing or Singing Melodies Created by Self and OthersCan You Recall? What are the qualities of a good melody? Work in pairsTake turns to play each other's melodies. Discuss the qualities in each of the melodies played. Group Activity With the guidance of your teacher, use mobile apps or computer software to create, notate and play back 4-bar melodies. Activity 5: Appreciating Melodies Composed by Self and OthersListen and LearnYou have created 4-bar melodies in simple time in the major scales of C, G, D and AIn pairs, take turns to sing or play or use: digital devices to listen to and appraise each other's melodies. Take turns to sing your melodies to the class. Creating and Performing in Creative Arts and Sports HandballHandball Passes and reception in handballPassing is delivering the ball to a team mate during play in a handball game. Passing the ball helps in;Speeding up the gameCreating scoring chancesBreaking tight defenseReleasing pressure during playExpressing creative abilities during playQualities of a good passAccurate so that a player has no problem catching the ball. Fast and timely to exploit the play chance promptly. Useful a pass should be directed to that player whose position may disadvantage the opponent. Types of passesThere are three types of passes, namely;Jump passSide passFlick pass1. Jump passA jump pass is where a player leaps in to the air and throws the ball to a teammate before landing. It is completed at the peak of the jump with a player in control releasing the ball to the teammateStages of execution in jump pass a. PreparationTake off from the ground either on a single or double foot. Bring the passing arm high and back above the level of the headBring the non- passing arm slightly in front of your body Keep shoulders high and head up b. ExecutionAs you bring the passing arm forward to release the ball, pull the non-passing arm backwards at hip level.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.907309200696147, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2199, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.7306342}
{"text": "PreparationTake off from the ground either on a single or double foot. Bring the passing arm high and back above the level of the headBring the non- passing arm slightly in front of your body Keep shoulders high and head up b. ExecutionAs you bring the passing arm forward to release the ball, pull the non-passing arm backwards at hip level. Release the ball to your teammate with a follow through and wrist action. 2. Side passA side pass is also known as wrist passes and is the most common way of passing the ball across the width of the court. This movement is called ball circulation. Stages of execution in side passa. PreparationStand with feet slightly closer together than shoulder-width apart from the target,the receiver should be on your right or left sideHold the ball on the passing hand with palm facing downIf the pass is to be made at the right side, hold the ball with the right hand , if the pass is to be made on the left side, hold the ball with the left handb. Executionswing the passing arm across the body from left to right when passing towards the right directionrelease the ball with full extension of the arm with a wrist actionstep sideways towards the direction of the pass for a follow- through3. Flick passA flick pass is an action made using the passing arm which quickly propels the ball forward. The release action of the ball is terminated with a forward wrist action. A. PreparationTake a staggered stance with the leg of the non- passing arm leading. Hold the ball with one hand in an open palm, fingers well spread behind it at shoulder levelThe non-passing arm should be extended outwards for balanceEyes should be focused on the target b. ExecutionStep with trailing foot forwardPush the ball forward towards the receiverRelease the ball by flexing the wrist and the fingers forward for a follow- through. This generates power to propel the ball and give it directions. ReceptionReception is the act of receiving the ball with one or both hands. The catch may vary from high level to medium or low level. Points for reception of the balla. PreparationStand on the balls of your feet shoulder-width apart facing the direction of the ball.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9139764270199054, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2208, "token_count": 482}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.7459853}
{"text": "The catch may vary from high level to medium or low level. Points for reception of the balla. PreparationStand on the balls of your feet shoulder-width apart facing the direction of the ball. Extend your hands towards the ballMove forward to meet the oncoming ballKeep your arms pointed towards the ballYour hands should form a tunnel shape of a W formation ready to receive the ball. Preparation to catchb. TerminationOn contact with the ball, wrap the fingers around it and bend the elbows bring the ball towards the chest. Ensure the thumbs are behind the ball and get in to a ready position for your next action. Drills in hand ballsDrill 1: jump passingIn pairs, stand apart. Take three steps toward your partner and then take offPass the ball using a jump pass and walk back to your siting positionYour partner also takes three steps and then passes te ball back to you using a jump pass. Drill 2. Flick passIn groups of four, stand in a square formation, ass the ball around the square using flick. Drill 3: two line drillPlayer to form two linesThe leaders pass the ball using a flick passAfter making the pass, the leader joins the line from behindEnsure everyone get a chance to pass the ballSide pass drillsDrill 1: side passingIn pairs, stand 3m apart side by side. Pass the ball to one another using a wrist passDrill 2: pass curveIn groups of four, stand three meters apart in a semi-circleThe player with the ball to be at the extreme endPass the ball from right to left without skipping any playerWhen the ball reaches the end, pass the ball back to the leftDrill 3: down court drillIn pairs, stand 3 m apart facing the goal, walk down the court passing the ball using the side pass. Change the pace to a jog and continue passing the ball each other up and down the courtPupils activity Pg. 22Footwork in handball Principles of good landingLanding on the balls of the feetKnees should be slightly bent to cushion the shock on the impact of landingThis is also referred to as knee- deep landing. Stepping progression skills in handballDrill 1: individually jump, catch a ball and land on one foot.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9022111274524426, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2147, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.763478}
{"text": "Change the pace to a jog and continue passing the ball each other up and down the courtPupils activity Pg. 22Footwork in handball Principles of good landingLanding on the balls of the feetKnees should be slightly bent to cushion the shock on the impact of landingThis is also referred to as knee- deep landing. Stepping progression skills in handballDrill 1: individually jump, catch a ball and land on one foot. Drill 2: in pairs, stand 3m apart facing each other, jump, and catch a ball and land on both feetDrill 3: a the players are in circular formation passing and catching the ballb Catch the ball from a side pass land on both feet and take three steps and then pass it to the next player using a side pass. Drill 4: a the players are in a triangular formation passing and catching the ballb Catch the ball from a flick pass and land on both feet, take three steps andthen pass the ball using a flick pass. Drill 5:a in a group six form a line formationb Practice catching the ball and landing on both feet. Use a jump pass while passing. Dodging and marking in handball DodgingWhen dodging, a player may use body actions that mislead the defending player. It enables the attacking player to go past the defender and score goals with ease. MarkingMarking is a defensive action that limits the chances of attacking players gaining possession of the ball. Qualities of a good playerObservant the marking player needs to pay attention to the attackers who are likely to gain possession of the ball and drive forwardGood positioning ability to position himself or herself appropriately between the attacking player and their defending goalQuick time reaction this helps the marking player respond to unexpected tactical actions by the attacking players. Resilience and persistence the marking player should never give up on playing a defensive role. Communication good marking is a product of communicating with teammates to develop a suitable plan or approach to counter the playing actions of the attacking teamsCourageous a good marker should be courageous to withstand non-avoidable contacts that may occur during one on one tackling situationsPeripheral vision a player who is marking needs to see what is happening around him or her and not just focuses on the player being marked alone.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9112178033166994, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2334, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.8052924}
{"text": "Qualities of a good playerObservant the marking player needs to pay attention to the attackers who are likely to gain possession of the ball and drive forwardGood positioning ability to position himself or herself appropriately between the attacking player and their defending goalQuick time reaction this helps the marking player respond to unexpected tactical actions by the attacking players. Resilience and persistence the marking player should never give up on playing a defensive role. Communication good marking is a product of communicating with teammates to develop a suitable plan or approach to counter the playing actions of the attacking teamsCourageous a good marker should be courageous to withstand non-avoidable contacts that may occur during one on one tackling situationsPeripheral vision a player who is marking needs to see what is happening around him or her and not just focuses on the player being marked alone. Body feign in handballBody feigns are performed by using the trunk legs. They involve a shift of balance and weight. This can be done with or without the ball. Body feigns are used to free the player from an opponent and get a better position for receiving or passing the ball. Types of dodging technics include:Single feign dodgeDouble feign dodgeSingle feign dodgeIn group of five players, form two lines facing one another 5m apartPlayers approach each otherIn closing to one another, each of them performs a single feign to the opposite side. Leaning point for double feign dodgeTake a position at least 5m in front of an opponentMake a short run and break it with a double foot landing referred to as a zero step Lean towards either the right or left and repeat the feigning. Complete the original intended love. Drill 1: Pair feign dodgeIn pairs without the ball, stand facing each otherOne of you to practice the double feign dodgeRepeat three times and switch rolesDrill 2: Quinque drillIn groups of five, place a cone in the court and make a line facing the coneSprint to the cone and stop on zero steps, feign to the right, then left and then move to the right to receive the ball. Dribbling in handballDribbling it is a technique in handball where the player bounces the ball on the ground once or repeatedly.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.916502775314481, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2295, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.7970076}
{"text": "Complete the original intended love. Drill 1: Pair feign dodgeIn pairs without the ball, stand facing each otherOne of you to practice the double feign dodgeRepeat three times and switch rolesDrill 2: Quinque drillIn groups of five, place a cone in the court and make a line facing the coneSprint to the cone and stop on zero steps, feign to the right, then left and then move to the right to receive the ball. Dribbling in handballDribbling it is a technique in handball where the player bounces the ball on the ground once or repeatedly. Types of handball dribblingHigh dribbleLow dribbleDemonstrating low dribbleStand with the feet shoulder-width apartThe knees should be slightly bent and body weight on the balls of the feetPush the ball downwards using the wrist and the fingers for better controlThe arm of the non- dribbling hand should be extended outwards from the body for balanceUse a pump like action to bounce the ball repeatedly with the enough force so that it bounces slightly above knee level. This constitutes a low level. Control the ball by flexing the wrist and the fingersBounce the ball below knee level for a low dribbleKeep the head up and avoid looking at the ballLearning points for high dribbleStand with the feet shoulder- width apartKeep erect with a slight lean forward and body weight on the balls of the feetPush the ball downwards using the wrist and the fingers for better controlThe arm of the non-dribbling hand should be extended outwards from the body for balanceUse a pump like action to bounce the ball repeatedly with enough force so that it bounces slightly above knee level for a high. This constitutes a high dribble. Keep the head up and avoid looking at the ball. Drills of dribbling in handballDrill 1: Step and dribbleTake three steps, make one dribble and take three more steps.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9153744353248076, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1860, "token_count": 431}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.8280516}
{"text": "This constitutes a high dribble. Keep the head up and avoid looking at the ball. Drills of dribbling in handballDrill 1: Step and dribbleTake three steps, make one dribble and take three more steps. Increase the number of dribbles between three- step sectionsAt the end of the sequence, make a shot or a passDrill 2: Walking drillWalk across the court with a ball five times making a high dribbleRepeat the drill using a low dribbleDrill 3: The cone drillPlace seven cones in a line 1.5m apartIn groups of five, practice zigzag movement pattern in and out of the cones one at a timeStart with a low dribble and later a high dribbleAs you perfect the dribble, make more challenging by shortening the distance between the conesDrill 4:The court drill Individually dribble a ball along a court marking using high and low dribbles. Use a movement pattern of three high dribble and three low dribbles. SHOOTING IN HANDBALLShooting it involves throwing the ball in to the opponent s goal to make a score. Safety measures to be observed when performing shooting in handballNever aim to hit or injure the goalkeeper with the ball. Take turn and shoot one player at a timeWarm up adequately before starting the shooting activityAdhere to the instructions given by the instructorBe conscious of the nature of the floor or the ground while making a falling or a dive shot. . Types of shots in handball include:Jump shotDive shotRunning shotFalling shotLob shotDemonstrating jump shotA jump shot is where a player can shoot from a stationary position and gain horizontal distance and the releasing powerfully towards the goal at the highest point of the jump. Make a shot run with a maximum of three steps while gripping the ballMake a single foot take off in the last step for an upward thrust. Bend the other leg at the knee for more force upward. Demonstration for a running shortRunning shot is executed while the player is in motion making the three steps progression.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9111050603333548, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1994, "token_count": 465}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.817468}
{"text": "Make a shot run with a maximum of three steps while gripping the ballMake a single foot take off in the last step for an upward thrust. Bend the other leg at the knee for more force upward. Demonstration for a running shortRunning shot is executed while the player is in motion making the three steps progression. Make two or three steps towards the attacking goal end then make a shot at the goalFollow through with a swing of the throwing handDemonstrating a dive shotTake a position outside the 6m line facing the attacking goal. Take off with both feet high and the head fast towards the goal area. Release the ball while airborne and land in the goal area with the body low. Convert your landing into a roll for safety. Learning points for falling shotTake a position outside the 6m line facing the goal. With the feet firm on the floor outside the goal area, fall towards the goal area . Release the ball before contacting the goal area with the hands or any other part of the .bodyLearning points for lob shotTake a position outside the 6m lineFace the goalkeeper who may have moved closer to you in defense Throw the ball in a curved path over the goalkeeper Flick the wrist to give the ball direction and accuracy.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9119347122555228, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1236, "token_count": 267}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.855983}
{"text": "Learning points for falling shotTake a position outside the 6m line facing the goal. With the feet firm on the floor outside the goal area, fall towards the goal area . Release the ball before contacting the goal area with the hands or any other part of the .bodyLearning points for lob shotTake a position outside the 6m lineFace the goalkeeper who may have moved closer to you in defense Throw the ball in a curved path over the goalkeeper Flick the wrist to give the ball direction and accuracy. Drills for shooting in handballDrill 1: Step and shootIn groups of five make a line facing the goal with the leader at the free throw lineThe leader makes a pass to the first player in the lineThe player makes 3 steps and then a jump shotAfter making a jump shot the player joins the line from the backRepeat the activity3 times then change to practice a running shotDrill 2: Drill and shootIn a group of four players, make a line at the substitution zone facing the goal where you intend to shootUse a high dribble to move towards the goal areaOn reaching the free throw line, catch the ball and make a jump shotRetrieve the ball and run along the goal line to the corner and then along the sideline to join your teammatesAfter three attempts change and practice a running shotDrill 3: Corner drillIn a group of five, make a line at the corner of the courtThe leader to stand at a point within the courtThe first player in the line to run along the goal area lineWhen at a comfortable position, catch the ball from the group leader and make a dive short. Pupils activities Pg. 35. CREATING AND PERFORMING IN CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS WESTERN SOLO INSTRUMENTWestern Solo InstrumentsActivity 1: Tuning the Descant Recorder or Any Other Solo Western Instrument Study the following instruments and answer the questions that follow. What can you see? With the guidance of your teacher and resource persons, watch a live or recorded solo instrumental performance. In groups, discuss the importance of tuning a solo Western instrument in preparation for a performance. Watch videos demonstrating techniques of tuning various Western instruments and apply them to your chosen instrument.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9093960969323281, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2207, "token_count": 485}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.8972867}
{"text": "With the guidance of your teacher and resource persons, watch a live or recorded solo instrumental performance. In groups, discuss the importance of tuning a solo Western instrument in preparation for a performance. Watch videos demonstrating techniques of tuning various Western instruments and apply them to your chosen instrument. Activity 2: Playing the Scale Of C Major On StaffWhat I need to knowWestern instruments have different fingering charts to guide in playing of different pitches. Use digital devices to download the fingering charts for the instrument of choice. Below is the fingering chart for the Descant Recorder showing the notes of the scale of C major. Descant Recorder Fingering ChartIndividual ActivityPractise playing the notes of the scale of C major ascending and descending on your instrument using the fingering chart. On a digital device, watch videos to learn how to play the scale of C major. Use the fingering provided to the play the notes C D EF G A B C' on the descant recorder. Practise playing the scale in ascending and descending order. Group Activity Play familiar tunes in the scale of C major on your instrument. Activity 3: Sight Reading Simple Melodies in C Major To do individually and in groups. Look at the clef below. Check the key signature and keep the key in your head while playingLook at the time signature. Clap or tap the rhythms of each of the melodies before you play them. Locate the notes on the instrument. Look at the melodies and play. Sight-reading is playing of music without prior preparation. Your teacher will provide 2-bar melodies for you to sight-read. Do so without referring to the fingering chart or tapping the rhythms before playing. Activity 4: Playing with Appropriate TechniquesEvery instrument has specific techniques to be applied while playing. For example, for strings there is bowing, plucking, strumming, fingering; and for wind, there is tonguing, blowing and fingering. All the techniques when well applied ensure good tone quality. How To Produce a Good Tone on The Descant RecorderBlow gently into the descant recorder as you make the sound du with the tongue. This is referred to as tonguing and it helps to produce a clear sound. Do not blow too hard into the recorder because it will make a high pitch sound. If you are having trouble producing a sound after lots of practice, clean your recorder. Cover the air hole below the mouthpiece and blow in hard.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.916058381378045, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2459, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.8859198}
{"text": "Do not blow too hard into the recorder because it will make a high pitch sound. If you are having trouble producing a sound after lots of practice, clean your recorder. Cover the air hole below the mouthpiece and blow in hard. Activity 5: Observing Performance DirectionsWhat I Need to KnowPerformance directions are words, phrases or signs showing the appropriate tempo, dynamics, articulation and repeats in a piece of music. The directions help to enhance the overall effect in a performance. With your teacher s guidance, play various melodies observing the performance directions shown. Your teacher will also help you search for short duets in C major to be played in pairs and groups. Creating and Performing in Creative Arts and SportsFootball.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALISED-CREATIVE-ARTS-AND-SPORTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9169051248357425, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 761, "token_count": 146}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.863552}
{"text": "INTEGRATED SCIENCEGRADE 7CBC JUNIOR SECONDARYSTRAND ONESCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONNOTE: Integrated science is taught through inquiry-based learning approaches with an emphasis on the 5Es: engagement, exploration, explanation, elaboration and evaluation. Integrated Science: What is integrated science? Integrated Science is an interdisciplinary approach to science education that seeks to connect and integrate concepts and ideas from different branches of science, such as biology, chemistry, physics, and earth science. Components of Integrated scienceThe components of Integrated Science may vary depending on the curriculum and educational approach, but typically include:Basic scientific concepts: students learn about fundamental scientific principles and theories, such as the nature of matter and energy, the structure of the universe, and the process of evolution. Laboratory experiences: hands-on experiments and investigations provide students with opportunities to apply scientific concepts and methodologies. Problem solving and inquiry: students learn to use scientific reasoning and inquiry to design experiments, analyze data, and make informed conclusions. Scientific literacy: students learn to critically evaluate scientific information, understand the impact of science and technology on society, and appreciate the ethical considerations involved in scientific research. Integration of scientific concepts: the curriculum emphasizes connections between different branches of science and the interplay between science, technology, and society. Pathways related to integrated ScienceThe provision of pathways at senior school is based on the aspiration that all learners can be successful in life. These pathways are contained in one-word STEM Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Subjects in the STEM pathway includePure ScienceStudents in this track shall be expected to join a university or other middle level college to pursue careers in area such as education, medicine, pharmacy, science BSc , industrial science and actuarial science. Some will be able to join the world of work under experienced persons and later undergo further training and apprenticeships to advance their skills. Applied SciencesThe Applied science track provides a specialization opportunity for learners who have demonstrated the interest, abilities and aptitude to pursue a career in applied sciences. The track builds on the competencies acquired at lower secondary in the areas of mathematics and integrated science. It equips learners with the knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for advanced careers in applied sciences offered in middle level colleges and universitiesStudents graduating from this track shall be expected to join middle level colleges or universities to pursue careers in areas such as agricultural engineering, computer engineering, foods science and technology, business and hospitality and home economics.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9307883845929286, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2961, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.9242265}
{"text": "Applied SciencesThe Applied science track provides a specialization opportunity for learners who have demonstrated the interest, abilities and aptitude to pursue a career in applied sciences. The track builds on the competencies acquired at lower secondary in the areas of mathematics and integrated science. It equips learners with the knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for advanced careers in applied sciences offered in middle level colleges and universitiesStudents graduating from this track shall be expected to join middle level colleges or universities to pursue careers in areas such as agricultural engineering, computer engineering, foods science and technology, business and hospitality and home economics. They shall also be able to join the world of work where they shall work under the guidance of a specialist as they advance their skills on the job, through apprenticeships or further training. The pure and applied sciences curriculum shall prepare learners to graduate with a senior school national certificate that will open the following career opportunities for them:Enroll directly into a university for a degree in science related subjects. Enroll into middle level colleges for a diploma in science related fields. Join the world of work to work under skilled personnelTechnical and EngineeringThe schools shall prepare learners with foundational skills in applied sciences and moderntechnology. Emphasis shall be on the understanding and practical application of basic principles of science and mathematics in various fields such as engineering, design, agriculture, business, computers and data processing, environmental and resource management and health. Career opportunities related to Integrated ScienceEnvironmental managerForensic laboratory technicianHealth education specialistLaboratory technicianPublic health advisor analystResearch assistantScientific journalistSoftware DeveloperDentistDoctorForensic scientistGeneticistLawyerMarine biologistNeuroscientistNurseNutritionistOptometristPharmacistPhysiotherapistPsychiatristUrban plannerTeacher ProfessorVeterinarianVirologistImportance of Integrated ScienceLearning in the 21st century should have context, be linked to community life, be student centered and be collaborative. Learning has context mean that the content of learning material must be associated with the real world. In this way, the material discussed in the school is close to the daily life of the students. In learning process, students more involved actively to construct their competences. Construction of competencies in learning is done collaboratively. Hence, these four principles of learning are the essence of the 21st century learning.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9339702376924061, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2742, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.9461255}
{"text": "In learning process, students more involved actively to construct their competences. Construction of competencies in learning is done collaboratively. Hence, these four principles of learning are the essence of the 21st century learning. Integrated science learning is a good way to apply the essence of learning in the 21st century. In integrated science learning students are encouraged to connect the learning materials content to real-world contexts. Students are involved actively in exploring the real-world contexts which relevant to the learning material, conducting the collaborative investigation, and communicating the results of the investigation. Thus, the learning can be implemented holistically, authentically, meaningfully and actively. Aims to improve students understanding on the environmentImportance of Scientific KnowledgeAnd that knowledge is useful for all sorts of things:designing bridges,slowing climate change, andprompting frequent hand washing during flu season. Scientific knowledge allows us to develop new technologies,solve practical problems, andmake informed decisions both individually and collectively. Laboratory safetyA place equipped for experimental study in a science or for testing and analysis. A research laboratory. Broadly: a place providing opportunity for experimentation, observation, or practice in a field of study. Common hazards and their symbolsHazard pictograms alert us to the presence of a hazardous chemical. The pictograms help us to know that the chemicals we are using might cause harm to people or the environment. Here are a few of them. Biohazard It provides warning on lab equipment that may contain biohazardous materials like blood samples. Causes of accidents in the laboratory1. CHEMICALSIf you handle chemicals, you need to wear protective gloves. Treat chemicals with the necessary caution, measure chemicals carefully, contain potentially irritating or hazardous chemicals and use only approved containers when you re transferring chemicals. Chemical burns should be treated by flushing the affected area with a large amount of cool, running water for at least 15 minutes. If the burn area is large or if the affected person is dizzy or weak, call 911. If you work in a chemistry lab, ensure you are taking the proper steps to be safe around the chemicals in your workplace. 2. HEATExercise caution when handling hot items. Hastily or improperly handling these items without the correct tools can cause serious burns. Workers should be properly using water baths, tongs and cooling equipment. Be careful not to touch hot surfaces with your bare hand.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9195866767600303, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2642, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.9615602}
{"text": "Hastily or improperly handling these items without the correct tools can cause serious burns. Workers should be properly using water baths, tongs and cooling equipment. Be careful not to touch hot surfaces with your bare hand. If you suffer a heat burn in the lab, run the burned area under cool water for five minutes. 3. CUTS AND SCRAPESUsing sharp tools in the laboratory setting can cause scrapes and cuts. Workers may also use sharp objects, such as needles and razor blades, or need to clean up broken glass. To avoid cutting yourself on these items, carefully wrap them so that you can safely carry and dispose of them. 4. CONTAMINATIONAvoiding contamination is key to ensuring safety in the lab setting. Though the advice to wash your hands may seem quite basic, it s an important procedure to avoid contamination. After you interact with any foreign substance, you should wash your hands thoroughly. Protect your skin and clothing with the proper equipment, such as gloves, glasses and a lab coat. You can contaminate areas outside of the lab if you carry bacteria or other substances on your clothing or skin, which can cause the spread of illnesses and other dangers. 5. Inhaling SubstancesAnother common type of lab accident is inhalation. If you inhale chemicals or gases in a space that isn t properly ventilated, you may experience nausea, headaches or fainting. Ensure you follow proper procedures for ventilation, such as using ventilation fans and measuring the amount of gas emitted in a room. 6. FIRESWhen working with hot surfaces and flammable materials, fires become a common danger. Review and practice the proper procedures to ensure you minimize the risk of fire in the laboratory. All flammable materials should be properly stored and sealed. Inspect burners for leaks to avoid sudden flares. 7. SPILLS AND BREAKSIn the lab, glass beakers may be dropped and break. Liquids may be spilled. Generally, these accidents are caused by rushing, being negligent and not properly following procedures. While you work, move carefully through every step. Moving slowly but more steadily will be much better for the safety of yourself and your colleagues. Though students have a responsibility to themselves and their colleagues to exercise proper safety measures and follow protocol, the laboratory environment itself should also follow guidelines from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA to provide workers with safe working conditions.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9168920595533501, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2480, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360549.9915075}
{"text": "While you work, move carefully through every step. Moving slowly but more steadily will be much better for the safety of yourself and your colleagues. Though students have a responsibility to themselves and their colleagues to exercise proper safety measures and follow protocol, the laboratory environment itself should also follow guidelines from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA to provide workers with safe working conditions. Lack of warning labels and signsInadequate eye and face protection against chemical and environmental hazardsLack of protection against hazardous sources of energy, such as electric powerInadequate respiratory protection for working with gases, chemicals and smokeFirst Aid safety measures for common laboratory accidentsGeneral course of actionRELOCATE everyone in the immediate work area to a safe location. ALERT-CONFINE- If it can be done safely, close doors to confine the area where the emergency occurred. Post an Emergency Hangtag on the door s to prevent reentry by other personnel. EVACUATE the building through the nearest exit. Do not run. Do not use elevators. REPORT to your designated meeting site. REENTER once the lab has been cleared by emergency personnel. First Aid: Eye Exposure to Hazardous ChemicalForcibly hold both eyes open under an emergency eyewash to ensure an effective wash behind both eyelids. If contact lenses are being worn, remove the contacts while flushing. Continue flushing the eyes underneath the eyewash until emergency personnel arrive. Report the injury to your principal investigator and or laboratory facility manager. First Aid: Skin ExposureWash affected area s with tepid water from an emergency safety shower. Take care not to break skin. Remove or cut off contaminated clothing while rinsing. Do not pull contaminated clothing over the head. For chemical and thermal burns, flush affected area s with water from the safety shower, if indicated in safety data sheet. For blood, biological, or radiological exposures use soap and water. Keep flushing affected area s underneath the safety shower until emergency personnel arrive. Report the injury to your principal investigator and or laboratory facility manager. First Aid: Inhalation of Chemical Vapors, Fumes or SmokeIf exposed individual is unconscious, do NOT enter the lab if a possibility of oxygen depletion, toxic vapors, or an explosive atmosphere exists. If exposed individual is conscious, move the person to fresh, uncontaminated air. Report the injury to your principal investigator and or laboratory facility manager.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9257011140991165, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2603, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.0257668}
{"text": "First Aid: Inhalation of Chemical Vapors, Fumes or SmokeIf exposed individual is unconscious, do NOT enter the lab if a possibility of oxygen depletion, toxic vapors, or an explosive atmosphere exists. If exposed individual is conscious, move the person to fresh, uncontaminated air. Report the injury to your principal investigator and or laboratory facility manager. First Aid: Chemical IngestionIf safe to do so, move affected individual to an uncontaminated area. Do not induce vomiting or drink water or other liquids unless instructed to do so by emergency personnel. Report the injury to your principal investigator and or laboratory facility manager. Importance of safety in the laboratoryLaboratory safety is an essential part of ensuring the health and safety of workers and researchers in laboratory settings. Laboratories can be hazardous environments with various potential risks, including chemical spills, fires, explosions, and exposure to hazardous substances. Lab safety is important because it can prevent injury, keep us from making mistakes and save lives. Lab safety equipment can prevent injury. Lab safety equipment can help you avoid making mistakes. Lab safety equipment can save lives. Safety is important when working in the lab because it helps you avoid injury, keep yourself from making mistakes and save lives of others who may be nearby when an accident happens, or if there is a fire or other emergency situation that needs to be handled quickly and safely by someone who knows what they're doing before the situation gets out of hand. Following lab safety rules is part of being a good citizen. Following lab safety rules is part of being a good citizen. When you follow lab safety rules, you are doing your part to keep everyone safe. You are protecting yourself, your peers and coworkers, and everyone around you. Lab safety rules help prevent accidents and injuries, which means they can also save lives. We should follow the lab safety protocols to stay safe and healthy! By following the lab safety protocols, you will stay safe and healthy. It is absolutely critical that you follow all the rules of your lab protocol when conducting experiments in the lab. This allows you to avoid accidents and contamination, which can cause injury or illness. You should always wear protective clothing goggles, gloves and a face mask to keep yourself safe from hazardous materials such as chemicals or glass shards if an accident occurs in the laboratory. You should never eat or drink anything in the laboratory because it could easily contaminate your food with chemicals or bacteria potentially harmful for consumption by humans!", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9242310577644411, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2666, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.0130794}
{"text": "This allows you to avoid accidents and contamination, which can cause injury or illness. You should always wear protective clothing goggles, gloves and a face mask to keep yourself safe from hazardous materials such as chemicals or glass shards if an accident occurs in the laboratory. You should never eat or drink anything in the laboratory because it could easily contaminate your food with chemicals or bacteria potentially harmful for consumption by humans! Basic Science SkillsBasic skills in science1. ObservingThis is the most basic skill in science. Observations are made by using the 5 senses. Good observations are essential in learning the other science process skills. Examples:The learner will be blind folded and make observations using the sense of touch. The learner will create observations about a coin using the 5 senses. The learner will mix primary colors to create more colors. 2. CommunicatingIt is important to be able to share our experiences. This can be done with graphs, diagrams, maps, and spoken word. Examples:The learner will create a line graph showing the relationship between speed and the mass of a marble. The learner will discuss possible errors with other classmates. 3. ClassifyingAfter making observations it is important to notice similarities, differences, and group objects according to a purpose. It is important to create order to help comprehend the number of objects, events, and living things in the world. Examples:The learner will use a magnet to classify objects as magnetic or nonmagnetic. The learner will use a balance and sort objects according to mass. The learner will combine different liquids with water to determine which is more or less dense. 4. InferringAn inference is an explanation based on an observation. It is a link between what is observed and what is already known. Examples:The learner will write a conclusion at the end of each investigation. The learner will create inferences about observations they made about a mystery object. I infer it is solid rather than hollow. 5. MeasuringMeasuring is important in collecting, comparing, and interpreting data. It helps us classify and communicate with others. The metric system should be used to help understand the scientific world. Examples:The learner will find the mass of different liquids that have the same volume. The learner will use technology to find the speed of a toy truck. The learner will measure the distance a marble travels. 6. PredictingWhat do you think will happen? It is an educated guess based on good observations and inferences about an observed event or prior knowledge.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9136367570814086, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2633, "token_count": 515}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.0466926}
{"text": "6. PredictingWhat do you think will happen? It is an educated guess based on good observations and inferences about an observed event or prior knowledge. Examples:The learner will predict what is a box based on observations using the sense of touch. The learner will write a hypothesis about the effect of increasing the salt on the buoyancy of an egg. 7. Manipulative skillIn science, manipulative skills emphasize the use and handling of scientific apparatus and chemical substances during scientific investigation in the laboratory. Importance of reading packing labels on products quantitiesIt helps in knowing the quantity of the productIt helps in knowing the product specifications like:Conditions for storageDate of expiryHow to use the productPossible side effectsWhat to do in case of emergenciesHow to dispose the product among othersSI UnitsThe International System Of Units SI is the metric system that is used universally as a standard for measurements. SI units play a vital role in scientific and technological research and development. SI unit is an international system of measurements that are used universally in technical and scientific research to avoid the confusion with the units. Having a standard unit system is important because it helps the entire world to understand the measurements in one set of unit systems. Following is the table with base SI units:There are 7 SI base units. The seven units along with their SI unit and symbol are given below:Unit of length, meter m : Meter is the SI unit of length and is defined by taking the fixed value of the speed of light in vacuum. It is expressed as m.s-1. Unit of mass, kilogram kg : Kilogram is the SI unit of mass and is defined by taking the fixed value of the Planck constant. It is expressed as kgUnit of time, second s : Second is the SI unit of time and is defined by taking the fixed value of Cesium frequency. Unit of electric current, ampere A : Ampere is the SI unit of electric current and is defined by taking the fixed value of the elementary charge. Unit of thermodynamic temperature, Kelvin K : Kelvin is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperatureUnit of the amount of substance, mole mol : Mole is the SI unit of the amount of substance and is defined by the fixed value of Avogadro constant NA.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9130825354867134, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2315, "token_count": 479}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.0808492}
{"text": "It is expressed as kgUnit of time, second s : Second is the SI unit of time and is defined by taking the fixed value of Cesium frequency. Unit of electric current, ampere A : Ampere is the SI unit of electric current and is defined by taking the fixed value of the elementary charge. Unit of thermodynamic temperature, Kelvin K : Kelvin is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperatureUnit of the amount of substance, mole mol : Mole is the SI unit of the amount of substance and is defined by the fixed value of Avogadro constant NA. Unit of luminous intensity, candela cd : Candela is the SI unit of luminous intensity and is defined by the fixed value of the luminous efficacy. Laboratory apparatusAn apparator apparatus are scientific tools equipment used in performing scientific experiments. The conventional apparator used in performing scientific experiments is called standard apparator apparatus. If the conventional standard apparator apparatus is not available, an improvised apparator apparatus may be used in performing scientific experiments. An improvised apparator apparatus is one used in performing a scientific experiment for a standard apparator apparatus. Most standard apparatus in a school chemistry laboratory are made of glass because: i Glass is transparent and thus reactions interactions inside are clearly visible from outside ii Glass is comparatively cheaper which reduces cost of equipping the school chemistry laboratory iii Glass is comparatively easy to clean wash after use. Iv Glass is comparatively unreactive to many chemicals. Apparatus are designed for the purpose they are intended in a school chemistry laboratory:Apparatus for measuring volume1. Measuring cylinderMeasuring cylinders are apparatus used to measure volume of liquid solutions. They are calibrated graduated to measure any volume required to the maximum. Measuring cylinders are named according to the maximum calibrated graduated volume e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9218071692866064, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1967, "token_count": 397}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.0645056}
{"text": "Measuring cylinderMeasuring cylinders are apparatus used to measure volume of liquid solutions. They are calibrated graduated to measure any volume required to the maximum. Measuring cylinders are named according to the maximum calibrated graduated volume e.g. 10ml measuring cylinder is can hold maximum calibrated graduated volume of 10mililitres 10 cubic centimetres 50ml measuring cylinder is can hold maximum calibrated graduated volume of 50mililitres 50 cubic centimetres 250ml measuring cylinder is can hold maximum calibrated graduated volume of 250mililitres 250 cubic centimetres 1000ml measuring cylinder is can hold maximum calibrated graduated volume of 1000mililitres 1000 cubic centimetres 2. BuretteBurette is a long and narrow thin apparatus used to measure small accurate and exact volumes of a liquid solution. It must be clamped first on a stand before being used. It has a tap to run out the required amount out. They are calibrated graduated to run out small volume required to the maximum 50ml 50cm3. The maximum 50ml 50cm3 calibration graduation reading is at the bottom .This ensure the amount run out from a tap below can be determined directly from burette reading before and after during volumetric analysis. Burettes are expensive and care should be taken when using them. 3. I PipettePipette is a long and narrow thin apparatus that widens at the middle used to measure and transfer small very accurate exact volumes of a liquid solution. It is open on either ends. The maximum 25ml 25cm3 calibration graduation mark is a visible ring on one thin end. To fill a pipette to this mark, the user must suck up a liquid solution upto a level above the mark then adjust to the mark using a finger. This requires practice. Ii Pipette fillerPipette filler is used to suck in a liquid solution into a pipette instead of using the mouth. It has a suck, adjust and eject button for ensuring the exact volume is attained. This requires practice. 4. Volumetric flask. A volumetric flask is thin narrow but widens at the base bottom. It is used to measure very accurate exact volumes of a liquid solution. The maximum calibration graduation mark is a visible ring.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8836077064334402, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2225, "token_count": 515}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.0898197}
{"text": "A volumetric flask is thin narrow but widens at the base bottom. It is used to measure very accurate exact volumes of a liquid solution. The maximum calibration graduation mark is a visible ring. Volumetric flasks are named according to the maximum calibrated graduated volume e.g. 250ml volumetric flask has a calibrated graduated mark at exact volume of 250mililitres 250centimetres 1l volumetric flask has a calibrated graduated mark at exact volume of one litre 1000 cubic centimeters 2l volumetric flask has a calibrated graduated mark at exact volume of two litres 2000 cubic centimeters 5. Dropper teat pipetteA dropper teat pipette is a long thin narrow glass rubber apparatus that has a flexible rubber head. A dropper teat pipette is used to measure very small amount drops of liquid solution by pressing the flexible rubber head. The numbers of drops needed are counted by pressing the rubber gently at a time b Apparatus for measuring mass1. Beam balanceA beam balance has a pan where a substance of unknown mass is placed. The scales on the opposite end are adjusted to balance with the mass of the unknown substance. The mass from a beam balance is in grams. 2. Electronic electric balance. An electronic electric balance has a pan where a substance of unknown mass is placed. The mass of the unknown substance in grams is available immediately on the screen. C Apparatus for measuring temperatureA thermometer has alcohol or mercury trapped in a bulb with a thin enclosed outlet for the alcohol mercury in the bulb. If temperature rises in the bulb, the alcohol mercury expand along the thin narrow enclosed outlet. The higher the temperature, the more the expansionOutside, a calibration graduation correspond to this expansion and thus changes in temperature. A thermometer therefore determines the temperature when the bulb is fully dipped in to the substance being tested. To determine the temperature of solid is thus very difficult. D Apparatus for measuring timeThe stop watch clock is the standard apparatus for measuring time. Time is measured using hours, minutes and second. Common school stop watch clock has start, stop and reset button for determining time for a chemical reaction. This requires practice. E Apparatus for scooping1.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.900808732462059, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2302, "token_count": 513}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.12245}
{"text": "The narrow mouth ensures no spillage. Conical flasks are named according to the maximum volume they can hold e.g. 250ml Conical flasks hold a maximum volume of 250mililitres 250 cubic centimeters 500ml Conical flasks hold a maximum volume of 500ml 1000 cubic centimeters 5. Round bottomed flaskA round bottomed flask is a moderately narrow glass apparatus with a wide round base and no calibration graduation. Round bottomed flask thus carry hold exact volumes of liquids that have been measured using other apparatus. The narrow thin mouth prevents spillage. The flask can also hold weighed solids. A round bottomed flask must be held clamped when in use because of its wide narrow base. 6. Flat bottomed flaskA flat bottomed flask is a moderately narrow glass apparatus with a wide round base with a small flat bottom. It has no calibration graduation. Flat bottomed flasks thus carry hold exact volumes of liquids that have been measured using other apparatus. The narrow thin mouth prevents spirage. They can also hold weighed solids. A flat bottomed flask must be held clamped when in use because it s flat narrow base is not stable. G Apparatus for holding unstable apparatus during heating . 1. Tripod standA tripod stand is a three legged metallic apparatus which unstable apparatus are placed on during heating .Beakers. Conical flasks, round bottomed flask and flat bottomed flasks are placed on top of tripod stand during heating . 2. Wire gauze meshWire gauze mesh is a metallic iron plate of wires crossings. It is placed on top of a tripod stand: i Ensure even distribution of heat to prevent cracking glass apparatus ii Hold smaller apparatus that cannot reach the edges of tripod stand3 Clamp standA clamp stand is a metallic apparatus which tightly hold apparatus at their neck firmly. A clamp stand has a wide metallic base that ensures maximum stability. The height and position of clamping is variable. This require practice4. Test tube holderA test tube holder is a hand held metallic apparatus which tightly hold test boiling ignition tube at their neck firmly on the other end. Some test tube holders have wooden handle that prevent heat conduction to the hand during heating. 5. Pair of tong.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8960505849414115, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2257, "token_count": 514}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.1545272}
{"text": "Some test tube holders have wooden handle that prevent heat conduction to the hand during heating. 5. Pair of tong. A pair of tong is a scissor-like hand held metallic apparatus which tightly hold firmly a small solid sample on the other end. 6. Gas jarA gas jar is a long wide glass apparatus with a wide base. It is open on one end. It is used to collect put gases. This requires practice. H Apparatus for holding directing liquid solutions funnels to avoid spillage . 1. Filter funnelA filter funnel is a wide mouthed mainly plastic apparatus that narrow drastically at the bottom to a long extension. When the long extension is placed on top of another apparatus, a liquid solution can safely be directed through the wide mouth of the filter funnel into the apparatus without spirage. Filter funnel is also used to place a filter paper during filtration. 2. Thistle funnelA thistle funnel is a wide mouthed glass apparatus that narrow drastically at the bottom to a very long extension. The long extension is usually drilled through a stopper cork. A liquid solution can thus be directed into a stoppered container without spillage3. Dropping funnelA dropping funnel is a wide mouthed glass apparatus with a tap that narrow drastically at the bottom to a very long extension. The long extension is usually drilled through a stopper cork. A liquid solution can thus be directed into a stoppered container without spillage at the rate determined by adjusting the tap. 4. Separating funnelA separating funnel is a wide mouthed glass apparatus with a tap at the bottom narrow extension. A liquid solution can thus be directed into a separating funnel without spillage. It can also safely be removed from the funnel by opening the tap. It is used to separate two or more liquid solution mixtures that form layers immiscible. This requires practice. H Apparatus for heating Burners1. Candle, spirit burner, kerosene stove, charcoal burner jiko are some apparatus that can be used for heating. Any flammable fuel when put in a container and ignited can produce some heat. 2. Bunsen burnerThe Bunsen burner is the standard apparatus for heating in a Chemistry school laboratory. It was discovered by the German Scientist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen in1854. A Diagram of a Bunsen burnerA Bunsen burner uses butane laboratory gas as the fuel.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9078524396295159, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2347, "token_count": 519}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.1426153}
{"text": "Bunsen burnerThe Bunsen burner is the standard apparatus for heating in a Chemistry school laboratory. It was discovered by the German Scientist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen in1854. A Diagram of a Bunsen burnerA Bunsen burner uses butane laboratory gas as the fuel. The butane laboratory gas is highly flammable and thus usually stored safely in a secure chamber outside Chemistry school laboratory. It is tapped and distributed into the laboratory through gas pipes. The gas pipes end at the gas tap on a chemistry laboratory bench .If opened the gas tap releases butane laboratory gas. Butane laboratory gas has a characteristic odor smell that alerts leakages open gas tap. The Bunsen burner is fixed to the gas tap using a strong rubber tube. The Bunsen burner is made up of the following parts: i Base plate to ensure the burner can stand on its own ii Jet-a hole through which laboratory gas enters the burner iii Collar sleeve-adjustable circular metal attached to the main chimney burell with a side hole entry. It controls the amount of air entering used during burning. Iv Air hole- a hole entry formed when the collar side hole is in line with chimney side hole. If the collar side hole is not in line with chimney side hole, the air hole is said to be closed If the collar side hole is in line with chimney side hole, the air hole is said to be open v Chimney- tall round metallic rod attached to the base plate. B Procedure for lighting igniting a Bunsen burner1. Adjust the collar to ensure the air holes are closed. 2. Connect the burner to the gas tap using a rubber tubing. Ensure the rubber tubing has no side leaks. 3. Turn on the gas tap. 4. Ignite the top of the chimney using a lighted match stick gas lighter wooden splint. 5. Do not delay excessively procedure iv from iii to prevent highly flammable laboratory gas from escaping leaking. Parts and functions of a microscopeA compound microscope is a high-power microscope that has higher magnification levels than a low-power or dissection microscope. It is used to examine tiny specimens like cell structures that cannot be viewed at lower magnification levels. A compound microscope is made up of both structural and optical components.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9070028669130601, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2227, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.1875143}
{"text": "Parts and functions of a microscopeA compound microscope is a high-power microscope that has higher magnification levels than a low-power or dissection microscope. It is used to examine tiny specimens like cell structures that cannot be viewed at lower magnification levels. A compound microscope is made up of both structural and optical components. The 3 basic structural components are the head, arm and base. The body or head comprises the optical parts present in the upper part of the microscopeThe arm connects and supports the base and head of the microscope. Also, it is used to carry the microscope. Base of the microscope supports the microscope and comprises the illuminatorThe optical part of the microscope includes:EyepieceEye tubeObjective lensesNosepieceAdjustment knobsStageIlluminatorCondenser and condenser focus knobDiaphragmThe ocular or eyepiece is what an observer looks through and is present in the upper portion of the microscope. The eyepiece tube clasps the eyepieces which are positioned above the objective lens. The objective lenses are the main optical lenses. They range in various magnifications from 4x to 100x and generally include 3 to 5 lenses on a single microscope. Nosepiece houses the objective lenses. The fine and coarse focus knobs are the adjustment knobs that are often used to focus the microscope. They are coaxial knobs. This means the focusing system of both fine and coarse focus are mounted on the same axis. There is also a condenser focus knob which moves the condenser up or down to control the lightingThe stage is where the specimen to be viewed is placed. A mechanical stage is often used when working on a specimen at a higher magnification. This is when delicate movement of the specimen is required. Stage clips are operated to hold the slide in place. To see different areas of the specimen, the observer must physically move the slide. A separate knob is present to move the slide in the mechanical stage. The aperture is a tiny hole in the stage via which the transmitted light enters the stage. An illuminator acts as the light source and is typically located at the microscope s base. Most light microscopes operate on halogen bulbs with low voltage and also have variable and continuous lighting control within the base. A condenser is typically used to gather and focus the illuminator s light onto the specimen. It is found beneath the stage and is often observed in conjunction with a diaphragm or iris.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.91912408480052, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2491, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.196766}
{"text": "Most light microscopes operate on halogen bulbs with low voltage and also have variable and continuous lighting control within the base. A condenser is typically used to gather and focus the illuminator s light onto the specimen. It is found beneath the stage and is often observed in conjunction with a diaphragm or iris. Iris or Diaphragm regulates the amount of light that reaches the specimen. It is situated above the condenser but beneath the stage. Functions of MicroscopeThe primary function of a microscope is to study biological specimens. A microscope solely functions on two concepts magnification and resolution. Magnification is simply the ability of the microscope to enlarge the image. Whereas the ability to analyse minute details depends on the resolution. Compound and dissection microscopes are the two types of microscopes that are mostly used in schools for educational purposes. Functions of compound microscopeIt simplifies the study of viruses and bacteria. They are used in pathology labs to make an easy diagnosis of diseases. They are also used in forensic laboratories to identify human fingerprints. Common school laboratory safety rulesThe following safety guideline rules should be followed by chemistry laboratory users: i Enter the laboratory with permission in an orderly manner without rushing pushing scrabbling. Ii Do not try unauthorized experiments. They may produce flammable, explosive or toxic substances that affect your health. Iii Do not taste any chemical in the laboratory. They may be poisonous. Iv Waft gas fumes to your nose with your palm. Do not inhale smell gases directly. They may be highly poisonous toxic. V Boil substances with mouth of the test tube facing away from others and yourself. Boiling liquids spurt out portions of the hot liquid. Products of heating solids may be a highly poisonous toxic gas. Vi Wash with lots of water any skin contact with chemicals immediately. Report immediately to teacher laboratory technician any irritation, cut, burn, bruise or feelings arising from laboratory work. Vii Read and follow safety instruction. All experiments that evolve produce poisonous gases should be done in the open or in a fume chamber. Viii Clean your laboratory work station after use. Wash your hand before leaving the chemistry laboratory. Ix In case of fire, remain calm, switch of the source of fuel-gas tap. Leave the laboratory through the emergency door. Use fire extinguishers near the chemistry laboratory to put of medium fires. Leave strong fires wholly to professional fire fighters.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9223938223938225, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2590, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.2639923}
{"text": "Leave the laboratory through the emergency door. Use fire extinguishers near the chemistry laboratory to put of medium fires. Leave strong fires wholly to professional fire fighters. X Do not carry unauthorized item from a laboratory. MIXTURES, ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDSMixturesA mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances which can be separated by physical means. There are two types of mixtures:General Properties of MixturesMixtures are made up of two or more substances that are not chemically combined with each other. The properties of mixtures are listed below. The components of a mixture each keep their original properties. The separation of components can be easily done. The proportion of the components is variable. Examples of MixturesCrude oil: A mixture of organic compounds mainly hydrocarbons Seawater: A mixture of various salt and water. Air: a mixture of various gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, neon, etc. Ink: A mixture of coloured dyes. Gunpowder: A mixture of sulfur, potassium nitrate and carbon. There are two main types of mixtures: homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures. The types of mixtures are discussed below. Heterogeneous MixtureWhat is a Heterogeneous Mixture? A mixture of sand mixed with salt is an example of a heterogeneous mixture. Heterogeneous mixtures possess different properties and compositions in various parts i.e. the properties are not uniform throughout the mixture. Examples of Heterogeneous mixtures air, oil, water, etc. Homogeneous MixtureWhat is a Homogeneous Mixture? Sugar mixed with water is the most common example of a homogeneous mixture. Homogeneous mixtures can be defined as the mixtures which possess the same properties and combination throughout their mass. Examples of Homogeneous mixtures alloys, salt, and water, alcohol in water, Cup of Coffee, Mouthwash, DetergentPure And Impure Substancesa substance is said to be pure if it is made up of only one kind of molecule or particle. Pure substances normally cannot be separated by simple physical methods and are largely classified as elements and compounds. Substances are either pure or impure. A pure substance is one which contains only one substance. An impure substance is one which contains two or more substances. A pure substance is made up of a pure solid, pure liquid or pure gas.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9215371621621622, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2368, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.2153025}
{"text": "A pure substance is one which contains only one substance. An impure substance is one which contains two or more substances. A pure substance is made up of a pure solid, pure liquid or pure gas. Characteristics of Pure SubstanceThey are perfectly homogenous in nature. They are made up of only one kind of atoms or molecules. They have a fixed composition. It has fixed density, melting point and boiling point etc. Characteristics of Impure SubstanceIt does not have any specific properties; the properties of the mixture are a result of the average properties of all the constituents. It is formed as a result of a physical change. They have a variable composition. The mixtures are either heterogeneous or homogenous mixture in nature. Melting Point and boiling PointThe melting point is usually defined as the point at which materials changes from a solid to a liquid. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure of the liquid s environment. At this temperature, the liquid is converted into a vapour. The boiling point of the liquid depends upon the pressure of the surrounding. When the liquid is at high pressure, it has a higher boiling point than the boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure. The boiling point of different liquids is different for a given pressureThe boiling point for any material is the temperature point at which the material transforms into the gas phase in the liquid phase. This happens at 100 degrees centigrade for water. The Celsius scale was in fact created on the basis of the ice water melting point and the liquid water vapor boiling point. Each substance carries its own boiling point. The boiling point of a substance is dependent on the pressure of its surroundings. In mountainous terrains where the altitude is high , the pressure of the atmosphere is relatively lower than the atmospheric pressure at sea level. This is the reason why food cooks at a slower pace in mountainous areas the lower atmospheric pressure causes water to boil at temperatures below 100oC . When all the particles in the liquid phase have been transformed into the gas phase, the temperature begins to rise again, as long as heat is still being applied to the surrounding system. As the temperature starts to increase, so does the particle s kinetic energy. Boiling Point of WaterWater can boil, raise temperature or decrease air pressure, in two ways. At sea level, it is the pressure of air that causes water to boil at 100oC.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9173198106828939, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2550, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.2520163}
{"text": "As the temperature starts to increase, so does the particle s kinetic energy. Boiling Point of WaterWater can boil, raise temperature or decrease air pressure, in two ways. At sea level, it is the pressure of air that causes water to boil at 100oC. Water can boil at a much lower temperature in vacuum, where there s no air. That is, if not for the skin that keeps the blood pressurized, body temperature would be sufficient to cause the blood to boil with water. At low air pressure the water boils significantly below 100oC at temperatures. The boiling point of water is the temperature at which the liquid water vapor pressure is equal to the pressure surrounding the body, and the body transforms into a vapour. The boiling point is the temperature for a particular liquid to boil at. For example, the boiling point for water, at a pressure of 1 atm, is 100 degrees Celsius. A liquid s boiling point depends upon the liquid s temperature, atmospheric pressure, and vapor pressure. Melting point of iceFor ice, the melting point is 0 C or 273K. The chemical element with the highest melting point is tungsten 3410 C , which is used for making filaments in light bulbs. During the melting process, till all the ice melts, the temperature of the system does not increase until after the melting point is reached. The whole of the supplied heat energy is consumed in increasing the potential energy of the ice molecules. The kinetic energy of the molecule does not increase further, and the temperature does not increase, so long as the melting continues. The quantity of heat required to completely change 1 kg of ice into water at atmospheric pressure at its melting point is called latent heat of fusion. METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURESMixtures can be separated from applying the following methods: a DecantationSediments can be separated from a liquid by pouring out the liquid. This process is called decantation. ExperimentPut some sand in a beaker. Add about 200cm3 of water. Allow sand to settle. Pour off water carefully into another beaker. ObservationSand settles at the bottom as sediments. Less clean water is poured out. ExplanationSand does not dissolve in water. Sand is denser than water and thus settles at the bottom as sediment. When poured out, the less dense water flows out.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9040659301064878, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2307, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.276588}
{"text": "ExplanationSand does not dissolve in water. Sand is denser than water and thus settles at the bottom as sediment. When poured out, the less dense water flows out. B FiltrationDecantation leaves suspended particles in the liquid after separation. Filtration is thus improved decantation. Filtration is the method of separating insoluble mixtures particles solids from a liquid. Experiment: To separate soil and water using filtrationFold a filter paper to fit well into a filter funnel. Place the funnel in an empty 250 cm3 beaker. Put one spatula end full of soil into 50cm3 of water. Stir. Put the soil water mixture into the filter funnel. ObservationsClean water is collected below the filter funnel. Soil remains above the filter paper. ExplanationA filter paper is porous which act like a fine sieve with very small holes. The holes allow smaller water particles to pass through but do not allow bigger soil particles. The liquid which passes through is called filtrate. The solid which do not pass through is called residue. Set up of apparatusIn industries, filtration is used in engine filters to clean up air. C EvaporationEvaporation is a method of separating a solute solid from its solution. This involves heating a solution solvent and solute to vapourize the solvent out of the solution mixture leaving pure solute solid. If a mixture contain insoluble solid, they are filtered out. Experiment: To separate a mixture of soil and salt sodium chloride . Procedure:Put one spatula end full of soil on a filter paper. Put one spatula full of common salt sodium chloride into the same filter paper. Mix well using the spatula,. Place about 200cm3 of water into a beaker. Put the contents of the filter paper into the water. Stir thoroughly using a glass stirring rod for about one minute. Fold a filter paper into a filter funnel. Pour half portion of the contents in the beaker into the filter funnel. Put the filtrate into an evaporating dish. Heat on a water bath. Observation i On mixingColourless crystals and brown soil particles appear on the filter paper. Ii On adding waterCommon soil dissolves in water. Soil particles do not dissolve in water. Iii On filtrationColourless liquid collected as filtrate below the filter funnel paper.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9121513402715362, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2269, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.2899654}
{"text": "Ii On adding waterCommon soil dissolves in water. Soil particles do not dissolve in water. Iii On filtrationColourless liquid collected as filtrate below the filter funnel paper. Brown residue collected above the filter funnel paper. Iv On evaporationColourless crystals collected after evaporationExplanationSolid mixture of sand and common salt take the colors of the two. On adding water, common salt dissolves to form a solution. Soil does not because it is insoluble in water and thus forms a suspension. On filtration, a residue of insoluble soil does not pass through the filter paper. It is collected as residue. Common salt solution is collected as filtrate. On heating the filtrate, the solvent water evaporate vaporize out of the evaporating dish leaving common salt crystals. Vapourization evaporation can take place even without heating. This is the principle process of drying wet clothes on the hanging line. Set up of apparatus d DistillationDistillation is an improved evaporation where both the solute and the solvent in the solution are separated collected. Distillation therefore is the process of separating a solution into constituent solid solute and the solvent. It involves heating the solution to evaporate vaporize the solvent out. The solvent vapour is then condensed back to a liquid. Salty sea water can be made pure through simple distillation. Any mixture with a large difference 40oC in boiling point can be separated using simple distillation. E Fractional distillationFractional distillation is an improved simple distillation used specifically to separate miscible mixtures with very close near boiling points. Fractional distillation involves: i Heating the mixture in a conical round bottomed flat bottomed flask. The pure substance with a lower boiling point and thus more volatile evaporates boils vaporize first.e.g. Pure ethanol has a boiling point of 78oC.Pure water has a boiling point of 100 oC at sea level one atmosphere pressure. When a miscible mixture of ethanol and water is heated, ethanol vaporizes boils evaporates first because it is more volatile. Ii The conical round bottomed flat bottomed flask is connected to a long glass tube called fractionating column. The purpose of the fractionating column is to offer areas of condensation for the less volatile pure mixture.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9194055483996066, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2348, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.3178024}
{"text": "When a miscible mixture of ethanol and water is heated, ethanol vaporizes boils evaporates first because it is more volatile. Ii The conical round bottomed flat bottomed flask is connected to a long glass tube called fractionating column. The purpose of the fractionating column is to offer areas of condensation for the less volatile pure mixture. The fractionating column is packed with glass beads broken glass porcelain shelves to increase the surface area of condensation of the less volatile pure mixture. Iii When the vapors rise they condense on the glass beads broken glass porcelain shelves which become hot. When the temperature of the glass beads broken glass porcelain shelves is beyond the boiling point of the less volatile pure substance, the pure substance rise and condensation take place on the glass beads broken glass porcelain shelves at a higher level on the fractionating column. The less volatile pure substance trickles drips back down the fractionating column or back into the conical round bottomed flat bottomed flask to be heated again. E.g. If the temperature on glass beads broken glass porcelain shelves is beyond 78oC, the more volatile pure ethanol rise to condense on the glass beads broken glass porcelain shelves higher in the fractionating column. Water condenses and then drip trickle to the glass beads broken glass porcelain shelves lower in the fractionating column because it is less volatile. Iv The fractionating column is connected to a Liebig condenser. The Liebig condenser has a cold water inlet and outlet circulation. The more volatile mixture that reach the top of the fractionating column is condenses by the Liebig condenser into a receiver. It is collected as the first fraction. V At the top of the fractionating column, a thermometer is placed to note monitor the temperature of the boiling mixtures. Pure substances have constant fixed boiling point. When one mixture is completely separated, the thermometer reading rises. E.g. the thermometer reading remains at78oC when ethanol is being separated. When no more ethanol is being separated, the mercury alcohol level in the thermometer rises. Vi The second subsequent fractions are collected in the receiver after noting a rise the mercury alcohol level in the thermometer. E.g. the thermometer reading rises to 100oC when water is being separated.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9175742021993978, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2377, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.3675349}
{"text": "Vi The second subsequent fractions are collected in the receiver after noting a rise the mercury alcohol level in the thermometer. E.g. the thermometer reading rises to 100oC when water is being separated. It is passed through the Liebig condenser with the cold water inlet and outlet circulation. It is collected different receiver as the second subsequent fraction. Vii Each fraction collected should be confirmed from known physical chemical properties characteristic. ExampleEthanolEthanol is a colourless liquid that has a characteristic smell .When it is put in a watch glass then ignited, it catches fire and burn with a blue flame. WaterWater is a colourless liquid that has no smell odour .When it is put in a watch glass then ignited, it does not catch fire. Set up of apparatusIndustrial application of Fractional distillationOn a large scale,fractional distillation is used: i In fractional distillation of crude oil in an oil refinery. Crude oil is a mixture of many fractions. When heated in a furnace, the different fractions separate out according to their boiling point. In Kenya,fractional distillation takes place at Changamwe in Mombasa. Ii In fractional distillation of air. Air contain a mixture of three main useful gases which are condensed by cooling to very low temperature -200oC to form a liquid. The liquid is then heated. Nitrogen is the most volatile -196 oC and thus comes out as the first fraction. Argon at -186 oC is the second fraction. Oxygen at -183 oC is the last fraction. The three gases are very useful industrial gases. Sublimation depositionSome solids on heating do not melt to a liquid but change directly to a gas. The process by which a solid changes to a gas is called sublimation. The gas cools back and changes directly to a solid. The process by which a gas changes to a solid is called deposition. Sublimation and deposition therefore are the same but opposite processes.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9076698002793825, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1944, "token_count": 429}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.3416095}
{"text": "The gas cools back and changes directly to a solid. The process by which a gas changes to a solid is called deposition. Sublimation and deposition therefore are the same but opposite processes. Some common substances that undergo sublimation deposition include: i Iodine ii Carbon IV oxide iii Camphor iv ammonium chloride v Iron III chloride vi Aluminum III chloride vii benzoic acidIf a mixture has any of the above as a component, then on heating it will change to a gas and be deposited away from the source of heating. ProcedurePlace about one spatula full of ammonium chloride crystals into a clean dry 100cm3 beaker. Add equal amount of sodium chloride crystals into the beaker. Swirl to mix. Place the beaker on a tripod stand. Put about 100cm3 of water into another beaker. Place carefully the beaker containing water on top of the beaker containing the solid mixture. Light ignite a burner and heat the solid. Set up of apparatus:Observation i With ammonium chloride common salt mixtureWhite fumes produced. White sublimate depositedColourless residue left ii With Iodine common salt mixturePurple fumes produced. Dark grey sublimate depositedColourless residue leftExplanation i On heating a mixture of ammonium chloride and common salt, a white fume of ammonium chloride is produced. The white fumes solidify as white sublimate on the cooler parts. Common salt remains as residue. Chemical equation:Ammonium chloride solid Ammonium chloride gas ii On heating a mixture of Iodine and common salt, a purple fume of Iodine vapour is produced. The purple fumes solidify as dark grey sublimate on the cooler parts. Common salt remains as residue. Chemical equation:Iodine solid Iodine gasChromatographyChromatography is a method of separating components of a solution mixture by passing it through a medium where the different components move at different rates. The medium through which the solution mixture is passed is called absorbent material. Paper chromatography is a method of separating colored dyes by using paper as the absorbent material. Since dyes are insoluble do not dissolve in water, ethanol and propanone are used as suitable solvents for dissolving the dye.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9182301181342103, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2208, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.3589237}
{"text": "The medium through which the solution mixture is passed is called absorbent material. Paper chromatography is a method of separating colored dyes by using paper as the absorbent material. Since dyes are insoluble do not dissolve in water, ethanol and propanone are used as suitable solvents for dissolving the dye. Practically, a simple paper chromatography involve placing a dye material on the absorbent material, adding slowly a suitable soluble solvent on the dye material using a dropper, the solvent spread out on the absorbent material carrying the soluble dye away from the origin. The spot on which the dye is initially originally placed is called baseline. The farthest point the solvent spread is called solvent front. The farthest a dye can be spread by the solvent depend on: i Density of the dye-the denser the dye, the less it spread from the basely ne by the solvent. Ii Stickiness of the dye-some dyes sticks on the absorbent material more than other thus do not spread far from baseline. Experiment: To investigate the colors in inkProcedureMethod 1Place a filter paper on an empty beaker. Put a drop of black blue ink in the centre of the filter paper. Wait for about one minute for the ink drop to spread. Using a clean teat pipette dropper add one drop of ethanol propanone. Wait for about one minute for the ink drop to spread further. Add about twenty other drops of ethanol waiting for about one minute before each addition. Allow the filter paper to dry. Experiment: To investigate the colors in inkProcedureMethod 2Cut an 8 centimeter thin strip of a filter paper. At about 3cm on the strip, place a drop of ink. Place the filter paper in a 10cm length boiling tube containing 5cm3 of ethanol. Ensure the cut strip of the filter paper just dips into the ethanol towards the ink mark. Cover the boiling tube. Wait for about twenty minutes. Remove the boiling tube and allow the filter paper to dry. Set up of apparatusExplanationWhen a drop of ink is placed on an absorbent material it sticks. On adding an eluting solvent, it dissolves the dye spread out with it. The denser and sticky pure dye move least. The least dense sticky pure dye move farthest. A pure dye will produce the same chromatogram spot if the same eluting solvent is used on the same absorbent material.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9106544435956202, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2310, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.3773491}
{"text": "The denser and sticky pure dye move least. The least dense sticky pure dye move farthest. A pure dye will produce the same chromatogram spot if the same eluting solvent is used on the same absorbent material. Comparing the distance moved by a pure dye with a mixture, the coloured dyes in a mixture can be deduced as below:Example 1The chromatogram of pure dyes A, B ,C and a dye mixture D is shown below Determine the pure dyes present in D. On the diagram show: i the solvent front ii Baseline Iii the most soluble pure dye i Solvent extractionSolvent extraction is a method of separating oil from nuts seeds. Most nuts contain oil. First the nuts are crushed to reduce their size and increase the surface area. A suitable volatile solvent is added. The mixture is filtered. The filtrate solvent is then allowed to crystallize leaving the oil fat. If a filter paper is rubbed smeared with the oil fat, it becomes translucent. This is the test for the presence of oil fat. Experiment: To extract oil from Macadamia nut seedsProcedureCrush Macadamia nut seeds form the hard outer cover .Place the inner soft seed into a mortar. Crush add a little sand to assist in crushing . Add a little propanone and continue crushing. Continue crushing and adding a little propanone until there is more liquid mixture than the solid. Decant filter. Put the filtrate into an evaporating dish. Vapourize the solvent using solar energy sunlight. Smear rub a portion of the residue left after evaporation on a clean dry filter paper. Observation ExplanationPropanone dissolve fat oil in the macadamia nuts. Propanone is more volatile lower boiling point than oil fat. In sunlight solar energy, propanone evaporate vaporize leaving oil fat has a higher boiling point .Any seed like corn, wheat , rice, soya bean may be used instead of macadamia seed. When oil fat is rubbed smeared on an opaque paper, it becomes translucent. CrystallizationCrystallization is the process of using solubility of a solute solid to obtain the solute solid crystals from a saturated solution by cooling or heating the solution. A crystal is the smallest regular shaped particle of a solute.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9138360459907422, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2172, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.4154727}
{"text": "When oil fat is rubbed smeared on an opaque paper, it becomes translucent. CrystallizationCrystallization is the process of using solubility of a solute solid to obtain the solute solid crystals from a saturated solution by cooling or heating the solution. A crystal is the smallest regular shaped particle of a solute. Every solute has unique shape of its crystals. Some solutions form crystals when heated. This is because less solute dissolves at higher temperature. Some other solutions form crystals when cooled. This is because less solute dissolves at lower temperature. Experiment; To crystallize copper II sulphate VI solutionProcedure:Place about one spatula full of hydrated copper sulphate VI crystals into 200cm3 of distilled water in a beaker. Stir. Continue adding a little more of the hydrated copper sulphate VI crystals and stirring until no more dissolve. Decant filter. Cover the filtrate with a filter paper. Pierce and make small holes on the filter paper cover. Preserve the experiment for about seven days. Observation ExplanationLarge blue crystals formedWhen hydrated copper II sulphate crystals are placed in water, they dissolve to form copper II sulphate solution. After some days water slowly evaporate leaving large crystals of copper II sulphate. If the mixture is heated to dryness, small crystals are formed. Using MagnetsMixtures containing substances that are attracted by magnets can be separated using a magnet. We can separate iron from a mixture of sand and iron, as only the iron is attracted to the magnet. ACIDS, BASES AND INDICATORSIn a school laboratory: i An acid may be defined as a substance that turns litmus red. Ii A base may be defined as a substance that turns litmus blue. Litmus is lichen found mainly in West Africa. It changes its colour depending on whether the solution it is in, is basic alkaline or acidic. It is thus able to identify show whether another substance is an acid, base or neutral. Iii An indicator is a substance that shows whether another substance is a base alkaline,acid or neutralCommon naturally occurring acids include:Most commonly used acids found in a school laboratory are not naturally occurring. They are manufactured. They are called mineral acids. Common mineral acids include:Mineral acids are manufactured to very high concentration.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9179071760630374, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2352, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.4523153}
{"text": "They are manufactured. They are called mineral acids. Common mineral acids include:Mineral acids are manufactured to very high concentration. They are corrosive causes painful wounds on contact with the skin and attack reacts with garments clothes metals. In a school laboratory, they are mainly used when added a lot of water. This is called diluting. Diluting ensures the concentration of the acid is safely low. Bases are opposite of acids. Most bases do not dissolve in water. Bases which dissolve in water are called alkalis. Common alkalis include:Common bases which are not alkali include:Indicators are useful in identifying substances which look-alike. An acid-base indicator is a substance used to identify whether another substance is alkaline or acidic. An acid-base indicator works by changing to different colors in neutral, acidic and alkaline solutions dissolved in water. Experiment: To prepare simple acid-base indicatorProcedure a Place some flowers petals in a mortar. Crush them using a pestle. Add a little sand to assist in crushing. Add about 5cm3 of propanone ethanol and carefully continue grinding. Add more 5cm3 of propanone ethanol and continue until there is enough extract in the mortar. Filter the extract into a clean 100cm3 beaker. B Place 5cm3 of filtered wood ash, soap solution, ammonia solution, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, distilled water, sulphuric VI acid, sour milk, sodium chloride, toothpaste and calcium hydroxide into separate test tubes. C Put about three drops of the extract in a to each test tube in b . Record the observations made in each case. Sample observationsThe plant extract is able to differentiate between solutions by their nature. It is changing to a similar colour for similar solutions. I Since lemon juice is a known acid, then sulphuric VI and hydrochloric acids are similar in nature with lemon juice because the indicator shows similar colors. They are acidic in nature. Ii Since sodium hydroxide is a known base alkali, then the green colour of indicator shows an alkaline basic solution. Iii Since pure water is neutral, then the orange colour of indicator shows neutral solutions. In a school laboratory, commercial indicators are used. A commercial indicator is cheap, readily available and easy to store.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9109519601042698, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2309, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.4769857}
{"text": "Iii Since pure water is neutral, then the orange colour of indicator shows neutral solutions. In a school laboratory, commercial indicators are used. A commercial indicator is cheap, readily available and easy to store. Common indicators include: Litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl orange, screened methyl orange, bromothymol blue. Experiment:Using commercial indicators to determine acidic, basic alkaline and neutral solutionsProcedurePlace 5cm3 of the solutions in the table below. Add three drops of litmus solution to each solution. Repeat with phenolphthalein indicator, methyl orange, screened methyl orange and bromothymol blue. Sample resultsThe universal indicatorThe universal indicator is a mixture of other indicator dyes. The indicator uses the pH scale. The pH scale shows the strength of bases and acids. The pH scale ranges from 1-14.These numbers are called pH values: i pH values 1, 2, 3 shows a substance is strongly acid ii pH values 4, 5, 6 shows a substance is a weakly acid iii pH value 7 shows a substance is a neutral iv pH values 8, 9, 10, 11 shows a substance is a weak base alkali. V pH values 12, 13, 14 shows a substance is a strong base alkaliThe pH values are determined from a pH chart. The pH chart is a multicolored paper with each colour corresponding to a pH value.i.e i red correspond to pH 1, 2, 3 showing strongly acidic solutions. Ii Orange yellow correspond to pH 4, 5, 6 showing weakly acidic solutions. Iii Green correspond to pH 7 showing neutral solutions. Iv Blue correspond to pH 8, 9, 10, 11 showing weakly alkaline solutions. V Purple dark blue correspond to pH 12,13,14 showing strong alkalis. The universal indicator is available as: i Universal indicator paper pH paper ii Universal indicator solution. When determining the pH of a unknown solution using i pH paper then the pH paper is dipped into the unknown solution. It changes turn to a certain colour. The new colour is marched compared to its corresponding one on the pH chart to get the pH value.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8637739705474372, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2036, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.4352891}
{"text": "A woman is generally most likely to get pregnant fertile if she has sex a few days before, and during ovulation. Menstrual CycleEach month during the years between puberty and menopause, a woman s body goes through a number of changes to get it ready for a possible pregnancy. This series of hormone-driven events is called the menstrual cycle. During each menstrual cycle, an egg develops and is released from the ovaries. The lining of the uterus builds up. If a pregnancy doesn t happen, the uterine lining sheds during a menstrual period. Then the cycle starts again. Menstrual phaseThe menstrual phase is the first stage of the menstrual cycle. It s also when you get your period. This phase starts when an egg from the previous cycle isn t fertilized. Because pregnancy hasn t taken place, levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone drop. The thickened lining of your uterus, which would support a pregnancy, is no longer needed, so it sheds through your vagina. During your period, you release a combination of blood, mucus, and tissue from your uterus. You may have period symptoms like these:crampstender breastsbloatingmood swingsirritabilityheadachestirednesslow back painOn average, women are in the menstrual phase of their cycle for 3 to 7 days. Some women have longer periods than others. Identifying common issues related to Menstrual cycleEvery woman s menstrual cycle is different. Some women get their period at the same time each month. Others are more irregular. Some women bleed more heavily or for a longer number of days than others. Your menstrual cycle can also change during certain times of your life. For example, it can get more irregular as you get close to menopause. One way to find out if you re having any issues with your menstrual cycle is to track your periods. Write down when they start and end. Also record any changes to the amount or number of days you bleed, and whether you have spotting between periods. Any of these things can alter your menstrual cycle:Birth control. The birth control pill may make your periods shorter and lighter. While on some pills, you won t get a period at all. Pregnancy. Your periods should stop during pregnancy. Missed periods are one of the most obvious first signs that you re pregnant. Uterine fibroids.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9147941182246447, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2303, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.501038}
{"text": "Your periods should stop during pregnancy. Missed periods are one of the most obvious first signs that you re pregnant. Uterine fibroids. These noncancerous growths in your uterus can make your periods longer and heavier than usual. Eating disorders. Anorexia, bulimia, and other eating disorders can disrupt your menstrual cycle and make your periods stop. Here are a few signs of a problem with your menstrual cycle:You ve skipped periods, or your periods have stopped entirely. Your periods are irregular. You bleed for more than seven days. Your periods are less than 21 days or more than 35 days apart. You bleed between periods heavier than spotting . If you have these or other problems with your menstrual cycle or periods, talk to your healthcare provider. Managing issues related to the menstrual cyclestopping smokingusing heating pads, hot water bottles, or warm baths to ease paintrying gentle forms of exercise, such as walkingmanaging stress and making time for relaxationavoiding caffeine, alcohol, and refined sugar in the 2 weeks before a periodgetting enough sleep each nightFertilization and implantation in human beings Fertilization in humans refers to the fusion of male and female gametes that facilitates the development of a new organism. Fertilization is the natural life process, which is carried out by the fusion of both male and female gametes, which results in the formation of a zygote. In humans, the process of fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube. During this process, semen comprising thousands of sperms are inseminated into the female vagina during coitus. The sperms move towards the uterus and reach the opening of the fallopian tube. Only a few sperms will succeed in reaching the opening of the fallopian tube. Both sperm and egg can show their vitality only to a limited period. Sperm is alive for 48-72 hours in a female reproductive system, whereas the egg can be fertilized for 24 hours before it is released. Only one sperm will succeed in fertilising the ovum, by penetrating its cell membrane and depositing the male genetic material into the female cell, where the two nuclei fuse. The fertilised ovum zygote immediately becomes resistant to penetration by any other sperm arriving later.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9139905642511135, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2263, "token_count": 476}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.5360935}
{"text": "Sperm is alive for 48-72 hours in a female reproductive system, whereas the egg can be fertilized for 24 hours before it is released. Only one sperm will succeed in fertilising the ovum, by penetrating its cell membrane and depositing the male genetic material into the female cell, where the two nuclei fuse. The fertilised ovum zygote immediately becomes resistant to penetration by any other sperm arriving later. After fertilisation occurs, the zygote remains in the fallopian tube for about 72 hours, and during this time it develops rapidly, as you will see in the next section. Early development of the embryoFrom the moment of fertilisation until the eighth week of pregnancy, the developing human is called an embryo. While these changes are taking place in the early embryo, it is moving along the fallopian tube towards the uterus. This takes five to seven days. Between five to seven days after fertilisation, the blastocyst reaches the uterus and embeds itself in the thickened endometrium lining of the uterus . This process is called implantation, and if the embryo survives it is the beginning of a pregnancy. However, the embryo may not implant, or it may not survive for more than a few days. In this case, it is shed from the uterus as the endometrium breaks down, and it passes out of the vagina in the menstrual fluid. The loss of a very early pregnancy in this way is very common, and the woman does not even know that she was momentarily pregnant. Human Excretory systemSkinThe skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. The skin protects us from microbes and the elements, helps regulate body temperature, and permits the sensations of touch, heat, and cold. Skin has three layers:The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. Acts as a protective barrier: The epidermis keeps bacteria and germs from entering your body and bloodstream and causing infections. It also protects against rain, sun and other elements. Makes new skin: The epidermis continually makes new skin cells. These new cells replace the approximately 40,000 old skin cells that your body sheds every day. You have new skin every 30 days. Protects your body: Langerhans cells in the epidermis are part of the body s immune system. They help fight off germs and infections.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9073792924516458, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2366, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.52503}
{"text": "You have new skin every 30 days. Protects your body: Langerhans cells in the epidermis are part of the body s immune system. They help fight off germs and infections. Provides skin color: The epidermis contains melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. The amount of melanin you have determines the color of your skin, hair and eyes. People who make more melanin have darker skin and may tan more quickly. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands. Has collagen and elastin: Collagen is a protein that makes skin cells strong and resilient. Another protein found in the dermis, elastin, keeps skin flexible. It also helps stretched skin regain its shape. Grows hair: The roots of hair follicles attach to the dermis. Keeps you in touch: Nerves in the dermis tell you when something is too hot to touch, itchy or super soft. These nerve receptors also help you feel pain. Makes oil: Oil glands in the dermis help keep the skin soft and smooth. Oil also prevents your skin from absorbing too much water when you swim or get caught in a rainstorm. Produces sweat: Sweat glands in the dermis release sweat through skin pores. Sweat helps regulate your body temperature. Supplies blood: Blood vessels in the dermis provide nutrients to the epidermis, keeping the skin layers healthy. The deeper subcutaneous tissue hypodermis is made of fat and connective tissue. Cushions muscles and bones: Fat in the hypodermis protects muscles and bones from injuries when you fall or are in an accident. Has connective tissue: This tissue connects layers of skin to muscles and bones. Helps the nerves and blood vessels: Nerves and blood vessels in the dermis middle layer get larger in the hypodermis. These nerves and blood vessels branch out to connect the hypodermis to the rest of the body. Regulates body temperature: Fat in the hypodermis keeps you from getting too cold or hot. The skin s color is created by special cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin. Melanocytes are located in the epidermis. The Urinary systemThe body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. After the body has taken the food components that it needs, waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9165102730967064, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2285, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.57252}
{"text": "Melanocytes are located in the epidermis. The Urinary systemThe body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. After the body has taken the food components that it needs, waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood. The kidney and urinary systems help the body to eliminate liquid waste called urea, and to keep chemicals, such as potassium and sodium, and water in balance. Urea is produced when foods containing protein, such as meat, poultry, and certain vegetables, are broken down in the body. Urea is carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is removed along with water and other wastes in the form of urine. Two kidneys. This pair of purplish-brown organs is located below the ribs toward the middle of the back. Their function is to:Remove waste products and drugs from the bodyBalance the body's fluidsRelease hormones to regulate blood pressureControl production of red blood cellsTwo ureters. These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys. Bladder. This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower abdomen. It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra. The typical healthy adult bladder can store up to two cups of urine for two to five hours. Urethra. This tube allows urine to pass outside the body. The brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, which squeezes urine out of the bladder. At the same time, the brain signals the sphincter muscles to relax to let urine exit the bladder through the urethra. When all the signals occur in the correct order, normal urination occurs. Facts about urineNormal, healthy urine is a pale straw or transparent yellow color. Darker yellow or honey colored urine means you need more water. A darker, brownish color may indicate a liver problem or severe dehydration. Pinkish or red urine may mean blood in the urine.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9186521120075937, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2107, "token_count": 442}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.6137466}
{"text": "Darker yellow or honey colored urine means you need more water. A darker, brownish color may indicate a liver problem or severe dehydration. Pinkish or red urine may mean blood in the urine. Diseases and conditions that cause chronic kidney disease include:Type 1 or type 2 diabetesHigh blood pressurean inflammation of the kidney's filtering units glomeruli an inflammation of the kidney's tubules and surrounding structuresother inherited kidney diseasesProlonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancersRecurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritisHeart cardiovascular diseaseSmokingObesityBeing Black, Native American or Asian AmericanFamily history of kidney diseaseAbnormal kidney structureOlder ageFrequent use of medications that can damage the kidneysSigns and symptoms of Kidney DiseasesSigns and symptoms of chronic kidney disease develop over time if kidney damage progresses slowly. Loss of kidney function can cause a buildup of fluid or body waste or electrolyte problems. Depending on how severe it is, loss of kidney function can cause:NauseaVomitingLoss of appetiteFatigue and weaknessSleep problemsUrinating more or lessDecreased mental sharpnessMuscle crampsSwelling of feet and anklesDry, itchy skinHigh blood pressure hypertension that's difficult to controlShortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungsChest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heartTo reduce your risk of developing kidney disease:Follow instructions on over-the-counter medications. When using nonprescription pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen Advil, Motrin IB, others and acetaminophen Tylenol, others , follow the instructions on the package. Taking too many pain relievers for a long time could lead to kidney damage. Maintain a healthy weight. If you're at a healthy weight, maintain it by being physically active most days of the week. If you need to lose weight, talk with your doctor about strategies for healthy weight loss. Don't smoke. Cigarette smoking can damage your kidneys and make existing kidney damage worse. If you're a smoker, talk to your doctor about strategies for quitting. Support groups, counseling and medications can all help you to stop. Manage your medical conditions with your doctor's help.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.921466927754865, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2359, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.6019425}
{"text": "If you're a smoker, talk to your doctor about strategies for quitting. Support groups, counseling and medications can all help you to stop. Manage your medical conditions with your doctor's help. If you have diseases or conditions that increase your risk of kidney disease, work with your doctor to control them. Ask your doctor about tests to look for signs of kidney damage. How can I protect my skin? You lose collagen and elastin as you age. This causes the skin s middle layer dermis to get thinner. As a result, the skin may sag and develop wrinkles. While you can t stop the aging process, these actions can help maintain healthier skin:Apply sunscreen every day even if you re mostly indoors . Choose a sunscreen with a broad-spectrum sun protection factor SPF of at least 30. Don t tan indoors or outdoors. Tanning causes skin damage. It ages skin and can cause skin cancer. Find healthy ways to manage stress. Stress can make certain skin conditions worse. Perform regular skin and mole checks to look for changes that may be signs of skin cancer. Quit smoking and using tobacco products. Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarettes and electronic cigarettes age skin faster. Use gentle cleansers to wash your face in the morning and at night. Shower regularly and apply moisturizing lotion to prevent dry skin. Effects of cosmetics on healthHeadachesHair problems- Extensive use of chemical based hair products could lead to dandruff, scalp redness, thinning of hair, and even loss of hair. Long term use of hair color could also lead to hair discoloration. Acne - Some types of makeup which are in the form of liquids and creams clog the pores in your skin. This leads to the formation of blackheads, which when not cleaned regularly can form acne. Skin allergies - hemicals known as Parabens which include ethyl-paraben, butyl-paraben, and isopropyl-paraben are used as preservatives to prevent bacterial growth in cosmetics. Parabens can cause various allergic reactions like skin irritation, blotches, and blemishes on the skin. Eye infections - Layers of eye makeup can be damaging to your eyes as it also slips into your eyes through the corners causing irritation. Premature aging - When you use skin products for a longer period of time, the chemicals present tend to permanently damage your skin. With time, you could begin to see skin ageing signs likes wrinkles or patchiness on your face and body.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9157116584762882, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2427, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.6337106}
{"text": "Eye infections - Layers of eye makeup can be damaging to your eyes as it also slips into your eyes through the corners causing irritation. Premature aging - When you use skin products for a longer period of time, the chemicals present tend to permanently damage your skin. With time, you could begin to see skin ageing signs likes wrinkles or patchiness on your face and body. While makeup does help you hide or cover flaws in your skin, the long term effects could be counterproductive. Also, considering how big the anti-ageing products market is, cosmetic companies have no incentive to reduce the ageing effects of makeup. Cancer - Many of the chemical based cosmetics available in the stores today contain toxic ingredients that could cause cancer. With regulations in place, there is testing being done on the ingredients before the products can be sold. Ry and avoid products with the following ingredients. Formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasing preservativesPhenacetinCoal tarBenzeneUntreated or mildly treated mineral oilsEthylene oxideChromiumCadmium and its compoundsArsenicCrystalline silica or quartz Skin discoloration- Skin products like sunscreens, moisturizers, toners, and creams contain agents that bleach or darken the skin. Cosmetic products that use poor quality ingredients which have not been regulated can lead to skin discoloration. The effect could be patches, pigmentation, uneven skin tone, redness, and freckles. FORCE AND ENERGYStatic electricityStatic electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material or between materials. A static electric charge can be created whenever two surfaces contact and have worn and separated, and at least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electric current. The effects of static electricity are familiar to most people because people can feel, hear, and even see the spark as the excess charge is neutralized when brought close to a large electrical conductor for example, a path to ground , or a region with an excess charge of the opposite polarity positive or negative Contact-induced chargeIn high-school science demonstrations involving rubbing different materials together e.g., fur against an acrylic rod . Contact-induced charge separation causes your hair to stand up and causes \"static cling\" for example, a balloon rubbed against the hair becomes negatively charged; when near a wall, the charged balloon is attracted to positively charged particles in the wall, and can \"cling\" to it, appearing to be suspended against gravity .", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.922706065318818, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2572, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.6684127}
{"text": "A static electric charge can be created whenever two surfaces contact and have worn and separated, and at least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electric current. The effects of static electricity are familiar to most people because people can feel, hear, and even see the spark as the excess charge is neutralized when brought close to a large electrical conductor for example, a path to ground , or a region with an excess charge of the opposite polarity positive or negative Contact-induced chargeIn high-school science demonstrations involving rubbing different materials together e.g., fur against an acrylic rod . Contact-induced charge separation causes your hair to stand up and causes \"static cling\" for example, a balloon rubbed against the hair becomes negatively charged; when near a wall, the charged balloon is attracted to positively charged particles in the wall, and can \"cling\" to it, appearing to be suspended against gravity . There are two ways of charging objectsrubbingBy using the method of friction, positive charge is developed on one of the bodies and negative charge on the other. When these two bodies are brought close, they attract. Some objects have tendency to gain positive charge example glass and ebonite rod while some objects have the tendency to gain negative charge example silk . InductionWhen an uncharged object is placed very close to a charged conductor without touching, the nearer end acquires a charge opposite to the charge on the charged conductors and the two bodies attract. This is called charging by induction. The net charge on the bodies remains the same and body is charged until they are kept close or brought in contact. Effects of force between charged objectsLike charges repel each other; unlike charges attract. Thus, two negative charges repel one another, while a positive charge attracts a negative charge. The attraction or repulsion acts along the line between the two charges. Forces are exerted by charged objects. Two electrically charged objects can exert a force on each other without directly touching. This force is an example of a non-contact force. Forces can attract and repel. Two objects with the same type of charge will repel, whilst two oppositely charged objects attract. The force between unlike charges is called electrostatic attraction. The force between like charges is called electrostatic repulsion. Electrostatic forces can cause movement. Similar to other forces, electrostatic forces can cause movement. Electrostatic attraction causes objects to move closer together, whilst electrostatic repulsion causes objects to move further away from each other.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.922996254681648, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2670, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.7145092}
{"text": "Electrostatic forces can cause movement. Similar to other forces, electrostatic forces can cause movement. Electrostatic attraction causes objects to move closer together, whilst electrostatic repulsion causes objects to move further away from each other. If we think back to our example with the rod and the cloth, the positive rod will attract the negative cloth, so they will move closer together. Uses of static chargesAlthough static electricity can be a nuisance like getting shock when you touch a doorknob or having static cling on your clothes it has a number of beneficial uses. The forces of attraction between charged particles caused by static electricity are used in air pollution control, xerography and automobile painting. Questions you may have include:How is static electricity used in air pollution control? How does a Xerox machine work? How is static electricity used to paint cars? Pollution controlStatic electricity is used in pollution control by applying a static charge to dirt particles in the air and then collecting those charged particles on a plate or collector of the opposite electrical charge. Such devices are often called electrostatic precipitators. SmokestacksFactories use static electricity to reduce pollution coming from their smokestacks. They give the smoke an electric charge. When it passes by electrodes of the opposite charge, most of the smoke particles cling to the electrodes. This keeps the pollution from going out into the atmosphere. Air freshenersSome people purchase what are called air ionizers to freshen and purify the air in their homes. They work on a similar principle as the smokestack pollution control. These devices strip electrons from smoke molecules, dust particles, and pollen in the air, just as what happens in creating static electricity. These charged dust and smoke particles are then attracted to and stick to a plate on the device with the opposite charge. After a while, much of the pollution is drawn from the air. Since charged particles will also stick to neutral surfaces, some of them can stick to the wall near the ionizer, making it very dirty and difficult to clean. XerographyYour photocopier or Xerox machine uses static electricity to copy print to a page. This is done through the science of xerography. One version of this device electrically charges ink so that it will stick to the paper in the designated areas. Another version of a photocopier uses charges to stick the ink to a drum, which then transfers it to the paper. Painting carsSome automobile manufacturers use static electricity to help them paint the cars they make.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9259878419452888, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2632, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.7305193}
{"text": "One version of this device electrically charges ink so that it will stick to the paper in the designated areas. Another version of a photocopier uses charges to stick the ink to a drum, which then transfers it to the paper. Painting carsSome automobile manufacturers use static electricity to help them paint the cars they make. The way this works is that they first prepare the car's surface and then put it in a paint booth. Next, they give the paint an electrical charge and then spray a fine mist of paint into the booth. The charged paint particles are attracted to the car and stick to the body, just like a charged balloon sticks to a wall. Once the paint dries, it sticks much better to the car and is smoother because it is evenly distributed. Safety measures when dealing with static chargesUse of the following in the workplace may be necessary to prevent charge accumulation that can lead to static electricity:nonmetal handrailsinsulated doorknobsnonconductive shieldsantistatic wrist strapsstatic dissipating bootsantistatic or conductive clothingElectrical EnergySources of electricityElectricity cannot be mined from the ground like coal. So it is called a secondary source of energy, meaning that it is derived from primary sources, including coal, natural gas, nuclear fission reactions, sunlight, wind, and hydropower. Most direct uses of primary energy are limited to generating heat and motion. Electric circuitWhen there are two or more electrical devices in a circuit with an energy source, there are a couple of basic ways by which we connect them. They can either be connected in series or in parallel combinations. A series circuit is a circuit in which two components share a common node and the same current flows through them. However, in a parallel circuit, components share two common nodes. SeriesA circuit is said to be connected in series when the same current flows through all the components in the circuit. In such circuits, the current has only one path. Let us consider the household decorative string lights as an example of a series circuit. This is nothing but a series of multiple tiny bulbs connected in series. If one bulb fuses, all the bulbs in the series do not light up. ParrallelA circuit is said to be parallel when the electric current has multiple paths to flow through. The components that are a part of the parallel circuits will have a constant voltage across all ends.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9223452234522346, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2439, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.699926}
{"text": "If one bulb fuses, all the bulbs in the series do not light up. ParrallelA circuit is said to be parallel when the electric current has multiple paths to flow through. The components that are a part of the parallel circuits will have a constant voltage across all ends. Electric conductorsThe are two typesconductorsnon-conductorsApplications of ConductorsConductors are quite useful in many ways. They find use in many real-life applications. For example,Mercury is a common material in thermometer to check the temperature of the body. Aluminium finds its use in making foils to store food. It is also used in the production of fry pans to store heat quickly. Iron is a common material used in vehicle engine manufacturing to conduct heat. The plate of iron is made up of steel to absorb heat briskly. Conductors find their use in car radiators to eradicate heat away from the engine. Applications of InsulatorsAs insulators resist the flow of electron, they find worldwide applications. Some of the common uses include:Thermal insulators, disallow heat to move from one place to another. Hence, we use them in making thermoplastic bottles. They are also used in fireproofing ceilings and walls. Sound insulators help in controlling noise level, as they are good in absorbance of sound. Thus, we use them in buildings and conference halls to make them noise-free. Electrical insulators hinder the flow of electron or passage of current through them. So, we use them extensively in circuit boards and high-voltage systems. They are also used in coating electric wire and cables. Electrical appliancesThe term appliance can be defined as, \"a device or apparatus or equipment designed to perform an application or task, other than industrial, benefited in our personal life that uses some kind of technology\". USE OF APPLIANCESWhen we consider the demands of our work schedules, whether be it in our house or office or in the exterior work place, appliances lower the stress levels almost everywhere. An appliance is designed to cater a function in our personal life, and use the following five main functional categories: Lighting, Heating, Cooling, Mechanical Work, and Information Knowledge Processing. For example, a light bulb does lighting, an oven does heating, a refrigerator does cooling, a hand mixer does mechanical work, and a smart phone does information knowledge processing.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9203495630461924, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2403, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.7555583}
{"text": "USE OF APPLIANCESWhen we consider the demands of our work schedules, whether be it in our house or office or in the exterior work place, appliances lower the stress levels almost everywhere. An appliance is designed to cater a function in our personal life, and use the following five main functional categories: Lighting, Heating, Cooling, Mechanical Work, and Information Knowledge Processing. For example, a light bulb does lighting, an oven does heating, a refrigerator does cooling, a hand mixer does mechanical work, and a smart phone does information knowledge processing. Home Appliances or Domestic Appliances or Household Appliances are devices or equipment that assists in household functions such as cooking, cleaning, food preservation, lighting, and entertainmentAn Electric Appliance is a device or apparatus that uses to perform a function in our personal life, other than industrial, with the help of electrical energy. Some of the major appliances are:Air conditioner Room: 750-1500 wattsAudio System: 10-100 wattsBlender: 300 wattsBlow dryer: 1000 wattsCeiling fan: 10-70 wattsClothes dryer: 4000 wattsCoffee Maker: 800 wattsCoffee Pot: 200 wattsCooking Range: 1250-3200 wattsCompact Fluorescent Lamp: 18 wattsComputer: 50-250 wattsFood Blender: 390 wattsFrying Pan: 1200 wattsGarage door opener: 350 wattsHand Drill: 250-1000 wattsHeater: 1500 wattsHot Plate: 1200 wattsIron: 1000 wattsLaptop: 80-150 wattsTelevision: 70-250 wattsToaster: 800-1500 wattsWashing machine Automatic: 500 wattsSAFETY MEASURES WHEN HANDLING ELECTRICAL APPLIANCESNever overload a power socket. Too many plugs in a socket will draw a large current and generate heat in the wires which can result in overloading. Never touch an electrical socket. You can receive an electric shock by doing so. Do not wet electrical appliances, plugs, or sockets. Disconnect the appliance while cleaning it. Do not touch electric poles, high voltage wires, etc.,. With your hands or any metal.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8584500000000002, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2000, "token_count": 476}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.7662857}
{"text": "Do not wet electrical appliances, plugs, or sockets. Disconnect the appliance while cleaning it. Do not touch electric poles, high voltage wires, etc.,. With your hands or any metal. Uses of ElectricityEntertainmentHealthcareEngineeringTransport and CommunicationOutdoorsHouseholdCommercialOfficeFuelSpaceUses of Electricity in EntertainmentListening to music on MP3 players. Watching Television. Playing movies on DVDs, VCDs or VCRs runs on electricity. Uses of Electricity in HealthcareSurgical operationsDoctors need a powerful light during an operation on a patientWithout electricity, the operation can prove fatal. Uses of Electricity in EngineeringConstructions of buildings and structures for the convenience of people require electricity in every step. Building houses, installing gates and windows, welding of materials require current electricity to operate the machines. Uses of Electricity in Transport and CommunicationReaching places or communicating from a different corner of the world is only possible because of electricity. A power cut during airline travel can be dangerous. Uses of Electricity outdoorsThe street lights on the road use electricity to function, even the pool requires electricity to heat the water in colder regions. The lawnmower, which is used to cut grass uses electricity to operate. The water sprinkler for the grass on the lawn uses electricity as well. Uses of Electricity in HouseholdStarting from toaster to refrigerator, microwave, washing machine, dishwasher, electrical chimney, and many more appliances which are simple to use and made for the convenience of day-to-day activities use electricity to function. Uses of Electricity in commercial placesFor the production of various materials, the factory uses heavy machinery which always runs on electricity. Even the magnets which are of a giant like structures require electricity to keep it charged for lifting heavy metals. Uses of Electricity in OfficeWe go to work in offices in which most things run on electricity. The lights, lifts, AC, coffee machine, ID card reader, biometric scanners and everything else requires electricity. Uses of Electricity as fuelElectrical energy comes under renewable energy, and we can produce it using most of the natural resources available to us. Today, things which were running on fossil fuels, such as cars and bikes, are now made in such a way that it runs on electricity like solar-powered , which will be more convenient in the future. Uses of Electricity in SpaceThe satellites and probes which are sent from the earth for space expeditions run on electricity.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9247818833094283, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2632, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.7955625}
{"text": "Uses of Electricity as fuelElectrical energy comes under renewable energy, and we can produce it using most of the natural resources available to us. Today, things which were running on fossil fuels, such as cars and bikes, are now made in such a way that it runs on electricity like solar-powered , which will be more convenient in the future. Uses of Electricity in SpaceThe satellites and probes which are sent from the earth for space expeditions run on electricity. The electricity is generated with the help of a generator or is battery powered. MagnetismA magnet is an object that produces a magnetic field around itselfMagnets are classified into two groups natural and artificial magnets based on how they achieved their magnetism and for how long they retain their magnetic abilities and on their magnetic field. Natural magnets occur in nature and are much weaker than artificial magnets. Natural magnets Natural magnets occur in nature and have a weak magnetic field. Lodestones are a common example of natural magnets. Artificial magnets Artificial magnets can be produced by man-made means and have a stronger magnetic field. They can also be shaped as required. When an artificial magnet is shaped in the form of a bar, it is called a bar magnet. Properties of Bar MagnetA bar magnet has properties similar to any permanent magnet. It has a north pole and a south pole at two ends. Even if you break a bar magnet from the middle, both the pieces will still have a north pole and a south pole, no matter how many pieces you break it in. Its magnetic force of it is the strongest at the poles. If this magnet is suspended freely in the air with a thread, it will not come to rest until the poles are aligned in a north-south position. A Mariner s Compass uses this property to determine direction. If two bar magnets are placed close to each other, their unlike poles will attract and like poles will repel each other. A bar magnet will attract all ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel and cobalt. The magnetic force between two moving charges may be described as the effect exerted upon either charge by a magnetic field created by the other. Magnetic and non-magnetic materialsSubstances that are attracted by a magnet are called magnetic substances. Example: Iron, cobalt, nickel, etc. Substances that are not attracted by a magnet are called non-magnetic materials. Example: Aluminium, copper, wood, etc.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9186065573770492, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2440, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.8323107}
{"text": "Example: Iron, cobalt, nickel, etc. Substances that are not attracted by a magnet are called non-magnetic materials. Example: Aluminium, copper, wood, etc. Force between like and unlike poles of a magnetUses of a magnetVarious Applications and Uses of MagnetsWe might be using computers in our day-to-day lives but never wondered about the presence of a magnet inside it. Magnetic elements on a hard disk help to represent computer data, which is later read by the computer to extract information. Magnets are used inside TVs, sound speakers and radios. The small coil of wire and a magnet inside a speaker transforms the electronic signal to sound vibrations. Magnets are used inside a generator to transform mechanical energy into electrical energy. In contrast, other kinds of motors use magnets to change electrical energy to mechanical energy. Electrically charged magnets can help cranes to move large metal pieces. Magnets are used in filtering machines that separate metallic ores from crushed rocks. It is also used in food processing industries for separating small metallic pieces from grains etc. Magnets are used in MRI machines which are used to create an image of the bone structure, organs, and tissues. Even magnets are used to cure cancer. At home, you use magnets when you stick a paper on the refrigerator in order to remember something. Attaching a magnetic bottle opener to the fridge can come in handy. We often use pocket a compass to find out directions when we are on a trek. The pocket compass uses a magnetic needle to point north. The dark strip on the back of debit and credit cards is magnetic and is used to store data like computers hard drives. Magnets can help collect all the nails which are scattered on the ground after a repair job.", "metadata": {"source": "INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9158129175946549, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1796, "token_count": 356}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.8426697}
{"text": "STRAND 1 FOUNDATIONS OF CREATIVE ARTS. WHAT IS CREATIVE ARTSIntroduction to Creative Arts and Sports. Creative Arts is a description of various artistic activities that allow performers to use their imaginations, creativity, and express ideas through a variety of mediums to passage a message to the audience. What is sports? A sport is any activity involving physical or mental effort combined with skills in which an individual or a team or teams compete against another or others for entertainmeRoles of Creative arts and sports in the society. Creates a sense of identity-bring people together, creating shared experiences that help to foster a sense of community and collective identity. Creative arts and sports promote cohesion through teamwork. Through creative arts and sports culture is preserved-it ensures that our history and traditions are not forgotten, and that future generations can appreciate and learn from them. Creative arts and sports inspire creativity, talents and abilities. Creative arts and sports provide provides us with entertainment through components such as music, dance, drama, narratives, films and movies, various sports i.e., soccer, basketball, netball, volley ball. Creative arts and sports provide employment opportunities such as artists, musicians, referees, sports coaches, sports doctors, choreographers. Trainers, teachers etc. One can earn income through activities related to creative arts and sports hence eradicating poetry. Through creative arts and sports, a country can earn or generate tax revenue. Boosts revenue collection Creative arts and sports attract investments which in turn increases job opportunities. Creative arts and sports stimulate growth of economy through sectors such as tourism. Encourages tourism Creative arts is made of the following components:Visual arts -creative art forms appreciated through sense of sight such as;Drawing. Painting. Sculpture. Montage. CollagePlay - a written work that tells a story through action and speech and is meant to be acted on a stage. Music - Music is a collection of coordinated sound or sounds. Making music is the process of putting sounds and tones in an order, often combining them to create a unified compositionDance dance is the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion. Principles of Visual arts. There are two principles of visual arts namely:Principle of dominance. Principle of proportion. Principle of dominance in Visual Arts.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9213259382951654, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2560, "token_count": 489}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.8528242}
{"text": "There are two principles of visual arts namely:Principle of dominance. Principle of proportion. Principle of dominance in Visual Arts. Dominance is when a single element is so large and or different compared to the rest of the design that it dominates. It grabs your attention. Famous examples include the London Eye that dominates the skyline of London or the Ashoka Lions that dominate the Indian Passport and other official documents. Principle of Proportion in Visual arts. Proportion refers to the dimensions of a composition and relationships between height, width and depth. How proportion is used will affect how realistic or stylized. Proportion also describes how the sizes of different parts of a piece of art or design relate to each other. Proportion in any art is the relative size of objects in relation to each other or corresponding to the other elements as a whole. Basic Elements of a play. Theme - What is the meaning of theme in element of drama? The theme refers to the message meaning that is intended to be expressed in the story. In other words, it is the main idea or the lesson to be learned from the story. Examples of themes in plays include: justice, loyalty. Drugs, bullying, human rights etc. Character- this is a person or individual taking part in the play or drama that may have defined personal qualities and or histories. Plot- A plot is a sequence of events within a play that tells a story. A plot is what makes a story. Five components make up a plot: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. Conflict and theme help drive the plot forward. Language- Language in drama is represented as spoken language or, in other words, as speech. In drama, language refers to the particular manner of verbal expression, the diction or style of writing, or the speech or phrasing that suggests a class or profession or type of character. Setting- The setting is the time and place in which the story takes placeElements of Music in Creative Arts. Sound-any tone with characteristics such as controlled pitch and timbre Rhythm- Rhythm is the pattern of sound, silence, and emphasis in a song Melody- a melody is a combination of pitch and rhythm. Harmony-harmony, in music, the sound of two or more notes heard simultaneously. Elements of Dance in Creative Arts. Body - In dance, the body is the mobile figure or shape, felt by the dancer, seen by others.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9142384105960265, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2416, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.8614104}
{"text": "It helps an athlete to catch a breath and relax before striding again which helps in developing speed and running skills. Photomontage. Photomontage is the process and the result of making a composite photograph by cutting, gluing, rearranging and overlapping two or more photographs into a new image. It is assembly of images that relate to each other in some way to create a single work or part of a work of art. Photomontage is an image constructed from collaged photographs. Characteristics shown in photomontage. Superimposition-combine two images to create something new. Use of pictures. Emphasis on shape. Composing Melody. Netball. Chest pass in Net ball. Chest pass is a way of throwing the ball to a teammate where the ball is released and received at the chest level. The pass is usually used when the teammates are not far from each other. Learning points for the chest pass. 1. Grip Spread your fingers out behind the ball to form a W formation, holding it at chest height with your elbows out in front of you. 2. Stance. Face the direction you want the ball to go in. Step forwards with your dominant foot as you begin to straighten your arms. 3. Execution of the pass. Push the ball away from your body at chest height by powerfully extending the arms forwards and flicking the wrists. Follow through with the arms, wrists, hands and fingers in the direction of the throw. Chest pass drillsDodging and marking in Netball. Dodging is a technique used to counter the marking attempts. It is applied by members of the team in control of the ball. The player being marked attempts to get free from the marker and move into space to receive a pass. It may involve changing pace and use of deceptive body actions to put the marking player off balance. Deceptive means misleading or trickiness while off-balance means not steady or stable. Intercept means block a pass or prevent it from reaching destination or to block something from happening. Body movements used by a player when dodging an opponent. Using bending or leaning movements with the body trunk to the left or right or left once or repeatedly. Sprinting off from the marker. Sprinting and stopping. Extending the left or right arm away from the opponent. Marking is a technique used by a team that is not in possession of the ball to prevent an opponent from receiving a pass.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9146025660480198, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2357, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.9459512}
{"text": "Sprinting and stopping. Extending the left or right arm away from the opponent. Marking is a technique used by a team that is not in possession of the ball to prevent an opponent from receiving a pass. The intention is to obstruct passes made by the team in control of the ball. A player can mark an opponent in possession of the ball or an opponent without the ball. Marking opponent with the ball. Marking opponent without the ball. Body movements used by a player when marking an opponent. Standing in front of the player being marked. Standing beside the player being marked. Raising hands up or to the side to reach the path of the ball. Stepping forward, or sideways while avoiding any obstruction. Things to learn when dodging and marking stance. Marking a player without the ball. Establish the basic stance for marking with body weight on your toes. Take a position slightly in front of the player you intend to mark. Be on your toes, with knees slightly bent, ready to catch the ball or move in the direction of the opponent. The hands should be on the side of the body. React quickly when the opponent being marked makes any movement, move in the direction of the opponent using short steps, shuffle sideways without crossing the feet. Focus on both the ball and the player and forth from one place to another. Activity. Guided by the teacherDemonstrateBasic stance for dodging, marking, body movement for dodging and marking. Footwork in Netball. Landing techniques. In netball, the ball is played using hands. During play, the players may:Run to doge an opponent or to reach a ball. Jump to catch a high ball or rebound from the ring. Stop the running action suddenly to dodge an opponent or avoid getting to an offside position. Land on the floor or the ground as dedicated by the laws of gravity in integrated science and as guided by the law of the game. However, players need to land safely for safety and healthy living. There are two landing techniques in Netball: The double foot landing. Single foot landing. Pivoting. Pivoting is the act of turning with one foot on the ground while the other foot makes repeated short steps. Picoting:Helps the player develop balance after landing. It helps the player turn away from the defender who may be marking. Helps in locating teammates who may be well-positioned to receive the pass. Things to learn in Pivoting.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9161425576519916, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2385, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.9488416}
{"text": "It helps the player turn away from the defender who may be marking. Helps in locating teammates who may be well-positioned to receive the pass. Things to learn in Pivoting. Land one foot and maintain balance. Maintain a firm grip of the ball. Keep the landing foot grounded with knees slightly bent. Keep the head up and the trunk upright. Step with the non-landing foot and turn around. Keep the ball close to the body. 2.5 Descant recorder or Any other western instrument. Examples of western solo instruments. The following techniques are used to play descant recorder:Tonguing. Gently say tu when blowing air into the recorder. Embouchure. This is how one places their mouth on the recorder s mouthpiece to ensure that no air is lost when blowing into the instrument. Fingering. Correct placement of the fingers on the recorder. As a rule, the left hand is always at the top part of the recorder. All the holes must be tightly covered to prevent leakage of air. Blowing. Blow warm air into the recorder. Blowing gently gives a good sound. Blowing too hard generates unpleasant sounds. Slurring. This is the technique of playing more than two notes in one breath. This involves only the movement of fingers while the airflow is constant. Staccato. Playing notes in a detached manner. Notes to be played staccato have a dot above or below the note. Tone quality. Listen carefully to the sound you produce when you blow into the recorder. Blowing gently and having consistent air gives a good tone. Blend and balance. Being able to listen to what the other in an ensemble are playing helps to blend and create a balanced sound. Interpret performance directions when playing the descant recorder. You should be able to play melodies on the descant recorder while observing the following directions: a. Repeat. Repeat signs are two dots that are placed before or after a double bar line. Whey they are placed after a double bar line, it means it is the start of the repeat. However, when they are placed before a double line, it means the end of repeat. 1st and 2nd endingThe two lines above the staff mean that one will avoid playing 1 notes when repeating. This applies where there is a repeat and the last part of the melody is different from the first one. Da capo al fineIt is often abbreviated as D.C al Fine.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9095421827920992, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2320, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.9092488}
{"text": "1st and 2nd endingThe two lines above the staff mean that one will avoid playing 1 notes when repeating. This applies where there is a repeat and the last part of the melody is different from the first one. Da capo al fineIt is often abbreviated as D.C al Fine. It means one goes back to the beginning of the piece and plays to the point written. Dal segno al fine. It is often abbreviated as D.S al fine. It means you go back to a point in the piece of music with the sign and play or sing to the bar marked Fine end then stop. Accent. The note with sign is played with emphasis. Fermata. This sign means that you can hold the note a little longer that its given time value or number of counts. G. Dynamics. This refers to how quietly or loudly a piece of music should be played. Italian terms are used to indicate dynamics in the piece of music. H. Tempo. This term is used to refer to how fast or slow a piece of music can be played. Italina terms are used to indicate what tempo the music is played2.6 Volleyball. Overarm and Jump serve in Volley. Over arm serve. Over arm serve is where a player tosses the ball with one hand and strikes it in the air above their head with the other hand so that it crosses the net and lands into the opponents side. Safety instructions. Ensure you perform thorough warm up activities. Avoid congestion by maintaining a safe distance from your peers. Follow instructions. Jump serve in Volleyball. This is a type of serve where the serving player increases power and serve height by jumping to hit the ball when serving in volleyball. Minor Games and basic rules. Minor games are small sided games that help you practice skills learnt in volleyball while applying the rules of the games. Safety precaution. Never fist hit the ball as you could hit someone s face. Do not swing on the post. Do not go under the net, always walk around the nets. Do not throw the ball over the net, roll it under the net. Diagram of human figures playing Volley. Student activities monitored and instructed by the teacher Draw human figures of players serving or volleying a ball. Serve the ball using the jump serve over a net. Perform the volley for skill acquisition,Play. Swimming. Breast stroke in swimming.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9060490158643478, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2243, "token_count": 485}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.9185498}
{"text": "Perform the volley for skill acquisition,Play. Swimming. Breast stroke in swimming. Breast stroke is a stroke in which the arms are pushed forward and then swept back in a circular movement, while the legs are tucked in towards the bod and then kicked out in a sideways and backward movement. Description of the prone body position. The body lies in a horizontal position in the water with the head in line, with the spine and the face in the water, eyes looking down. The arms are extended forward and the legs are held close together, toes pointed. The breast stroke begins with a forceful push from the poolside in order to generate some propulsion, which results in a glide. The body moves in a smooth, continuous and effortless motion while lying on the stomach and glides in a horizontal position. From the glide phase, the propulsive arm action takes place and then the leg action as the arms recover. The body is then in a streamlined glide for a short moment in each before the next stroke begins. Glide. For effective gliding in the water, the body should be well streamlined. This can be affected by the underwater recovery movements, as the propulsive force remain still and streamlined. For example, as the legs kick to provide propulsion, the arms should be extended forward to create the ideal streamlined body position at the front. Similarly, as the arms pull around, the legs should be in the glide phase to create the same streamlined body position at the back. Gliding helps to make the breast stroke movement smooth and reduces the effort required by the arms to move forward, resulting on a more efficient swimming technique. It is important to cultivate a glide so that the proper sequence of arms-breath-leg - glide can be established. The breast stroke starts with the arm pull, breathe, then the kick and finally the glide in a streamlined position. Prone body postion and glide. Stand waist-deep in water, with knees bent or feet flat against the side of the pool. You can hold onto the side of the pool with one hand for support. Breathe in and put your face in the water. Puch off the wall and glide to the prone body position. Lie flat, head facing down with your body in line with the water surface. Keep your face down and arms extended forward. Your eyes should look downwards and slightly forward to avoid straining the neck. Keep your shoulders, hips and legs horizontal as possible, and keep your hips as close as possible to the surface.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9169628432956383, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2476, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.0144353}
{"text": "Keep your face down and arms extended forward. Your eyes should look downwards and slightly forward to avoid straining the neck. Keep your shoulders, hips and legs horizontal as possible, and keep your hips as close as possible to the surface. Do not let your hips drop in the water. Stretch your legs behind with toes pointed but slope your body slightly to allow the legs to stay beneath the water. Keep your neck and shoulders as relaxed as possible to aid the arm action and reduce strain. Keep your body straight and streamlined to make swimming easier and enhance speed. The head movement should be kept to a minimum, and the shoulder should remain level throughout the stroke. Arm action. The arm pull technique is needed to assist the leg movement and also to keep the breast stroke streamlined and efficient. Cath phase. Begin with the glide position, arms extended out in front of you, fingers and hands together, palms facing downwards. Pitch your hand outwards and downwards to an angle of about 45 degrees at the start of the catch phase. Pull your arms outwards and downwards until they are appropriately shoulderwidth apart. Your elbows should begin to bend, and your shoulders to roll inwards at the end of the catch phase. Propulsive phase. Sweep your arms downwards and inwards, and let the hands pull to their deepest point. The elbows bend to 900 and remain high. At the end of the down sweep, your hands, your hands should sweep inwards and slightly upwards. The elbow should tuck into the side as you pull your hand inwards towards the chest and the chin. Recovery phase. Your hands should recover by stretching forward in a streamlined position. They should recover under, on, or over the water surface ready to restart the arm action. Leg action. The legs are the powerhouse of the breast stroke, and the full leg kick should be a simultaneous and flowing action, resulting in a powerful boost that propels the whole stroke. Start with your legs straight and together. Bend your knees and bring the heels towards your seat with the sole of the feet facing outwards for the frog kick . Sweep the legs outwards and download in a flowing circular path. The heels and soles of your feet should drive around and back to provide power and propulsion to the stroke. Squeeze legs together to come back together to the starting streamlined position with the toes pointed. Breathing action. -. Breast stroke breathing occurs naturally as the breast technique has a body lift, which gives the ideal breathing point for each stroke.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9170840040997363, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2543, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360550.9876692}
{"text": "Squeeze legs together to come back together to the starting streamlined position with the toes pointed. Breathing action. -. Breast stroke breathing occurs naturally as the breast technique has a body lift, which gives the ideal breathing point for each stroke. Breathing in takes place every time your arms pull back to all the body to lift and the head to rise. Lift your shoulders to bring your face out of the water to breath. Don t raise your head, let the head naturally rise with the shoulders so your chin is resting just above the water. Inhale through your mouth before letting your shoulder drop as you sweep with your arms. Breath out as your legs kick back and extend your arms forward. The head returns to the water to exhale as the arms stretch forward to begin their recovery phase. Timing. A well-executed breast stroke timing sequence is key to achieving a smooth and efficient swimming stroke as you will effortlessly glide through the water. Try to time your arm action and leg kick so there is always something propelling you through water. The arms will be propulsive while the legs recover and the legs propulsive while the arms recover. To coordinate the leg kick, the arm strokes, and the breathing, think of the phrase pull, breath, kick, glide As your arms complete the power phase, take a breath, and then draw your feet toward the hips. When your arms are about halfway through the recovery phase, begin the leg action. Time the arm strokes and kick so that the arms and legs are both at their full length as the kick finishes. Rest in the phase position as your body glides through the water. Then the glide begins to slow down, it is time to start another stroke. Water treading. To maintain an upright position in deep water by moving the feet with a walking movement and the hands with a downward circular motion African folk songs are classified according to the following. Their origin. Occasion. Function. Type. A. Community of origin. African songs can be classified according to their origin. The origin in this case means the community they are drawn from. Therefore, songs belong to a particular community such as luhya, luo, gikuyu, gusii. Kuria, Kamba, iteso, giriama, digo, Pokomo, gabra, nandi, Kipsigis, Marakwet, pokot, turkana and taita.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9146853146853147, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2288, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.051546}
{"text": "The origin in this case means the community they are drawn from. Therefore, songs belong to a particular community such as luhya, luo, gikuyu, gusii. Kuria, Kamba, iteso, giriama, digo, Pokomo, gabra, nandi, Kipsigis, Marakwet, pokot, turkana and taita. These songs are passed on by oral tradition from one generation to the next. The music is related to the culture of a particular or region. For example, you can identify the culture od a particular community or region by their dressing, language used, musical instruments, props, body adornments, ornaments, body movements, vocal embellishments used to enrich music, style of sing and tone among others. B. Occasion. African folk songs can also be categorized according to occasions they are performed. For example:naming folk songs. Initiation folk songs. Marriage folk songs. War folk songs. Funeral folk songs. Worship folk songs among others. C. Function. Folk songs belong to the people with a common culture. Therefore, folk songs keep people connected to their cultures and heritage. They give history of the people and their culture. Folk songs usually pass important information, stories, messages and history from generation to generation. Folk songs are used to express emotions. They narrate stories of joy and sorrows in the simplest way. Folk songs are used as a means of unifying the community members when they come together to sing. This also creates positive outcomes or consequences if they do not watch their actions and intention. Some of the folk songs are purely for entertainment, enjoyment by performers and the audience. D. Type. African folk songs can also be classified according to the type such as:Lullabies. Dirges. Love songs. Protest songs. Children s songs among others. Creating improvised implements to use in performance of Folkdance songs. Folk dances are performed by different participants who plays different roles as follows:Soloist-person who leads the rest of the participants in singing the melodies and dancing during the performance of the dance. Response group-they provide an answer to the soloist during the dance. Instrumentalist-plays instruments to accompany a dance. Dancers- makes dance movements and formation in response to the songs and instruments.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9165860096788386, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2273, "token_count": 481}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.024462}
{"text": "Response group-they provide an answer to the soloist during the dance. Instrumentalist-plays instruments to accompany a dance. Dancers- makes dance movements and formation in response to the songs and instruments. Along side the participants, folk song dances also require other implements so help in identifying different cultures and diversities such as costumes, ornaments, body adornments, body make ups, props etc. During a folk-dance performance, participants wear specially designed cloths, hides or skins called costumes. Costumes are made using locally available materials such as sisal fibre, sisal string, comb and pair of scissors. The participants also decorate their bodies using different paints to make patterns. This is called body adornments. Body adornments are made using the following materials:Water paints. Chalk powder. Objects or items of different shapes and sizes like bottle tops, water bottles, combs, folk and other design shaped objects. Dancers also use beads, necklaces, bracelets and anklets during the dance performance. These are called ornaments. Body ornaments are made using locally available materials such as:Pieces of thread. Pair of scissors. Grains such as beans, maize soaked in water to make them soft A needle. The costumes, body adornments and ornaments vary from one community to another expressing different cultures in Kenya. The following are social importance of songs to the pastoralists:Songs they sing accompany their journey to facilitate movements. They songs are sung during their herding sessions to take away boredom. They are a source of unity and collaboration among the community members. They educate on the importance of the animals and other resources. They tell the history of the community. General uses of Folk songs. As a source of entertainment. As a source of cultural and national unity. In teaching subjects such as history, literature and geography among others. To educate. To rebuke. To advise. To worship. To encourage. To promote culture. To give moral teachings. Economic importance of the songs. Economic importance or economic significance of something refers to the monetary or trade value of an item. Songs have economic importance to individuals, the cultural community and even the country. General these are the economic importance of folk songs:Performers can earn money or income by performing folk songs at private parties. Folk song musicians also earn a living by offering singing lessons. Some musicians are employed as singers or trainers of folk songs by some institutions such as cultural centres, universities and schools among others.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9234380916319577, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2641, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.0839076}
{"text": "General these are the economic importance of folk songs:Performers can earn money or income by performing folk songs at private parties. Folk song musicians also earn a living by offering singing lessons. Some musicians are employed as singers or trainers of folk songs by some institutions such as cultural centres, universities and schools among others. Folk songs musicians also earn the country foreign exchange when they perform outside the country. Folk musicians also earn the country revenue when they pay taxes. Folk musicians can be independent artists by recording and selling their music.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-CREATIVE-ARTS-SPORTS-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9273927392739274, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 606, "token_count": 107}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.0409682}
{"text": "1. What is the definition of 'shelf life' in the context of animal products? -. Shelf life refers to the length of time that animal products remain safe to consume and retain their quality under specified storage conditions. 2. Why is it important to understand the shelf life of animal products? -. Understanding shelf life helps in ensuring food safety, minimizing waste by proper storage, and maintaining the nutritional quality of the products. 3. List some methods used to preserve meat in local communities. -. Common methods include salting, smoking, and sun drying. 4. How does smoking preserve meat? -. Smoking preserves meat by impregnating it with smoke s antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, which inhibit the growth of bacteria and prolong shelf life. 5. What method would you use at home to preserve meat and why? -. Freezing might be preferred for its simplicity and effectiveness in keeping meat safe and preserving its nutritional value. 6. Describe the steps involved in the salting method of preserving meat. -. Meat is first cleaned, then salt is applied generously to all surfaces. The meat is left to sit in salt, which draws out moisture and inhibits bacterial growth. 7. What are the benefits of using modern technology in preserving meat? -. Modern technology, such as vacuum packing and refrigeration, extends shelf life, maintains meat quality, and reduces the risk of foodborne illnesses. 8. How can Maria s family preserve milk to ensure it does not spoil? -. Maria s family can preserve milk by boiling or fermenting it to produce yogurt, all of which kill bacteria and extend the milk's usability. 9. Which method do you use to preserve milk at home and why? -. Boiling due to its simplicity and effectiveness in destroying pathogens, or refrigeration for keeping milk fresh without altering its taste. 10. What are the hygiene practices important for preserving meat and milk? -. Practices include maintaining cleanliness of storage areas, using clean utensils and equipment, and ensuring the meat and milk are handled minimally to avoid contamination. 11. Discuss the advantages of pasteurization in milk preservation. -. Pasteurization eliminates harmful bacteria without significantly changing the nutritional content or flavor of milk, making it safer for consumption. 12. What is the role of temperature control in the preservation of animal products? -. Temperature control is crucial as it helps in slowing down the growth of microorganisms and the rate of chemical changes which spoil the product. 13. How does fermentation extend the shelf life of milk products?", "metadata": {"source": "ANIMAL-PRODUCTION-TOPICAL-QUESTIONS-AND-ANSWERS-GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9038188464908306, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2596, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.1321535}
{"text": "- Temperature control is crucial as it helps in slowing down the growth of microorganisms and the rate of chemical changes which spoil the product.13.How does fermentation extend the shelf life of milk products?- Fermentation converts lactose into lactic acid, lowering the pH and creating an environment unsuitable for many bacteria, thus preserving the milk product.14.Explain how vacuum sealing affects the preservation of meat.- Vacuum sealing removes air from the packaging, reducing oxidative rancidity and slowing microbial growth, thereby extending the meat's shelf life.15.What are the signs that preserved meat has gone bad?- Signs include off odors, slimy texture, discoloration, and mold growth.16.Why is it important to package animal products properly for preservation?- Proper packaging protects the product from environmental contaminants, physical damage, and moisture loss or gain, all of which can affect quality and safety.17.Describe a traditional method of meat preservation used in your community.- Traditional methods might include air drying or fermenting, depending on local practices and climate conditions.18.How do cultural practices influence methods of animal product preservation?- Cultural practices can dictate preferences for certain preservation methods based on taste, the availability of resources, and historical usage.19.What innovations in animal product preservation have emerged in recent years?- Innovations include the use of natural preservatives, improvements in canning technology, and the development of biodegradable packaging materials.20.Evaluate the effectiveness of traditional vs.modern preservation methods for meat.- Traditional methods are often sustainable and adapted to local conditions but may not achieve the shelf life and safety standards of modern methods, which are generally more controlled and efficient but can be resource-intensive.", "metadata": {"source": "ANIMAL-PRODUCTION-TOPICAL-QUESTIONS-AND-ANSWERS-GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9056423064313526, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1953, "token_count": 347}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.1036522}
{"text": "GRADE 7 TERM 1LIFE SKILLS EDUCATION LESSON NOTESPERSONAL MANAGEMENT SKILLSSELF AWARENESSSELF AWARENESS means having an accurate understanding of ourselves. That includes knowing our strengths, weakness, values, emotions and hopes and how they influence our behaviour in different circumstances. Describing self in relation to the five dimensions of a human beingEvery person should understand themselvesPhysicallySociallyPsychologicallySpirituallyEconomicallyThose who are self aware can objectively evaluate themselves, manage their emotions, align their behaviour with their values and understand how others perceive them. The physical qualities are the things we can see in someone. These include their height, weight, skin colour and any other feature that can be seen in someone. Physical awareness also means that one understands the different gender roles and expectation. For example both boys and girls should be aware of the different changes that takes place in their bodies as they grow and developA person who is physically self aware understands that no physical feature makes someone lesser human beings. They take pride in how they appear and do not wait for validation from other peopleBeing socially aware means that one understands how they react to different social situations and effectively modify their interactions with other people so that they achieve the best results. Psychotically awareness refers to one s preparedness to tackle the challenges that they face in their daily life. A person who is psychologically aware always gives themselves positive affirmation before they confront their challenges. Spiritual awareness means one being aligned with the values they hold dear. It also means working towards finding one s higher purpose. Spiritual awareness enables one to understand the religious beliefs and values that align with their purposeEconomic awareness means one understanding, accepting and seeking to improve their social status in the community. One who is economically aware understands that different people are at different stages in life and everybody else is always eeking to climb a step higher in the social ladder. Identifying personal talents and abilitiesEveryone is good at something. People are good at different activities and skills because they have different strengths. A talent is an inborn ability within a person which makes them excel in a certain activity without actually learning or acquiring it. Talents require recognition so that they can be shaped to the benefit of their owners. People have used their talents to develop themselves as well as make an impact in their communitiesAn ability is someone capacity to do something. It is always acquired through constant practise or training. It is something anyone can have.", "metadata": {"source": "LIFE-SKILLS-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9298518387228065, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2808, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.1577868}
{"text": "People have used their talents to develop themselves as well as make an impact in their communitiesAn ability is someone capacity to do something. It is always acquired through constant practise or training. It is something anyone can have. Making use of our talents and abilities to make a positive impact in the society makes us happy. It is important we can say we are at our bestPupil s activityPage 4-7Dealing with contemporary challenges for self improvementContemporary challenges are challenges we face in the present day. Dome of them are emerging while others have persisted for a while. Examples of modern day challenges includeInternet and online addictionCyber bullyingAddiction to bettingDrug abusePeer pressureUnhealthy eating habitsIf not handled properly, these challenges can affect the normal growth and development of an individualA person who is self aware will not subject themselves to situations that may be a threat to their normal well being. They also tend to know how to handle the challenges whenever they find themselves in such situationsSelf esteemSelf esteem refers to how we feel about ourselves and our abilitiesSelf esteem results from the picture we create about ourselves. This is informed by feedback from other people and the expectations of the societyHigh and low self esteemWhen we create a good picture of ourselves, for example by being responsible for our actions, we feel good about ourselves. This raises our self esteemHaving a high self esteem means generally holding yourself in positive regard. It means one s positive thoughts about themselves outweigh any of negativity. When we create a bad picture of ourselves, for example by not holding ourselves accountable for our actions. We lower our self esteem. Low self esteem is the feeling of not being satisfied with one self. People with low self esteem view themselves in a more negative and critical light. This can affect individual mental well being. Having a high self esteem is important because it enables one toBe themselves and stay in line with their purpose, goals, values and visions in life.", "metadata": {"source": "LIFE-SKILLS-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9234823353898927, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2127, "token_count": 409}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.143415}
{"text": "People with low self esteem view themselves in a more negative and critical light. This can affect individual mental well being. Having a high self esteem is important because it enables one toBe themselves and stay in line with their purpose, goals, values and visions in life. Have the ability to express and be able to defend their actions and stand by their principlesAppreciate different opinions leading to positive relations with peopleBe able to face their challenges and overcome themEffects of low esteem includeIt leads to individuals having negative feelingsOne can indulge in drug abuseOne can develop trouble perceiving and relating to situations and peopleIt results in constant fear and guilt which can affect an individual advancement in life hence not being able to realise their full potentialFactors that influence self esteemHaving a self esteem is important for our mental health and well being. Self esteem can be influenced byParents and familyFriends and peersEducationChildhoodAgeMediaOne s own perception or belief about themselvesOne can enhance their self esteem byHaving positive thought about themselvesIdentifying and challenging their negative beliefsBuilding good relations or friendshipTaking on challenges, accepting what is not perfect and being ready to learn new thingsPractising self careMaking room for healthyBecoming mindful of your thoughts and actionsTaking actions based on needs rather than wantsIdentifying their accomplishments and celebrating themselvesManaging emotionsEmotions are personal human feelings that control our moods. They are the driving forces behind our behaviourTypes of emotions in different situationsEmotions can be positive or negativeWhen experience positive emotions during our happy or high momentsWhen we feel low or angry, we experience negative emotionsPeople who accept positive emotions are more likely to cope with stress, are optimistic and are always ready to listen and help othersThose who embrace negative emotions are always unhappy, depressed, gloomy and do not want to talk to other peopleThe different types of emotions includeHappinessSadnessAngerJoySurpriseBoredomFearExcitementReliefAwkwardnessManaging emotions positively under different circumstancesEmotional situations are basic parts of life. Sometimes we struggle with how to deal with them effectively. It can be tempting to act on what you feel right away, but that does not fix the situations caused the emotions.", "metadata": {"source": "LIFE-SKILLS-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9328821656050956, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2512, "token_count": 489}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.193638}
{"text": "They are the driving forces behind our behaviourTypes of emotions in different situationsEmotions can be positive or negativeWhen experience positive emotions during our happy or high momentsWhen we feel low or angry, we experience negative emotionsPeople who accept positive emotions are more likely to cope with stress, are optimistic and are always ready to listen and help othersThose who embrace negative emotions are always unhappy, depressed, gloomy and do not want to talk to other peopleThe different types of emotions includeHappinessSadnessAngerJoySurpriseBoredomFearExcitementReliefAwkwardnessManaging emotions positively under different circumstancesEmotional situations are basic parts of life. Sometimes we struggle with how to deal with them effectively. It can be tempting to act on what you feel right away, but that does not fix the situations caused the emotions. More often than not, it leads to more problemsDuring an emotional moment, one shouldPause, sit down, take a deep breath and ask themselves what happened before they started feeling emotionalIdentify and state why they are feeling that wayAcknowledge the emotion and make sense of what they are feeling and understand that it is normal to feel that wayAllow themselves to feel that particular emotionEvaluate critically how they should react. Their reactions should not worsen the already bad situation. Emotions can also be handled by diverting one s attention to things that are exciting or things that actually matter. One can play games or engage in their hobbies as a way of managing different emotionsEmotions should never be suppressed. Suppressing emotions means actively pushing uncomfortable thoughts, feelings or memories out of one s consciousness simply because you do not know how to handle them. Suppressing emotions can cause different health conditions like depression, high blood pressure, low energy and heart diseasesAlways communicate what you need and face your emotions with the aim of making things better for you and those you interact with.", "metadata": {"source": "LIFE-SKILLS-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9297687861271677, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2076, "token_count": 404}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.202901}
{"text": "One can play games or engage in their hobbies as a way of managing different emotionsEmotions should never be suppressed. Suppressing emotions means actively pushing uncomfortable thoughts, feelings or memories out of one s consciousness simply because you do not know how to handle them. Suppressing emotions can cause different health conditions like depression, high blood pressure, low energy and heart diseasesAlways communicate what you need and face your emotions with the aim of making things better for you and those you interact with. The effects of negative emotions on self and othersNegative or poorly managed emotions can lead toSomeone feeling miserable and sadSomeone disliking self and othersLack of confidence and self esteemConflicts among friends and family membersGradual loss of sensible thinking and judgementDelay in progress in different aspects of lifeLifestyle diseases for example depressionNegative emotions hold us back and delay our progressManaging stressStress can be defined as state of emotional tension resulting from unfortunate or demanding circumstances, some of which we do not have any controlIt is also being overwhelmed with or being unable to cope with emotional or mental pressureA person who is stressed has the following characteristicsFrequent headachesExhaustions or trouble sleepingIs easily annoyedDepressionBecoming less social, lovely and sadThe common sources of stressProblems with friends, siblings or parentsFinancial problems in the familyNegative thoughts or feelings about oneselfBullyingStress can be managed. Its effects can be positive or negative depending on how it has ben managed. Effects of stress in day to day livesWithdrawal from othersAnger and violenceAnxietySchool drop outsMental breakdownPoor decision makingDepression and lack of motivationLack of sleepManaging stressful situationsThe activities we choose to engage in can influence how we control our moods.", "metadata": {"source": "LIFE-SKILLS-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9335699797160244, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1972, "token_count": 385}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.2152662}
{"text": "The effects of negative emotions on self and othersNegative or poorly managed emotions can lead toSomeone feeling miserable and sadSomeone disliking self and othersLack of confidence and self esteemConflicts among friends and family membersGradual loss of sensible thinking and judgementDelay in progress in different aspects of lifeLifestyle diseases for example depressionNegative emotions hold us back and delay our progressManaging stressStress can be defined as state of emotional tension resulting from unfortunate or demanding circumstances, some of which we do not have any controlIt is also being overwhelmed with or being unable to cope with emotional or mental pressureA person who is stressed has the following characteristicsFrequent headachesExhaustions or trouble sleepingIs easily annoyedDepressionBecoming less social, lovely and sadThe common sources of stressProblems with friends, siblings or parentsFinancial problems in the familyNegative thoughts or feelings about oneselfBullyingStress can be managed. Its effects can be positive or negative depending on how it has ben managed. Effects of stress in day to day livesWithdrawal from othersAnger and violenceAnxietySchool drop outsMental breakdownPoor decision makingDepression and lack of motivationLack of sleepManaging stressful situationsThe activities we choose to engage in can influence how we control our moods. Stressful situations can be positively dealt with by simply concentrating on the things that boost our mood and make us feel appreciatedDuring stressful situations, you canRead interesting storiesOrganise your roomDo relaxation exercisesPlay with your favourite petListen and dance to your favourite tunesAsk for help from friends, family members or teachersMake a gratitude list a list of what you are grateful or proud of achieving COMMUNITY SERVICE LEARNINGCommunityA community refers to people living in the same area or people who have common interestThe following are some of the characteristics of people in a communityThey live in the same geographical areaThey share common goals, challenges and aspirationsThey have similar interest or social networkCommunity serviceCommunity service is work performed by a group for the benefit or betterment of their community without expecting any form of compensationExamples of place where people can offer community services includeCommunity libraryHospitalsMarket placeChildren s homeHomes for the elderlyWe do community services becauseIt keeps one in regular contact with others and help them develop a solid support system which turns protect them against stress and depression.", "metadata": {"source": "LIFE-SKILLS-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.934327245620574, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2683, "token_count": 525}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.2435625}
{"text": "Its effects can be positive or negative depending on how it has ben managed. Effects of stress in day to day livesWithdrawal from othersAnger and violenceAnxietySchool drop outsMental breakdownPoor decision makingDepression and lack of motivationLack of sleepManaging stressful situationsThe activities we choose to engage in can influence how we control our moods. Stressful situations can be positively dealt with by simply concentrating on the things that boost our mood and make us feel appreciatedDuring stressful situations, you canRead interesting storiesOrganise your roomDo relaxation exercisesPlay with your favourite petListen and dance to your favourite tunesAsk for help from friends, family members or teachersMake a gratitude list a list of what you are grateful or proud of achieving COMMUNITY SERVICE LEARNINGCommunityA community refers to people living in the same area or people who have common interestThe following are some of the characteristics of people in a communityThey live in the same geographical areaThey share common goals, challenges and aspirationsThey have similar interest or social networkCommunity serviceCommunity service is work performed by a group for the benefit or betterment of their community without expecting any form of compensationExamples of place where people can offer community services includeCommunity libraryHospitalsMarket placeChildren s homeHomes for the elderlyWe do community services becauseIt keeps one in regular contact with others and help them develop a solid support system which turns protect them against stress and depression. It challenges one to do difficult tasks and learn positive qualities such as patience, empathy and accountabilityIt helps one learn new skills such s first aid skills, landscaping skills, leadership skills and problem solving skills among others in the communityIt offers one an opportunity to help those in need hence gain self fulfilmentCommunity service learningCommunity service learning CSL refers to a combination of classroom learning and community learning service. It give learners an opportunity to work with the community members to solve local problemsIt also offers learners an opportunity to connect classroom learning with real life experiences in their school community and the neighbourhood.", "metadata": {"source": "LIFE-SKILLS-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9330212765957447, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2350, "token_count": 442}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.2615302}
{"text": "Stressful situations can be positively dealt with by simply concentrating on the things that boost our mood and make us feel appreciatedDuring stressful situations, you canRead interesting storiesOrganise your roomDo relaxation exercisesPlay with your favourite petListen and dance to your favourite tunesAsk for help from friends, family members or teachersMake a gratitude list a list of what you are grateful or proud of achieving COMMUNITY SERVICE LEARNINGCommunityA community refers to people living in the same area or people who have common interestThe following are some of the characteristics of people in a communityThey live in the same geographical areaThey share common goals, challenges and aspirationsThey have similar interest or social networkCommunity serviceCommunity service is work performed by a group for the benefit or betterment of their community without expecting any form of compensationExamples of place where people can offer community services includeCommunity libraryHospitalsMarket placeChildren s homeHomes for the elderlyWe do community services becauseIt keeps one in regular contact with others and help them develop a solid support system which turns protect them against stress and depression. It challenges one to do difficult tasks and learn positive qualities such as patience, empathy and accountabilityIt helps one learn new skills such s first aid skills, landscaping skills, leadership skills and problem solving skills among others in the communityIt offers one an opportunity to help those in need hence gain self fulfilmentCommunity service learningCommunity service learning CSL refers to a combination of classroom learning and community learning service. It give learners an opportunity to work with the community members to solve local problemsIt also offers learners an opportunity to connect classroom learning with real life experiences in their school community and the neighbourhood. This is done through curricular and co-curricular programmes and projectsThe focus of CSL is not only learning but also service to the community an the beneficiary is not only the learner but also the community servedThe major goal of CSL is to educate learners about their roles as engaged citizens and leaders in the communityExamples of CSL activities includeSteps involved in carrying out CSL projectA project is a series of tasks that need to be completed to reach a specific outcomeA community services learning project can therefore be defined as a series of learning and services tasks are aimed to meet an identified need or solve an identified problem in the communityTo plan and carry out a CSL activity, one must follow these stepsIdentification of the problem in the communityThis done through discussions with different people conducting surveys and reading or watching news on community needs.", "metadata": {"source": "LIFE-SKILLS-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9325034578146612, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2892, "token_count": 531}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.271184}
{"text": "It challenges one to do difficult tasks and learn positive qualities such as patience, empathy and accountabilityIt helps one learn new skills such s first aid skills, landscaping skills, leadership skills and problem solving skills among others in the communityIt offers one an opportunity to help those in need hence gain self fulfilmentCommunity service learningCommunity service learning CSL refers to a combination of classroom learning and community learning service. It give learners an opportunity to work with the community members to solve local problemsIt also offers learners an opportunity to connect classroom learning with real life experiences in their school community and the neighbourhood. This is done through curricular and co-curricular programmes and projectsThe focus of CSL is not only learning but also service to the community an the beneficiary is not only the learner but also the community servedThe major goal of CSL is to educate learners about their roles as engaged citizens and leaders in the communityExamples of CSL activities includeSteps involved in carrying out CSL projectA project is a series of tasks that need to be completed to reach a specific outcomeA community services learning project can therefore be defined as a series of learning and services tasks are aimed to meet an identified need or solve an identified problem in the communityTo plan and carry out a CSL activity, one must follow these stepsIdentification of the problem in the communityThis done through discussions with different people conducting surveys and reading or watching news on community needs. Doing all these will help you identify a need or a gap that needs to be solved. A gap or problem is the difference between where we are and where we want to be. Learners intending to do a CSL activity brainstorm and discuss to come up with one problem for the project of activityDesigning solutions to the problemsDuring this stage, listen to as many suggestions on the solutions as possible. Narrow down to the most cost effective but efficient solution to the problemPlan to implement the solution when, what, who, how In this stage think about the possible steps, resources, the learning skills required, shared responsibilities and the time it will take to complete the projectWhen planning one should ask themselves questions likeWhat will we accomplish? How long will the project take? Who will we work with? How can we engage people of different talents, abilities and perspectives? What training sensitivity is required for us or our patrons to accomplish the goals? What needs to be accomplish our goals? Who will do want?", "metadata": {"source": "LIFE-SKILLS-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9270209580838324, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2672, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.307564}
{"text": "What training sensitivity is required for us or our patrons to accomplish the goals?What needs to be accomplish our goals?Who will do want?What resources do we need to be successful and how will we get them?Implementation of the solutionThis is the stage where you set out offer a solution to the problem or implement your planAction is taken by volunteering, serving or being an advocate for something. As you take the action it is important to document the actions through pictures , videos, reports, journals or any other formReporting and reflectingThis is an ongoing process and it happens before writing and after the action stage. The different means of reflection include writing journals, discussions, songs, skirts, diagrams, reports, taking pictures or videos and so onReflecting helps one to examine what they learnt and analyse whether the projects made a difference. One also gets to examine how they feel about volunteering. INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP SKILLSHEALTHY RELATIONSHIPS.", "metadata": {"source": "LIFE-SKILLS-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9217391304347826, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1012, "token_count": 198}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.293349}
{"text": "GRADE 7 RATIONALIZED AGRICULTURE AND NUTRITION LESSON NOTESSTRAND ONE -CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES. 1.1 Controlling soil PollutionIt is very important to human beings and animals to conserve the agricultural environment. This can be done by learning about soil pollution and how to control it when carrying out agricultural farming activities or practices. Soil pollution is the contamination of soil with harmful substances. The harmful substances in the soil are known as pollutants or contaminantsCauses of soil pollution in farmingExcessive use of artificial fertilizers. -. These fertilizers introduce pollutants such as Nitrogen compounds and heavy metals into the soil which accumulate in the soil to toxic levels and become harmful to crops and soil living organisms. Excessive use of agricultural chemicals agrochemicals such as herbicides and pesticides. -. These chemicals become pollutants when they get into the soil. They accumulate into the soil and become toxic to soil living organisms. Throwing plastic wastes in the garden. -. Plastic wastes are not broken down by soil living organisms. They contaminate the soil and interfere with the growing crops or reduces agricultural space. Throwing Chemical containers. -. Chemical leftovers from these containers get into the soil and become pollutants. The pollutants accumulate to toxic levels and become harmful to the soil living organisms. Surface run off carrying contaminated water- Surface run-off that contains any contaminants deposits them to the soil when passing over. Industrial wastes- Waste from industries have dangerous chemicals and heavy metals if not disposed off well ends up in the soil. The contaminants get into the soil and affect soil micro-organisms. What is the effect of soil pollution? It causes production of crops that are not safe for consumption or use by human beings. This poses health risks. Soil pollution also affects soil fertility and soil pH affecting agricultural production. This affects food security. Control of soil pollutionHow can soil pollution be controlled in Farming? Soil should be protected from pollution to make agricultural produce safe. Safe soil pollution control practices are measures that are taken to reduce the pollutants in the soil. Safe Soil pollution Control measures include the following methods:o Reusing of plastic materials such as using bottles for drip irrigation. O Use of correct types and amount of artificial fertilizer and agrochemicals. O Safe disposal of used agricultural chemical containers. O Safe disposal of plastic wastes, containers and straws. O Recycling waste materials into other useful products.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9230499201174329, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2671, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.3389266}
{"text": "O Safe disposal of used agricultural chemical containers. O Safe disposal of plastic wastes, containers and straws. O Recycling waste materials into other useful products. O Practicing organic farming which is the growing of crops and rearing livestock without using artificial fertilisers and agricultural chemical. O Planting trees and cover crops to reduce surface run-off than carry contaminants and distribute over the soil surface. Creating Awareness on Prevention of Soil Pollution in Framing. The farming community may not know that the practices they carry out on the farm pollute the soil. We can make the members of the community aware of soil pollution by creating a message to make them aware of soil pollution and how to prevent it. Therefore, the awareness message on soil pollution is aimed at sensitizing members of the public on the harmful effects of soil pollutants in farming. The awareness message should target the different categories of the people in the community. The awareness message should be designed to educate the public on a wide range of soil pollution control measures such as:Safe disposal of used agricultural chemical containers. Use of correct types and amount of fertilisers and agricultural chemicals. Reusing of plastic materials such as using bottles for drip irrigation. Safe disposal of plastic wastes, containers and straws. Recycling waste materials into other useful products. Practicing organic farming which is the growing of crops and rearing livestock without using artificial fertilisers and agricultural chemical. Planting trees and cover crops to reduce surface run-off than carry contaminants and distribute over the soil surface. The awareness message can be passed using the following methods:Dramatization. Presenting songs. Poems. Displaying posters etc. 1.2 -Constructing Water Retention structures. In rainy seasons a lot of water flows into rivers in form of surface runoff and finally gets into lakes and oceans. Surface run off is the water flowing on the ground after a heavy rainfall. The water may be conserved to be used for farming during the dry season. Surface run off causes a lot of damage to property if not properly collected Some of the damages caused by surface run off include:Soil erosion. Deposits contaminants such as fertilizer, oil, pesticides and dirt into water bodies causing water pollution. Destruction to crops. Destruction to buildings and other infrastructure such as roads. Surface run off is conserved or collected in structures such as:Water retention ditches. Earth basins. Water retention pits. What is the importance of conserving water in Farming?", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9247012910398656, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2655, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.361222}
{"text": "Earth basins. Water retention pits. What is the importance of conserving water in Farming? Surplus or excess water can be conserved and used during the times of water scarcity in the farm. Conserving water reduces the cost of farming. This is because money that would be used to buy water in the farm is saved. Conserving water ensures availability of water for human life and livestock. A lot of water is wasted during rainy season. Rain water which forms surface run-off after heavy downpour is prevented from damaging property. A trench is constructed along the contour to collect and hold surface off when there is heavy rainfall. The trench should be dug along the contours. The surface run-off collects at the retention ditch as it rains. The water collected in the water retention ditches is used by the crops growing around it. Steps followed when constructing a water retention ditch. Determine the contour lines using an A-frame. Mark the contour lines with pegs. Dig the soil along the marked line to make a trench about 0.6m or 60 cm deep and 60 cm wide. Remove the soil with a spade and throw it downward to form an embankment. Plant grass or any other crop on the embarkmentPhotographs showing water retention ditches2. Construction of an earth basin. An earth basin is a small pond or a depression that is constructed on the surface of land to collect surface run-off water after rains for use in farming. Water is collected in the earth basin when there is heavy rainfall and also runoff collects in the earth basin. Water is drawn from the earth basin for irrigation. An earth basin holds surface runoff form the surrounding area. It can store this water long after the rains. This water is used in growing crops. Steps followed when constructing an earth basin. Clear the area where the earth basin is to be constructed. Excavate the basin by digging the soil and throwing it to the sides to form an embarkment. Leave the upper side of the basin open to allow the flow of run odd into the basin. Plant a crop or grass around the earth basin to prevent soil erosion. This are small depression in which crops grow and are used to trap water around the base of the crop to be used by the crop. This reduces run-off. Surface runoff collects in water retention pits when it is raining. The water collected in the retention pits may be used to grow crops such as vegetables, bananas and Napier grass.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9126930295724358, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2416, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.3800952}
{"text": "This reduces run-off. Surface runoff collects in water retention pits when it is raining. The water collected in the retention pits may be used to grow crops such as vegetables, bananas and Napier grass. Water retention pits traps surface run off and allow it to seep into the soil. A series of pits may be dug into the ground where run off occurs and the pits joined with furrows so that when one pits is full, water can spill over to the next pit. Steps followed when constructing a water retention pit. Measure the spacing of the pits and mark with pegs. Dig the pits about 20-30 cm deep and spaced at 90 cm. The pits are planted with a crop. They help to hold surface run-off preventing soil erosion. Photographs showing water retention pits with crops in them. Crops that can be established in water retention structures:Bananas. Arrow roots. Napier grass. Sugarcane. 1.3 -Conserving Food Nutrients. Ways of conserving vitamins and mineral salts in vegetables during food handling, preparation and cooking. Washing - Wash vegetables before cutting. Soaking or washing time should be reduced to minimize nutrient loss.it is advisable to wash vegetables with cool water rather than hot water. It is also advisable to wash vegetables before cutting. Avoid cutting then washing as this may cause leaching of nutrients. Peeling Most vegetables have more nutrients preserved when consumed with out peeling. Therefore, excessive peeling should be avoided to ensure more nutrients are conserved. Cutting most vegetables loss nutrients once cut because they are exposed to air. Therefore, it is advisable after cutting vegetable they should be stored in air tight containers. Ensure you remove excess air from the containers. Cooking time -cooking time affects nutrients such as vitamin C which is lost when cooking food for long time. This is also determined with cooking method used. Incase boiling is much involved and cooking time is long, then the vegetable tend to lose a lot of nutrients. Covering - cooking vegetables with the lid on can help to retain some of the watersoluble vitamins, such as vitamin C and the B vitamins, by trapping steam inside the pot and reducing the amount of nutrient loss through leaching into the cooking water. Ways to cook vegetables to preserve nutrientsChoose the right chopping method. The wrong chopping method can also lead to loss of nutrients. ... Be careful about the size of the vegetables. ... O Cook food for the right time. O Use the right amount of water.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9119359852279425, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2511, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.383993}
{"text": "... o Cook food for the right time. O Use the right amount of water. O Avoid re-heating the food. 1.4 -Growing Trees. Importance of Trees in conserving the environment. Trees are planted to help conserve the environment and provide other benefits to farmers. Farmers derive various benefits from trees such as:Timber poles. Firewood. Shade. Food and livestock feed. Organic matter that increases soil fertility. Conservation of both soil and water. Difference between afforestation, reafforestation and deforestation. Afforestation refers to planting trees where tress had never existed. Reafforestation means planting of tress where forests have been cleared. Deforestation-this is indiscriminate removal of trees from forested areas. Roles of tress in soil and water conservationThey protect the soil from raindrop erosion by reducing the force with which it fall on the ground. Trees provide shade hence reducing loss of moisture through evaporation. Trees act as windbreaks preventing wind erosion. Roots of trees binds the soil particles together. Trees also reduce speed of running water thus reducing its erosive power which reduces soil erosion. Tree leaves decay decompose to supply humus to the soil which improves soil fertility and water infiltration. Agroforestry-refers to the growing of crops, trees and rearing of animals on the same piece of land. The planting of trees and shrubs helps to conserve soil and water as described in the roles of trees above. State and explain nine nursery management practice done in a tree nursery. Mulching-alight mulch should be applied to prevent excessive evaporation and moderate soil temperatures. Watering-tree nursery should be watered regularly preferably in the mornings and evenings. Weed control-weeds should be removed through uprooting to avoid competition for nutrients and moisture. Pricking out-where seedlings are overcrowded, some should be removed pricked out and planted in another nursery bed. Root pruning-regular root pruning is done to make lifting of seedlings easier during transplanting and reduce chances of damage to seedlings. Shading-a shade should be erected over the nursery to reduce the impact of raindrop hence controlling splash erosion. Pest and disease control- sterilize the soil through heat treatment or application of appropriate chemicals. Hardening off-practice of preparing seedlings to adapt to the prevailing conditions in the seedbed.it is achieved through gradual reduction of shade and reduced watering.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9236681980971676, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2513, "token_count": 490}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.4318037}
{"text": "Shading-a shade should be erected over the nursery to reduce the impact of raindrop hence controlling splash erosion. Pest and disease control- sterilize the soil through heat treatment or application of appropriate chemicals. Hardening off-practice of preparing seedlings to adapt to the prevailing conditions in the seedbed.it is achieved through gradual reduction of shade and reduced watering. Transplanting-should be done at the onset of rains to give young trees a good start. This makes the soil to stick around the roots and makes it easy for removal of polythene sleeves during transplanting. After transplanting seedlings should be watered, mulched then provided with a temporary shade to conserve moisture. Care and management of trees. Protection-young trees should be protected from damage by animals. This can be done for individual trees or the entire farm. Pruning and training-pruning is the removal of extra or unwanted parts of plants. The unwanted parts may be due to breakages, overcrowding, pest or disease attack and low productivity. Grafting old trees-this is the practice of uniting two separate woody stems, root stock and scion. Old agroforestry trees that have good characteristics can be used to unite with scions from different trees that are compatible with it. STRAND 2-FOOD PRODUCTION PROCESSES. 2.1-Preparing planting sites and establishing crops. Determine appropriate tilth for selected planting materials. Planting sites are prepared according to the type of planting materials. Different planting materials require different planting sites preparations. The size of the planting materials determines the soil fineness or the tilth of the planting site. Soil tilth refers to the degree of fineness or coarseness of a soil in relation to its suitability for planting a specified planting material. Soil tilth is described as fine, medium or coarse depending on the physical condition of the soil. Small sized planting materials require fine tilth. Examples of crops that require fine tilth include:Millet. Sorghum. Wheat. Medium sized planting materials requires medium tilth. Examples of crops that require medium tilth include:Maize. Beans. Large sized planting materials require coarse tilth. Examples of crops that require coarse tilth include:Tubers. Suckers. Cuttings. 2.2 - Selected Crop Management Practices. Crop management is a set of practices carried out in an already established crop on the field to provide it with proper conditions for healthy growth.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9195701120241583, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2513, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.4454973}
{"text": "Cuttings. 2.2 - Selected Crop Management Practices. Crop management is a set of practices carried out in an already established crop on the field to provide it with proper conditions for healthy growth. Weeding in a Crop FieldFarmers should get rid of weeds that grow in crop fields by removing them physically. Weeds should be removed in crops to avoid competition for nutrients and moisture with established crops. There are various methods used to control weeds in the farm. Some are physical, cultural, chemical and biological methods. Chemical methods are where farmers use herbicides to control weeds. Biological methods are where farmers use living organisms to control weeds. Cultural methods farmers used some farming practice to control weeds in the farm such as mulching. Physical methods involve where farmers use mechanical force to remove weeds. Farmers can use the following physical methods to remove weeds:Uprooting. Tilling. Slashing. Uprooting weeds- refer to pulling out the roots of weeds from the soil. Slashing weeds-involves the use of a cutting tool such as a slasher, sickle or pangas to cut off weeds at the ground level to remove their shoots. Tilling-involves breaking and turning slight cultivation the soil to remove weeds using a jembe or a panga. Thinning and Gapping in a Crop Field. Thinning is the removal of excess seedlings in a crop field. When farmers carry out thinning, they uproot excess plants from the garden to prevent overcrowding. Gapping is the replacement of seeds that did not germinate or dried after planting. In gapping farmer replace crops that refuse to grow may be due to pest and diseases. Thinning helps to prevent overcrowding of plants which causes competition for nutrients, sunlight and moisture. When thinning, care must be taken to avoid damaging the roots of the remaining plants. Thinned-out plants can be used for gapping or as livestock feed. Carrying out thinning and gapping helps to maintain optimum plant spacing and optimum plant population in the crop field. Earthing Up in Crop Production. Earthing up is the heaping of soil around the base or root zone of the crop. Earthing up is carried out to strengthen the roots and hold them firmly in the soil. In tubers, earthing up provides room for tubers to increase in size. Earthing up helps to conserve moisture around the base of the growing crops. Earthing up encourages development of propping roots in cereal crops like maize.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9198817093716111, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2462, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.4627395}
{"text": "In tubers, earthing up provides room for tubers to increase in size. Earthing up helps to conserve moisture around the base of the growing crops. Earthing up encourages development of propping roots in cereal crops like maize. This prevents lodging falling of crops after bearing in cereals. Hardening in Crop Management. Hardening is a practice carried out after harvesting crops to prepared produce for storage. It is also called curing if produce. Hardening harvested produce makes their skins tough to avoid peeling and rotting in the store. It is also known as curing in some crops. Tubers such as Irish potatoes and bulbed onions are hardened just before harvesting to prepare them for storage by heaping the produce under shade and covering with grass for about four days. They are turned daily to ensure even drying. Hardening prevents the delicate skin of Irish potato tubers from peeling off during storage. Hardening also helps to remove excess water in mature bulbed onions preventing rotting in the store. Hardening can be done both in the field immediately after harvesting the crops. Hardening makes the crop not to lose quality during transportation. Importance of Management Practices in Crop Production. Crop management involves agricultural practices carried out to improve the growth and development of crops throughout their growth period. Crop management practices are specific to specific crops. Well managed crops make maximum use of soil as a resource and give good returns to the farmer s efforts. Management practices are important because; Improves crop yields for food security. Improves the quality of produce. This makes the produce attractive and marketable. Good management practices increase the storage shelf life of the produce. 2.3 Preparing Animal Products: Eggs Honey. Most domestic animals are keep for their products. Animal products include milk, meat, eggs, honey, skin, wool and fur. Sorting and Grading Eggs. Sorting is the process of placing items into a certain order so that they can be analysed in a more effective way. Grading is classifying items according to quality or size. Sorting separates eggs according to the following factors:Size Cleanliness. Shell Colour. Texture. Shape. Quality. When sorting and grading, eggs are examined carefully and then separated according to their size, weight, conditions of the shell, shell colour, shape and cleanliness. The graded eggs should be placed in plastic or cardboard trays. The broad end of the egg should be packed facing upwards.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9193641709133673, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2551, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.4346623}
{"text": "When sorting and grading, eggs are examined carefully and then separated according to their size, weight, conditions of the shell, shell colour, shape and cleanliness. The graded eggs should be placed in plastic or cardboard trays. The broad end of the egg should be packed facing upwards. Eggs should be handled with care during sorting and grading to prevent breakages and loss. Eggs on clean cardboard tray Eggs on clean plastic tray Reasons for sorting and grading eggs. For incubation purposes. For selling purposes. When marketing eggs consider what the consumers or buyers want. Consumers will buy most attractive products. Consumers prefer eggs with strong smooth shells and those that are clean. Therefore, sorting and grading eggs has the following importance. High quality eggs fetch high market prices. Grading encourages farmers to produce high quality eggs, assuring the of high profits. Sorting of eggs helps to grade them. Buyers prefer large eggs for consumption. Those who need eggs for incubation usually but the medium sized eggs. Consumers prefer eggs with strong, smooth shells and those that are clean. Processing of HoneyHoney processing is the extracting of honey from the combs to make it easy to package into containers. Honey combs are harvested from the bee hive or any site where the honey bees have built their combs. Raw honey may also be in form of honey crushed and stored with combs together. Comb honey may contain some impurities. Steps followed when processing honeyCollect all the tools required such as muslin cloth, glass bottle, wooden spoon and wooden rods. Break the honey combs into small pieces. Place the broken pieces of honey combs on a muslin cloth. Wrap honey combs with the muslin cloth. Crush and strain honey from honey combs into a container using the wooden rods. Honey combs to broken into small pieces. Place the broken pieces of honey combs on a muslin cloth. Wrap honey combs with the muslin clothCrush and strain honey combs into a container using the wooden rods. Packing Honey. Once honey is harvested from the combs, it is packed into suitable containers for use or storage or for sale. Honey stored in suitable containers remain clean and safe for consumption and can be stored for longer period of time. Honey should be stored in containers that do not allow moisture into honey. When honey is stored in an open place, it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and spoils quickly.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9215014279885763, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2451, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.5342124}
{"text": "Honey stored in suitable containers remain clean and safe for consumption and can be stored for longer period of time. Honey should be stored in containers that do not allow moisture into honey. When honey is stored in an open place, it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and spoils quickly. Honey should be stored in plastic, glass or Aluminium containers and sealed tightly to prevent air and moisture from getting into the honey. Packed honey should be stored at room temperature in a dry place to avoid crystallization. Honey stored in closed containers that do not allow in moisture. Importance of Processing Raw Honey. To ensure clean and quality honey is produced. To obtain other products such as bee wax. To make honey safe for consumption. To remove impurities such as wax, dead bees, bee wings and legs. To enable honey, stay for longer period without spoiling before use. To add value to the final product. Processing makes honey lighter and easier to transport. The Value of Preparing Animal Products. Some animal products cannot be used in their raw form until they are prepared or processed first. Animal products need to be transported from where they are produced to where they consumers are located hence the need to prepare them. Unprocessed animal products get spoilt quickly if stored fro along time. Processing and packing animal s products prevents interference with product quality. Preparing animals products through processing adds vale and increases the consumer s choice for many products. 2.4 Cooking: Grilling, Roasting Steaming. Good cooking allows us to enjoy a healthy meal and snacks. Participating in preparation of food enables you to learn different methods and improves your skills in cooking. There are different methods of cooking food. The choice of a cooking method is determined by several factors. Factors determining the choice of a cooking method. The type of food to be cooked. Time available. Fuel or means of cooking. Equipment available. Methods of cooking different types of foods. 1. Grilling. This is dry method of cooking food. Grilling food is done by using direct heat, over, under or In front of a fire. It can be done using an electric, gas or charcoal grill. Grilling is a very popular method of cooking during festivities. Some of the foods suitable for grill include green maize, plantains, fish, beef, chicken, sausages, tomatoes and bacon. Equipment used for grilling food. Charcoal grill. Electric grill. Gas grill. Improvising grilling equipment. Requirements. Wire mesh. A stand.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9159420289855074, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2553, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.510883}
{"text": "Requirements. Wire mesh. A stand. Charcoal holder. Guidelines for cooking food by Grilling method. The following guidelines should be followed when grilling different types of foods to ensure the food is well cooked. Foods to be grilled for example, meat, should not be too thick to allow them to cook properly. The grill should be preheated to the correct temperature before. The food must be attended to constantly to prevent burning or over-cooking. The food should be turned frequently to ensure even cooking. Safety measures during grilling of food. Wear protective clothing to prevent contaminants from coming into contact with the food surfaces and equipment. The hair should be entirely covered and kitchen shoes worn. Hands should be washed before handling food, after visiting toilet, handling money, refuse, touching other parts of the body or blowing the nose. Finger nails should be kept short and clean. Jewellery such as rings, watches and bracelets should not be worn as they trap dirt. Bad habits such as smoking or tasting food using fingers should be avoided. -. Persons with contagious diseases should not handle food. Planning, preparing, cooking and presenting grilled food. Grilled Chicken. Requirements. A grill. Tongs. Fork. Tray. Chopping board. Knife. Ingredients. 1 chicken leg. 1 head garlic crushed. 1 small piece of crushed ginger. Lemon juice. Salt. A little oil. Method. Clean the chicken under running water and dry it using paper towels. Make deep cuts into the chicken to spread the meat and allow the marinade to penetrate. Marinate in a mixture of salt, ginger, garlic, lemons and oil for about 1 hour. Heat up the grill and place the chicken on a rack. Grill on medium heat and brush with oil from time basting until cooked on both sides. Serve the chicken. NOTE: Should chicken not be available, practice grilling other locally available foods such as green bananas, green maize, fish and tomatoes. Presenting Grilled chicken. Requirements. The grilled chicken. Carving knife. Carving board. Platter. 4 plates. 4 forks. 4 knives. A clean table cloth. Method. Use clean utensils. Cut the grilled chicken into small pieces and place them on a platter. Garnish the grilled chicken. This means using other foods like sliced tomatoes and onion rings to make it attractive. Accompany the grilled chicken with a carbohydrate and vegetable of choice.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9060689707615681, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2391, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.5586648}
{"text": "Garnish the grilled chicken. This means using other foods like sliced tomatoes and onion rings to make it attractive. Accompany the grilled chicken with a carbohydrate and vegetable of choice. NOTE Should chicken not be available, practice presenting other grilled locally available foods such as bananas, green maize, fish and tomatoes. What are the advantages of Grilling food? Grilled food has less calories and fat content. Grilling is a quick and easy method of cooking. Nutrients are preserved as there is little loss. What are the disadvantages of Grilling method of cooking? Requires constant supervision. Inconvenient. Some skill is needed. Fire and burn hazards. Health concerns. 2. Roasting. Roasting is a dry method of cooking. The food is cooked close to a strong source of heat in an oven. Examples of food that can be roasted include tender cuts of meat, potatoes and green bananas. An oven. Equipment suitable for Roasting food. Roasting can be done using very basic kitchen equipment such as:Guidelines for cooking food by Roasting. The following guidelines should be followed when roasting different types of food. The meat to be roasted should be seasoned before putting it in the roasting pan. The food to be roasted should be of good quality. Frequent basting is necessary to keep meat moist and ensure even cooking. Basting involves the application of fat, oil or any other juices on meat during roasting to keep it moist. Do not prick the surface of meat as this will allow juices to drain out and leave the roasted meat dry. The kitchen thread is used to tie the meat to maintain its shape during roasting. Safety measure during Roasting. Wear oven gloves when putting food in and removing it from the oven. Place the hot roasting pan on a heat proof mat after removing it from the oven. When cutting the hot meat, hold it firmly with a fork. Be careful when using hot ash to roast to avoid burns. Planning, Preparing, Cooking and Presenting roasted food. Roast Potatoes. Requirements. A cooker. A skewer. Ingredients. 10 small potatoes. 1 tablespoon oil. 1 4 tablespoon salt. 1 tablespoon crushed garlic. MethodPeel the potatoes and parboil them for 10 minutes. Drain the water from the potatoes. In a larger bowl, combine oil, garlic and salt. Stir the potatoes until evenly covered. Place potatoes in a single layer on roasting pan.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9086474841463326, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2363, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.5381913}
{"text": "In a larger bowl, combine oil, garlic and salt. Stir the potatoes until evenly covered. Place potatoes in a single layer on roasting pan. Roast for 30 minutes in the preheated oven turning occasionally to brown on all sides. Presenting Roasted potatoes. Requirements. Roast potatoes. 1 tomato. Parsley or coriander. Serving dish. 4 plates. 4 forks. 4 knives. A clean table cloth. Method o Use lean utensils. O Serve the roast potatoes in the serving dish. O Garnish the roast potatoes with sliced tomatoes and parsley. What are the advantages of Roasting food? Nutrients especially vitamins are preserved. Creates an appealing texture and taste for food as well as improves appearance of food. Roasting does not require special skills and equipment. What are the disadvantages of Roasting food? It takes time for thorough and effective coking to be done. 3. Steaming. This is a type of cooking method where food is cooked using steam from boiling water. The food may or may not come into contact with the steam. Steaming is suitable for vegetables, fish fillet and cake puddings. Steamed foods are light and easy to digest. Steamed food is therefore, suitable for sick people and people who are recovering from sickness. Steamed food does not lose nutrients. They also retain their natural flavours. During steaming, different dishes can be cooked at the same time. This helps to save on time and fuel. Equipment suitable for steaming food. A food steamer. Improvised steaming equipment. Steaming equipment can be improvised using:The plate method of steaming food. The bowl method of steaming food. A colander. An improvised steamer. Procedure for streaming foods. Guidelines on steaming foods. Steam must be produced continuously when steaming. The water bath must, therefore, have enough water. This ensures that the pan containing the boiling water is not damaged. In order to maintain the temperature of the water bath, always add into it boiling water. Iii. The steamer or pan must have a tight-fitting lid to avoid loss of steam. Iv. When using a commercial steamer, follow the manufacturer s instructions. Safety precautions when steaming food. Be careful when removing the lid to prevent scalding. Be careful when removing the water bath from the cooker. Remove the lid towards self to prevent scalding. Use kitchen gloves to remove the host sufuria from the cooker.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9095994875656774, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2382, "token_count": 512}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.6089923}
{"text": "Be careful when removing the water bath from the cooker. Remove the lid towards self to prevent scalding. Use kitchen gloves to remove the host sufuria from the cooker. Planning, preparing, cooking and presenting steamed food. Steamed spinach. Ingredients. 2 bunches of spinach. 2 litres of water. 1 4 tale spoon salt. Method. Wash the spinach. Remove the stacks. Shred the spinach and put it in a bowl. Add salt and stir. Cover the bowl with a fitting lid. Place it in a bigger sufuria with the water bath. Boil the water for five minutes. Stand back when removing the lid to prevent scalding. Be careful when removing the sufuria with boiling water from the cooker. Remove and serve. Presenting steamed vegetables. You will require:Steamed spinach. Serving dish. 4 plates. 4 knifes. A clean table cloth. Methods. Use clean utensils. Serve in a serving dish. Garnish the steamed vegetables. Importance of steaming. Steamed food is light and easy to digest. Advantages of Steaming food. Steamed food is healthier. Steamed food does not lose nutrients and appearance. Steamed food retains its natural flavour. During steaming different dished can be cooked at the same time hence saves energy. Disadvantages of steaming food. Requires great care to avoid scalds. STRAND 3- HYGIENE PRACTICES. 3.1 Hygiene in Rearing Animals. Hygiene practices in rearing of domestic animals. When rearing animals, farmers are advices to maintain high hygiene standards. This helps to prevent spread of diseases and also in production of high-quality produce. The following are hygiene practices in rearing animals:Animals should be provided with clean feeder. This enables feeding of clean food that is not contaminated. Provide animals with clean waterer. Animal house should be thoroughly cleaned and have adequate ventilation for free air circulation. Ensure animals are cleaned to prevent any spread of diseases and parasites. Tools used on animals should be sterilized before using on other animals. Equipment used to handle animals products should be thoroughly cleaned after usage. 3.2 Laundry loose coloured items. Reason for laundering loose coloured clothes. Clothes that can easily loose their colour during laundry should be handled with care in order to keep them colourful for longer. If proper care is not taken during laundry, the loose dye may discolour other clothes therefore damaging them.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9061287342161997, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2397, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.5967827}
{"text": "Reason for laundering loose coloured clothes. Clothes that can easily loose their colour during laundry should be handled with care in order to keep them colourful for longer. If proper care is not taken during laundry, the loose dye may discolour other clothes therefore damaging them. Materials used for laundering loose coloured clothes. Different materials are used for laundering loose coloured articles. Some of these materials include:Vinegar. Salt. Lemon. Procedure used for laundering a loose coloured article. Loose coloured articles will fade if they are not cared for properly during the laundry process. Fading makes clothes less attractive. Requirements; Basin. Warm and cold water. Bar soap or mild detergent. Salt. Vinegar or lemon. Iron box. Loose coloured article. PegsProcedure;use mild detergent or bar soap to help minimise loss of colour. Wash the article in warm soapy water using kneading and squeezing method. This method involves gently applying pressure on the article repeatedly while it is still in the soapy water and squeezing it gently. Rinse the article in warm water to remove all traces of soap and dirt. Make the final rinse in cold water into which salt and vinegar has been added. Salt helps to fix the colour while vinegar and lemon brightens colours. Squeeze the article to remove excess water Hang the article to inside out under the shade to avoid the colour from fading, do not hand loose coloured clothes near other clothes to prevent transfer of colour. Iron the article from the wrong side when slightly damp using a moderately hot iron. Air the article so that it can dry completely. Fold and store appropriately in a clean place. Measures to be observed when laundering-coloured clothes. Loose coloured clothes should not be soaked to prevent loss of colour. Loose coloured clothes should be washed using a mild a detergent to minimise loss of colour. Loose coloured clothes should be washed using kneading and squeezing method to prevent loss of colour. Loose coloured clothes should not be wrung to prevent loss of colour. Salt is added to the final rinsing water to fix colour. Vinegar and lemon can also be added to the final rinsing water to brighten colour. Loose coloured clothes should be hanged inside out under the shade to prevent the colour from fading. Loose coloured clothes should not be hanged close to or overlapping each other to prevent transfer of colour. STRAND 4 PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES. 4.1 Sewing Skills: Knitting.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9182270168855535, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2496, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.6367726}
{"text": "Loose coloured clothes should not be hanged close to or overlapping each other to prevent transfer of colour. STRAND 4 PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES. 4.1 Sewing Skills: Knitting. What is knitting? Knitting refers to the process of constructing fabric. It can either be done by hand or machine. It is achieved by applying continuous yarn or set of yarn to form a series of interlocking loops. Tools used in knitting include:A pair of scissors-cut yarn after finishing knitting. Knitting needles-used for hand knitting to produce knitted fabric. Yan-used for knitting. Tape measure-used to measure size of items being made. Basic knitting stitches. Knitting process is based on two simple stiches, namely the knit stich and the purl stich. Therefore, the basic knitting stitches are knit and purl. A knit stich look like a flat V-shaped and is mainly found on the right side of a knitted article. A purl stich looks like a raised bump on both sides of a knitted article. The following items can be knitted at home:Tool bags. Scarfs. Gloves. Mats. Table wipers. Safety precautions to observe when knitting Ensure you work in a well-lit area. When cutting using a pair of scissors, keep fingers away from the blades. Do not use your teeth to cut yarn. Do not sit too close to each other as you knit. Store scissors, all knitting materials and tools properly after use. Ways of taking care and storing knitting tools and materials. Always put scissors in scissors case after use. Wind yarns neatly after use and store them in a box. Avoid dropping pair of scissors. Oil scissors regularly and store knitting equipment in a clean dry place. Framed suspended gardens are structures which are creatively build to provide space and support for crops to be grown vertically. Suitable Crops for Suspended Gardening. Framed suspended gardens are suitable for growing climbing, shallow rooted and crops whose fruits are not too heavy to be supported by the frames and ornamental plants. Suspended gardens are suitable for growing off-season crops that require small spaces, use of little water and grow quickly. Kitchen gardens made of framed structures serve as a quick way of providing fresh vegetables, fruits and herbs to households at low cost. Creeping crops such as squash, sweet melon, cucumber, butternuts, creeping beans and strawberries can grow well when given support.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9143340170671849, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2369, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.686685}
{"text": "Suspended gardens are suitable for growing off-season crops that require small spaces, use of little water and grow quickly. Kitchen gardens made of framed structures serve as a quick way of providing fresh vegetables, fruits and herbs to households at low cost. Creeping crops such as squash, sweet melon, cucumber, butternuts, creeping beans and strawberries can grow well when given support. Suitable sites to prepare Framed Structures for Suspended Gardens. Framed gardens can be used as movable free standing structures in places where a temporary garden is needed since they can be moved easily. They can also be attached to other structures like fences, walls or balconies to save valuable floor space. Suspended gardens are also called hanging gardens which are used to grow crops in small spaces. Hanging gardens are artistically build structures that provide space and support for crops in the aerial space. The gardens can be made on framed vertical structures placed along fences, gates, pathways and on different types of trellises as shown in the pictures below. Arbor arch-this are arch-shaped structures whose walls and roof consists of open framework to support creeping and climbing crops. Pergola-This is an outdoor garden structure with a roof made of cross-beams where creeping and climbing crops are grown to provide shade along sidewalks, passageways or sitting areas. In the School Compound Framed structures can be prepared in following areas. Near school gates for beauty. At school roundabouts. At the flag posts. Along walls of the hostelsFramed suspended wall gardensArbor arch garden. Suspended boxes garden. Pergola gardens. Framed Structures designs for Suspended gardens. The designs for suspended gardens depend on the materials, space available and the sites for the gardens, though the owners choice and preferences are considered. When designing framed structures for suspended gardens, it is important to consider the following:The shape the garden will take. The space available for the garden. The site where the garden is to be placed in relation to the surrounds. The type of plants to be grown in the framed structures. The sketch plans should show measurement to give an idea of the amount of materials required. The plans should also specify the types of materials to be used. The material selected by farmer for constructions of suspended framed garden should have the following characteristics Cheap. Easily available. Long lasting. Easy to work with. Examples of the material for construction of the framed suspended gardens can be:Available timber. Left over wires. Nails.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9241825095057035, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2630, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.6639707}
{"text": "Examples of the material for construction of the framed suspended gardens can be:Available timber. Left over wires. Nails. Metal bars. Wooden planks. Poles. Construction of Framed Structures for suspended gardens. The type and size of framed structures for the suspended gardens to be constructed depend on the space and available materials. The following types of farmed gardens can be constructed. Arbor arch gardens. Triangular wooden framed gardens. Pergola gardens. Suspended boxes gardens. Tyre gardens. Trellis gardensProcedure for constructing wooden boxes. Cut the pieces of wood for the frames of the boxes. Join the wood pieces with nails or screws at the four corners to make the frames. Fix a wire mesh at the bottom of the frame and hold with staples. Fix a plywood piece to hold back the wire mesh from outside and secure with nails. The box is ready for use. Its depth depends on the crop to be planted. Establishment of Selected Off-season Crops on Suspended gardens. Framed suspended gardens are appropriately used for growing off-season crops since it is possible to economise the little water available. The gardens should be placed where they will get a lot of sunshine but sheltered from the winds. The framed structures can be placed one over the other to form wooden staircase garden as shown in the following photograph. Crops established in the framed suspended gardens needs to be given care in order to grow strong and healthy to give expected produce. The management practices carried on the off-season crops in suspended gardens help crops to grow strong and health. The management practices are carried out on daily basis according to assigned tasks. The practices are carried out as follows:Weeding-done by uprooting weeds. Mulching-done by spreading dry leaves or pebbles around the base of the plant. Watering-dine by use of drip irrigation using pipes or perforated pipes or bottles. Wick irrigation is also recommended. Pests and disease control-done by uprooting or removing the affected plant parts. Care should be taken when carrying the management practices to avoid damaging the crops. Observe safety precautions when working with tools and equipment. We should make the school community aware of the importance of using framed suspended garden to grow off-season crops in our schoolWhen educative messages are used, the school community is made aware of how to grow crops in small areas. Various methods of disseminating passing out the educative messages can be used.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9231746031746032, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2520, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.685878}
{"text": "Observe safety precautions when working with tools and equipment. We should make the school community aware of the importance of using framed suspended garden to grow off-season crops in our schoolWhen educative messages are used, the school community is made aware of how to grow crops in small areas. Various methods of disseminating passing out the educative messages can be used. These methods include:Printing the messages on T-shirts, caps, key holders and wrist bands, then selling or wearing these items during holidays or school open days. Printing posters with the message and placing them in open places such as head teacher s waiting room at school gates, school canteen and all the notice boards. Role playing and reciting poems during school open days. Most agricultural products are perishable. This means they are easily spoilt when stored for a long period after harvesting. Hence, they need to be processed to increase the storage. Meaning of Value Addition in Crop Produce. Value addition is the process of changing a product from its original form to a better form. It involves transforming of raw materials into forms that can have a long storage shelf life and are more profitable in the market. Value addition involves changing raw agricultural produce into new products which have more value. Value added products have a long storage life. Examples of value addition in crop produce are as shown below. Fresh mango fruits to dried mango pulp. Groundnuts in pods to parked roasted groundnuts. Raw potatoes tuber to Fried and packed potato crisps, Raw cassava root tuber to Dried and milled cassava flour. Adding value to a product can be done in a number of different ways which give us new products. Some methods used include: drying, frying and roasting. They help to remove excess water from the crop produce. It prevents fungal attacks on the produce which brings about rotting. Processing Crop Produce for Value Addition. Processing crop produce changes them from their raw form into a better form which can be easily used. The method of value addition depends on the type of crop produce, uses of the produce and the length of storage intended. Some value addition processes are lengthy and expensive but they produce a stable product for consumption or sale. The methods of adding value to selected crop produce are as follows. Comparison between Processed and Raw Crop Produce. Processed crop produce have many benefits to the farmer and the consumer or example:They sell at higher prices than the raw produce in the market.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9218847352024924, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2568, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.7472746}
{"text": "The methods of adding value to selected crop produce are as follows. Comparison between Processed and Raw Crop Produce. Processed crop produce have many benefits to the farmer and the consumer or example:They sell at higher prices than the raw produce in the market. Processed produce have a longer storage life span than the raw product. Importance of Value Addition in Crop Produce. Value addition in crop produce plays a role in reducing food wastage, improving food security and conserving the agricultural environment. Value addition of crop produce helps to:Increase the storage life of produce. Improve the selling price of produce for the farmer. Reduces the loss of produce after harvesting. It makes the produce attractive to the customers and therefore increases the demand of the produce. It makes the crop produce available in the market for a longer time and hence promotes food security. It makes it possible to store produce in small space. It makes transportation of produce easier and less costly. Water is used for washing clothes. Hard water contains calcium and magnesium salts. It is wasteful during laundry work since more soap is required to form lather. It forms scum with soap and can, therefore, discolour clothes. It also causes scales and fur to be deposited in machines and pipes. Soft water is water that does not contain dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium. It readily forms lather with soap. Warm water easily lathers with soap. Cold water is usually used for final rinsing to freshen articles. Soap. Soap is used together with water to remove dirt. There are soaps and soapless detergents. Soap detergents are made of animal fats or vegetable oils while soapless detergents are made of chemicals. Forms of Soap and soapless detergents. Soaps and soapless detergents are available in different forms depending on their use. Examples of soap detergents. Liquid soaps are soaps that come in liquid form. Cake or bar soap are soaps that are in solid or bar shape and are mostly used for laundry. Toilet soaps are used for skin care, they have high content of fat and have more moisturising properties than bathing soaps. Medicated soaps contain substances that destroy or remove harmful bacteria from the skin. Examples of soapless detergents. Foam soaps are liquid soaps which are dispended through a special pump mechanism that mixes the liquid soap with air to produce a foam. Powder soaps are soaps in powder foam. They are more affordable and effective.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.922750899640144, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2501, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.7280684}
{"text": "Foam soaps are liquid soaps which are dispended through a special pump mechanism that mixes the liquid soap with air to produce a foam. Powder soaps are soaps in powder foam. They are more affordable and effective. Liquid soaps come in liquid form and are meant for washing dishes and cleaning hands. Paste soaps are semi solid soaps that look like bar soaps which have not hardened. NOTE: Soaps like vanilla soap, peppermint soap, tea soap and lemon grass soap have oils from those herbs or plants. They have a good fragrance. Basic ingredients and substances added during soap making. The major raw materials used in production of soap are:Fats. Alkali. Examples of oils or fats used to make soap include palm oil, coconut oil, cotton-seed oil, olive oil, tallow or mutton fats. The alkali lye used to make soap include caustic soda. The best water to use in soap making is rain water or distilled water. Other substances can be added to enhance the properties of the soap during manufacturing process. These include:Dirt suspending agents holds particles of dirt in suspension. Fragrance perfumes are added to enhance good scent. Dyes colourants are used to improve appearance of the soap in terms of colour. Disinfectants are added to destroy disease causing bacteria and microorganisms. Qualities of an effective cleaning agents. An effective cleaning agent is important in household cleaning if good results are to be achieved. A good effective cleaning household agent has the following qualities characteristics features. Should be gentle on the hand. Lathers easily with water. It should have an appealing fragrance. It should not contain substances that can harm fabric. It should have good cleansing power in both warm and cold water. It should rinse easily and leave no streaks or scum. Preparing homemade soap using natural, safe and locally sustainable ingredients. Soap is made from fats or vegetable oils with and alkali. The purpose or quality of soap determines the ingredients to use in making soap. For example. Soap with high oil content is gentle to the skin. Preparing homemade soap using natural ingredients. Requirements. 2 tablespoons salt. 2 teacups water. Kg fat. A cooker. 1 teacup ashes. Rubber gloves. Method. Sieve the ashes into a clear container. Bean pods and maize stalk ashes are the best because they are fine.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9127085293587173, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2366, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.7719083}
{"text": "Method. Sieve the ashes into a clear container. Bean pods and maize stalk ashes are the best because they are fine. Add the two cups of water into the container and stir well. Strain the liquid into another container using fine cotton cloth. This liquid is called lye. Leave it to stand for 24 hours. Place the fat in a small pan or sufuria and melt it over heat. Add the lye to the melted fat stirring all the time, using a stick. Let the mixture boil slowly while stirring. Add salt and continue stirring until most of the water evaporates and the soap is almost ready to solidify. Pour the liquid into a mould and leave it to cool and harden. Remove the soap from the mould and cut it into the desired pieces and store in a dry place. CAUTION.Wear protective gear. Handle fire with care. Ensure fire is put off when not in use. Always add the lye carefully to the melted fat while stirring. Salt is added to hasten the hardening process. NOTE: Ensure there is enough air circulation for proper drying. To improve the soap you may add one or more of the following. Dye. Perfume. Disinfectant. Glycerin. The Use of safe and locally sustainable resources in preparing home-made soap. Homemade soap manufactured from locally sustainable resources are safe to use. These soaps can be improved so as to have better appeal in various ways.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-RATIONALIZED-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION-LESSON-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9039716509003978, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1369, "token_count": 302}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.7680755}
{"text": "GRADE 7 PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS LESSON NOTESSTRAND 1.0 GAMESNetball is a team sport where the ball is played using hands. During the play the player runs to dodge an opponent or reach the ball, he she may also jump to catch high ball or a rebound from the ring. Chest pass in netballThis is a way of throwing the ball to team mate where the ball is released and received at the chest level. The pass is usually used when the teammates are not far from each other. Making a chest passGripPut your fingers on each side of the ball with your thumb behind the ball and your fingers spread in W formation. The ball should be at the chest level. Your elbow should be pointing out wards. StanceStand with your feet comfortably should- width apart facing the target. Execution of the passExtend the arms fully towards the direction of the passFlick the wrist and the finger as you release the ballStep in the direction of the pass for a follow throughComplete the action with the palm facing outwards and fingers spread. Pupil s activities Pg. 3. DRILL: Line and passResources neededAn open areaAge- appropriate netball or improvised ballField markers or chalk. Making line and pass drillMake a line behind one another facing the team leader at a point 5m away from the learners passing the ball. The leading learner passes the ball to the leader and joins the line from the back. The team leader passes the ball to the next waiting the learner using the chest pass. Repeat until every leaner gets a chance to perform a chest pass. Execution of Pass. Note: communicate with your peers when performing the task to enhance learning of English, Kiswahili or indigenous languages. Chest pass in motionIn pairs stand 3m apart facing the goalPass the ball to your teammate using a chest passAfter passing the ball to your teammate, jog to the point ahead to receive the ballRepeat the activity until you reach the goal end of the court . DODGING AND MARKING IN NETBALLDodging is a technique use to counter the marking attempt. It is applied by members of the team in control of the ball. The player being marked makes attempt to get free from the marker and move into space to receive pass. It may involve changing pace and use of deceptive body action to put the marking player of balance.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9104574735947157, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2308, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.8008502}
{"text": "It is applied by members of the team in control of the ball. The player being marked makes attempt to get free from the marker and move into space to receive pass. It may involve changing pace and use of deceptive body action to put the marking player of balance. MarkingThis is a technique used by the team that is not in possession of the ball to prevent an opponent from receiving a pass. This intention is to obstruct passes made by the team in control of the ball. A player can mark an opponent in possession of the all or an opponent without ball. Body movement when marking an opponentStanding in front of the player being marked. Standing beside the player being marked. Raising hands up or to the side to reach the path of the ball. The hands should be on the side of the body. React quickly when the opponent being marked. Make any movement, move in the same direction using short steps, and shuffle sideways without crossing the feet. Focus on both the ball and player being marked. Marking a player with the ball. Take a position in front of the opponent 0.9m apartEstablish a basic stance with feet not more than should width apartKeep the body upright and eyes on the ballHands should be straight up and moving with the position of the ball. B. marking a player without a ballStand close to you opponent. Establish a basic stance with feet not more than shoulder- width apartKnees should be slightly bend and body weight on the balls of the feet for better response and ease in change of direction. Keep eyes focused on the player with the ball. Anticipate the movement of your opponent and move appropriately. Making in spaceSometimes the ball is passed in space and not directly to the player. Body movement to use when dodging an opponentUsing bending or leaning movement with the body trunk to left or right or leftSprinting off from the markerSprinting and stoppingExtending the left or right arms away from the opponentWays of dodging used in netball gameChanging the speedRemain still and move at the same speed with our markerSuddenly sprint or slow down at once to displace your markerReceive the ball and land in readiness to attachSingle feignFeign is a situation when one pretends to be affected by feeling in a netball game. It mainly happens when attacking an opponent with a ball in a netball court.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9177306762806546, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2348, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.830988}
{"text": "Making in spaceSometimes the ball is passed in space and not directly to the player. Body movement to use when dodging an opponentUsing bending or leaning movement with the body trunk to left or right or leftSprinting off from the markerSprinting and stoppingExtending the left or right arms away from the opponentWays of dodging used in netball gameChanging the speedRemain still and move at the same speed with our markerSuddenly sprint or slow down at once to displace your markerReceive the ball and land in readiness to attachSingle feignFeign is a situation when one pretends to be affected by feeling in a netball game. It mainly happens when attacking an opponent with a ball in a netball court. Establish a basic dodging stance in front of you marker with the feet not more than shoulder- width apart and knees slightly bent and weight on the balls of the feet. Pretend to move to the left and then move to the right to receive the ball. Double feignStand in front of the markerEstablish basic dodging stance with feet not more that should width apart, knees slightly bent and weight on the balls of the feet. Pretend to move to the left then right and finally move to the left to receive the ball. Sprint into a spaceRemain close to your markerStand with feet shoulder width apart, knees slightly bent and weight on the balls of the feet. Make an unexpected sprint into space and receive the ball. Drills in markingMirror drillin mirror drill dodging and marking technique the defender stands a slight distance in front of the attacker, there defender therefore respond to the movement made by attacker. If the attacker moves to the right, the defender mirrors the same movement and moves to the right. Four sphere drillHere five players draw four spheres in a rectangular formation and another circle at the Centre. The four circles are then numbered 1,2,3,4The player practicing the marking starts at the Centre of the circle. When the teachers call out the sphere number, the player at the Centre moves quickly to that sphere to mark and then move back to the Centre sphere. Four sphere variation drillplayer take position 1,2,3,4the pass is from player 1 to player 1After a pass is made the player at the Centre sprint to mark the player receiving the ball then moves back to the Centre.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.909217977972404, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2327, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.8614526}
{"text": "The four circles are then numbered 1,2,3,4The player practicing the marking starts at the Centre of the circle. When the teachers call out the sphere number, the player at the Centre moves quickly to that sphere to mark and then move back to the Centre sphere. Four sphere variation drillplayer take position 1,2,3,4the pass is from player 1 to player 1After a pass is made the player at the Centre sprint to mark the player receiving the ball then moves back to the Centre. Repeat the drill as the ball is passed around the circle. Keep substituting the Centre player to give others an opportunity to practicesAfter marking, the learner goes back to the Centre circle. This is repeated until all learners get a chance to practice marking. Drills for dodgingThe dodging triadPlace three cones to form an isosceles triangle with a height of 5m and a base of 4m. Two of you stand at the centre of the baseline and behind one behind the other. The learner with the ball stands at the furthest tip of the triangle. The leading learner at the base acts as the defender while the trailing learner acts as the attacker. The trailing learner performs a single feint to the left and dashes to receive the ball at the right edge of the triangular formation. The trailing learner performs a double feint to receive the ball at the right edge of the triangular formation. The trailing learner sprints to the center of the formation and receives the ballLearners keep changing roles until they all practice the single feint, double feign and sprint dodge. Activity 5 page. 10Footwork in netballThere are two landing techniques in netballDouble foot landingSingle foot landingMaking Double foot landingStart with a short run and take off. Make a short run and spring off the floor with both feet into a jump. When making a double foot landing a player should :Maintain an upright posture and keep the arms out for balanceLand with the feet shoulder- width apart and body weight equally distributed on both feet for balanceLand with knees slightly bent and knees, hips and ankles to cushion the landing impact. Making single foot landingTake-off to make the body airborne. Make a short run and spring off the floor with one foot in to a jumpIf you take off on the right; land on your left foot.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.903046163379118, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2300, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.8538222}
{"text": "When making a double foot landing a player should :Maintain an upright posture and keep the arms out for balanceLand with the feet shoulder- width apart and body weight equally distributed on both feet for balanceLand with knees slightly bent and knees, hips and ankles to cushion the landing impact. Making single foot landingTake-off to make the body airborne. Make a short run and spring off the floor with one foot in to a jumpIf you take off on the right; land on your left foot. If you take off on the left; land on your right foot. Contact the floor with the balls of the foot first, with the knees, ankles and hips slightly bent. Place the other foot on the ground quickly to absorb the impact and help with balanceMaintain a low body position for stability and safety. PivotingPivoting is the act of turning with one foot on the ground while the other foot makes repeated short steps. Pivoting;Helps the player develop balance after landingHelps the player turn away from the defender who may be markingHelps in locating teammates who may be well positioned to receive the pass. Drill 1; the beelineUse an open safe playing area to perform the drill. Carry out the activity without using a ball. Form groups of five and stand in a line behind one another. Ensure you are well spaced in the lineThe leading learner in the line to take off from both feet and land on bothOther learners to follow the leaders performing a double foot take- off and a double foot landingDrill 2; the beeline with the ballForm groups of five stand in a line behind one anotherEnsure you are well spaced in the lineLet the leader of the group and the leading learner in the line to make a short run, the ball up, jump, catch the ball and make a double foot landing. Other learners to follow and imitate the leaders actions. Drill 3; the sickleForm group of five members to adapt sickle formation and their leader to take a position in front and at the Centre of the sickle. The leader passes the ball to teammates in the arc.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9112963825492937, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2034, "token_count": 450}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.8807743}
{"text": "Other learners to follow and imitate the leaders actions. Drill 3; the sickleForm group of five members to adapt sickle formation and their leader to take a position in front and at the Centre of the sickle. The leader passes the ball to teammates in the arc. The teammates to catch the ball and make a single foot landingDrill 4; the Y drillLearners to adapt a Y formationThe leader of the group to be at the Centre of the Y formation and in possession of the ballThe leading learner in the line sprints to right or to the left to receive the ball from the leader, make a single foot landing and then pivot. HandballPasses and reception in handballPassing is delivering the ball to a team mate during play in a handball game. Passing the ball helps in;Speeding up the gameCreating scoring chancesBreaking tight defenseReleasing pressure during playExpressing creative abilities during playQualities of a good passAccurate so that a player has no problem catching the ball. Fast and timely to exploit the play chance promptly. Useful a pass should be directed to that player whose position may disadvantage the opponent. Types of passesThere are three types of passes, namely;Jump passSide passFlick passJump passA jump pass is where a player leaps in to the air and throws the ball to a teammate before landing. It is completed at the peak of the jump with a player in control releasing the ball to the teammateStages of execution in jump passPreparationTake off from the ground either on a single or double foot. Bring the passing arm high and back above the level of the headBring the non- passing arm slightly in front of your bodyKeep shoulders high and head upExecutionAs you bring the passing arm forward to release the ball, pull the non-passing arm backwards at hip level. Release the ball to your teammate with a follow through and wrist action. Side passA side pass is also known as wrist passes and is the most common way of passing the ball across the width of the court. This movement is called ball circulation.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.916296175744303, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2059, "token_count": 454}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.8940022}
{"text": "Release the ball to your teammate with a follow through and wrist action. Side passA side pass is also known as wrist passes and is the most common way of passing the ball across the width of the court. This movement is called ball circulation. Stages of execution in side passPreparationStand with feet slightly closer together than shoulder-width apart from the target ,the receiver should be on your right or left sideHold the ball on the passing hand with palm facing downIf the pass is to be made at the right side, hold the ball with the right hand , if the pass is to be made on the left side, hold the ball with the left handExecutionswing the passing arm across the body from left to right when passing towards the right directionrelease the ball with full extension of the arm with a wrist actionstep sideways towards the direction of the pass for a follow- throughFlick passA flick pass is an action made using the passing arm which quickly propels the ball forward. The release action of the ball is terminated with a forward wrist action. Stages of executionPreparationTake a staggered stance with the leg of the non- passing arm leading. Hold the ball with one hand in an open palm, fingers well spread behind it at shoulder levelThe non-passing arm should be extended outwards for balanceEyes should be focused on the targetExecutionStep with trailing foot forwardPush the ball forward towards the receiverRelease the ball by flexing the wrist and the fingers forward for a follow- through. This generates power to propel the ball and give it directions. ReceptionReception is the act of receiving the ball with one or both hands. The catch may vary from high level to medium or low level. Points for reception of the ballPreparationStand on the balls of your feet shoulder-width apart facing the direction of the ball. Extend your hands towards the ballMove forward to meet the oncoming ballKeep your arms pointed towards the ballYour hands should form a tunnel shape of a W formation ready to receive the ball. Preparation to catchTerminationOn contact with the ball, wrap the fingers around it and bend the elbows bring the ball towards the chest. Ensure the thumbs are behind the ball and get in to a ready position for your next action. Drills in hand ballsDrill 1: jump passingIn pairs, stand apart.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9187591679023045, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2351, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.927397}
{"text": "Preparation to catchTerminationOn contact with the ball, wrap the fingers around it and bend the elbows bring the ball towards the chest. Ensure the thumbs are behind the ball and get in to a ready position for your next action. Drills in hand ballsDrill 1: jump passingIn pairs, stand apart. Take three steps toward your partner and then take offPass the ball using a jump pass and walk back to your siting positionYour partner also takes three steps and then passes te ball back to you using a jump pass. Drill 2. Flick passIn groups of four, stand in a square formation, ass the ball around the square using flick. Drill 3: two line drillPlayer to form two linesThe leaders pass the ball using a flick passAfter making the pass, the leader joins the line from behindEnsure everyone get a chance to pass the ballSide pass drillsDrill 1: side passingIn pairs, stand 3m apart side by side. Pass the ball to one another using a wrist passDrill 2: pass curveIn groups of four, stand three meters apart in a semi-circleThe player with the ball to be at the extreme endPass the ball from right to left without skipping any playerWhen the ball reaches the end, pass the ball back to the leftDrill 3: down court drillIn pairs, stand 3 m apart facing the goal, walk down the court passing the ball using the side pass. Change the pace to a jog and continue passing the ball each other up and down the courtPupils activity Pg. 22Footwork in handballPrinciples of good landingLanding on the balls of the feetKnees should be slightly bent to cushion the shock on the impact of landingThis is also referred to as knee- deep landing. LandingStepping progression skills in handballDrill 1: individually jump, catch a ball and land on one foot. Drill 2: in pairs, stand 3m apart facing each other, jump, and catch a ball and land on both feetDrill 3: a the players are in circular formation passing and catching the ballb Catch the ball from a side pass land on both feet and take three steps and then pass it to the next player using a side pass.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8965929248948117, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2067, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.94171}
{"text": "22Footwork in handballPrinciples of good landingLanding on the balls of the feetKnees should be slightly bent to cushion the shock on the impact of landingThis is also referred to as knee- deep landing. LandingStepping progression skills in handballDrill 1: individually jump, catch a ball and land on one foot. Drill 2: in pairs, stand 3m apart facing each other, jump, and catch a ball and land on both feetDrill 3: a the players are in circular formation passing and catching the ballb Catch the ball from a side pass land on both feet and take three steps and then pass it to the next player using a side pass. Drill 4: a the players are in a triangular formation passing and catching the ballb Catch the ball from a flick pass and land on both feet, take three steps and then pass the ball using a flick pass. Drill 5:a in a group six form a line formationb Practice catching the ball and landing on both feet. Use a jump pass while passing. Dodging and marking in handballDodgingWhen dodging, a player may use body actions that mislead the defending player. It enables the attacking player to go past the defender and score goals with ease. MarkingMarking is a defensive action that limits the chances of attacking players gaining possession of the ball. Qualities of a good playerObservant the marking player needs to pay attention to the attackers who are likely to gain possession of the ball and drive forwardGood positioning ability to position himself or herself appropriately between the attacking player and their defending goalQuick time reaction this helps the marking player respond to unexpected tactical actions by the attacking players. Resilience and persistence the marking player should never give up on playing a defensive role. Communication good marking is a product of communicating with teammates to develop a suitable plan or approach to counter the playing actions of the attacking teamsCourageous a good marker should be courageous to withstand non-avoidable contacts that may occur during one on one tackling situationsPeripheral vision a player who is marking needs to see what is happening around him or her and not just focuses on the player being marked alone. Body feign in handballBody feigns are performed by using the trunk legs. They involve a shift of balance and weight.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.911386078428724, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2353, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.967785}
{"text": "Communication good marking is a product of communicating with teammates to develop a suitable plan or approach to counter the playing actions of the attacking teamsCourageous a good marker should be courageous to withstand non-avoidable contacts that may occur during one on one tackling situationsPeripheral vision a player who is marking needs to see what is happening around him or her and not just focuses on the player being marked alone. Body feign in handballBody feigns are performed by using the trunk legs. They involve a shift of balance and weight. This can be done with or without the ball. Body feigns are used to free the player from an opponent and get a better position for receiving or passing the ball. Types of dodging technics include:Single feign dodgeDouble feign dodgeSingle feign dodgeIn group of five players, form two lines facing one another 5m apartPlayers approach each otherIn closing to one another, each of them performs a single feign to the opposite side. Leaning point for double feign dodgeTake a position at least 5m in front of an opponentMake a short run and break it with a double foot landing referred to as a zero stepLean towards either the right or left and repeat the feigning. Complete the original intended love. Drill 1: Pair feign dodgeIn pairs without the ball, stand facing each otherOne of you to practice the double feign dodgeRepeat three times and switch rolesDrill 2: Quinque drillIn groups of five, place a cone in the court and make a line facing the coneSprint to the cone and stop on zero steps, feign to the right, then left and then move to the right to receive the ball. Dribbling in handballDribbling it is a technique in handball where the player bounces the ball on the ground once or repeatedly. Types of handball dribblingHigh dribbleLow dribbleDemonstrating low dribbleStand with the feet shoulder-width apartThe knees should be slightly bent and body weight on the balls of the feetPush the ball downwards using the wrist and the fingers for better controlThe arm of the non- dribbling hand should be extended outwards from the body for balanceUse a pump like action to bounce the ball repeatedly with the enough force so that it bounces slightly above knee level.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9166661228041553, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2270, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.976674}
{"text": "Drill 1: Pair feign dodgeIn pairs without the ball, stand facing each otherOne of you to practice the double feign dodgeRepeat three times and switch rolesDrill 2: Quinque drillIn groups of five, place a cone in the court and make a line facing the coneSprint to the cone and stop on zero steps, feign to the right, then left and then move to the right to receive the ball. Dribbling in handballDribbling it is a technique in handball where the player bounces the ball on the ground once or repeatedly. Types of handball dribblingHigh dribbleLow dribbleDemonstrating low dribbleStand with the feet shoulder-width apartThe knees should be slightly bent and body weight on the balls of the feetPush the ball downwards using the wrist and the fingers for better controlThe arm of the non- dribbling hand should be extended outwards from the body for balanceUse a pump like action to bounce the ball repeatedly with the enough force so that it bounces slightly above knee level. This constitutes a low level. Control the ball by flexing the wrist and the fingersBounce the ball below knee level for a low dribbleKeep the head up and avoid looking at the ballLearning points for high dribbleStand with the feet shoulder- width apartKeep erect with a slight lean forward and body weight on the balls of the feetPush the ball downwards using the wrist and the fingers for better controlThe arm of the non-dribbling hand should be extended outwards from the body for balanceUse a pump like action to bounce the ball repeatedly with enough force so that it bounces slightly above knee level for a high. This constitutes a high dribble. Keep the head up and avoid looking at the ball. Drills of dribbling in handballDrill 1: Step and dribbleTake three steps, make one dribble and take three more steps.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9160225646206955, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1819, "token_count": 420}, "cleaned_at": 1750360551.9963639}
{"text": "This constitutes a high dribble. Keep the head up and avoid looking at the ball. Drills of dribbling in handballDrill 1: Step and dribbleTake three steps, make one dribble and take three more steps. Increase the number of dribbles between three- step sectionsAt the end of the sequence, make a shot or a passDrill 2: Walking drillWalk across the court with a ball five times making a high dribbleRepeat the drill using a low dribbleDrill 3: The cone drillPlace seven cones in a line 1.5m apartIn groups of five, practice zigzag movement pattern in and out of the cones one at a timeStart with a low dribble and later a high dribbleAs you perfect the dribble, make more challenging by shortening the distance between the conesDrill 4:The court drillIndividually dribble a ball along a court marking using high and low dribbles. Use a movement pattern of three high dribble and three low dribbles. SHOOTING IN HANDBALLShooting it involves throwing the ball in to the opponent s goal to make a score. Safety measures to be observed when performing shooting in handballNever aim to hit or injure the goalkeeper with the ball. Take turn and shoot one player at a timeWarm up adequately before starting the shooting activityAdhere to the instructions given by the instructorBe conscious of the nature of the floor or the ground while making a falling or a dive shot. . . Types of shots in handball include:Jump shotDive shotRunning shotFalling shotLob shotDemonstrating jump shotA jump shot is where a player can shoot from a stationary position and gain horizontal distance and the releasing powerfully towards the goal at the highest point of the jump. Make a shot run with a maximum of three steps while gripping the ballMake a single foot take off in the last step for an upward thrust. Bend the other leg at the knee for more force upward. Demonstration for a running shortRunning shot is executed while the player is in motion making the three steps progression. Make two or three steps towards the attacking goal end then make a shot at the goalFollow through with a swing of the throwing handDemonstrating a dive shotTake a position outside the 6m line facing the attacking goal.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9115533443891655, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2214, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.0415857}
{"text": "Bend the other leg at the knee for more force upward. Demonstration for a running shortRunning shot is executed while the player is in motion making the three steps progression. Make two or three steps towards the attacking goal end then make a shot at the goalFollow through with a swing of the throwing handDemonstrating a dive shotTake a position outside the 6m line facing the attacking goal. Take off with both feet high and the head fast towards the goal area. Release the ball while airborne and land in the goal area with the body low. Convert your landing into a roll for safety. Learning points for falling shotTake a position outside the 6m line facing the goal. With the feet firm on the floor outside the goal area, fall towards the goal area . Release the ball before contacting the goal area with the hands or any other part of the .bodyLearning points for lob shotTake a position outside the 6m lineFace the goalkeeper who may have moved closer to you in defenseThrow the ball in a curved path over the goalkeeperFlick the wrist to give the ball direction and accuracy. Drills for shooting in handballDrill 1: Step and shootIn groups of five make a line facing the goal with the leader at the free throw lineThe leader makes a pass to the first player in the lineThe player makes 3 steps and then a jump shotAfter making a jump shot the player joins the line from the backRepeat the activity3 times then change to practice a running shotDrill 2: Drill and shootIn a group of four players, make a line at the substitution zone facing the goal where you intend to shootUse a high dribble to move towards the goal areaOn reaching the free throw line, catch the ball and make a jump shotRetrieve the ball and run along the goal line to the corner and then along the sideline to join your teammatesAfter three attempts change and practice a running shotDrill 3: Corner drillIn a group of five, make a line at the corner of the courtThe leader to stand at a point within the courtThe first player in the line to run along the goal area lineWhen at a comfortable position, catch the ball from the group leader and make a dive short. Pupils activities Pg. 35. STRAND 2.0 ATHLETICSIt entails all track events taking place in the field.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9056738456518193, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2270, "token_count": 512}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.0268667}
{"text": "Pupils activities Pg. 35. STRAND 2.0 ATHLETICSIt entails all track events taking place in the field. They include:Long jumpJavelinSprintMiddle distancehurdleLong jumpThis is a field even that involved jumping for distance. The jump is done in progressive stages namely:approachtake offflightlandingApproach - this is running on the runway with constant number of strides. An athlete strives to top speed before takeoff. Take off- this is where the contact with the ground is broken after attaining maximum speed. It is done on a single leg. Gaining maximum height away from the take off board is good in order to cover long distance. Flight - is when the body is in the air after take- off. During flight, an athlete can use these techniques:sailhandhitch lackSafety rules to observe. Attempt jump, one learner at a timeDo not attempt jump unless the landing pit is clearUse the long jump pit filled with sand or any suitable material from your environment. Do not land outside the landing pitEnsure all raking of the sand pit or proper arrangement of the material being used on the landing pit. The approachMark a starting pointStart your run from a standing positionBegin the run with a marked forward lean to develop speed but before reaching the takeoff board , be uprightBe on the ball of the feet when sprinting with a natural head position, eyes focused beyond the pit and not at the take off board. Repeat several times. . The take offPrepare for takeoff in the latter phases of your approach runLower the hips then raise them into the take off phaseYour hips should be slightly forwardPlace your take off foot slightly ahead of the hips and strike the take off boards on the mid linePlace your final two- foot contacts flat on the take off board. LandingDuring landing, the athlete should aim at getting the heels as far away and ahead from the takeoff board as possibleTurn on one side and allow the forward momentum to carry the body past the landing position.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.911842484066168, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2011, "token_count": 450}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.0677507}
{"text": "Cross over. Place your right foot on the ground and your left foot forward and elevated. Put your right ahead in a lean back positionsPull the javelin back a little further so that the tip is lined up with your eyebrowsKeep the right foot close to the groundLet the right heel touch the groundAs the right foot moves forward, move the left foot up and lean your trunk back at 115 degree angle. Place your right foot on the ground and you left leg forward and elevatedDirect your shoulder and hips towards your left target. Wait for your left foot to touch the groundStraighten your torsoTurn your face toward the direction of the throw with the javelin parallel to your shoulderPosition your throwing and hand above shoulder level. ReleaseThrough the javelin with your arms as high as possiblePlant you left heels and thrust forward with your right footPull back with your left arm keeping it parallel to your right shoulderMove your throwing shoulder over your left legLift your left leg and move your throwing arm, with the elbow placed high and close to the midline. Release the javelin with your arm over your head in front of you. Follow throughLet your throwing arm travel diagonally across your body. For examples if you are throwing with your right arms, it should end up infront of your left side. Keep your left foot on the ground. Let the right leg pass the left foot and then stop you. Finish by standing on your right foot, with your left leg up behind you. Your right shoulder will turn left, with your chest facing to the left. PUPILS ACTIVITIESLearner to discuss various drills in javelin with the guidance of the teacherKLB TOP SCHOLAR PAG 47SPRINT START IN ATHLETICSThe sprint start is intended to propel you into the race as fast as possible. When an athlete breaks technique, his or her speed decreases and he or she has a greater chance of fatiguing sooner. The best way to work on correct form is to begin by watching experts perform these movements. A starting block - is a fixed object with an angled surface which the athletes use to push off from at the start of the race. It helps to increase the starting speed of an athlete.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9156420462922013, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2176, "token_count": 474}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.0585732}
{"text": "The best way to work on correct form is to begin by watching experts perform these movements. A starting block - is a fixed object with an angled surface which the athletes use to push off from at the start of the race. It helps to increase the starting speed of an athlete. Ways of making a starting blockPlace the start of the block rail one step from the start linePosition the front block two steps from the start linePosition the back block three steps from the start linePlace your feet so that the tip of your running shoes touch the trackYour bodyweight should push into blocksKneel on the back legsPlace your hands wider hand shoulder width apart behind the starting line. Keep your finger together and thumb in. Types of sprint start in athleticsBunch or bullet startMedium startElongated startBunch or bullet start the toes of the rear foot are approximately leveled with the heel of the front foot. Both feet are placed well back from the starting lineMedium start The knee of the rear leg is placed opposite at a point in the front half of the front foot. Elongated start - the knee of the rear leg is level with or slightly behind the heel of the front foot. Athletics rulesPerform the given warm up activities before participationCheck the ground to ensure that it is not slippery and does not obstaclesUse the lane assigned to your throughoutFollow the sprint start commands when starting a raceEnsure that the starting blocks being used is firmly fixed on the ground. Pupils activity 6 pg 5151-52RUNNING IN SPRINT RACESReaction time - is the time interval between an external signal and your response to it. An examples is hearing a starting gun or a whistle and taking off towards the finish lineAcceleration - is the rate at which the body changes its speed. For examples, in the first 30m of a 100m sprint s speed will be increasing. Drill 1: Reaction timeOn a flat ground, stand on a free space in groups of fourMark a line on the groundThree of you to assume a sprint position of your choiceThe fourth learner will give the sprint commandsOn the command go, takeoff ensuring a quick take offChange roles ensuring that everyone performs and give commandsGive honest feedback on the reaction of the go signal and be truthful.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9102665037781096, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2279, "token_count": 492}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.112283}
{"text": "An examples is hearing a starting gun or a whistle and taking off towards the finish lineAcceleration - is the rate at which the body changes its speed. For examples, in the first 30m of a 100m sprint s speed will be increasing. Drill 1: Reaction timeOn a flat ground, stand on a free space in groups of fourMark a line on the groundThree of you to assume a sprint position of your choiceThe fourth learner will give the sprint commandsOn the command go, takeoff ensuring a quick take offChange roles ensuring that everyone performs and give commandsGive honest feedback on the reaction of the go signal and be truthful. Drill 2: accelerationOn the flat ground , stand on a free space in groups of fourMark a starting line and a finishing line on the groundThe learner will give the sprint commandsOn the command go , take off quickly after the go signalApply force on the ground with feet pushing back against the trackKeep your head in line with the body with eyes on the finish line. Cut the upward with your hands to help maintain positive accelerationChange roles ensuring that everyone performs and give commandsGive honest feedback on the reaction on the reaction and acceleration and be truthfulDrill 3: maintainingOn the flat ground, stand on a free space in group of fourMake a starting line and a finishing line on the groundThree of your assume a sprint technique of our voiceThe fourth leaner should give sprint commandMove your eyes slightly and fastAccelerate towards the finishing lineMaintain the speed by keeping your knees highDrive your arms harder to push through the final meters of the raceChange roles ensuring that everyone performs and give commandsGive honest feedback on the reaction, accelerations and ensure you are truthful. Finishing technique in sprint racesThere are several ways of finishing sprint races. Characteristics of the sprint finish methodsRun through techniquesThe athlete crosses the finish line with full speedThey stop several metres ahead of the finish lineIt is mainly used by beginnersDrop finishPerformed when an athlete is just one step to the finishing lineAn athlete bends both arms backwards and tries to touch the tape with the chest. It is performed at the last movement when an athlete reaches the finishing lineAn athlete shrugs the shoulder that is opposite the tape by turning the chest sideways into the tape.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9180947035471443, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2409, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.1369395}
{"text": "Finishing technique in sprint racesThere are several ways of finishing sprint races. Characteristics of the sprint finish methodsRun through techniquesThe athlete crosses the finish line with full speedThey stop several metres ahead of the finish lineIt is mainly used by beginnersDrop finishPerformed when an athlete is just one step to the finishing lineAn athlete bends both arms backwards and tries to touch the tape with the chest. It is performed at the last movement when an athlete reaches the finishing lineAn athlete shrugs the shoulder that is opposite the tape by turning the chest sideways into the tape. SimilaritiesThey are sprint finish techniquesThey are used at the end of a sprint raceThe movement of the arms distinguishes one from another. They are applied a step to the finishing line or upon reaching the finishing lineRules during sprint racePreform the warm up activities given before participationUse the lane located to your throughout when racingEnsure that the finishing area is clear before your start a race. PUPILS ACTIVITIES PG 59BATON CHANGE RELAYRelay running is a race in which athletes compete as a team. It consists of four stages: with four members from different teams. When a team member complete a specified distances, he or she passes on a baton to the next team member standing at the end of the distance he or she has covered. The baton is passed on until the fourth athlete in the team completes his or her distance with the baton in hand. Relay races in athletics4x100m - four athletes either male or female run 100m each4 x 100 relay races - four athletes run 400m eachThe sprint medley relay -Mixed relayUpsweep method of baton change in relayThis involves the coming athlete passing the baton upwards into the receiving handsIn this method, the hand is extended back at hip level. The hand is fully open forming a V between the thumb and forefinger. The baton is moved upward onto the extended hand of the outgoing runner. Safety rules:Hand over the baton at the designated zoneDo not through the batonCarry the baton throughout the raceDo not exist your line until its clear and safe to do so without impeding athletes in the other lanesPHYSICAL FITNESS AND HEALTHPre exercise assessment of flexibility, balance and coordination.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PHYSICAL-EDUCATION-AND-SPORTS-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9136807484535029, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2324, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.167413}
{"text": "Strand 1.1: Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies - Fire and Data SafetyLesson 1: Understanding Fire CausesCauses of Fire:Flammable Substances:Chemicals: Used in laboratories e.g., solvents, fuels . Common Materials: Such as paper, wood, fabric, and oily rags. Gases: Like propane and butane used in workshops. Lesson 2: Preventing FirePreventing Fires:Proper Storage:Flammable materials stored in designated areas with proper ventilation. Separate storage for different types of materials to prevent chemical reactions. Regular Maintenance:Checking electrical equipment for wear and tear, frayed wires, or damaged plugs. Ensuring machinery is well-lubricated to prevent overheating. Safety Protocols:Clearing workspaces from unnecessary clutter to reduce fire hazards. Displaying and following emergency evacuation plans. Lesson 3: Firefighting TechniquesFirefighting Techniques:Cooling:Using water hoses or fire extinguishers to cool down the flames. Emergency showers for individuals with chemical burns. Smothering:Utilizing fire blankets to cover flames and cut off their oxygen supply. Deploying foam-based fire suppressants to smother liquid fires. Interrupting:Using fire extinguishers with appropriate agents for different fire types e.g., ABC fire extinguishers . Explanation: ABC fire extinguishers are versatile and effective for three classes of fires - A ordinary combustibles , B flammable liquids , and C electrical fires . Lesson 4: Data Threat AnalysisThreats to Data:Malware:Viruses, including trojans, worms, spyware, ransomware, and adware. Phishing: Attempts to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information through fake emails or websites. Hacking:Unauthorized access by individuals seeking to manipulate or steal data. Data breaches where sensitive information is accessed without permission. Data Corruption:Software bugs causing unexpected errors and data loss. Hardware failures, such as a malfunctioning hard drive leading to data corruption. Lesson 5: Securing Electronic DataSecuring Data:Use Strong Passwords:Combine uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols e.g., P ssw0rd . Avoid easily guessable passwords, like \"password\" or \"123456.\"Regularly Back Up Data:Use external devices like USB drives, external hard drives, or cloud services e.g., Google Drive . Schedule automatic backups to ensure consistent data protection.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-V22024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9057817304129235, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2406, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.1227758}
{"text": "Lesson 5: Securing Electronic DataSecuring Data:Use Strong Passwords:Combine uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols e.g., P ssw0rd . Avoid easily guessable passwords, like \"password\" or \"123456.\"Regularly Back Up Data:Use external devices like USB drives, external hard drives, or cloud services e.g., Google Drive . Schedule automatic backups to ensure consistent data protection. Install and Update Antivirus Software:Choose reputable antivirus software and keep it up-to-date to guard against new threats. Enable real-time scanning for continuous protection. Lesson 6: Hands-On ApplicationHands-On Application:Creating a Strong Password:Utilize a mix of letters, numbers, and symbols to enhance complexity. Avoid personal information, like birthdays or names, to strengthen security. Backing Up Important Files:Use external hard drives, USB drives, or cloud services like Dropbox, OneDrive, or iCloud. Regularly review and update the backup strategy based on evolving needs. Running an Antivirus Scan:Schedule regular scans to detect and remove potential threats automatically. Perform manual scans after downloading new files or visiting unfamiliar websites. Key Inquiry QuestionsImportance of Fire Safety:Protect Lives and Property:By preventing injuries, fatalities, and damage to structures. Avoid Disruptions in Work Environments:Ensuring uninterrupted workflow and maintaining productivity. Prevent Injuries and Ensure a Safe Working Atmosphere:Fostering a secure and comfortable workplace for all individuals. Strand 1.0: Foundations of Pre-Technical StudiesSub Strand 1.2: Computer Hardware 11 lessons Lesson 1: Introduction to Computer HardwareComputer Hardware:Physical parts of a computer system, including tangible components that can be touched and seen. Explanation: Computer hardware comprises the physical elements that make up a computer, allowing it to function. These components include devices such as keyboards, monitors, hard drives, and more. Lesson 2: Categories of Computer HardwareInput Devices:Keying devices e.g., keyboards . Pointing devices e.g., mice, trackpads . Scanning devices e.g., scanners . Voice input devices e.g., microphones . Touchscreen and digitizer. Digital cameras. Output Devices:Hardcopy e.g., printers . Softcopy e.g., monitors, speakers . Storage Devices:Fixed e.g., hard disk drives, SSDs . Removable e.g., USB drives, external hard drives .", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-V22024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8964685926616639, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2446, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.1828914}
{"text": "Softcopy e.g., monitors, speakers . Storage Devices:Fixed e.g., hard disk drives, SSDs . Removable e.g., USB drives, external hard drives . Input devices get data, output devices display information, and storage devices save data. Lesson 3: Categories DiscussionGroup Discussion Outcomes:Identify scenarios where voice input devices are more suitable than keying devices. Discuss real-world applications of storage devices in various industries. Explanation: Engaging in group discussions helps explore diverse perspectives and understand practical applications of different hardware categories. Lesson 4: Matching Devices to CategoriesMatching Activity:Associate hardware devices with categories. Ensure clear understanding of input, output, and storage devices. Explanation: This hands-on activity reinforces the connection between specific devices and their respective hardware categories. Lesson 5: Task Performance Using HardwareHands-On Experience:Use input devices for data entry. Generate output using devices. Save and retrieve data from storage devices. Explanation: Performing tasks with various hardware devices enhances practical skills and demonstrates how these components work together. Lesson 6: Importance of Computer HardwareImportance Discussion:Discuss how computer hardware enhances user experiences. Recognize the integral role of hardware in performing tasks. Explanation: Recognizing the importance of computer hardware encourages an appreciation for its role in making technology functional and user-friendly. Top of FormStrand 1: Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies - Substrand 1.3: Consumer and Investor ProtectionLesson 1: Importance of Consumer and Investor ProtectionObjective: Explain the importance of consumer and investor protection in Kenya. Importance of Protection:Safeguarding the rights of consumers and investors is crucial for a fair and just marketplace. Building trust and confidence in economic activities is achieved through effective protection measures. Examples:Consumer protection ensures fair pricing, quality products, and ethical business practices. Investor protection fosters confidence in financial markets, encouraging investment and economic growth. Lesson 2: Analyzing Protection Mechanisms in KenyaObjective: Analyze ways in which consumers and investors are protected in Kenya. Regulatory Mechanisms:Laws and policies ensure fair trade and protect against fraud. The Competition Authority of Kenya enforces competition laws for fair market practices. Institutional Protection:Government bodies like the Capital Markets Authority regulate financial markets for stability. The Central Bank of Kenya protects consumers and investors by ensuring financial system integrity. Examples:Consumer Protection Laws:The Consumer Protection Act safeguards consumers from deceptive and unfair trade practices.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-V22024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9195586575199721, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2879, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.2104502}
{"text": "Institutional Protection:Government bodies like the Capital Markets Authority regulate financial markets for stability. The Central Bank of Kenya protects consumers and investors by ensuring financial system integrity. Examples:Consumer Protection Laws:The Consumer Protection Act safeguards consumers from deceptive and unfair trade practices. It addresses issues like product safety, misleading advertising, and unfair contract terms to protect consumer rights. Capital Markets Act:The Capital Markets Act empowers regulators to protect investors through various mechanisms. Regulators can license and supervise market intermediaries like brokers and investment advisors to ensure ethical standards. Ways in which the Capital Markets Act Empowers Regulators to Protect Investors:Licensing and Supervision: Regulators can license and supervise market intermediaries to ensure adherence to ethical standards without compromising investor interests. Market Surveillance: Regulators can use advanced surveillance systems to monitor and detect market manipulation, insider trading, and other fraudulent activities. Enforcement of Disclosures: Companies are mandated to provide accurate and timely information to the public. Regulators enforce these requirements to ensure investors have access to essential information for informed decision-making. Investor Education: Regulators implement educational programs to empower investors with knowledge, helping them make informed investment decisions without falling victim to scams or unethical practices. Market Integrity: The Act enables regulators to maintain market integrity by preventing and investigating any form of market abuse, ensuring a fair and transparent trading environment. Lesson 3: Government Financial RegulatorsObjective: Explore the Government financial regulators in Kenya. Institutional Roles:Government bodies like the Capital Markets Authority regulate financial markets. The Central Bank of Kenya ensures stability and protects the interests of consumers and investors. Examples:Capital Markets Authority CMA :Regulates securities to protect investors by ensuring fair, efficient, and transparent capital markets. Enforces rules on disclosure, preventing insider trading, and promoting market integrity. Central Bank of Kenya CBK :Protects consumers through monetary policy and financial stability. Manages inflation to ensure price stability, safeguarding the purchasing power of consumers. Maintains a stable banking sector, ensuring the safety of deposits and protecting consumers' financial interests. Lesson 4: Protecting Oneself from ExploitationObjective: Protect oneself from exploitation. Practical Strategies for Protection:Be an informed consumer; verify product information before making purchases. Read and understand contracts thoroughly before entering into transactions to avoid exploitation. NGO Involvement:Non-Governmental organizations like the Consumer Federation of Kenya advocate for consumer rights.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-V22024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9339646951824496, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3008, "token_count": 482}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.2428086}
{"text": "Practical Strategies for Protection:Be an informed consumer; verify product information before making purchases. Read and understand contracts thoroughly before entering into transactions to avoid exploitation. NGO Involvement:Non-Governmental organizations like the Consumer Federation of Kenya advocate for consumer rights. Ways NGOs Protect Consumers:Legal Advocacy: NGOs may engage in legal actions to challenge unfair business practices on behalf of consumers. Public Awareness Campaigns: NGOs conduct campaigns to educate the public about their rights, empowering them to make informed choices. Policy Advocacy: NGOs work towards influencing policies that enhance consumer protection laws and regulations. Consumer Helplines: Provide platforms for consumers to report grievances and seek advice, ensuring a responsive mechanism for dispute resolution. Critical Thinking Questions:Why does the Government protect consumers and investors? Government intervention ensures fairness, transparency, and stability in the marketplace, fostering economic growth. How do consumers protect themselves from exploitation by traders? By being informed, verifying information, and understanding their rights, consumers can avoid falling victim to unfair practices. Strand 2: CommunicationSubstrand 2.1: Business CommunicationLesson 1: Importance of Business CommunicationObjective: Understand the importance of business communication. Business Communication:Business communication refers to the exchange of information within and outside an organization to facilitate its operations and success. Examples:Intra-organizational communication involves emails, memos, and meetings. External communication includes advertisements, press releases, and social media. Critical Thinking Questions:Why is business communication important? Business communication is crucial for effective operations, information sharing, and success. Lesson 2: Selecting Channels of CommunicationObjective: Learn to choose appropriate communication channels. Factors for Selection:Urgency:Consider how quickly the information needs to be conveyed. Urgent matters may require immediate channels like phone calls or face-to-face meetings. Confidentiality:Determine the sensitivity of the information. Private matters might demand more secure channels such as encrypted emails. Nature of the Message:Assess the type of information being communicated. Complex details may be better suited for written channels like emails, while simple updates could use instant messaging. Case Study Analysis: Ethical and Unethical Practices in Business CommunicationEthical Practices:Clear Communication:Providing accurate and transparent information. For example, clearly stating product specifications in advertising materials. Respect for Privacy:Protecting sensitive information and respecting privacy. For instance, ensuring customer data is securely handled. Honesty:Providing truthful and unbiased information.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-V22024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9280616256413101, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2981, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.2685766}
{"text": "Respect for Privacy:Protecting sensitive information and respecting privacy. For instance, ensuring customer data is securely handled. Honesty:Providing truthful and unbiased information. An example is transparently communicating any potential delays in project timelines. Professionalism:Maintaining a professional tone and demeanor in written and verbal communication. For example, using formal language in official documents and meetings. Unethical Practices:Misleading Information:Providing false or misleading information to gain an advantage. For instance, exaggerating product features in marketing. Bullying or Harassment:Using communication to intimidate or harm others. An example is sending threatening messages to colleagues. Lack of Transparency:Withholding crucial information to manipulate perceptions. For example, not disclosing potential risks to investors. Plagiarism:Presenting someone else's work or ideas as one's own. This could involve copying a competitor's marketing strategy without attribution. Debates:Engage in debates on the importance of ethical practices in communication. Critical Thinking Questions: 2. How do people communicate in a business environment? Through various channels like emails, meetings, advertisements, and official documents. Substrand 2.2: Plain Scale DrawingLesson 3: Plain Scale Drawing FundamentalsObjective: Understand and apply plain scale drawing skills. Plain Scale Drawing:Involves creating accurate representations of objects or spaces using a uniformly divided scale. Essential for architects, engineers, and designers for precise communication of measurements. Features of a Plain Scale:Evenly spaced divisions representing specific measurements. Numerical scale and markings indicating units of measurement. Importance of Drawing Figures to Scale:Ensures accurate representation of objects in drawings. Facilitates clear communication of design and dimensions. Prevents misunderstandings and errors in construction or manufacturing. Visual Aids and Practical Exercises:Use drawing instruments to construct a plain scale. Practice drawing plane figures to a given plain scale. Additional Points:Precision in Design:Enables precise design and planning in architecture and engineering. Standardization:The use of standard scales ensures consistency and compatibility. Critical Thinking Questions:What is the importance of drawing figures to scale? Drawing to scale ensures accuracy in representing objects and designs. Why are plane figures drawn to scale? Drawing to scale facilitates clear communication of design and dimensions. Substrand 2.3: Visual ProgrammingLesson 4: Introduction to Programming and Visual ProgrammingObjective: Understand the basics of programming and visual programming. Programming:Creating sets of instructions that computers can understand and execute. Allows automation of tasks and application development.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-V22024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9240448031241213, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2922, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.2558343}
{"text": "Expected Outcome:Understanding how the combination of different materials enhances properties. General Properties of Composite Materials:High strength-to-weight ratio:Meaning: These materials are strong but not heavy. Resistance to corrosion:Meaning: They do not easily corrode or deteriorate. Versatility in applications:Meaning: Can be used in various ways due to their adaptability. Lesson 3: Uses of Composite Materials in the LocalityObjective: Relate composite materials to their use in a work environment. Additional Examples of Composite Materials:Kevlar composites Kevlar fibers, resin . Metal matrix composites. Expected Outcome:Understanding diverse applications in construction, manufacturing. Uses and Importances:Fiberglass:Uses:Boat construction, aircraft components. Importance:High strength, lightweight. Plywood:Uses:Furniture, construction. Importance:Structural stability, flexibility. Kevlar Composites:Uses:Bulletproof vests, sports equipment. Importance:High tensile strength. Lesson 4: Acknowledging the Importance of Composite MaterialsObjective: Acknowledge the importance of composite materials used in the locality. Core Competency Development:Enhance communication and collaboration skills. Values Emphasis:Promote the value of peace by respecting diversity. Pertinent and Contemporary Issues:Emphasize online safety when exploring information on composite materials. Link to Other Subjects:Relate concepts to non-metals in Integrated Science. Substrand 3.2: Ceramic MaterialsLesson 5: Identifying Ceramic MaterialsObjective: Identify common ceramic materials in the locality. Ceramic Materials:Materials made through the process of firing or baking materials like clay. Examples:Pottery, ceramic utensils, glass, shells. Porcelain, earthenware, stoneware. Ceramic Firing Process:Baking Method: Ceramics are baked in a special oven called a kiln. Critical Thinking Question:How can ceramic materials be identified? Recognizable by the firing or baking process, often visible in their appearance. Lesson 6: Physical Properties of Ceramic MaterialsObjective: Describe the physical properties of ceramic materials. Investigation:Investigate physical properties of ceramic materials. Additional Physical Properties:Hardness, electrical insulation, durability. Brittle in nature easily breaks when force is applied . Expected Outcome:Understanding the significance of ceramic materials in various applications. General Properties of Ceramic Materials:High melting points:Meaning: They require high temperatures to melt.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-V22024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9183861874559549, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2580, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.3057265}
{"text": "Brittle in nature easily breaks when force is applied . Expected Outcome:Understanding the significance of ceramic materials in various applications. General Properties of Ceramic Materials:High melting points:Meaning: They require high temperatures to melt. Excellent thermal and electrical insulation:Meaning: They are good at resisting heat and electricity. Hard and brittle:Meaning: They are tough but easily breakable. Lesson 7: Matching Ceramic Materials to Their UsesObjective: Use a chart to match ceramic materials to their uses in the work environment. Examples of Matching:Pottery: Decorative items, storage containers. Glass: Windows, containers, tableware. Porcelain: Dinnerware, decorative items. Expected Outcome:Practical understanding of how different ceramic materials serve specific purposes. Uses and Importances:Pottery:Uses:Decorative items, storage containers. Importance:Heat resistance, aesthetic appeal. Glass:Uses:Windows, containers, tableware. Importance:Transparency, versatility. Porcelain:Uses:Dinnerware, decorative items. Importance:Elegant appearance, durability. Strand 4: Tools and ProductionSubstrand 4.1: Cutting ToolsLesson 1: Identifying Cutting ToolsObjective: Learn to identify cutting tools used in the work environment. Cutting Tools:Instruments designed for cutting materials. Examples:Snips cutting thin materials like wires , chisels cutting and shaping wood , handsaws cutting wood , planes smoothing wood , hacksaws cutting metal , scrapers removing material from surfaces , knives cutting various materials , strippers removing insulation from wires , cutters cutting various materials . Critical Thinking Question:Why should cutting tools be cared for? Ensures longevity, safety, and optimal performance. Lesson 2: Selecting Cutting Tools for TasksObjective: Select cutting tools for given tasks in a workplace. Discussion:Discuss the use of cutting tools in the work environment. Learning to Learn:Acquire the skill of working collaboratively when discussing cutting tool use. Lesson 3: Observing Cutting Tool UseObjective: Use audio-visual aids to observe the use of cutting tools in the work environment. Audio-Visual Aids:Videos and images demonstrating safe and efficient use. Lesson 4: Demonstrating Safe Use of Cutting ToolsObjective: Demonstrate safe use of cutting tools to perform specific tasks. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving:Acquire evaluation and decision-making skills during demonstrations.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-V22024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9088321362064379, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2506, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.324609}
{"text": "Audio-Visual Aids:Videos and images demonstrating safe and efficient use. Lesson 4: Demonstrating Safe Use of Cutting ToolsObjective: Demonstrate safe use of cutting tools to perform specific tasks. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving:Acquire evaluation and decision-making skills during demonstrations. Lesson 5: Performing Tasks Using Cutting ToolsObjective: Carry out given tasks using cutting tools. Practical Application:Application of learned skills in real-life scenarios. Lesson 6: Maintaining and Storing Cutting ToolsObjective: Learn to care for cutting tools in the work environment. Caring for Cutting Tools:Keep tools clean and dry. Regularly oil moving parts. Sharpen blades as needed. Store in a designated place. Use the right tool for the right job. Discussion:Discuss the importance of maintaining and storing cutting tools. Values:Emphasize responsibility in observing safety precautions. Lesson 7: Acknowledging the Importance of Cutting ToolsObjective: Recognize the importance of cutting tools in the work environment. Pertinent and Contemporary Issues:Emphasize safety when demonstrating the use of cutting tools. Link to Other Subjects:Relate the use of cutting tools to farm and kitchen tools in Agriculture and Nutrition. Substrand 4.2: Production UnitLesson 8: Explaining Factors in Locating a Production UnitObjective: Explain the factors considered when locating a production unit. Definition:A production unit is a facility or space where goods or services are produced or provided. Factors Influencing Location of Production Unit:Accessibility:Proximity to transportation for the movement of goods and services. Market Proximity:Nearness to the target market for easy distribution. Resource Availability:Availability of raw materials and resources. Labor Force:Accessibility to skilled or available labor. Infrastructure:Presence of necessary infrastructure like power and water supply. Lesson 9: Analyzing Factors Determining Production Unit SizeObjective: Analyze the factors determining the size of a production unit. Factors Determining Production Unit Size:Market Demand:Adjusting size based on market needs and demand. Resource Availability:Utilizing available resources efficiently. Technology:Incorporating technology for increased production efficiency. Economies of Scale:Achieving cost advantages with increased production. Financial Considerations:Available budget and financial feasibility. Lesson 10: Locating a Production Unit in a Suitable AreaObjective: Locate a production unit in a suitable area. Research Outcome:Identify suitable areas based on factors affecting the location of a production unit.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-V22024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9175913465124954, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2681, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.3373873}
{"text": "Financial Considerations:Available budget and financial feasibility. Lesson 10: Locating a Production Unit in a Suitable AreaObjective: Locate a production unit in a suitable area. Research Outcome:Identify suitable areas based on factors affecting the location of a production unit. Lesson 11-15: Application of Knowledge in Practical ScenariosObjective: Apply knowledge gained in real-life situations. Practical Scenarios:Engage in hands-on activities related to locating and assessing production units. Examples of Production Units:Posho Mill:Location influenced by proximity to a community, accessibility to maize, and power supply. Salon:Located where the target market, typically residential areas, is easily accessible. Barber Shop:Positioned in areas with high foot traffic for increased visibility and accessibility. Welding Workshop:Located in an industrial area with ample space and proximity to raw materials. Cybercaf :Situated where there is demand for internet services, often in commercial or educational hubs. Strand 5: EntrepreneurshipSubstrand 5.1: BookkeepingLesson 1: Understanding Basic Terms in BookkeepingBookkeeping:Explanation: Bookkeeping is the systematic recording, organizing, and storing of financial transactions in a business. Key Terms:Transactions:Explanation: Business activities that involve money. Financial Statements:Explanation: Documents summarizing the financial activities of a business. Assets:Explanation: Resources owned by a business, such as cash, inventory, or property. Liabilities:Explanation: Debts or obligations a business owes to external parties. Equity:Explanation: The residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting liabilities. Capital:Explanation: The owner's investment in the business; the difference between assets and liabilities. Lesson 2: Importance of Bookkeeping for a BusinessImportance:Provides financial clarity. Assists in decision-making. Ensures legal compliance. Lesson 3: Calculating Assets, Liabilities, and CapitalEquation:Assets Liabilities Capital. Example:Calculated Asset: If a business has ksh10,000 in the bank asset , owes ksh2,000 to suppliers liability , then the capital is ksh8,000. Lesson 4: Case Study Analysis of Cash and Credit TransactionsCase Study:Example scenarios differentiating between cash and credit transactions. Lesson 5: Costing, Pricing, and Profit CalculationCosting and Pricing:Costing:Explanation: The process of determining the expenses involved in producing a product or service.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-V22024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8992035040431268, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2544, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.348139}
{"text": "Example:Calculated Asset: If a business has ksh10,000 in the bank asset , owes ksh2,000 to suppliers liability , then the capital is ksh8,000. Lesson 4: Case Study Analysis of Cash and Credit TransactionsCase Study:Example scenarios differentiating between cash and credit transactions. Lesson 5: Costing, Pricing, and Profit CalculationCosting and Pricing:Costing:Explanation: The process of determining the expenses involved in producing a product or service. Pricing:Explanation: Setting a selling price for a product or service. Financial Aspect of Product Pricing:Calculating costs, determining a competitive price, and ensuring profitability. Lesson 6: Components of Financial StatementsComponents:Statement of Financial Position:Assets, liabilities, and equity. Cash Flow Statement:Inflows and outflows of cash. Income Statement:Revenue, expenses, and profit. Lesson 7: Drawing Simple Financial StatementsPractical Application:Creating visual representations using learned concepts. Substrand 5.2: Income and BudgetingLesson 8: Sources of Income for an IndividualSources of Income:Employment salary, business profits, rental income, dividends, etc. Lesson 9: Importance of BudgetingImportance:Ensures financial discipline. Facilitates goal achievement. Minimizes overspending. Lesson 10: Wise Spending and Budget PreparationWise Spending:Prioritize needs over wants. Look for discounts and deals. Budget Preparation:Budgeting:Explanation: The process of creating a plan for how to spend money. Importance of Budgeting:Ensures financial discipline. Facilitates goal achievement. Minimizes overspending. Lesson 11: Ethical and Unethical Practices in Income and BudgetingEthical Practices:Honest reporting, responsible spending. Unethical Practices:Fraudulent reporting, overspending. Substrand 5.3: Marketing of Goods and ServicesLesson 12: Meaning and Importance of MarketingMarketing:Explanation: Marketing involves promoting, selling, and distributing goods or services. Importance:Increases brand visibility. Attracts potential customers. Boosts sales. Lesson 13: Sources of Information about the MarketInformation Sources:Market research reports, customer feedback, sales data. Lesson 14: Factors in Selecting a Suitable MarketFactors in Selecting a Suitable Market:Geographic location, target demographics, competition, consumer behavior.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-V22024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8908867476609413, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2387, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.3736982}
{"text": "Boosts sales. Lesson 13: Sources of Information about the MarketInformation Sources:Market research reports, customer feedback, sales data. Lesson 14: Factors in Selecting a Suitable MarketFactors in Selecting a Suitable Market:Geographic location, target demographics, competition, consumer behavior. Lesson 15: ICT Tools in MarketingDigital Tools:Examples: Social media platforms, email marketing, search engine optimization. Substrand 5.4: Saving and InvestmentLesson 16: Reasons for Saving and InvestmentReasons:Wealth accumulation, financial security, future planning. Lesson 17: Methods of Saving and InvestmentMethods:Saving accounts, fixed deposits, mutual funds, real estate. Lesson 18: Creating a Simple Saving and Investment PlanPractical Exercise:Creating a personalized financial plan with specific goals. Lesson 19: Ethical and Unethical Practices in Saving and InvestingEthical Practices:Transparent reporting, responsible investing. Unethical Practices:Fraudulent schemes, risky investments. Lesson 20: Researching Ethical and Unethical PracticesResearch Outcome:Identifying and understanding ethical and unethical practices in saving and investment. Top of FormTop of FormTop of Form.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-V22024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8925332934310939, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1230, "token_count": 245}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.3885906}
{"text": "GRADE 7 TERM 1BUSINESS STUDIES LESSON NOTESBUSINESS AND MONEY MANAGEMENTIntroduction to business studiesBusiness refers to any activity that is carried out by an individual or an organization concerned with provision of goods and services with the aim of making profitsBusiness studies- it is the study of the activities that are carried out in and around production, distribution and consumption of goods and servicesGoods These are items which are tangible i.e. can be touched and felt e.g. furniture, buildings, bread. EtcServices These are actions or activities that may be sold. They are intangible e.g. teaching, banking, hairdressing etcProduction It is the creation of goods and services or increasing their usefulness. Its done by producers e.g. farmers. Distribution It s the movement of goods and services from the producer to the user. Involves transport, communication etcConsumption Refers to using of goods service mostly done by consumersConcept of business studies in KenyaCommerceIt is the Study of trade and aids to trade. This component will help you understand how goods are distributed from where they are produced to where they are requiredTrade is the exchange of goods and services for other goods or services or for money. AccountingIt s a systematic way of recording keeping accurate business records arising from trading activities for decision making. Financial literacyThis is the ability to understand effectively use various financial skillsThese skills include personal financial management, budgeting and investing. EconomicsIt s the study of how human beings strive to satisfy their unlimited needs and wants using limited resources available. Human wants are the desires that people strive to satisfy using goods and services. Resources Things that are required in order to satisfy human wantsEntrepreneurshipIt s the study of activities involved in identifying a business opportunity and acquiring necessary resources to start a business. Importance of business studiesIt equips us with the knowledge and skills to successfully start and run a businessIt helps us to appreciate the importance activities in the provision of goods and services. It assists individuals in acquiring skills for wise buying and sellingIt helps us understand the country s economyIt assists individuals in acquiring self discipline and positive attitude towards work. It helps us understand the role of communication and modern technology in business management. It provides us with the knowledge and skills necessary for identifying business opportunities. It helps us understand and appreciate the role of government in business activities.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9252802392498172, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2694, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.4185603}
{"text": "It helps us understand the role of communication and modern technology in business management. It provides us with the knowledge and skills necessary for identifying business opportunities. It helps us understand and appreciate the role of government in business activities. It helps understand and appreciate the basic economic issues that affect society such as increase in prices of goods and services. It creates a firm foundation for further education and training in business and other career development. Careers and opportunities related to business studiesA career refers to a job, a profession or an occupation that one chooses as one s life s work. A career helps one to earn money or make a living. Some of these jobs includeTeacherBookkeeper or accountant a person who keeps records of business transactions, inspects and analyse financial accounts. Salesperson a person whose job is to sell products or services. Self employed people- some people utilise the skill and knowledge learned from business studies to start and manage their businesses. BankerMarketerEntrepreneurMoneyMoney is anything that is generally accepted as a medium of exchange for goods and servicesMoney can be in form of notes and coins. Uses of MoneyAs a medium of exchangeMoney can be exchanges for another good or services because it is generally acceptable by everyone. As a standard of deferred or future payment. Money can be used to pay for goods or services at a later date. This is known as deferred payment. This is allowed because money is acceptable by everyone. As a store of valueMoney is used in storing wealth for example savings. Money stored or saved retains its value for many years. As a measure of valueMoney determines the worth and value of goods and services. Expensive goods and services have a higher value than cheap goods and services. As a unit of account. Money makes accounting possible because the worth of goods and services are measure in money. Different goods and services are calculated and recorded according to the money used to acquire them. Transfer of immovable assets. Some properties like land and buildings cannot be moved from one place to another but can sell them and use the money obtained to buy a land or a building in different placeKey security features of the Kenyan currencyThe Kenyan money has the following security features which help the people of Kenya to identify real Kenya money from fake money. The word Kenya can be felt on all the notes. The value of each note can be felt.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9244986236728274, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2543, "token_count": 486}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.4326544}
{"text": "Some properties like land and buildings cannot be moved from one place to another but can sell them and use the money obtained to buy a land or a building in different placeKey security features of the Kenyan currencyThe Kenyan money has the following security features which help the people of Kenya to identify real Kenya money from fake money. The word Kenya can be felt on all the notes. The value of each note can be felt. At the edge of each note, there are a number of bars according to the value of the currency that is 1 bar for shs 50, 2 bars for shs 100, 3 bars for shs 200There is a watermark of a perfect lion s head, the text CBK and the value of the bank note in each note. A watermark can only be revealed when the note is held up against light. The security thread appears as a continuous line. The security thread colour from red to green on all banknotes. The 200, 500, 1000 notes have additional rainbow colours on the thread. The golden band on the back of the notes show the value of each noteThemes and symbols on the Kenyan currencyThe Kenyan currency symbolises significant aspects of the nation which serve as a means of passing knowledge, conserving culture and promoting the country s global image. The face of all notes bear the image of KICC, one of the most common and known landmark in our country. It also shows a photo of our founding first president . All the Kenyan currencies have symbols of Kenya big five animals such as lion. Leopard, rhino, giraffe and buffalo. Eah note has a dove to symbolise a peaceful Kenya. All Kenyan currencies have the coats of arms. The coats of arms of Kenya features two lions, a symbol of protection, holding spears and traditional east African shiels. The shield and spears symbolises unity and defence of freedom. Each of the Kenyan currencies or notes symbolises various themes that promote different aspects of the country.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9020203182137407, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1904, "token_count": 419}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.4676902}
{"text": "The coats of arms of Kenya features two lions, a symbol of protection, holding spears and traditional east African shiels. The shield and spears symbolises unity and defence of freedom. Each of the Kenyan currencies or notes symbolises various themes that promote different aspects of the country. The 50 shillings note symbolises the theme of green energyThe 100 shillings note symbolises the theme of agricultureThe 200 shillings note symbolises the theme of social servicesThe 500 shillings note symbolises the theme of tourismThe 1000 shillings note symbolises the theme of governanceThe coins continue to promote Kenya tourism sector by promoting kenya s famous animals that is elephant for kshs 20 coin, lion for ksh 10 coin, rhino for ksh 5 coin and giraffe for kshs 1 coin. Personal goalsA goal is an aim that someone tries to achieve through hard work and planning. A personal goal is an aim that is meant to motivate a person to achieve what they want in life. They can be short term or long term. Importance of setting personal goals for self developmentProvides a clear path to success. When one sets goals, they give him or her the steps to follow so that tasks are completed according to importance. Helps improve time management and organisation skills. If one knows exactly what he or she wants to achieve and knows the steps required to achieve it, there isles room for delaying or postponing. Increase motivationWhen we achieve one short term goal after the other, we become motivated and work even harder. Measures progress. Setting clear goals makes it easier for one to track his or her progress. Gives focus and purposesSetting goals determines a clear pathway to success, allowing one to focus on what needs to get done. Boost self confidence. When one starts making progress towards achieving his or her goals, one starts to believe in themselves and become more confident. Factors to consider when setting personal goals for self-developmentSpecificThe goal should be very precise with no room for misinterpretation. MeasurableThe progress of the goal set should be easy to trackAchievableThe goal should be attainable. Set goals that can actually be done. RelevantThe short term goal should contribute to your broader goal.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9112719002850843, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2264, "token_count": 476}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.4545848}
{"text": "MeasurableThe progress of the goal set should be easy to trackAchievableThe goal should be attainable. Set goals that can actually be done. RelevantThe short term goal should contribute to your broader goal. RealisticGoals should relate to your personal strengths snd abilitiesTime boundThe goal should have a defined start and end dateNBSMARTSetting personal goals for self developmentTechnology has provided tools or devices that we can use for setting personal goals. ICT devices like computers and software programs can help us in setting goals to improve our lives. They can help us set measure to track our goals. They can also remind us on the times we should be doing an activity that was planned through alarms and schedulesPupil s activityPage 27-29Talents and abilitiesA talent is an inborn or natural ability to be good at something especially without being taught. It is something you are naturally good at and you enjoy doing like drawing, singing, dancingAbility is the skill to do a particular task that is acqire through learning training or practise. Distinguishing between talents and abilities of learners in schoolDifferenceTalent is an inborn special skill while ability is a skill acquired by a person through training and experience. Talent is God given gift while ability is a skill in which you put your effort and time to develop. Talent is often possessed by a few people while ability can be acquired by any person who is interested. Talent require coaching while ability require training. Talent is hidden and needs recognition while ability requires developmentWays of nurturing talents and abilitiesNurturing talent and abilities involves offering ways to promote and encourage people to develop their skills and demonstrate their talents. Everyone has a talent. However it is important to be in environments that helps us discover them early as possible. Once we have identified our talents and abilities, we should demonstrate and improve them as much as possible. Skills need to be practised and improved for them to be helpful in our lives. We can nature skills by engaging in activities like talent shows, creating clubs like drama, music and journalism among others. Sports teams can also help in nurturing sports skills. In a business environment, employees can encourage the workers to be creative and share their skills and ideas. They can also provide skills development programs that help the employees to improve and acquire more skills. Nurturing talents and abilities in a business motivates and encourages people to be more productive.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9249650537153891, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2602, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.4886703}
{"text": "In a business environment, employees can encourage the workers to be creative and share their skills and ideas. They can also provide skills development programs that help the employees to improve and acquire more skills. Nurturing talents and abilities in a business motivates and encourages people to be more productive. This can improve different areas of the business and make it profitable. Demonstrating personal talents and abilities in schoolPupil s activityPage 36Relating talents and abilities to career opportunities in the worldIdentifying our talents and developing abilities helps us to realise the careers we can purse in the future. Apart from having the knowledge to do something, we should also develop the skills required to perform various tasks. Having the right abilities to do a job is an important aspects of a person s careerHaving the talent to perform the task makes the job more enjoyable since one naturally has the skill needed to perform the tasks. We can use our God given talents and abilities to earn livingPupil s activityPage 36-38Ethical issues related to the use of talents and abilities in businessEthics is a set of beliefs about what is morally right and wrongThe following are some of the ethical issues relating to use of talents and abilities in business. DiscriminationIn a business environment, people should not be advantaged or disadvantaged according to the talents and abilities they do or do not have. Harassment. We should not use talents and abilities to treat people who do not share talents and abilities unfairly. Unethical accounting. We should not use our talents and abilities to mislead or give false informationNepotism and favouritismNepotism is when someone is given advantage for being a family member. Favouritism occurs when a person is treated better than others because of one reason or the other. Pupil s activityPage 39-41BUSINESS AND ITS ENVIRONMENTBUSINESS ACTIVITIESBusiness environment these are the business surroundings which may be internal or externalNeeds and wants as used in business studiesA business should provide things that people need and want to make a profitNeedsIs a good or a service that a person must have to live. They include basic needs like shelter, food and clothingWithout this needs, we can fall sick, causing us to require products like medicine and services like healthcareNeeds remain the same, doesn t keep on changing.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9201917237962829, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2448, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.5106666}
{"text": "Favouritism occurs when a person is treated better than others because of one reason or the other. Pupil s activityPage 39-41BUSINESS AND ITS ENVIRONMENTBUSINESS ACTIVITIESBusiness environment these are the business surroundings which may be internal or externalNeeds and wants as used in business studiesA business should provide things that people need and want to make a profitNeedsIs a good or a service that a person must have to live. They include basic needs like shelter, food and clothingWithout this needs, we can fall sick, causing us to require products like medicine and services like healthcareNeeds remain the same, doesn t keep on changing. Lack of basic needs may lead to deathWantsIs a good or a service that a person would like to have but not for survival. Therefore we can live without wantsWants are unlimited. This means that human beings get enough of their wants. Wants keep on changing and increasing as we progress in lifeSometimes we can mistake a want for a need. For instance clothes are needs but expensive designer clothes are wants. We should learn to differentiate our need and wants to live effectively and within our means. A business develops and provides products and services to satisfy its customers needs and wants. Scarcity, choice, scale of preference and opportunity costScarcity is the lack of enough resources to acquire goods and services that satisfy a consumer s needs and wantsScarcity of money can limit what one can afford at one particular time. Therefore we must use whatever resources available wisely by selecting goods and services we need most. Due to scarcity of resources a consumer can be forced to chose between or amongst completing needs or wants. Choice is the ability of a buyer to decide between goods or sevices to buy from a range of possible options. A customer can make and use a list of goods or services that they require to make a choice. Scale of preference is a list of goods and services in their order of importance to the consumer. For example when going to supermarket you can list goods you want to buy starting with most to the least important. When a customer picks one item instead of another, they forego the value of the unchosen item, this is known as opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is the next best forgone alternative after choosing another good or service.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9201913323735358, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2368, "token_count": 481}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.5705078}
{"text": "For example when going to supermarket you can list goods you want to buy starting with most to the least important. When a customer picks one item instead of another, they forego the value of the unchosen item, this is known as opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is the next best forgone alternative after choosing another good or service. Scarcity, choice, a scale of preference and opportunity cost is important in making economic or financial decisionsScarcity, choice, a scale of preference and opportunity cost are all related to one economic fact that resources are limited while human wants are unlimited. A Resource is something that can be used to achieve an aim or goal. Preparing a scale of preference-Preparing a sale of preference involves arranging wants in their order of importance, from the most urgent or important to the least urgent or important. -When preparing a scale of preference, one should know the resources available and the wants and needs required. Making a scale of preference helps a person toDecide which goods to buy according to their importance or priority and resources available. Manage their finances well by buying only the most important thingsEfficiently use available resourcesMake reasonable choices when purchasing goods. Maximise the satisfaction of needs and wants using limited resources-A scale of preference can be used by both the consumer and the business person to make decisionsFor instance if there is a demand for a particular good, business person can use a scale of preference and compare the scarcity of resources against the demand for the good. When making a scale of preference needs come before wants. Need for business activities for self and the communityBusiness activities involve the production and scale of goods and services with an aim of making profit. Business activities make it possible for a business to provide and satisfy the needs and wants of the consumer and the community. The main business activities includeExtractionProcessingManufacturingDistribution and transportationConstructionTradingProvision of servicesExtraction means obtaining goods from their natural setting e.g mining, farming, lumbering etcProcessing of raw materials it is changing the form of goods without combining it with other goodsManufacturing combining different raw materials to come up with one final product e.g. table is made of wood, glue, nails and varnishConstruction involves building structures like Rails, road and buildingsDistribution of goods Spreading of goods from the manufacturers to the users. Done by distributorsTrade Buying and selling of goods with the aim of making profits.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9265898103384158, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2689, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.5314505}
{"text": "The main business activities includeExtractionProcessingManufacturingDistribution and transportationConstructionTradingProvision of servicesExtraction means obtaining goods from their natural setting e.g mining, farming, lumbering etcProcessing of raw materials it is changing the form of goods without combining it with other goodsManufacturing combining different raw materials to come up with one final product e.g. table is made of wood, glue, nails and varnishConstruction involves building structures like Rails, road and buildingsDistribution of goods Spreading of goods from the manufacturers to the users. Done by distributorsTrade Buying and selling of goods with the aim of making profits. Done by tradersProvision of services Selling services to consumers e.g. hairstylist, car washersBusiness activities create employment for self and other people in the communityBusiness activities help individuals improve their standard of living due to increased income from the profit earned. Business activities use available resources within societies to create goods and services. Business activities help to offer alternative goods that may not be easily available in the community. Trading activities in the communityTrading is an activity that involves buying and selling of goods and services with the aim of making profitPeople who are involved in trading activities are called traders.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9296918767507003, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1428, "token_count": 263}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.5544307}
{"text": "Business activities use available resources within societies to create goods and services. Business activities help to offer alternative goods that may not be easily available in the community. Trading activities in the communityTrading is an activity that involves buying and selling of goods and services with the aim of making profitPeople who are involved in trading activities are called traders. Examples of traders areProducersWholesalersRetailersA retailer buys goods from the producer or wholesalers and sells them to consumers at a slightly higher price in order to make profitRetailer exist in two main groups,Large scale retailers supermarkets, departmental stores, hypermarkets, chain stores, mail order storesLarge scale retailers deal in a variety of goods and mainly operate in urban centresSmall scale retailers canteens and kiosksThese are commonly ran and owned by one personThey deal with small and fast moving goods like foodstuffsSmall scale retailers are further divide into twoSmall scale retailers with shops such as single shops, kiosksSmall scale retailers without shop such as automatic vending machines, open air markets, roadside sellersThe roles of a retailer includeThey serve as the link between consumer and producerThey break goods into smaller quantities for consumer to buyThey package and grade goodsThey provide the customer with many products so that they can choose the one that best satisfies their needsThe retailer may provide after sale services like delivery and installation of goods for the consumerA retailer at times sells goods to the consumer on credit, thereby providing credit facilitiesA consumer is a person who buys goods for use, not for reselling. Consumers buy goods from retailers hence enabling them to make their business. A wholesaler is a trader who buys goods in large quantities from producers and then sells them to retailersThe roles of wholesalers includeBreaking bulkWholesalers divide a product into smaller quantities for the convenieve of the buyerBrandingWholesalers assign a given identity, name and mark by which it will be sold. This helps to differentiate the products from a similar productSortingWholesalers select and arrange goods as per their size, weight, colour and qualityBlendingWholesalers mix different grades of products to achieve the desired colours, tastes or qualitiesPackingWholesalers put products in packets, boxes, bottles or cartoonsGradingWholesalers differentiate goods as per their qualities.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9308086785009861, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2535, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.5828373}
{"text": "Consumers buy goods from retailers hence enabling them to make their business. A wholesaler is a trader who buys goods in large quantities from producers and then sells them to retailersThe roles of wholesalers includeBreaking bulkWholesalers divide a product into smaller quantities for the convenieve of the buyerBrandingWholesalers assign a given identity, name and mark by which it will be sold. This helps to differentiate the products from a similar productSortingWholesalers select and arrange goods as per their size, weight, colour and qualityBlendingWholesalers mix different grades of products to achieve the desired colours, tastes or qualitiesPackingWholesalers put products in packets, boxes, bottles or cartoonsGradingWholesalers differentiate goods as per their qualities. This makes it easier to price goodsGoods and servicesGoods are things that we can touchServices refer to the activities that people or organisation do or provide to get paid to satisfy the needs or wants of a consumerTypes of goodsProducer and consumer goodsProducer goods are used in producing other. They are also known as capital goods e.g. machines, equipments and tools. Consumer goods are readily usable by the final consumer. E.g. food, clothing, furniture, cosmetics, medicine etcEconomic goods and non economic goodsEconomic goods are goods with a price and are generally limited in supplyNon economic goods are free goods with no price. These are also known as free goodsIntermediate goods and finished goodsIntermediate goods cannot be used until they are further processedExample: cottonFinished goods have already been transformed into final products for consumptionExample: clothesTypes of servicesCommercial servicesBusiness use these services in conducting various business activitiesThey include banking services, insuranceSocial servicesThese are essential public services.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9299529534762154, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1913, "token_count": 377}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.5951822}
{"text": "E.g. food, clothing, furniture, cosmetics, medicine etcEconomic goods and non economic goodsEconomic goods are goods with a price and are generally limited in supplyNon economic goods are free goods with no price. These are also known as free goodsIntermediate goods and finished goodsIntermediate goods cannot be used until they are further processedExample: cottonFinished goods have already been transformed into final products for consumptionExample: clothesTypes of servicesCommercial servicesBusiness use these services in conducting various business activitiesThey include banking services, insuranceSocial servicesThese are essential public services. They are provide by the government or other organisations such as non profit organisationsInclude services in education, sanitation, medical facilitiesPersonal services direct servicesThese are services provide by an individual according to their personal needsThey include teaching, healthcareImportance of goods and servicesGoods and services help satisfy consumer needs and wantsBusiness make money by producing and selling goods and servicesGoods and services ensure the community of businessSelling goods and services is a source of incomeDistinguishing between goods and servicesCharacteristics of goods and servicesThe characteristics of goods and services can be used to distinguish or differentiate goods and servicesGoods are tangible that is they can be touches and feltServices are intangible that is they cannot be touched or feltGoods can be separated from the sellerServices cannot be separated from the service providerOwnership of goods can be transferred from the seller to the buyerServices cannot be transferred to the clientGoods can be stored for future useServices cannot be stored for future useGoods can be quantified in various shapes and sizesServices cannot be quantifiedThe quality of goods can be standardisedthe quality of services cannot be standardisedGoods can be seen while services cannot be seenSources and places for buying goods and servicesGoods can be obtained from various sources and places. These places and sources include open air markets, kiosks, supermarkets online marketsServices are acquired from different service providers such as barbershops, transport operators, lawyers offices, they can be located at different placesGoods and services can be obtained through online markets platforms through websites and applicationsExamples of online services include online banking, where people can conduct banking transactions such online cash withdrawals and payments.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.934682964094729, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2618, "token_count": 479}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.6500711}
{"text": "These are also known as free goodsIntermediate goods and finished goodsIntermediate goods cannot be used until they are further processedExample: cottonFinished goods have already been transformed into final products for consumptionExample: clothesTypes of servicesCommercial servicesBusiness use these services in conducting various business activitiesThey include banking services, insuranceSocial servicesThese are essential public services. They are provide by the government or other organisations such as non profit organisationsInclude services in education, sanitation, medical facilitiesPersonal services direct servicesThese are services provide by an individual according to their personal needsThey include teaching, healthcareImportance of goods and servicesGoods and services help satisfy consumer needs and wantsBusiness make money by producing and selling goods and servicesGoods and services ensure the community of businessSelling goods and services is a source of incomeDistinguishing between goods and servicesCharacteristics of goods and servicesThe characteristics of goods and services can be used to distinguish or differentiate goods and servicesGoods are tangible that is they can be touches and feltServices are intangible that is they cannot be touched or feltGoods can be separated from the sellerServices cannot be separated from the service providerOwnership of goods can be transferred from the seller to the buyerServices cannot be transferred to the clientGoods can be stored for future useServices cannot be stored for future useGoods can be quantified in various shapes and sizesServices cannot be quantifiedThe quality of goods can be standardisedthe quality of services cannot be standardisedGoods can be seen while services cannot be seenSources and places for buying goods and servicesGoods can be obtained from various sources and places. These places and sources include open air markets, kiosks, supermarkets online marketsServices are acquired from different service providers such as barbershops, transport operators, lawyers offices, they can be located at different placesGoods and services can be obtained through online markets platforms through websites and applicationsExamples of online services include online banking, where people can conduct banking transactions such online cash withdrawals and payments. Economic resourcesA resource is anything needed to accomplish a task or satisfy a need or a wantEconomic resources are the inputs used to produce goods and services for satisfaction of human needs and wants. Economic resources are those resources that require human effort to produce goods and services.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9357222016992982, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2707, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.6906915}
{"text": "These places and sources include open air markets, kiosks, supermarkets online marketsServices are acquired from different service providers such as barbershops, transport operators, lawyers offices, they can be located at different placesGoods and services can be obtained through online markets platforms through websites and applicationsExamples of online services include online banking, where people can conduct banking transactions such online cash withdrawals and payments. Economic resourcesA resource is anything needed to accomplish a task or satisfy a need or a wantEconomic resources are the inputs used to produce goods and services for satisfaction of human needs and wants. Economic resources are those resources that require human effort to produce goods and services. They includeSoilMineralsMachinesVehiclesBuildingsToolsCharacteristics of economic resourcesCan change ownershipEconomic resources can change ownership from one person to another through sale or donationsHave utilityUtility means usefulness. Economic resources can be used to produce other goods and servicesScarce in supplyEconomic resources are not available in sufficient quantitiesHave monetary valueThey have a value that can be exchanges for ownershipHave alternative useEconomic resources may be put into different usesEg car owner may rent it for businessCan be complementaryDifferent economic resources may be consumed together such as a car with petrolCan be combinedDifferent economic resources are combined to produced the final productFor example a wooden chair is made using nails, timber and vanishTypes of economic resourcesHuman made resources artificial resourcesAre made by people to be used in producing goods and servicesExamples: machines, factories, vehiclesThese things aid the production of goods and services and make work easierHuman resourcesAre people who have the skills required in producing goods and servicesExamples; drivers, technicians, salespeople, farmers, carpenters, bakersNatural resourcesAre things that are naturally found in the environment and are important in the production of goods and resources. Examples; water, land, forests, mineralsThe distribution of economic resources is uneven. This means that different regions or places may have different types of resources. Example certain regions have rivers while others do notSustainable ways of using economic resources in KenyaSuitable use of economic resources mans using resources in a way that ensures we meet our own needs without affecting the ability of future generations to meet their needs.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9332825009531072, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2623, "token_count": 489}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.6404316}
{"text": "Examples; water, land, forests, mineralsThe distribution of economic resources is uneven. This means that different regions or places may have different types of resources. Example certain regions have rivers while others do notSustainable ways of using economic resources in KenyaSuitable use of economic resources mans using resources in a way that ensures we meet our own needs without affecting the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Suitable use of resources aims ensure that future generation can be able to utilise economic resources to produce the products and services they needSome of the ways to sustainably use economic resources includePlanting trees after cutting down other tressTreating industrial wastes before disposing them to water bodies or releasing them int the airProtecting soil from the erosion to improve farm produceRecycling plastics and other harmful materials instead of dumping them anyhow. Tools, instruments or machines should be properly maintained. Employees or labourers should be treated well and paid fairly. This ensures their availability for future projectsEconomic resources are important and therefore should be used responsibly. Our community needs economic resources because of the following reasonsThey are used to create goods and services which satisfy human needs and wantsThey are a means of development because they are the key to the improved economic growth of a countryEconomic resources create employment opportunities for the people who utilise themEconomic resources create wealth and eradicate povertyResources mapping and classification of local economic resourcesPupil s activityPage 80-81Business communicationCommunication is the process of passing information from one person to another. Communication in business involves sharing information between people within and outside a businessImportance of communication in businessIt helps in decision makingGood communication provides all the necessary information that helps to make quality decisionsIt enhances public relationshipsGood communication enables the business to create a good image for the publicIt improves customer servicesCommunication enables the business to create good image for the publicIt helps give instructionsEffective communication helps business to get work done by issuing procedures and ordersIt enhances good relationship between business owners and employeesEffective communications ensure business owners and employees have a good working relationshipIt promotes business innovationSharing information stimulates creativity and innovation among the employeesIt increase productivityGood communication, motivates wor kers which increases productivityUse of ICT tools in business communicationTechnology has changed and improved how information is exchanged, shared in a business environment.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9356909505623443, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2884, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.6562326}
{"text": "This ensures their availability for future projectsEconomic resources are important and therefore should be used responsibly. Our community needs economic resources because of the following reasonsThey are used to create goods and services which satisfy human needs and wantsThey are a means of development because they are the key to the improved economic growth of a countryEconomic resources create employment opportunities for the people who utilise themEconomic resources create wealth and eradicate povertyResources mapping and classification of local economic resourcesPupil s activityPage 80-81Business communicationCommunication is the process of passing information from one person to another. Communication in business involves sharing information between people within and outside a businessImportance of communication in businessIt helps in decision makingGood communication provides all the necessary information that helps to make quality decisionsIt enhances public relationshipsGood communication enables the business to create a good image for the publicIt improves customer servicesCommunication enables the business to create good image for the publicIt helps give instructionsEffective communication helps business to get work done by issuing procedures and ordersIt enhances good relationship between business owners and employeesEffective communications ensure business owners and employees have a good working relationshipIt promotes business innovationSharing information stimulates creativity and innovation among the employeesIt increase productivityGood communication, motivates wor kers which increases productivityUse of ICT tools in business communicationTechnology has changed and improved how information is exchanged, shared in a business environment. ICT is defined as a set of digital technological resources used to create, store, share and exchange information. There are numerous ICT tools used in business communication. They include computers laptops, printers, scanner, software programs, SmartphoneThese tools can be connected to the internet to improve communication in a business environmentThe internet allows information through electronic mails, online meetings, social media platforms, video and web conferencing, websitesComputers, phones and smart televisions can be connected to the internet to enable communication the business environmentProduction of goods and servicesProduction refers to the creation of goods and services to satisfy consumer needs and wants. Production involves transforming raw materials into finished goods and transporting the goods to reach the consumerThe final product becomes more useful when the consumer uses it.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9358694249426092, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2729, "token_count": 455}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.7244806}
{"text": "There are numerous ICT tools used in business communication. They include computers laptops, printers, scanner, software programs, SmartphoneThese tools can be connected to the internet to improve communication in a business environmentThe internet allows information through electronic mails, online meetings, social media platforms, video and web conferencing, websitesComputers, phones and smart televisions can be connected to the internet to enable communication the business environmentProduction of goods and servicesProduction refers to the creation of goods and services to satisfy consumer needs and wants. Production involves transforming raw materials into finished goods and transporting the goods to reach the consumerThe final product becomes more useful when the consumer uses it. Therefore the goods and services produced must have utility to the userUtility refer to the ability of goods or services to satisfy human needs or wantsImportance of productionIt makes use of the available resources to make goods and servicesIt creates employment opportunitiesIt provides goods and services required to satisfy human needs and wantsIt improves trade in a country. This contribute to the economy of the countryFactors of production, their importance, characteristics and rewardsFactors or production are the resources needed to produce goods and servicesThey includeLandLabourCapitalEntrepreneurship.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9336585365853659, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1435, "token_count": 253}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.715827}
{"text": "GRADE 7 VISUAL ARTS LESSON NOTES TERM 1STRAND 1.0 THE ARTS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIPCATEGORIES OF ARTSARTS - This is a general term used to describe expression of creative human skill, feeling and imaginations. This is mainly appreciated for beauty and emotional value. The arts can be experienced through the following:Sense of lightHearingTouchSmellTasteEntrepreneurshipThis is the process of setting up, developing and running a business with the aim of getting profit. It requires marketing goods, services and new ideas in order to make profit. Visual artsThese are arts forms appreciated through the sense of sight. They are appreciated for their emotional power and beauty e.g. DrawingpaintingmontagecollageApplied ArtsApplied Arts are related to visual arts but involved making and decorating of everyday items. These items are for practical use or utilitarian purposesPerforming ArtsPerforming arts involves performance or presentation to the audience. Artist use the following in performing artsBody movementFacial expressionVoices artistic expressionIt can be done live to an audience or recorded for future useWritten or Literacy artThis writing of stories that have artistic and cultural value. They display the beauty of speech and language to convey meaning. It may be inform of stories novels, script writing and spoken films and poetry. The main reason for doing research is to get new information about a specific area. It also help you get different views and what people think about an issue. Researching on the categories of art will enable you find out about a wide area in the Art. Importance of doing research of artPreparation for a presentationFactors to consider when making preparation and presentation of art research . Relevance of the contentIt is important that the information in the presentation is relevant to the main topic. This help in preventing the speaker and the audience from talking about things not related to them. The information should be well organized starting from what the audience knows to providing new informationOral presentationWhen making oral presentation, use appropriate language and expressions. Remember also to maintain eye contact with the audience. 3. Team workEvery member of the group should actively participate in the activities. All members should take part in carrying out tasks during presentations. These includes: preparations, organization sample artwork, operating the equipment and answering questions from the audience.", "metadata": {"source": "2023-GRADE-7-VISUAL-ARTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9224797696602727, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2523, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.7455635}
{"text": "Team workEvery member of the group should actively participate in the activities. All members should take part in carrying out tasks during presentations. These includes: preparations, organization sample artwork, operating the equipment and answering questions from the audience. All members should demonstrate respect for one another and unity when carrying out the group activity. Guidelines to follow when making a presentation on categories of artsIntroductionsIntroduce yourself and member of the group to the audience. Give the tittle of the presentation. 2. Body of the presentationDiscuss the meaning of the artsGive as many examples of the arts as possibleShow actual samples, pictures or drawing to emphasize your pointsDemonstrate where necessaryConclusionAsk the audience whether there are questions of contributionsAnswer the questions confidently, ask other group members, the audience of the teacher if you are not able to give a response to the question. When there are not more questions, thank the audience for the co- operation. Presentation and appreciation categories of artsA presentation involves talking to an audience about the topic, an idea or a product. The main purpose of a presentation is to pass information and persuade an audience about a certain idea or topic. Elements of presentationSpeaker of the presenterThe role of the presenter is to communicate with the audience. The speaker also controls the presentation. The presenter should involve the audience and other members of the group during presentation. The audienceThese are people the presenter will communicate with. It is important to maintain attention of the audience by involving them through questions and asking them to participate in some activities. The contentThis is the information you will pass to the audience. The resources used in the presentationThese may includesamples of artworkpresentation softwarechartspostersCareer pathways in the artsCareer pathways - is an area of study taken so as to lead and prepare someone for a specific career. The arts is a wide a field that has very many opportunities. Careers in the art range from traditional fine art emerging digital and media design. The artist therefore, has an opportunity to choose a career pathway that is interesting and suits their individual abilities in the world of work. Careers Path in Secondary schoolThe arts are offered as two subjects in lower secondary: performing and Visual arts. Performing arts include:musicdancetheatre and filmVisual and applied art:fine artapplied arttime based mediaPupil s activities Pg.", "metadata": {"source": "2023-GRADE-7-VISUAL-ARTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.92653963395238, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2626, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.770321}
{"text": "The artist therefore, has an opportunity to choose a career pathway that is interesting and suits their individual abilities in the world of work. Careers Path in Secondary schoolThe arts are offered as two subjects in lower secondary: performing and Visual arts. Performing arts include:musicdancetheatre and filmVisual and applied art:fine artapplied arttime based mediaPupil s activities Pg. 10Presentation on career pathways in the ArtWhen making a presentation on the career in the arts, follow the same procedure as in the categories of the arts. Make sure you have done a good research and that you have enough point for the presentation. Present your points in a simple and clear language that everyone will understand. Present your points in the simple and clear language that everyone will understand. Be careful when talking in a simple and eye contact with your audience. Respect others and appreciate their contributions. Categories of Visual ArtsThe visual arts can be classified as either two dimensional or three dimensional. The two dimensional art forms can be also written as 2D, while three dimensional written as 3D. The 2D FormsThese are art forms that only have length and width. These artworks are done on flat surfaces and have no depth. Examples of 2D artwork are:DrawingPaintingMontageThe 3D arts FormsThese are artwork with length, width and heightThese types of artwork have volumeThey can be turned around and viewed from more than one direction. Some examples of 3D artwork are:PotteryBasketryOrnamentsPresentation on the categories of 2D and 3d ArtsPupils activities page 19. 2.0 PICTURE MARKINGOne point perspective DrawingPerspective is the way objects appear it each other depending on the distance from and position of the viewer. Perspective drawing is therefore a technique of showing an illusion of depth and distance on a flat surface. When forms are drawn in perspective, those that are near the viewer appear larger and clearer than those further away from the viewer. Perspective drawing can be applied in all categories of drawing including landscape and still life drawing. Through perspective drawing, a 2d D drawing is made to appear 3 dimensional. This makes the drawing appear more realisticMaterials and tools required in drawingPencilRulesPaperEraserComponent of perspectiveIn order to draw in perspective.", "metadata": {"source": "2023-GRADE-7-VISUAL-ARTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9086398113528747, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2391, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.7820916}
{"text": "Perspective drawing can be applied in all categories of drawing including landscape and still life drawing. Through perspective drawing, a 2d D drawing is made to appear 3 dimensional. This makes the drawing appear more realisticMaterials and tools required in drawingPencilRulesPaperEraserComponent of perspectiveIn order to draw in perspective. It is important to consider the projection lines or convergence lines, vanishing point and horizon. As described below. Projection or convergence linesThese are parallel lines on an object which appear to converge as they recede from the viewer. When projected further they will appear to meet at a point. Vanishing pointsThis is a point where the projected lines appear to meet. The vanishing point will always be found at the horizon. Horizon pointIn nature, the horizon is the line along where the sky appear to meet the ground, however, in perspective drawing is used to refer to a horizontal lines drawn along the vanishing point. Horizon lineProjection linesOne point perspectiveA one perspective is created in a drawing that has only one vanishing point. Where drawing a picture in one point perspective, the planes directly facing the viewer are flat and made up of horizontal and vertical lines. The planes facing the viewer are created by using projection lines that appear to meet at one vanishing point. For example, when you look at a straight road directly in front of you. It appears to narrow and converge at a point in a distance; a one point perspective can be created from different angles or eye view. Eye viewEye view in a composition is determined by the position of the viewer; a drawing can be done from worm s eye. Normal eye view or bird s eye view. Worm s eye viewNormal eye viewWorm s eye viewThis is a view of an object from below. When observing an object from the worm s eye viewer will see mainly the bottom of the object. Normal eye viewAt normal eye view, the object being observed is at the same level as the viewer s eyes. In this view point, the observer will see mainly the sides of the objects. Bird s eye viewThis is a view of an object from above. In bird s view, the viewer will see mainly top of an object. The vanishing point in the bird s eye view can be at the side as shown in the table below. Drawing cuboid in one point perspectiveA cuboid is a three dimensional that has six rectangular faces.", "metadata": {"source": "2023-GRADE-7-VISUAL-ARTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9157799653819149, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2411, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.8149235}
{"text": "In bird s view, the viewer will see mainly top of an object. The vanishing point in the bird s eye view can be at the side as shown in the table below. Drawing cuboid in one point perspectiveA cuboid is a three dimensional that has six rectangular faces. It can also have four rectangular and two square faces. Examples of cuboids are package boxes, books suitcases and building blocks. Drawing cuboid from Normal eye viewAt normal eye view the cuboid is at the same level with the viewer s eyes. When observing a cuboid from the same level as the eyes, the viewer will see mainly the sides of the object. Procedure of drawing a cuboid from normal eye viewDrawing a Cuboid from Bird s Eye viewIn bird eye view the object being drawn is viewed from above. When observing a cuboid from bird s eye view, the viewer will see the object from the top. Procedure of Drawing a Cuboid from Bird s Eye viewDrawing a cuboid from Worms Eye ViewIn worms eye view, the object drawn is viewed from below. When observing a cuboid from worm s eye view. The object will be above the viewer. Still life compositionA still life is a drawing of non- living objects arranged on a surface. Still life drawing can be done from observation, memory or imagination. A composition means arranging or placing different objects together. Procedure of preparing a still life compositionPrepare the surface where the object will be placedSelect the object whose basic forms are cuboid from your environment. Examples of such objects are packaging boxes, large books, mathematic set and building blocksPlace the objects that have a variety of colours, dimension and sizes to create a center of focus. Place the objects on the surface with some overlappingPlace large object at the centerMake the object parallel to other so that can be drawn In one point perspective. Procedure of making still life composition with a cuboidPAINTINGPainting is a picture making technique involving the application of colour on a surface. The use of colour enables the artists to express ideas in pictorial compositions. The subject matter in these compositions could be human forms, animals, sceneries and also objects of different types.", "metadata": {"source": "2023-GRADE-7-VISUAL-ARTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9201997276441217, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2203, "token_count": 457}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.829988}
{"text": "This is a gradation strip showing how a colour gradually reduces or increases its intensity. Procedure to paint an intensity scaleValue gradation stripA value gradation strip is also known as a value chart. It refers to a strip showing a colour reducing or increasing in darkness or lightness. The value of a colour can be changed into two ways:By adding white to make the colour lighter. This is referred to as tinting. By adding black to make the colour darker. This is referred to as shading. Procedure to paint a value gradation strip by tinting and Shading.", "metadata": {"source": "2023-GRADE-7-VISUAL-ARTS-LESSON-NOTES-TERM-1-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9173380035026271, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 571, "token_count": 118}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.7979107}
{"text": "GRADE 7 TERM 1CRE LESSON NOTESINTRODUCTION TO CREImportance of studying CREThe meaning of studying CRECRE involves the study of religious beliefs and practices of Christians. It is the study of how human beings depend on God and how God intervenes to save human beings. CRE is a subject studied in Kenyan schools to develop the mind, behaviour and character of the learners. It is also a subject that shows God s relationship with man. Importance of studying CREStudying CRE is important becauseIt makes one understand that God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit operate as one. It helps one dispute knowledge and attitude s to make the right decisions in life. Enables one think critically and make moral decisions on challenges affecting one s life and the societyOne becomes exposed to cultural heritage, enhancing national unity through respect for each community. One develops as a whole person, body, soul and spiritOne becomes courageous in the study of creation one is empowered to utilise the ability to control God s creationIt helps you relate with each other well through care and hospitalityThe moral values you acquire helps you to take care of the environmentOne acquires respect for oneself and hence living a productive lifeOne acquires the principle of sharing and social justice, enabling them to coexist with othersOne acquires the skills that enable him or her promote economic developmentIt enables one to acquire ICT skills as they search for more knowledgeOne develops communication skills through discussion and debate with other learners. NBIt provides answers to life mysteries e.g. the question of life after death, the origin of mankind, etc. It enables students to develop vivid awareness of God and how God reveals himself. It is a career subject, whose learners major in Law and theological training. It instils respect, protection and conservation of God s creation. It highly promotes human dignity. It helps students to appreciate their culture as well. It equips the youth with life skills such as critical thinking, which enables them to face challenges wisely. With regard to national goals of education, it promotes national development by instilling a positive attitude towards work. It equips learners with values that promote economic development. It helps learners to understand themselves better. It enables students to see the power of God controlling their own lives. It enables students to respond adequately to God s teachings and to relate well to others. It is a service of natural guidance. It promotes cultural integration. It promotes social equality and justice.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9231124751259102, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2638, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.8663034}
{"text": "It is a service of natural guidance. It promotes cultural integration. It promotes social equality and justice. How CRE helps us to relate well with othersIt has helped developed skills as ability to listenIt helps acquire values such as respect for self and othersIt helps someone to make moral decisions. This helps people to associate with the right peopleObedience to God s command of loving our neighbour teaches us to care about others. Moral and religious values acquired from studying of CREHumilityRespectHard workDisciplineHonestyIntegrityResponsibilityUnityLoveHospitalityCREATIONAccounts of CreationThe Biblical accounts of creationFirst accountSecond accountThe first biblical account of creationGenesis 1:131, 2:1-4It gives record on what was created within the first 6 days. Humans beings were created lastFrom the first account of creation, we learn God is all powerful because He created the universe with one command. He is a God or order. He created the universe and everything in it in an orderly manner. God is the provider. He provides for human beings to meet their needs. Leisure time was instituted. The second Biblical account of creationGenesis 2;4-25In the second account of creation, there was no one to cultivate the land when God created the universe. God took soil from the ground and formed man. God breathed life into himHuman beings were created first. Man was created out of dustGod breathed life into mans nostrilsMan was put into the Garden of Eden. The tree of knowledge and life giving stood in the middle of the garden. Men was commanded to use everything in the garden except tree of knowledge of good and evilThe forbidden fruit from the tree was not supposed to be eaten. Eating from the tree would result to death. God gave man the responsibility to take care of the environmentGod created all birds and all animalsMan was given the responsibility of naming all the creaturesHe named all the birds and animals, but none was suitable helper for himAdam became lonely. A woman was created out of Adam s rib for companionship and a helper.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9098497674063907, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2115, "token_count": 453}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.8884974}
{"text": "Eating from the tree would result to death. God gave man the responsibility to take care of the environmentGod created all birds and all animalsMan was given the responsibility of naming all the creaturesHe named all the birds and animals, but none was suitable helper for himAdam became lonely. A woman was created out of Adam s rib for companionship and a helper. Attributes nature of God from the Genesis stories of creationGod is omnipotent all powerfulGod is orderly and perfectGod is omnipresent everywhereGod is transcendentGod is the sustainer providerGod is the sole creatorHe is a moral GodHe is a loving GodHe is a spiritHe is everlasting self existenceGod is source of goodnessGod is HolyGod is a workerThere is only one God. Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.920259319286872, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1234, "token_count": 274}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.843223}
{"text": "A woman was created out of Adam s rib for companionship and a helper. Attributes nature of God from the Genesis stories of creationGod is omnipotent all powerfulGod is orderly and perfectGod is omnipresent everywhereGod is transcendentGod is the sustainer providerGod is the sole creatorHe is a moral GodHe is a loving GodHe is a spiritHe is everlasting self existenceGod is source of goodnessGod is HolyGod is a workerThere is only one God. Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things. Differences in the two biblical accounts of creationNBThere is a chronological order of events in the first account of creation as opposed to the secondIn the first account, male and female are created at the same time whereas in the second account man is created first then woman is out of his ribsIn the first account, creation is out of the command let there be , yet, in the second, man is made out of dustIn the first account, man names what he creates as opposed to the second where man is given the opportunity to name the animalsA Sabbath day allocated for rest appears on the first while in the second account it wasn t mentionedThe Garden of Eden mentioned in the second account wasn t in the firstIn the second creation account are four rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon and Pishon , which were not mentioned in the firstMan was given a responsibility to till the land in the second but not in the firstIn the second account, the forbidden tree appears but this misses in the first accountIn the first account, God created human beings for procreation while in the second account they were created for companionshipThe second account of creation is human centred while the first does not shore this.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9190542420027816, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2157, "token_count": 474}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.914068}
{"text": "Attributes nature of God from the Genesis stories of creationGod is omnipotent all powerfulGod is orderly and perfectGod is omnipresent everywhereGod is transcendentGod is the sustainer providerGod is the sole creatorHe is a moral GodHe is a loving GodHe is a spiritHe is everlasting self existenceGod is source of goodnessGod is HolyGod is a workerThere is only one God. Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things. Differences in the two biblical accounts of creationNBThere is a chronological order of events in the first account of creation as opposed to the secondIn the first account, male and female are created at the same time whereas in the second account man is created first then woman is out of his ribsIn the first account, creation is out of the command let there be , yet, in the second, man is made out of dustIn the first account, man names what he creates as opposed to the second where man is given the opportunity to name the animalsA Sabbath day allocated for rest appears on the first while in the second account it wasn t mentionedThe Garden of Eden mentioned in the second account wasn t in the firstIn the second creation account are four rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon and Pishon , which were not mentioned in the firstMan was given a responsibility to till the land in the second but not in the firstIn the second account, the forbidden tree appears but this misses in the first accountIn the first account, God created human beings for procreation while in the second account they were created for companionshipThe second account of creation is human centred while the first does not shore this. It is man centredIn the first account God created in union with the spirit Holy Trinity while in the second account God is aloneIn the first account human beings were created last while in the second they came firstThe first account takes six days to be complete unlike the second where days were not mentionedIn the first account, God appreciates everything he creates.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9198863636363637, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2464, "token_count": 535}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.9047568}
{"text": "Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things. Differences in the two biblical accounts of creationNBThere is a chronological order of events in the first account of creation as opposed to the secondIn the first account, male and female are created at the same time whereas in the second account man is created first then woman is out of his ribsIn the first account, creation is out of the command let there be , yet, in the second, man is made out of dustIn the first account, man names what he creates as opposed to the second where man is given the opportunity to name the animalsA Sabbath day allocated for rest appears on the first while in the second account it wasn t mentionedThe Garden of Eden mentioned in the second account wasn t in the firstIn the second creation account are four rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon and Pishon , which were not mentioned in the firstMan was given a responsibility to till the land in the second but not in the firstIn the second account, the forbidden tree appears but this misses in the first accountIn the first account, God created human beings for procreation while in the second account they were created for companionshipThe second account of creation is human centred while the first does not shore this. It is man centredIn the first account God created in union with the spirit Holy Trinity while in the second account God is aloneIn the first account human beings were created last while in the second they came firstThe first account takes six days to be complete unlike the second where days were not mentionedIn the first account, God appreciates everything he creates. We are not told this in the second. Importance of learning about creationHelps us to know and understand God s creation work.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9202180826896866, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2201, "token_count": 465}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.933623}
{"text": "It is man centredIn the first account God created in union with the spirit Holy Trinity while in the second account God is aloneIn the first account human beings were created last while in the second they came firstThe first account takes six days to be complete unlike the second where days were not mentionedIn the first account, God appreciates everything he creates. We are not told this in the second. Importance of learning about creationHelps us to know and understand God s creation work. Helps to appreciate God s great workHelps us to know how the first account differs from the second oneSimilarities and differences between the biblical account and African creation storiesAfricans view creationAfricans believe that creation originated from God the creator. Each community has a myth that explains its originAfricans see God as mysterious in his deeds, for they fail to explain how he created the earth. Africans see human beings as special and that God creates everything for them. God provided the first human beings with all the necessities of life. The first people lived happily with God and lacked nothing. Marriage was mainly for procreation. Similarities - biblical account and African creation storiesIn both, God is the sole creator. Man is the climax of creation. God is supreme. In both, man was given a wife for company. God is portrayed as a potter. God is the providerCreation of human took place at the end of the creation of thingsBetween the biblical account and African creation storiesIn biblical view, the order of creation is given, while the order of creation in the traditional view is not mentionedIn biblical view , everything was created to benefit human beings, some communities believe that god gave specific things to specific communitiesChristian responsibility over animals, fish and birdsBiblical teaching on responsibility given to human beings over animals birds and fishChristians have stewardship over Gods creation and they should care for everything in itOur responsibility is to take care of these creations and use them for our benefits but in a responsibly wayPupil s activityPage 19-20Ways in which Christians apply biblical teachings to protect animals , fish and birdsAccording to Genesis 2:15-20 and James 3;7 human beings are give authority to name and tame animals , birds and fish.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9149769158185617, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2368, "token_count": 480}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.976011}
{"text": "In both, man was given a wife for company. God is portrayed as a potter. God is the providerCreation of human took place at the end of the creation of thingsBetween the biblical account and African creation storiesIn biblical view, the order of creation is given, while the order of creation in the traditional view is not mentionedIn biblical view , everything was created to benefit human beings, some communities believe that god gave specific things to specific communitiesChristian responsibility over animals, fish and birdsBiblical teaching on responsibility given to human beings over animals birds and fishChristians have stewardship over Gods creation and they should care for everything in itOur responsibility is to take care of these creations and use them for our benefits but in a responsibly wayPupil s activityPage 19-20Ways in which Christians apply biblical teachings to protect animals , fish and birdsAccording to Genesis 2:15-20 and James 3;7 human beings are give authority to name and tame animals , birds and fish. The responsibility to name the animals and birds means man was given authority to control all the creaturesTaming animals is a show of authority over them. Pupil s activityPage 20-21Ways in which Christians promote and protect animals, fish and birdsThere are different strategies for taking care of God s creatures likeConstructing good houses for domestic animalsFencing our farms well to keep away wild animalsAnimals need food, shelter and security to be healthy. Pupil s activityPage 21-22Reducing conflicts between human beings and wild animalsThe Kenya constitution protects animals from violence, overworking them when they are unwell, starvation, denial of water, abandonment, poisoning, careless surgery procedures, hunting and killing them. We should learn to co exist with wild animals to reduce conflicts with them. Pupil s activityPage 22-23Importance of protecting animals, fish and birdsAnimals, fish and birds are important to human beingsThey provide food, clothing and income. Some animals provide manure for farming. Animals are companions and help us to workTheir products support dairy industries, wool industries, leather and fishing industries. These sectors employ many peopleBirds help in the pollination of plants. As a result human beings, animals and birds also get food.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9069526678740596, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2368, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.966839}
{"text": "Animals are companions and help us to workTheir products support dairy industries, wool industries, leather and fishing industries. These sectors employ many peopleBirds help in the pollination of plants. As a result human beings, animals and birds also get food. Pupil s activityPage 22-25Christian responsibility over plantsDifferent plants found in the environmentPupil s activityPage 27-28Responsibilities given to human beings over plantsGenesis 1:29, Genesis 2:15, Psalms 104:14They were to be in charge of the Garden of EdenTo eat from the fruits of the gardenTo take care of God s creation. God has provide us with plants. Human being have been given the responsibility to take care of the plants to benefit themselves and animals. We care for plants by applying manure, weeding, watering and spraying pesticides. We also take care protecting them from animals that feed themPupil s activityPage 28How Christians apply biblical teachings on the care for plants and conserve the environmentHuman beings have a responsibility to conserve the environment. We can conserver the environment byThrough afforestation and reafforestationEvading eradicating environmental pollution. Use of proper farming methods e.g. contours farming. Conserving water towers. Through provision of education, geared towards teaching people how to cope with the environment. Carrying out irrigationWays in which prudent use of plants contributes to economic growthPrudent use of plants contributes to economic growth. Prudent is the careful use of what you have to benefit you now and in the future. Prudent use of plants means taking care of plants, using what they produce carefully so that they can benefit us now and in the futureEconomic growth is an increase of plants in the production of goods and services from one period of time to another. It is good to take care of plants and harvest them properly. These practices will ensures that there is food for consumption. The surplus can be sold to avoid wastage and earn revenue. Storing farm produce well after harvest is important. One can use the harvest for a period and save the farmer from buying the same foodstuff in the future. The money which would have been used to purchase similar produce is used for other purpose. Well stores seeds can be planted in the future, saving one from buying the same farm input.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9091345102984448, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2379, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.017372}
{"text": "One can use the harvest for a period and save the farmer from buying the same foodstuff in the future. The money which would have been used to purchase similar produce is used for other purpose. Well stores seeds can be planted in the future, saving one from buying the same farm input. Reforestation and replanting crops ensure that one has enough to use and at the same time, ensure a regular supply of the produce to the farmer. This contributes to steady source of income. African teachings on responsibility over plants and animalsThere are different types of plants and animals that Africans keep. Some crops initially grown by specific African communities in specific geographical locationsThe Africans took care of plants and animals as a responsibility from GodTypes of indigenous plantsCassavaSweet potatoesMilletSorghumYamsPumpkinsArrowrootsTypes of indigenous animalsCattleChickenBeesGoatsCamelsDonkeyThe importance of taking care of plants and animals in African contextThey were sources of food. The plants provided medicinal herbsOther plants provided wood for construction of houses and making utensilsWood was used as a source of energyPlants and animals provided materials for making musical instruments like kayambaSome plants and animals were also used as totems. Animals provided skins and hides for making clothesSome animals like dogs provide security to manOther were used as pack animals and others were used for transport. Example donkeyAnimal horns were used for horn blowing which was means of communication. Ways in which Africans promoted care and conservation of all types of plantsThe Africans protected plants by weeding, pruning, mulching, shading, trapping and scaring away animals that fed on the plants. They also preserved seeds of the plants to last longer during dry periods and to protect them from small such as rats and weevils. This conservation ensured that Africans had seeds to plants during the rainy seasons. Preserved seeds and plants served as source of food during drought. Africans used fire to make plants sprout out more serving as food for the animals.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9287119437939111, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2135, "token_count": 429}, "cleaned_at": 1750360552.9928775}
{"text": "This conservation ensured that Africans had seeds to plants during the rainy seasons. Preserved seeds and plants served as source of food during drought. Africans used fire to make plants sprout out more serving as food for the animals. How Africans ensured protection of all types of animals and birdsAfrican ensured protection of all animals, fish and birds in different waysPupil s activityPage 42How Africans ensured protection of fishAvoid overfishingUse of proper netsPupil s activityPage 43How Africans promoted health of animalsAfricans cared for and protected domestic animals against wild animals by fencing their compounds and sleeping in the same place with the animals. They scared away wild animals that predated on their domestic animals by using different methods. Eg use of scarecrows, fire, noiseIn the events of disease. Africans treated their animals using selected plants such as Aloe vera while making them healthier by providing lick stones with mineral salts. They knew how to take care of animals during birth which ensured the growth in population. Animal products such as meat were preserved to last long for use during drought. Preservation was a way of ensuring food was not wastedYoung animals were left to suckle up to a time when they could eat grass and other types of vegetation. THE BIBLEFUNCTION OF THE BIBLEThe Bible is the inspired word of God. How the Bible is used in different places and occasionsThe Bible is used when taking oaths in courts of law. It is used in schools and colleges for learning, during graduation ceremonies, prayers and research. It is used in statehouse or during state functions, during the swearing in ceremonies and prayers. It is used in churches and during crusades for preaching. It is used at home for personal use during prayer time and home studyIn hospitals when praying for the sickSome Christians use the Bible before travelling to pray for journey merciesImportance of BibleJohn 1:1-2, Proverbs 30:5-6It contains the word of GodIt gives hope to ChristiansIt helps us to understand biblical truthsThe Bible helps a person to discover the will of GodGod speaks to people through the scripturesThe Bible corrects people when they are wrong and teaches them to do right. Christians should used exemplary lives.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9147961416592266, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2308, "token_count": 476}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.034232}
{"text": "It is used in churches and during crusades for preaching. It is used at home for personal use during prayer time and home studyIn hospitals when praying for the sickSome Christians use the Bible before travelling to pray for journey merciesImportance of BibleJohn 1:1-2, Proverbs 30:5-6It contains the word of GodIt gives hope to ChristiansIt helps us to understand biblical truthsThe Bible helps a person to discover the will of GodGod speaks to people through the scripturesThe Bible corrects people when they are wrong and teaches them to do right. Christians should used exemplary lives. God protects those whose seek his protection and rebukes liarsThe Bible is the word of God and it was written by people who inspired by the spirit of God. The Bible unites people of God, strengthens the faith of the belivers and outlines values for quality Christian living. How the Bible is used to spread the word of GodThe Bible is used in spreading the word of God in the following ways:Christians songs are composed using Bible messagesThe Bible is distributed to individuals to read the word of GodIt is used for instructing and teaching new converts of Christian doctrineIt is used to take oaths therefore, increasing the faith of those who participateChristians translate the Bible to vernacular so that many people can read and understand. The role of the Bible for holistic growthHolistic growth involves physical, emotional, social, intellectual and spiritual growth. The Bible helps Christians to grow holisticallyHow the Bible promotes spiritual growthSpiritual growth includesIncreasing your knowledge and understanding of the word of GodIncrease in faith and trust in GodDeveloping Christ-like qualitiesRole of the Bible in promoting physical growthPupil s activityPage 51Role of the Bible in promoting moral growthMoral growth is the process of developing proper attitudes and behaviuour towards other people based on cultural norms and lovePupil s activityPage 51Role of the Bible in promoting social, emotional and intellectual growthSocial growthThe Bible tells us that everyone is created in God s image. Therefore we should not discriminate against others. We should help those in need, respect and love our neighbour as we love ourselvesEmotional growthThe Bible builds our emotions. When facing sad and difficult situations. It brings us close to God.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9164575884742401, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2401, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.0574596}
{"text": "We should help those in need, respect and love our neighbour as we love ourselvesEmotional growthThe Bible builds our emotions. When facing sad and difficult situations. It brings us close to God. God provides everything for our enjoyment and we should express our joy to him. Intellectual growthAs we grow in strength, the Bible helps us to grow in wisdom. God gives us the ability to comprehend, think, reason and remember. The Bible helps us to make correct decisions for quality Christian living. How God s word inspires different services among ChristiansChristian service is demonstration of who we are in Christ. The Bible teaches people to love God and humankind. Helping the needy in the society improves a person s relationship with GodService offered to others is part of Christian living and makes the world a better place to live. Serving others makes one happy and enriches other people s lives. The word of God has inspired different services among Christians. For example, Christians visit the orphans, give them food, clothes and even take them to school. Christians donate food, money and medicine to help people suffering when disasters like floods, accidents earthquakes, drought and famine occurChristians support refugees by counselling, educating and giving medical care. They also offer shelter, food and sometimes employment. For people who are unable to attend church service, the gospel is taken to them through crusades and public rallies. Divisions of the BibleThe Bible has 2 divisionsOld testaments - 39 booksNew testaments 27 booksWhy are there two divisions of the BibleThe two divisions were written at different times in human historyThe two divisions were addressed to different people and individualsThe messages contained in the two testaments address different issues that were of specific concern to the people addressed. Importance of the two divisions of the Bible to ChristiansThe old testaments talks about how the world was created, the Exodus of Israelites and Ten Commandments given to Moses by God. The testaments also includes real life storiesThe function of this testament is to teach Christians through the experiences of other people throughout history. Several books also foretell the arrival of the Messiah and the end of the world. The New Testament focuses more on the life and teachings of Jesus and the early church. The stories are narrated through gospels and emphasise the importance of the sacrifices of Jesus. The function of the New testaments is to lead people to follow the example of Jesus more closely.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9212877534321302, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2588, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.0714307}
{"text": "The New Testament focuses more on the life and teachings of Jesus and the early church. The stories are narrated through gospels and emphasise the importance of the sacrifices of Jesus. The function of the New testaments is to lead people to follow the example of Jesus more closely. The other books, written by various authors also talk about the end of the world. The books of the old testaments according to classificationOLD TESTAMENTIt was originally written in Hebrew. It was written before Jesus Christ came to exist physically. It was later translated to Greek and other languages. The following are groups of books in the Old Testament respective of their appearance. Torah Pentateuch law mosaic. Historical books. Major Prophets Books. Minor prophet books. Torah Pentateuch law mosaic. They were written by Moses. GenesisExodusLeviticusNumbersDeuteronomyGenesis means origin or beginningExodus means coming out or departureNumbers means censusLeviticus explains rules and regulation of priests. The Ten Commandments Decalogue are found in the book of exodus and Deuteronomy. Historical books. Contains the history of what happened to the Israelites and its neighbours. Poetic wisdom booksMajor prophetic booksMinor prophetic booksNB:Genesis is the first book of the Bible and the Old Testament. Malachi is the last book of the Old Testament. The books of the New testaments according to classificationThe New Testament is the period after Christ is born, it is the fulfilment of tthe old testament prophecies of Jesus. NEW TESTAMENTIt was originally written in Greek. Written after Christ. The groups of books found in the new testament are:Gospel books. Historical books. Pauline epistles. General epistles. Prophetic bookGospel booksThey explain the events in life of Jesus from birth to his ascension in Bethany. Gospel books are divided into two groups:Synoptic booksNon- synoptic book. Synoptic BooksThey explain full life history of JesusThey are: Matthew, mark and Luke. Non- Synoptic Book. It does not explain full history of Jesus. It is the book of John. Historical bookActs of apostleThe writer of acts of apostle was Luke. It explains the life of believers in the early church.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9217430368373765, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2226, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.1119967}
{"text": "It is the book of John. Historical bookActs of apostleThe writer of acts of apostle was Luke. It explains the life of believers in the early church. Pauline epistlesThese are letters which were written by Paul while he was in prison. They areRomans1 Corinthians2 CorinthiansGalatiansEphesiansPhilippiansColossians1 Thessalonians2 Thessalonians1 timothy2 TimothyTitusPhilemonGeneral epistlesWritten by different writers who were inspired by God. Prophetic booksRevelation apocalypse disclosureIt was written by John after having a vision on Patmos Island. Revelation contains the writings about the last days. NB;Matthew is the first book of the New Testament. Revelation is the last book of the Bible and the New Testament. Bible translationTo translate means to express spoken or written words in a language that is different from one that was initially used. How people benefited from different translations of the BibleSpread of the word of God and the general growth of the church. Higher demand for formal education in Africa so as to read the Bible. It increased the number of Africans in church leadership. Unity of mankind, especially through ecumenism. It made African Christians more active than passive. Africans leaned foreign languages e.g. English. Many missionaries were able to learn African languages. African languages developed from oral to written form. Introduction of new concepts and terms into local languages. Development of African theology. Many employment opportunities. For instance, people are employed to work for the Bible Society of Kenya. Emergence of African indigenous churches. Africans rediscovered their culture and developed confidence in it. Fast growth of the printing industry. Establishment of Bible societies in Africa e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9165074197277467, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1791, "token_count": 372}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.0999718}
{"text": "Africans rediscovered their culture and developed confidence in it. Fast growth of the printing industry. Establishment of Bible societies in Africa e.g. the Bible society of KenyaReasons that led to the translations of the Bible into local languagesTo enable the word of God to reach more peopleTo train local people to take leadership skillsTo facilitate the expansion of the churchTo indigenise ChristianityTo establish local translation society for example Kenya s Bible societyThe different translations of the BibleWhen missionaries began to evangilise in African there was a need to translate the Bible into local languages of the local people to have the scripture in a language they could understandToday the Bible has been translated into local languagesIn Kenya , the Bible society of Kenya is the main body mandated to translate the BibleSome of the translated Bibles include Kamba, Swahili, kikuyu, Kimiiru kimeru, Somali, Samburu, Borana, Luhyia BiblesThe different versions of the BibleA version is the construction of the languages that a translator of the Bible uses in their workThe Revised Standard Version;Good News;King James Bible;The Living Bible;The Jerusalem Bible;The New International Version;The Gideon International Bible;The Holy Bible;The New English Bible;The Jerome Bible;The African Bible;The Common Bible;The New Life Version;The Authorised Bible;The New King James VersionSocial effects of the translation of the Holy Bible into local languagesPeople can now read the Bible in their local languags and understand it betterIt has led to the development of African independent churchesIt has led to the development of local languages which have ben put down in written formAfricans have become leaders in their established churches as catechists, priests , pastors and deaconsEconomic effects of the translation of the holy Bible into local languagesIt has led to the establishment of BIBLE translations societies. The societies offer employment opportunitiesIt has led to the development of the Christian printing press and bookshops.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9266508313539193, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2105, "token_count": 429}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.122285}
{"text": "Establishment of Bible societies in Africa e.g. the Bible society of KenyaReasons that led to the translations of the Bible into local languagesTo enable the word of God to reach more peopleTo train local people to take leadership skillsTo facilitate the expansion of the churchTo indigenise ChristianityTo establish local translation society for example Kenya s Bible societyThe different translations of the BibleWhen missionaries began to evangilise in African there was a need to translate the Bible into local languages of the local people to have the scripture in a language they could understandToday the Bible has been translated into local languagesIn Kenya , the Bible society of Kenya is the main body mandated to translate the BibleSome of the translated Bibles include Kamba, Swahili, kikuyu, Kimiiru kimeru, Somali, Samburu, Borana, Luhyia BiblesThe different versions of the BibleA version is the construction of the languages that a translator of the Bible uses in their workThe Revised Standard Version;Good News;King James Bible;The Living Bible;The Jerusalem Bible;The New International Version;The Gideon International Bible;The Holy Bible;The New English Bible;The Jerome Bible;The African Bible;The Common Bible;The New Life Version;The Authorised Bible;The New King James VersionSocial effects of the translation of the Holy Bible into local languagesPeople can now read the Bible in their local languags and understand it betterIt has led to the development of African independent churchesIt has led to the development of local languages which have ben put down in written formAfricans have become leaders in their established churches as catechists, priests , pastors and deaconsEconomic effects of the translation of the holy Bible into local languagesIt has led to the establishment of BIBLE translations societies. The societies offer employment opportunitiesIt has led to the development of the Christian printing press and bookshops. Leadership in the Bible: MosesExodus 2:11-13, exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12During the call of Moses, god told Moses that he had heard the cry of his people Israelites God wanted to send Moses to the king of Egypt so that he could lead his people out of the countryCharacteristics of a good leaderGod fearing.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9131165475351523, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2310, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.1502366}
{"text": "The Bible society of KenyaReasons that led to the translations of the Bible into local languagesTo enable the word of God to reach more peopleTo train local people to take leadership skillsTo facilitate the expansion of the churchTo indigenise ChristianityTo establish local translation society for example Kenya s Bible societyThe different translations of the BibleWhen missionaries began to evangilise in African there was a need to translate the Bible into local languages of the local people to have the scripture in a language they could understandToday the Bible has been translated into local languagesIn Kenya , the Bible society of Kenya is the main body mandated to translate the BibleSome of the translated Bibles include Kamba, Swahili, kikuyu, Kimiiru kimeru, Somali, Samburu, Borana, Luhyia BiblesThe different versions of the BibleA version is the construction of the languages that a translator of the Bible uses in their workThe Revised Standard Version;Good News;King James Bible;The Living Bible;The Jerusalem Bible;The New International Version;The Gideon International Bible;The Holy Bible;The New English Bible;The Jerome Bible;The African Bible;The Common Bible;The New Life Version;The Authorised Bible;The New King James VersionSocial effects of the translation of the Holy Bible into local languagesPeople can now read the Bible in their local languags and understand it betterIt has led to the development of African independent churchesIt has led to the development of local languages which have ben put down in written formAfricans have become leaders in their established churches as catechists, priests , pastors and deaconsEconomic effects of the translation of the holy Bible into local languagesIt has led to the establishment of BIBLE translations societies. The societies offer employment opportunitiesIt has led to the development of the Christian printing press and bookshops. Leadership in the Bible: MosesExodus 2:11-13, exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12During the call of Moses, god told Moses that he had heard the cry of his people Israelites God wanted to send Moses to the king of Egypt so that he could lead his people out of the countryCharacteristics of a good leaderGod fearing. Ready to serveHardworkingGood decision makerGentleHave respectHonestHumbleLoyalLovingPeacefulBe a role modelHave integrityHow God prepared Moses for LeadershipExodus 2:11-13, Exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12In the society leaders are prepared to take up their position in different ways, for example through trainingLike today leaders, God prepared Moses for leadership in different waysSpeaking from a miraculously burning bush, God says he will send Moses to lead His people from Egyptian slaveryThis mission was overwhelming to Moses.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9069101102371725, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2810, "token_count": 618}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.1699193}
{"text": "The societies offer employment opportunitiesIt has led to the development of the Christian printing press and bookshops. Leadership in the Bible: MosesExodus 2:11-13, exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12During the call of Moses, god told Moses that he had heard the cry of his people Israelites God wanted to send Moses to the king of Egypt so that he could lead his people out of the countryCharacteristics of a good leaderGod fearing. Ready to serveHardworkingGood decision makerGentleHave respectHonestHumbleLoyalLovingPeacefulBe a role modelHave integrityHow God prepared Moses for LeadershipExodus 2:11-13, Exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12In the society leaders are prepared to take up their position in different ways, for example through trainingLike today leaders, God prepared Moses for leadership in different waysSpeaking from a miraculously burning bush, God says he will send Moses to lead His people from Egyptian slaveryThis mission was overwhelming to Moses. He responded to Gods call with doubt. He did not see himself as the best person to free the jews or an appropriate leader for the task. However God often calls the most unlikely people to accomplish his greatest tasksGod prepare Moses for leadership by making him witness the suffering of the Hebrews under the EgyptiansGod prepare Moses to solve conflicts among his people and the IsraelitesLife in the desert made Moses bold and ready to face hardshipAs a shepherd, Moses learnt to be keen and responsible in leading IsraelitesRoles performed by Moses during the ExodusMoses was the prophet who led Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and brought them to the edge of the promised landMoses played various roles during the exodusHe asked Israelites to trust in god and not to be afraidHe interceded on behalf of the IsraelitesHe led the people of Israel away from the red sea. The seas waters separated when Moses lifted his rod and held it over the sea. Moses sought for providences for the people of Israel when they were in the wilderness. God responded to his prayer and made bitter water fit to drink. Moses received the laws God had given the people of Israel.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9010400447952603, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2157, "token_count": 483}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.2049}
{"text": "Moses sought for providences for the people of Israel when they were in the wilderness. God responded to his prayer and made bitter water fit to drink. Moses received the laws God had given the people of Israel. The laws would help to safeguard their relationship with God and among themselvesMoses also appointed judges to help him administering justice among isrealiteis . He taught the Israelites the ten commandments and advertised them to obeyQualities of Moses that Christians can emulateResponsibilityObedienceHonestyJusticeAdvantages of choosing good leaders in the societyA good leader, among other qualities should be God fearing, trustworthy, a team player, obedient, responsible, and humble. Good leadership promotes peace, love, unity and development of many nationLeaders should follow the example of Moses. Pupil s activityPage 75THE LIFE AND MINISTRY OF JESUS CHRISTBACKGROUND TO THE BIRTH OF JESUS CHRISTProphecies about the coming of Jesus ChristThe coming of Jesus Christ was predicted by many prophets such as Isaiah and Jeremiah. A prophecy is a prediction of what will happen in the future. It is declared by a prophet who is inspired by the spirit of God. Prophets communicate God s message, condemns evils in the society, give hope to people, anoint kings and teach people the ways of GodIsaiah s prophecy about the coming of Jesus ChristIsaiah 9:6-7Isaiah prophesied thatThe messiah shall be calledWonderful counsellorMighty GodEternal fatherPrince of peaceThe messiah shall sit upon the throne of David and shall rule with justice and righteousness foreverJeremiah prophecy about the coming of Jesus ChristJeremiah 23:5-6Jeremiah prophesied thatThe messiah would be a righteous king from the house of DavidThe messiah shall execute justice and righteous in the landHe shall guarantee security and safety in the land of Israel.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9149530843127893, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1881, "token_count": 422}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.1911178}
{"text": "A prophecy is a prediction of what will happen in the future. It is declared by a prophet who is inspired by the spirit of God. Prophets communicate God s message, condemns evils in the society, give hope to people, anoint kings and teach people the ways of GodIsaiah s prophecy about the coming of Jesus ChristIsaiah 9:6-7Isaiah prophesied thatThe messiah shall be calledWonderful counsellorMighty GodEternal fatherPrince of peaceThe messiah shall sit upon the throne of David and shall rule with justice and righteousness foreverJeremiah prophecy about the coming of Jesus ChristJeremiah 23:5-6Jeremiah prophesied thatThe messiah would be a righteous king from the house of DavidThe messiah shall execute justice and righteous in the landHe shall guarantee security and safety in the land of Israel. He shall be called the lord of righteousness He would bring salvation upon JudahHe would reign as a kingHe would rule wiselyFulfilment of the Old Testament prophecies about the coming of Jesus ChristMathew 1:18-23, Jeremiah 23:5-6, Isaiah 9:6-7The annunciation and the birth of John the BaptistLuke 1:5-25To announce means to make known. The old testaments said that John the Baptist was to prepare the way for the Messiah. Angel Gabriel announced the birth of John the Baptist during the reign of king Herod. Angel Gabriel appeared to Zechariah, who was a priest in the temple. Both Zechariah and his wife Elizabeth were advanced in age and did not have children , Elizabeth was barren. Zechariah, the priest was burning incense at the temple when Angel Gabriel appeared to himThe angel told him that his wife Elizabeth would bear him a son. His name would be John.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8901559943063531, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1693, "token_count": 410}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.2191675}
{"text": "Both Zechariah and his wife Elizabeth were advanced in age and did not have children , Elizabeth was barren. Zechariah, the priest was burning incense at the temple when Angel Gabriel appeared to himThe angel told him that his wife Elizabeth would bear him a son. His name would be John. The angel said the following about the child that would be bornThe child would bring joy and gladness to manyHe will be great before the LordHe will not drink wine or strong drinkHe will be filled with the Holy SpiritHe will bring back many of the people of Israel to the lord their GodHe would be source of joy to his parentsHe will go ahead of the lord strong and mightyHe will prepare people for the LordZechariah, due to his old age, could not believe the Angel s message. The angel told him that he would be dump until all was fulfilled. His wife conceived after five months. Relating the birth of John the Baptist to the coming of Jesus ChristLuke 3:16, John 1:29-30Jesus was the son of God whom John the Baptist had come to prepare the way for. John the Baptist introduced Jesus as the lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world. John acknowledged Jesus as one before himJesus was greater than John the BaptistHow Christians apply the message of John the BaptistSkills that Christians need to avoid evils condemned by John the BaptistCreative thinkingEnables one to have ideas on how to avoid evilCritical thinkingEnables one to make an informed judgement not to commit sinDecision makingHelps us to make moral decisions that are appropriateSelf esteemHave a feeling of self worthAssertivenessExpress one s actions with confidenceAppreciating the fulfilment of the Old TESTAMENT PropheciesPupil s activityPage 86-87The birth and childhood of Jesus ChristEvents that took place during the annunciation and the birth of Jesus ChristLuke 1:26-38An event is something that takes place and it is of importance. The annunciation of the birth of Jesus Christ was importantDuring the sixth month of Elizabeth s pregnancy . Angel Gabriel was sent to a virgin woman named Mary, who was engaged to Joseph, a descendant of King David.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9069930788894447, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2156, "token_count": 480}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.258589}
{"text": "John acknowledged Jesus as one before himJesus was greater than John the BaptistHow Christians apply the message of John the BaptistSkills that Christians need to avoid evils condemned by John the BaptistCreative thinkingEnables one to have ideas on how to avoid evilCritical thinkingEnables one to make an informed judgement not to commit sinDecision makingHelps us to make moral decisions that are appropriateSelf esteemHave a feeling of self worthAssertivenessExpress one s actions with confidenceAppreciating the fulfilment of the Old TESTAMENT PropheciesPupil s activityPage 86-87The birth and childhood of Jesus ChristEvents that took place during the annunciation and the birth of Jesus ChristLuke 1:26-38An event is something that takes place and it is of importance. The annunciation of the birth of Jesus Christ was importantDuring the sixth month of Elizabeth s pregnancy .angel Gabriel was sent to a virgin woman named Mary, who was engaged to Joseph, a descendant of King David. Mary was troubled and he the angel told her not to be afraid for she had found favour in the LordThe angel announced the following concerning Jesus to maryHe shall bear a sonHe shall be called JesusHe will be greatHe will be called the son of the Most High God. He will rule over the house of Jacob forever. The Lord would give Him the throne of his Father, DavidHis kingdom would last foreverHe will be conceived through the power of the Holy SpiritEvents that took place during the Birth of Jesus ChristLuke 2:1-20.", "metadata": {"source": "CRE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9067710869071299, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1546, "token_count": 340}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.2445369}
{"text": "SOCIAL STUDIESa. Career and entrepreneurial opportunities in Social StudiesThe main goal of teaching social studies is to teach students to become good citizens. We are living in a diverse society one that requires knowledge of social studies to succeed. With a social studies background, children become adults that can participate civilly in our democratic society. Social studies connect students with the real world. Specific topics within social studies that are studied in school coursework include:geography,anthropology,economics,history,sociology,political science, andcivics. Importance of social studiesBetter Reading And LearningSocial studies is one area in education where content integration is key. Students are given reading material that corresponds with the currentlearning topics. Giving reading materials in context helps students become better readers. They also become better learners because they are asked to use analysis, critical thinking, and writing to show understanding. Citizen Responsibilities And ValuesHow can we expect young people to contribute positively to society, engage in discourse, and thrive in a democratic society if they are not exposed to the topics and aspects of history and life that made society the way it is? Students need an understanding of history, political science, culture, and all humanities to be able to understand why it is important to be a good citizen. Cultural UnderstandingStudents should be exposed to cultures far beyond what they experience personally every day. Not every student has the opportunity to interact with other cultures on a daily basis. We need students to learn about, understand, and appreciate cultural differences if we expect them to have meaningful interactions with people of all backgrounds in the future. Economic EducationEconomics is a crucial part of social studies, whether studied on its own, or as a part of history, anthropology, or political science. By learning economics, young people understand how their financial decisions have an impact on their future, as well as the future of society. Critical ThinkingCritical thinking is a part of social studies students are taught to evaluate others decisions and make connections between influences andcircumstances. Young people get the opportunity to learn from others mistakes through social sciences. Real-World UnderstandingStudying social sciences gives students an understanding of the real world around them. Students learn about places, cultures, and events around theworld, what conspired to make them the way they are, and can make inferences about how the rest of the world works.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9269115442278861, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2668, "token_count": 492}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.2838056}
{"text": "Young people get the opportunity to learn from others mistakes through social sciences. Real-World UnderstandingStudying social sciences gives students an understanding of the real world around them. Students learn about places, cultures, and events around theworld, what conspired to make them the way they are, and can make inferences about how the rest of the world works. Political SkillsFrom social studies classes, students learn about government, political ideas, country economy and resources, and more. Students gain political skills by analyzing and evaluating existing systems and imaging the future of the place in which they live. Respect HistoryHistory is what made the world the way it is, and it is essential that people study it in order to have an appreciation for and understanding of the way the world works. Learning about history is what makes it possible to learn from the past and plan for the future. Career opportunities related to social studies Social workStatistically, and probably unsurprisingly, the majority of Social Studies graduates go on to work in the broad field known as social work . CounsellingAnother popular career option for Social Studies graduates is to complete some further education and come a counsellor. Prison services and probationAs part of your Social Studies degree you ll look at the legal system and ask important questions about crime and punishment. If you have a particular interest in this area then a career in the probation or prison service might appeal to you. Roles could be administrative or you could be working in direct contact with offenders and those on probation. Community developmentThis is similar to jobs in social work but you ll be dealing with the community on a larger scale rather than on an individual or family basis. Roles in community development have the overall goal of improving the lives of a larger group, sometimes within a specific geographical area or people who have specific needs. Some career opportunities that one would pursue from studying Social Studies in Kenya and globally includeteaching,surveying,law,archeology,political science,diplomacy and meteorology. Entrepreneurial opportunities for Social studies in the societyTherefore, we can state with conviction that the social entrepreneurs individuals, organizations, or groups are innovative and proactive risk- takers who attempt to create a sustainable community, social, or industry- wide change to address endemic problems. These entrepreneurs identify, assess, and exploit opportunities in an attempt to create social value. Further, they use a wide range of market-driven resources and other resources to create this transformation.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9258278145695364, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2718, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.3055918}
{"text": "Entrepreneurial opportunities for Social studies in the societyTherefore, we can state with conviction that the social entrepreneurs individuals, organizations, or groups are innovative and proactive risk- takers who attempt to create a sustainable community, social, or industry- wide change to address endemic problems. These entrepreneurs identify, assess, and exploit opportunities in an attempt to create social value. Further, they use a wide range of market-driven resources and other resources to create this transformation. Social enterprises which serve the financially poor population. In these markets, the profit margins are very low and the risks are high. Further, in certain sectors like microfinance, there is a constant debate as to whether a commercial operation can fulfil the needs of the poorest client groups more effectively than modified NGO models. In this niche, some examples of social entrepreneurship organizations are micro-clinics in low-income zones, affordable irrigation tools to poor farmers, etc. New and challenging markets where the entrepreneur is required to incur heavy expenses to stimulate demand and create opportunities. This is due to the prevalent stigma and the challenges faced in acclimatizing people to newer and more complex technologies as well as challenging perceptions about certain services which need to be provided by the state. Some examples are offering counselling services to people living with HIV AIDS or other socially marginalized groups, micro insurance products for farmers, etc. Markets for products which offer environmental benefits but are not fully commercially competitive. Many environment-friendly business lines are completely commercially viable. However, there are many others which are suitable for hybrid social entrepreneurship. Strategies for addressing Gender stereotype associated with career choices and Entrepreneurial opportunitiesA gender stereotype is a generalized view or preconception about attributes, or characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by women and men or the roles that are or should be performed by men and women. Gender stereotypes can be both positive and negative for example, women are nurturing or women are weak . Gender stereotyping is the practice of ascribing to an individual woman or man specific attributes, characteristics, or roles by reason only of her or his membership in the social group of women or men.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9287581699346406, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2448, "token_count": 427}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.3228047}
{"text": "Strategies for addressing Gender stereotype associated with career choices and Entrepreneurial opportunitiesA gender stereotype is a generalized view or preconception about attributes, or characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by women and men or the roles that are or should be performed by men and women. Gender stereotypes can be both positive and negative for example, women are nurturing or women are weak . Gender stereotyping is the practice of ascribing to an individual woman or man specific attributes, characteristics, or roles by reason only of her or his membership in the social group of women or men. Revising text books;ensuring that teachers receive gender training;implementing programmes to encourage girls to pursue education and employment in non-traditional fields;undertaking public information and education programmes to change attitudes concerning the roles and status of men and women;taking measures to train public officials and the judiciary to ensure that stereotypical prejudices and values do not affect decision-making;emphasizing through awareness raising activities the importance of women s participation in decision making roles;adopting measures, including temporary special measures, to eliminate occupational segregation based on gender stereotypes;adopting positive measures to expose and modify harmful genders stereotypes within the health sector;addressing gender stereotypes ing that impairs or nullify equality in marriage and family relations, including through implementing comprehensive policyand awareness raising initiatives designed to overcome stereotypical attitudes about the roles and responsibilities of women and men in family and societyRoles of SST for promotion of Social cohesionPromotion of equality for everyone in the societyEnhancing justice for everyone in the societyRespect for oneself, and others in their opinions and choicesPromoting unity of the society regardless of the differencesCreating awareness on the need for social cohesion. Introducing activities that promote social cohesionNATURAL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENTSa. Maps and Map workA map is a representation of the whole or part of the earth s surface drawn to scale. Shows outline of objects on the groundDrawn as if the drawer was above the groundIt shows detailsMost of the features are indicated by symbols. Position, shape and Size of AfricaSize: Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 11.7 million square miles including adjacent islands, it covers 6 of Earth's total surface area and 20 of its land area.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9212860672380809, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2666, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.3696094}
{"text": "Multiply the distance through one degree of latitude by the number of latitudes between the two places. Example: Find the longitudinal straight line distance between place A 45 N and place B 11 N. Solution-Distance covered through one degree of latitude 111km. -Number of latitudes between place A and place B 45 -11 34 -Longitudinal straight line distance 111km 34 3774kmLongitude Longitudes are imaginary lines that run from North to South on a map. The longitude of a place is the angular distance of that place measured in degrees. This distance is measured from the centre of the earth to the East or West of the Greenwich meridian called longitude 0 . Longitudes are also called Meridians. They meet at the North and South poles. There are 360 of longitude which is equal to 360 of acircle. Major longitude are;Longitude 0 - Greenwich MeridianLongitude 180 East or West - International date lineCHARACTERISTICS OF LONGITUDESThey meet at the North and South poles. They run from North to South. They are measured in degrees, East or West of the Greenwich meridian. Lines of longitudes have equal lengths. Lowest longitude is longitude 0 and the highest longitude is longitude 180HOW TO CALCULATE LOCAL TIME FROM LONGITUDESStep 1: Find out the difference in longitudes between two places given. Step 2: Convert or change the difference in longitude to time, if the difference in degrees is more than 15 , multiply it by 4 minutes. Step 3: Adjust the time according to the position of the longitude if it is east, we add but if it is west, we subtract time. Example 1: What is the local time at Madres in India on longitude 80 E, if local time in Yokadouma in Cameroon on longitude 15 E is 4 p.m.? Solution Step 1: Longitudes difference 80 -15 65 Step 2: Convert longitude difference to time: 65 4mins 260mins 4hrs20mins Step 3: Add or subtract time4hrs20mins 4pm 8:20pm Because longitude 80 E is in the East.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8438226605751468, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1957, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.357307}
{"text": "Step 3: Adjust the time according to the position of the longitude if it is east, we add but if it is west, we subtract time. Example 1: What is the local time at Madres in India on longitude 80 E, if local time in Yokadouma in Cameroon on longitude 15 E is 4 p.m.? Solution Step 1: Longitudes difference 80 -15 65 Step 2: Convert longitude difference to time: 65 4mins 260mins 4hrs20mins Step 3: Add or subtract time4hrs20mins 4pm 8:20pm Because longitude 80 E is in the East. Example 2: What is the local time in Baghdad 45 E, 35 N when it is noon in Bombay 75 E, 18 N. Solution1 75 - 45 30 2 30 15 2hrs or 30 4mins 60mins 2hrs12 noon - 2hrs 10 amExercisesIf the time in Accra Ghana on longitude 0 is 12noon. What will be the local time in Philadelphia U.S.A on longitude 70 W.? What is the local time of Yaound 15 E and 5 N, when G.M.T is 8:00 am? The longitude difference for a town in the East and another in the west is obtained by adding the longitudes. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LONGITUDES AND LATTITUDESLOCATION OF PLACES USING LONGITUDES AND LATTITUDESLongitudes and latitudes are used to locate places on a map. The Greenwich meridian is the starting point for al longitude readings. Lines to the East of Greenwich meridian are measured in degrees and readings are followed by letter E, example: 35 E and vice-versa. All latitudes above the equator are measured in degrees north of the Equator and readings are followed by letter N. example: 15 N. Readings measured to the south of the equator are followed by letter S. example: 15 S. To be more accurate, we use degrees and minutes. 1 degree is equal to 60 minutes.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.807437641723356, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1666, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.3476036}
{"text": "Example: 15 S. To be more accurate, we use degrees and minutes. 1 degree is equal to 60 minutes. For example;-Cameroon is located on latitude 5 00'N and longitude 12 30'E,-Yaound - 3 51'N and 11 31'E,-Bertoua - 4 34'N and 13 42'E,- Douala - 4 05'N and 9 45'E. Picture, plan and Map- A map is a representation of the whole or part of the earth s surface drawn to scale. Picture:It is an image of a real object. Gives details in their visible shapes and sizesCan be inform of free hand, drawing, painting or a photographNot drawn to scalePlan:Outline of something drawn to scale. Also drawn as if a person was directly above the groundIt represents a very small placeThe scale is large to show details e.g. house planGives specific informationTypes of Maps used in Social StudiesClassified according to the purpose for which each map is drawn. Topographical Maps: This shows selected natural physical features on a small portion of a country. Atlas maps: this is a collection of maps in one volume. Sketch maps: maps which are roughly drawn. A good sketch map should have the following characteristics:Neat and clearTitleFrameKeyCompass directionUses of MapsSketch maps are used to summarize information for easy reference. Used for locating other countries. Used for comparing sizes of countries. For locating climatic regions of different parts of the world. Give information on distribution of geographical phenomena e.g. vegetation on the earth s surface. Help travelers to find their way. Used to calculate distance of a certain place. Used to locate physical features like landforms. Earth and Solar SystemSOLAR SYSTEMThe solar system is made up of the sun and the 8 planets. It is also called a planetary system. These planets include; Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Recent discoveries prove that Pluto is now a dwarf planet. These planets revolve around the sun in a path called Elliptical orbit. The sun is at the center of the solar system. It is made up of burning gases and has a temperature of about 6000 C. Some planets have smaller heavenly bodies that move around them called satellites.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8806273169601484, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2158, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.395106}
{"text": "The sun is at the center of the solar system. It is made up of burning gases and has a temperature of about 6000 C. Some planets have smaller heavenly bodies that move around them called satellites. The smallest planet is Mercury. It is the hottest and nearest planet to the sun. Mars which is the fourth planet has 2 satellites. Jupiter is the largest planet and has 13 satellites. The Earth is the third planet from the sun and the only planet where life exists. It has one natural satellite called the moon. The moon takes 29 days to go round the earth. The Earth rotates on its axis and revolves on its orbit. Stars are heavenly bodies that produce their own light. The solar system and a collection of other stars form the galaxy. The galaxy in which our solar system is found is called the Milky Way. THE SIDE OF THE EARTHThe total area of the earth is about 510,100,779 km . The distance measured round the edge of the equator is about 40,085km. It is called the Equatorial circumference. The polar circumference is 39,995km. The Equatorial diameter is the straight line distance that crosses the earth through the equator. It is about 12,762km. The polar diameter is about 12,722km. EVIDENCE TO SHOW THAT THE EARTH IS SPHERICAL IN SHAPEThere are many evidences to show that the earth is spherical in shape. These are:Sunrise and SunsetThe earth rotates from West to East. Places in the East therefore receive sunlight before places in the West. All places on the earth would not receive sunlight at the same time if the earth was flat. Sunrises and Sunset at different times on curved surface. Ship's Visibilitywhen a ship is observed at a distance from the sea, one will first see the smoke, and later the funnel before the entire ship. This shows that the sea surface is curved. If the earth was flat, the whole ship could be seen at once. Eclipse of the Moonwhen the earth comes between the sun and the moon, the earth's shadow that falls on the moon is a dark circle. If the earth was flat, its shadow would be circular. Travelling round the WorldWhen somebody travels from a particular point A to the same direction, the person will come back to the same point. If the earth was flat, this could not be possible.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8917095215832944, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2232, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.4130967}
{"text": "If the earth was flat, its shadow would be circular. Travelling round the WorldWhen somebody travels from a particular point A to the same direction, the person will come back to the same point. If the earth was flat, this could not be possible. Aerial PhotographPhotographs taken from rockets, show that the earth is spherical in shape. Proves from other Heavenly BodiesOther heavenly bodies like the sun, the stars, and the planets are spherical in shape. These show that the earth is also spherical. Origin of the earthTheories explaining the origin of the EarthThe Passing star theoryA star with a greater gravitational pull than the sun passed by the sun. It drew off a stream of gaseous material from the sun. The material split, cooled and condenses to form planets set in orbit around the sun. Some smaller materials formed the moon and other heavenly bodies. Nebula cloud theoryThe nebular theory is an explanation for the formation of solar systems. The word nebula is Latin for cloud, and according to the explanation, stars are born from clouds of interstellar gas and dust. The transition from an undifferentiated cloud to a star system complete with planets and moons takes about 100 million years. All planets revolve around the sun in the same direction. This would be possible if they all formed from a cloud of debris around a star proto sun The model of the sun is mainly made of hydrogen. The composition of sun can be measured using helioseismology which agrees with the theory that star is formed as a giant ball of hydrogen generating heat by nuclear fusion in the core. Effects of Rotation and Revolution of the earth in the solar systemROTATION OF THE EARTHRotation of the earth is the spinning of the earth on its axis from W to E. The earth moves in a clockwise direction once every 24hs. That is it takes one full day for the earth to turn from the International Date Line and back to it. The earth rotates once through 360 in 24 hours, 180 in 12 hours, 15 in 1hour and 1 in 4 minutes. Effects of the Earth s RotationRotation of the earth causesDay and nightDeflection of winds and ocean currentsThe rising and falling of tidesDifference in timeDay and NightAs the earth rotates from W to E, places in the east experiences daylight before places in the west.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9040292658523368, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2312, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.4303706}
{"text": "That is it takes one full day for the earth to turn from the International Date Line and back to it. The earth rotates once through 360 in 24 hours, 180 in 12 hours, 15 in 1hour and 1 in 4 minutes. Effects of the Earth s RotationRotation of the earth causesDay and nightDeflection of winds and ocean currentsThe rising and falling of tidesDifference in timeDay and NightAs the earth rotates from W to E, places in the east experiences daylight before places in the west. This is because places in the east are under sunlight, while places in the west are away from the sun when rotation starts. Deflection of Wind and Ocean TidesRotation of the earth causes winds and ocean currents to be deflected. They are deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The Rising and Falling of TidesTide is the rising and falling of sea level during the day. It is caused by the earth s rotation. During rotation, the sun and the moon attract some parts of the earth due to gravitational force. Where the force of gravity is much, the ocean bulges along the coast causing high tides. Where the force of gravity is less low tides are produced. Differences in TimeThe earth takes 24 hours to complete a rotation of 360 , and 1 hour to turn 15 . Longitudes which are 15 apart will therefore take 1 hour difference in time. The time in the east is always ahead of the time in the west. This is because, places in the east experience sunlight before those in the west. Example; during the 2014 world cup competition in Brazil football matches were been played there during the day, but they were watched at the same time, on Cameroon television in the evening. REVOLUTION OF THE EARTHThe effects of revolution include are;Varying lengths of day and night. Changing attitude of the midday sun. Changes in season. Varying Lengths of Day and NightDue to the inclination of the earth s axis, there are changes in the length of days and nights time during the year. On the 21st of June the sun is directly on the tropic of cancer in the North Pole at midday. During this period, the length of day light increases as latitude increases.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8925798451529579, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2178, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.447247}
{"text": "Varying Lengths of Day and NightDue to the inclination of the earth s axis, there are changes in the length of days and nights time during the year. On the 21st of June the sun is directly on the tropic of cancer in the North Pole at midday. During this period, the length of day light increases as latitude increases. In the south, length of day decreases because the sun does no rise there. This period is called summer solstice. On March 21st and September 23rd at noon, the sun is directly on the equator. During this time, the earth has equal hours of daylight and equal hours of darkness. This period is called Equinox equal days and nights. On the 22nd of December, the sun is directly on the tropic of Capricorn. This is called winter solstice. During this period, the length of day light in the southern hemisphere increases as latitude increases. In the Northern hemisphere there is darkness. Changing Altitude of the Midday SunAs a result of the earth s inclination, there are changes in the altitude of the midday sun on the 21st of June at midday; the sun is directly on the tropic of cancer in the North Pole. On the 23rd of September, the sun is on the equator at midday. On the 22nd of December, the sun is on the tropic of Capricorn at midday. Changes in SeasonChanges in the length of day and night time and the altitude of the midday sun cause a rise and fall in temperature during the year. The period of the year, when temperature rises is called summer while the period when temperature falls is called winter. In summer, temperature increases the weather is bright and days are longer than nights. From the 23rd of June to the 23rd of September, it is summer in the Northern hemisphere. In Cameroon, it is the warm rainy season. The north is directly under the sun. In winter, from the 22nd December to 21st March temperature falls and places are colder. During this time, nights are longer than days and less heat are received. In Cameroon, it is the cold dry season. From the 23rd of September to the 23rd of December, it is autumn in the Northern hemisphere. Spring season begins from the 21st of March to 21st June in the Southern hemisphere. During this period, nights and days are equal.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8936048159821235, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2221, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.529075}
{"text": "From the 23rd of September to the 23rd of December, it is autumn in the Northern hemisphere. Spring season begins from the 21st of March to 21st June in the Southern hemisphere. During this period, nights and days are equal. DAWN AND TWILIGHTDawn is a brief period between sunrise and full day. Twilight is the period between sunset and complete darkness. Internal structure of the earth in the solar systemThe earth s structure is made up of several layers. These layers consist of;The earth s crust or lithosphere, The mantle or the mesosphere and The core or the bryosphere. THE MAIN LAYERS OF THE EARTHThe Earth s Crust Lithosphere This is the outermost layer of the earth made up of solid hard rocks. Its thickness varies from 6km to 40km. It is divided into two layers. These layers are;Sial Continental crust Sima Oceanic crust SialA sial is the continental crust that moves up the continents. It is made up of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks with minerals such as silica and aluminum. It is lighter with an average density of 1.7. SimaThis is the oceanic crust that makes up the ocean floor. It is heavier with an average density of 3.0. It has mainly basaltic rocks with minerals such as silica and magnesium. The lighter continental crust seems to be floating on the denser oceanic crust. The Mantle Mesosphere The mantle is also called the mesosphere. It is much thicker and is about 2900km thick. It contains very dense rocks rich in magnesium and iron Fe . The rocks are in a molten state and a temperature of about 5000 C. This is the layer where magma is formed. The Core Bryosphere The core is the center of the earth and the hottest zone. It is about 6700km thick. This layer is below the mantle. It is also rich in iron and Nickel Ni . The core is subdivided in two parts. The outer core,The inner core. The outer core is in the molten state and the inner core is in the solid state and consist mainly iron Fe . These layers are separated from each other by boundaries called discontinuities.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8925297023378616, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2042, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.4747932}
{"text": "The outer core,The inner core. The outer core is in the molten state and the inner core is in the solid state and consist mainly iron Fe . These layers are separated from each other by boundaries called discontinuities. WeatherElements of weatherThey include:TemperatureAir Atmospheric PressureWind Speed Direction HumidityPrecipitationVisibilityClouds Type Cover Sunshine DurationFactors considered when siting a weather stationThe area should be away from building trees tall objectsThe ground should be free from floodingThe area should have a wide view open spaceThe area should be secureThe ground should be gently slopingWeather and climate are very important to man and his environment, the most important benefit of weather and climate is that they bring rain, snow and other forms of precipitation. This precipitation or rain is what sustains all living things on the earth surface humans, plant, animal, and other microorganisms . Without a constant supply of water on the earth, it would be difficult to predict what sorts of crops could be cultivated in a given region. If a change in climate were to alter the weather so that it produced too little or too much water, it will still have a major impact on agriculture and livestock. Weather and climate affect the distributions of plants and animals across various biomes of the world. For instance, the tundra biome the Antarctica tundra is characterized by a cold and dry climate, it supports very little species of plants and animals, while the marine biome is colder at the pole, but warmer at the equator- it supports various species of plants and animals. However, both biomes are constantly sharpened by the changes in atmospheric conditions. The natural ecosystem is constantly influenced by the activities of weather and climate, hence, places with extreme dry climate desert environments are the best locations for mining of minerals and metals that are used for many production industries such as electronics. On the other hand, the rain forest environment, which receives much rainfall, is a home to various plant species in which some are known for their pharmaceutical benefits. The study of weather and climate is obviously important to man as it helps one to determine future climatic changes in some specific parts of the world. Weather and climate are very important aspects of mans natural environment; they create awareness as to what might happen on daily or yearly basis.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9219943707277846, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2487, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.4942505}
{"text": "On the other hand, the rain forest environment, which receives much rainfall, is a home to various plant species in which some are known for their pharmaceutical benefits. The study of weather and climate is obviously important to man as it helps one to determine future climatic changes in some specific parts of the world. Weather and climate are very important aspects of mans natural environment; they create awareness as to what might happen on daily or yearly basis. Such awareness helps us to prepare ahead of the upcoming disasters that may occur in the future and also to find possible ways to adapt to such situations. Such phenomena are, for example hail, heavy rainfall, sleet, ice, etc. Weather forecast are also important as they warn us about the dangers of some natural occurrences or disaster that may occur in our natural environment in the future, such disasters include fire risk, hurricane, snows, hail, thunderstorm, tornadoes, etc. Weather and climate directly or indirectly affect many of our activities; the weather specifically helps us to decide on the type of crops to cultivate, the cloth to wear, and the kind of food to eat, lastly, it determines where and the nature of houses we live in. Constructing weather instrumentsLearners to construct the following instruments in reference to their learner s book: Materials should be sourced locally. Rain gaugeWind vaneWindsock HISTORICAL INFORMATIONSources of Historical InformationHistorical sources of information are classified into three categories:Written they include:BooksArchivesJournalsNovelsPaintingsMagazinesDiariesConstitutionsPeriodicalsUnwritten- they IncludeOral tradition- this is the passing of information from one generation to the other by word of mouth. Archaeology is the study of human remains and artefacts. Anthropology- it is the study of man s past culture, beliefs and economic activitiesLinguistic is the language and its variations across many cultures as well as similarities. Genetics - Genetics is the study of heredity in general and of genes in particular. Paleontology - scientific study of life of the geologic past that involves the analysis of plant and animal fossils, including those of microscopic size, preserved in rocks.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9235657546337158, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2266, "token_count": 454}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.5198772}
{"text": "Anthropology- it is the study of man s past culture, beliefs and economic activitiesLinguistic is the language and its variations across many cultures as well as similarities. Genetics - Genetics is the study of heredity in general and of genes in particular. Paleontology - scientific study of life of the geologic past that involves the analysis of plant and animal fossils, including those of microscopic size, preserved in rocks. Electronic SourcesMicrofilmsFilmsVideosRadioTelevisionComputer databasesDifference between Primary and Secondary sources of Historical informationA primary source is an original document containing a firsthand account of the event being studied, created at or about the time the event occurred. For example:LettersJournals DiariesMapsGovernment Documents StatisticsPhotographs or FilmAutobiographiesNews AccountsA secondary source is a secondhand account, or a history of the event that was created at some point after the event occurred, or a source created by parties who were not personally involved in the event. For example:TextbooksRetrospective magazine articlesScholarly journal articlesResearch books on topicWebsitesWays of preserving sources of Historical informationPreservation involves maintaining an object or information in a format that ensures the continued use and accessibility of the information provided. It includes developing criteria for selecting materials that have cultural or historical importance and assessing their preservation needs; halting the deterioration of materials by providing a stable environment and proper supplies and equipment for storage; developing and implementing policies for the safe use of materials; and providing the resources necessary to engage in an on-going preservation program committed to the continued existence of valued materials. Preservation also includes preparing for potential disasters such as floods, fires, tornadoes, and earthquakes. Ways include:The use of paper that is acid-free serves as a long-term solution for preserving information. In addition to environmental controls, papers containing valuable information should not be subjected to direct sunlight, ultraviolet rays, or fluorescent light, all of which can weaken paper and fade writing. Also, paper should not be handled while eating or drinking, as food and drink near books can attract insects and rodents that may damage the paper. As with all types of media that contain valuable information, paper should not be stored in attics, basements, or places where mold and mildew may develop or already be present. Books should be stored on metal shelves or sealed wooden shelves and should be shelved upright.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9302067946824224, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2708, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.5897198}
{"text": "Also, paper should not be handled while eating or drinking, as food and drink near books can attract insects and rodents that may damage the paper. As with all types of media that contain valuable information, paper should not be stored in attics, basements, or places where mold and mildew may develop or already be present. Books should be stored on metal shelves or sealed wooden shelves and should be shelved upright. Photos should be stored in an environment that does not have high temperature and high humidity or excessive fluctuations in temperature and humidity. Do not scratch of damage surfaces of computer disks. Spread Awareness: The most important way to preserve sources of history is to spread awareness about the historic importance of the architecture and scriptures etc. By this method people may be able to volunteer in the preservation. Conduct Research: Research of historical resources would not only help discover new sources but also preserve older ones. Establish Museums: Museums can preserve and portray the historical resources. Conduct Workshops: Workshops can be held among people on how to conduct research and lead preservation projects. Influence Government: Government can fund preservation projects. Influencing them is very important. Establish Preservation Department: A government of the country must establish a governmental depart that takes care of the preservation of historical sources. It must fund projects and lead them too. Donate in the Field: People who give importance to history and know its significance must donate for the preservation projects etc. Initiate Event: Events related to preservation must be conducted in order to motivate people to work for the preservation. Encourage Students: Students of history and architecture should visit these sites in order to increase their interest in preservation of the sites etc. Importance of sources of Historical InformationThey include:They help in future research on different culturesThey can help in predicting the futureThey help us understand our pastThey help in understanding the dynamics in society i.e. politicsThe help in understand how communities, races interact. PEOPLE AND POPULATIONHuman OriginTraditional stories of human originOrigins of Human BeingsA number of theories have been put forward to explain the origin of human beingsThe creation theory. The mythical traditional theoryAmong African communities, there are myths about their origin all of them pointing to the fact that the first man was created by God. Some examples include;Among the Agikuyu, their God Ngai created the first man, Gikuyu. He the provided him with a wife, Mumbi.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9266890630832401, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2679, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.5606782}
{"text": "The mythical traditional theoryAmong African communities, there are myths about their origin all of them pointing to the fact that the first man was created by God. Some examples include;Among the Agikuyu, their God Ngai created the first man, Gikuyu. He the provided him with a wife, Mumbi. He gave him land at Mugurwe wa Gathanga. One of the myths among the Nandi state that the first two people, male and female came from the knees of a giant man, when the knees began swelling and later burs for the two to come out from each of the either knees. Religious stories about the origin of Human KindThe Creation theoryThe Jews, Christians and Muslims recognize the creation story as narrated in the first book of Bible and in Qur an. It says that the whole universe was created by God. That God also created man, woman and all living things and all non-living creatures. Man was created in God s own image and woman created to provide man with companionship. Factors proving that africa is the cradle of mankindSeveral archeological sites have been found in AfricaPresence of savannah grassland where man could hunt and gather foodWarm tropical climate, ideal for early man's existenceAfrica is centrally located geographically, making it possible for early man to migrate to other regions as the continents were driftingSeveral tools and weapons remains have been discovered in the continent. Ways of recording traditional stories about the origin of human kind in the societyThrough memoryThrough computersWritten in booksThrough videosThrough songsThrough drawingsEarly CivilizationState, Kingdom and empireEmpireKingdomAn empire is a sovereign state consisting of several countries or peoples subject towards the authority of a single person often an emperor or empress. A kingdom consists of land from the same region or area head under the nominal rule of king or queen. An empire is always ruled by a singular authority, in this case, being the emperor empressA kingdom can have more than one ruler at a time. In the event it has two kings it is known as a diarchy and a kingdom ruled by many kings is known as an oligarchyAn empire grows larger by expanding and absorbing individual states and nations. For better administration, a representative of the emperor, who acts as the governor of the region will carry out day-to-day administrative functions.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9220964360587003, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2385, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.59835}
{"text": "An empire is always ruled by a singular authority, in this case, being the emperor empressA kingdom can have more than one ruler at a time. In the event it has two kings it is known as a diarchy and a kingdom ruled by many kings is known as an oligarchyAn empire grows larger by expanding and absorbing individual states and nations. For better administration, a representative of the emperor, who acts as the governor of the region will carry out day-to-day administrative functions. A kingdom will transition into an empire when it absorbs other city-states through conquest until it grows more than its original size. Usually, an emperor or empress is the absolute authority who makes critical decisions regarding the empire, but in certain setups, the voice of powerful aristocrats are also heeded. A king or queen is the absolute authority, but in the case of a constitutional monarchy, its authority may be limited by a parliament or any other ruling body of ministers. State: a political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. Ancient kingdoms includeEgyptGreat ZimbabweKingdom of KongoAncient EgyptAncient Egypt can be thought of as an oasis in the desert of northeastern Africa, dependent on the annual inundation of the Nile River to support its agricultural population. The country s chief wealth came from the fertile floodplain of the Nile valley, where the river flows between bands of limestone hills, and the Nile delta, in which it fans into several branches north of present-day Cairo. Between the floodplain and the hills is a variable band of low desert that supported a certain amount of game. The Nile was Egypt s sole transportation artery. Ancient Egypt has come to be regarded as man's first civilization. This history of ancient Egypt began some 10. 000B.C. when North Africa experienced a drier climate which corresponded with the end of the last Ice Age in the world. In about 7000B.C some hunters entered the valley of the River Nile in search of animals for food and also fish for food. Later, these hunters settled in large numbers and started an agricultural revolution. As towns grew, the people became more organized. The leaders of the first Egyptian settlements were said to have religious powers with which they could control the floods of the River Nile and also rainfall. Because of this, the priests were influential people in Ancient Egypt and with their help, the first Egyptian kingdom was established in about 3500B. C.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9150462962962964, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2528, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.6233087}
{"text": "The leaders of the first Egyptian settlements were said to have religious powers with which they could control the floods of the River Nile and also rainfall. Because of this, the priests were influential people in Ancient Egypt and with their help, the first Egyptian kingdom was established in about 3500B. C. From that date till 332B. C. thirty 30 dynasties reigned and ruled in Ancient Egypt. The manifestation of Ancient Egyptian civilization under these rulers pharaohs of the various dynasties is the main subject of this chapter, But before delving into the various aspects of organization in Ancient Egypt, it is necessary to know the factors that favoured the rise and growth of Ancient Egypt and its civilization. Factors that led to the Rise of Ancient EgyptThe existence of River Nile- these served to help in the following functions:It served to protect against predators and attack from other kingdomsIt provided a mean of transport for the peopleIt provided water for agriculture. Basin irrigation was majorly used to water farms. It had also fish which used as food as well sold for economic gainthe Nile helped to unite people on the east and west banks, making trade and exchanges between the villages, towns and cities possible. The Nile River had a religious significance and even had a god of its own, called Osiris. Egypt's geographical position at the center of the Middle East has always given it an edge. It was considered a channel of knowledgebetween Europe and africa as well Mesopotamia. In technology, medicine, and mathematics, ancient Egypt achieved a relatively high standard of productivity and sophistication. They were the first to introduce mummification, medicine, agriculture, fermentation, engineering and architecture. The ancient Egyptians were pioneers in astronomy: their expertise played an important role in determining the annual flooding of the Nile, and aligning the pyramids towards the pole star. Good leaders: Ancient Egypt was also fortunate to have very able and wise leaders, especially during the years of the first dynasties. The influence of other civilizations: Following the creation of the state of Ancient Egypt, contacts were made with othercivilizations as time passed. Some of these contacts helped to greatly enrich the civilization of Egypt. For example, theAncient Egyptians learned to fight war on horseback from the Hyksos, people from Asia who conquered Egypt in 1730B. c. Ancient Egypt also learned much from the Sumerians, The Hebrews and Babylonians from Asia.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9175833025256563, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2547, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.6478384}
{"text": "For example, theAncient Egyptians learned to fight war on horseback from the Hyksos, people from Asia who conquered Egypt in 1730B. c. Ancient Egypt also learned much from the Sumerians, The Hebrews and Babylonians from Asia. They also borrowed from the Greek and Roman civilizations from Europe. These peoples also borrowed much from Ancient Egypt's civilization. Religion: The worship of gods like those of the Nile, the sun and many others helped to bring the people of Ancient Egypttogether. This unity was very helpful to the construction of Egypt's rich civilization. Existence of fertile lands that led to rise of productivityExistence of a bigger population that provided labour to the farms as well as market for goods. The existence of good transport network that ensure delivery of crop produce. The knowledge of weather and climatic conditions also ensured their success in agriculture. Introduction and adoption of iron technology in Africa by 1000AD, which enabled the Egyptians to make and use iron tools like ploughs, which made farming more efficient. Availability of food crops that had already become indigenous to Egypt, e.g. wheat and barley. Availability of many tamable animals in Egypt e.g. goats and sheepGreat ZimbabweGreat Zimbabwe is the name for the stone remains of a medieval city in southeastern Africa. It is composed of three parts, including the Great Enclosure shown here . It is believed to have been a royal residence or a symbolic grain storage facility. Great Zimbabwe is the name of the stone ruins of an ancient city near modern day Masvingo, Zimbabwe. People lived in Great Zimbabwe beginning around 1100 C.E. but abandoned it in the 15th century. The city was the capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, which was a Shona Bantu trading empire. Zimbabwe means stone houses in Shona. Great Zimbabwe was part of a large and wealthy global trading networkFactors leading to the rise of the Great Zimbabwe EmpireThe decline of Mapungubwe from around 1300, due to climatic change. This was a neighboring kingdom. The greater availability of gold in the hinterland of Great Zimbabwe. Due to its marketability, it attracted many traders. The existence of trading activities e.g. Cattle, gold, copper coins with as far as China. The existence of good leadership also contributed to its faster rise.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9110921013863347, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2347, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.730788}
{"text": "The existence of trading activities e.g. Cattle, gold, copper coins with as far as China. The existence of good leadership also contributed to its faster rise. Kingdom KongoKongo, former kingdom in west-central Africa, located south of the Congo River present-day Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo . According to traditional accounts, the kingdom was founded by Lukeni lua Nimi about 1390. Originally, it was probably a loose federation of small polities, but, as the kingdom expanded, conquered territories were integrated as a royal patrimony. Soyo and Mbata were the two most powerful provinces of the original federation; other provinces included Nsundi, Mpangu, Mbamba, and Mpemba. The capital of the kingdom was Mbanza Kongo. The capital and its surrounding area were densely settled more so than other towns in and near the kingdom. This allowed the manikongo king of Kongo to keep close at hand the manpower and supplies necessary to wield impressive power and centralize the state. Factors leading to the rise of Kingdom of KongoIt is generally acknowledged that alliances and military conquest contributed to the rise of the Kingdom of Kongo. Alliances between tribes were solidified through intermarriage, mutual agreements, and cooperation under one centralized monarch or \"nkani\". The kingdom of Kongo prospered in trade - this was in Ivory, copper, salt, cattle hides and slaves. Existence of a working population - the kingdom produced its own goods via specialised groups of craftworkers such as weavers who produced the famous raffia fabrics of Kongo , potters, and metalworkers. The existence of shell currency- the spiral nzimbu shells which originally came from Luanda, an offshore island located some 240 km away. Initially used as a means of storing wealth and as a standardmeasure of the value of other goods, the shells came to be used like coins to pay for goods and labour. The existence of a highly centralized rule by a single monarch or nkani who appointed regional governors throughout his territory. These governors, in turn, appointed local officials and collected tribute such as ivory, millet, palm wine, and leopard and lion skins from local chiefs, which were passed on to the king at Mbanza Kongo. Tributes were paid at lavish annual ceremonies which involved much feasting and beer-drinking.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9162340136054423, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2352, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.6618328}
{"text": "The existence of a highly centralized rule by a single monarch or nkani who appointed regional governors throughout his territory. These governors, in turn, appointed local officials and collected tribute such as ivory, millet, palm wine, and leopard and lion skins from local chiefs, which were passed on to the king at Mbanza Kongo. Tributes were paid at lavish annual ceremonies which involved much feasting and beer-drinking. In return for their offerings, chiefs and officials received the king's favour, military protection, and some material rewards such as food delicacies and clothing. The existence of Congo river- this provided a means of transport as well as water for agriculture among other things. The existence of rich mineral minerals like copper which were extracted and exported by traders who came from middle east. Contributions of Early Civilization to the modern world. The early civilization contributed to the modern world in the following ways. Expansion and modernization of modern agriculture- this involved use of irrigation methods and mechanization. Modification of seeds was also a result of early civilization. E.g. Basin Irrigation in Egypt. In the field of medicine- it contributed to various inventions likemummification preservation of the dead , treatment of fractured bones as well as development of vaccines. E.g. In EgyptExpansion of knowledge- this was done through dissemination of information in books, patches, scrolls as well as establishment of learning institutions. Like early education institutions were found in Egypt. Fermentation in modern day dates back to early civilization in Egypt. Use of currency in trade in modern day to day dates back to early civilization e.g. the use of shell currency in Kingdom Kongo. In the field of Engineering early civilization enabled construction of buildings by use of Angles E.g. Construction of Pyramids in Egypt. In architecture this involved aligning the pyramids towards the pole star and also know the level of flooding during flooding seasons of the Nile. Inventions in the transport system was as a results of early civilization. E.g. two wheeled, four wheeled hard carts. In politics- early civilization contributed a lot in establishment of various states and countries as well other modern Kingdoms. This was further enhanced by constitutions or by-laws that guided the early civilization governments. Social Organization of selected African Communities up to the 1900Social organization revolves around way of life for the following selected African communities.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9235748110284165, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2572, "token_count": 482}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.7106774}
{"text": "In politics- early civilization contributed a lot in establishment of various states and countries as well other modern Kingdoms. This was further enhanced by constitutions or by-laws that guided the early civilization governments. Social Organization of selected African Communities up to the 1900Social organization revolves around way of life for the following selected African communities. The Ogiek - The Okiek Ogiek , sometimes called the Ogiek or Akiek although the term Akiek sometimes refers to a distinct subgroup , are a Southern Nilotic ethnic group native to Tanzania and Southern Kenya in the Mau Forest , and Western Kenya in the Mount Elgon Forest a hunter-gatherer society, living in western KenyaThe Zulu - are a Nguni ethnic group native to Southern Africa. The Zulu people are the largest ethnic group and nation in South Africa, with an estimated 10 12 million people, living mainly in the province of KwaZulu- Natal. They originated from Nguni communities who took part in the Bantu migrations over millennia. As the clans integrated together, the rulership of Shaka brought success to the Zulu nation due to his improved military tactics and organization. Zulus take pride in their ceremonies such as the Umhlanga, or Reed Dance, and their various forms of beadwork. The art and skill of beadwork takes part in the identification of Zulu people and acts as a form of communication and dedication to the tribe and specific traditions. The men and women both serve different purposes in society in order to function as a whole. Today the Zulu people predominantly believe inChristianity, but have created a syncretic religion that is combined with the Zulu's prior belief systems. 3 Ahsante - The Asante were one of the Akan-speaking peoples who settled in the forest region of modern Ghana between the 11th and 13th centuries. The separate Asante chiefdoms were united by Osei Tutu in the 1670s and in 1696 he took the title of Asantehene king and founded the Asante empire. In Asante, the family line is matrilineal - inheritance passes from the mother to her children. The Golden Stool is also passed down matrilineally, to one of the king's maternal nephews.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9085886299175011, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2194, "token_count": 480}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.7290244}
{"text": "During Shaka s reign, however, circumcision was abolished. Marriage was restricted until one served in the army for a period of 40 years. At this age, the military men could be retired at the same time with the females of an appropriate age for marriage. The Zulu were divided in social classes called clans, traditionally the royal clan provided kings and chiefs while warrior come from the class of commonersThe Zulu worshiped their gods and the most important was the god of the war. The king controlled all social affairs and was the biggest social figure. Polygamy was common among the ZuluSocial Organization of the Asante up to the 1900The Kingdom was composed of many communities who spoke the Akan language. The Asante were organized in clansMarriage between members of the same clan was prohibitedInheritance of property was matrimonial. The community was bound together by the Golden stoolThere was an annual cultural festival odwira held at kumasi to honour the ancestors. The society was divided into social classes stratificationThe kings were regarded as semi-divine religious tradersThe Asante were polytheists worshipped many gods and goddessesThe ancestors mediated between god and the peopleThe Asante had a supreme God called NyameSimilarities in the social organization of the Ogiek, Zulu and AhsanteAll were organized into clansAll had a belief in a supernatural being in different ways. They all believed in the existence of ancestral spiritsThey all had ceremonies at different times of the year. All practiced Marriage. Differences in the social Organization of the Ogiek, Zulu and AhsanteHuman Diversity and inclusionDiversity recognizes that, though people have things in common with each other, they are also different many ways. Inclusion is where those differences are seen as a benefit, and where perspectives and differences are shared, leading to better decisions. Personality differences that differentiate peopleWhile personality shows what you are outside or what you are to the world, character reveals what you are inside. As these are directly related to a person s attitude and behaviour, most people get confused between these two easily. Personality refers to the combination of qualities, attitude and behaviour, that makes a person distinct from others.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9235949867464651, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2316, "token_count": 471}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.7456374}
{"text": "Personality differences that differentiate peopleWhile personality shows what you are outside or what you are to the world, character reveals what you are inside. As these are directly related to a person s attitude and behaviour, most people get confused between these two easily. Personality refers to the combination of qualities, attitude and behaviour, that makes a person distinct from others. Personality implies Who we seem to bePersonality is a set of personal qualitiesThe personality is the mask or the identity of a personPersonality is subjectivePersonality is the outer appearance and behaviour of a person. The personality of an individual may change with time. Personality, does not need validation and support of the societythe Personality attributes that differentiates us include:AuthenticityAuthenticity relates to how genuine you are. You may show this by providing honest answers and being true to yourself in your interview. When you're working, you may demonstrate authenticity by showing howyou truly feel each day. It's also important to act and treat others professionally. ConfidenceConfidence in your abilities, education and qualifications may distinguish you from other candidates. They may help you better explain how an organization could benefit from hiring you. Aim to present yourself confidently in your interview without seeming like you're bragging. CuriosityCuriosity is a beneficial attribute in the workplace because it encourages you to continue to acquire new skills and knowledge. This may help you learn more about new industries or clients, or motivate you to try new things. DiligenceDiligence encompasses various soft skills, such as attention to detail and organization. It fosters a commitment to success and ensures everything in a project is accurate. One way to demonstrate diligence is to follow all directions specifically, showing your comprehension skills and ability to do what's asked of you. EmpathyEmpathy refers to the ability to relate to others and understand their emotions. It's a crucial attribute to help employees understand each other and work well as a team. GenerosityGenerosity involves helping others, especially when you may not benefit from the situation. This may help your co-workers appreciate you more and create a more positive and supportive work environment. While you may show generosity by offering to help a co-worker with their tasks, it may also be as simple as complimenting someone on their achievements or providing them with constructive feedback to improve their future performance. HonestyHonesty is essential for creating trust among co-workers.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9282379518072289, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2656, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.7911322}
{"text": "This may help your co-workers appreciate you more and create a more positive and supportive work environment. While you may show generosity by offering to help a co-worker with their tasks, it may also be as simple as complimenting someone on their achievements or providing them with constructive feedback to improve their future performance. HonestyHonesty is essential for creating trust among co-workers. It helps show that you can be trusted with your responsibilities. IntegrityIntegrity relates to how well you represent and follow your morals. This involves acting as a good role model for others, speaking truthfully and behaving honourably. KindnessKindness refers to your compassion and forgiveness of others. PerseverancePerseverance shows your ability to remain motivated to succeed in any circumstances. PositivityPositivity may help you remain committed to your work and create a pleasant work environment. SociabilitySociability is important because it helps ensure conducive environment for everyone. Some roles may require more social skills than others. Engaging others in conversation and encouraging them to talk may help show your sociability. TransparencyTransparency, like honesty, relates to being open about your experience and qualifications. Desirable and undesirable personality attributes in a multi-cultural Societymulticulturalism: A characteristic of a society that has many different ethnic or national cultures mingling freely. Desirable characteristics: These are characteristics such as being hardworking, or displaying honesty and integrity. Undesirable characteristics: These are ones such as lying and stubbornness. Desirable characteristics are known as qualities and undesirable characteristics are known as personality defects. Characteristics have been grossly grouped in these two categories. Qualities bring about general well-being and have an overall positive effect on the person and one s interactions. Defects on the other hand bring mental anguish both to the person having them and the people he interacts with. Undesirable personality attributesManipulative and deceptive practicesFind yourself unable of asking for what you want and need, instead bending others to your will in order to get what you want and need? Why you believe you are doing the correct thing is understandable. Even if you want something badly enough, it may be difficult to simply come out and say so. One who is preoccupied with himself herselfYou re out with your friends, and you re the kind of person that spends the whole time talking about yourself. Quick to JudgeWhen you have a negative opinion of someone, it is one thing.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9299138899288657, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2671, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.856337}
{"text": "Even if you want something badly enough, it may be difficult to simply come out and say so. One who is preoccupied with himself herselfYou re out with your friends, and you re the kind of person that spends the whole time talking about yourself. Quick to JudgeWhen you have a negative opinion of someone, it is one thing. When youreally tell them, that s another story. No one wants to be in the company of someone who is always criticizing them for their appearance, their diet, or their words. Negative and gloomy. What if you re one of those people who sees the glass as half-empty? In our world, there are many different types of people that believe in different things. Being one of these people is completely OK. This becomes an issue when you cause everyone else in your immediate vicinity to fall along with you. The PerfectionistsWhat exactly is wrong with being a perfectionist? This is a question that only a perfectionist would ask. Despite the fact that there is nothing wrong with wanting things to go smoothly, when your life gets too concerned with the little details, it becomes a major issue. Not just for yourself, but also for others in your immediate vicinity. The pursuit of perfection is then mirrored in the eyes of your friends and others in your immediate vicinity. And no one will ever be able to live up to such expectations. At the end of the day, they are forgotten. Different components of Human identify in a multi-cultural societyOthers include:Race ethnicityClassAgeWays of applying inclusion in day to day interactionsMindful communication: listen more, talk carefullyCommunication is the first aspect to work on. Often, if used inappropriately, our words can express wrong intentions or create misunderstandings. Here are some examples:When addressing a group, avoid using gender-specific words such as ladies , dudes , men , guys . Especially in the presence of gender non-conforming or mixed gender individuals, appellations may turn out to be misplaced, cause miss gendering, and cut off group members. Avoid assertive language and words: Introduce your contribution with In my opinion or According to my experience or Based on what I ve read and learned . Leave space for questions and replies, make sure you do not lecture when you get involved in a conversation.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9146666666666667, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2325, "token_count": 488}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.816594}
{"text": "Especially in the presence of gender non-conforming or mixed gender individuals, appellations may turn out to be misplaced, cause miss gendering, and cut off group members. Avoid assertive language and words: Introduce your contribution with In my opinion or According to my experience or Based on what I ve read and learned . Leave space for questions and replies, make sure you do not lecture when you get involved in a conversation. Challenge stereotypesUnconscious biases, prejudices, lack of information, influence of the media, and teachings coming from our cultural and social beliefs may all impact the way that we interact with others. For example, we are often informed by the beliefs and value systems we are exposed to, includingthrough our family and friends and the things we learned at school. These deeply ingrained belief and value systems can also lead to actions and reactions that can sometimes be exclusive and unfair. Avoid assumptionsOne of the most common mistakes in everyday interactions is to make assumptions. Assumptions are a difficult starting point because they take for granted that our audience shares the same requirements and experiences as we do. Although assumptions are often developed unconsciously, it is important to recognize the moment when we apply them in our interactions with others. For example, it is important to avoid assumptions about the gender of the person or groups we are speaking with and always try to use gender inclusive language. If you meet a disabled person, do not assume what they are able or not able to do something. Be aware of your privilegesTalking about privileges can be difficult and often very uncomfortable. However, being aware of our own privileges is a crucial first step to adapting a more inclusive attitude. A privilege can be defined as a right, license, or exemption from duty or liability granted as a special benefit, advantage, or favor Privileges are social, political, and cultural constructions that are translated into hierarchical relationships in our everyday and professional lives. Part of a broader system, these constructions are solidified through structural and institutional dynamics, and they serve to reinforce fabricated societal divisions based on perceived or constructed divisions and or pretenses. Peace and Conflict resolutionPeace is a concept of societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence. In a social sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict such as war and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups. Conflict is simply differing ideas or actions, often related to the selfish pursuit of needs known and unknown that end in a state of unrest.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9237746891002195, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2734, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.8072326}
{"text": "Peace and Conflict resolutionPeace is a concept of societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence. In a social sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict such as war and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups. Conflict is simply differing ideas or actions, often related to the selfish pursuit of needs known and unknown that end in a state of unrest. It is a necessary and permanent part of life. The important thing to remember is that conflict is natural. It can be a slight conflict that causes no harm or an egregious conflict that results in irreparable damage. Contribution of personal peace to a responsible citizenPersonal Peace is often referred to as intrapersonal peace or inner peace. It means peace with oneself. When you have personal peace, it means you accept yourself the way you are, no matter how you look outside, or what you think about yourself: spirit, soul, and body. This also comes as a result of a deep and better personal understanding. Its helps in avoiding conflicts between individuals It helps improve work place and home relationships It helps in understanding others betterIts helps us to assist others without much strainIts helps us develop desirable personality attributes that can help us achieve much. It helps be accommodative of others despite our varied opinion and actionsPersonal characteristics that express a state of peaceAll suffering is a result of imbalance physically, mentally or spiritually. Being charitableBeing self-disciplineStraightforwardCompassion for all creaturesAbsence of greedRadiance of characterForgivenessPatienceFreedom from hateApproaches that can promote one s inner peaceControlling your stressTaking a mental health day, morning or momentReading spiritual literatureChanging our perspective - Much turmoil and anguish come from sticking to your own personal perspective. You may get bent out of shape when the other person cannot see things the way you do. You can expend a lot of time and energy trying to get someone to see your point of view, and leave yourself exhausted and frustrated. Practice Non-JudgmentFocus on serving - People prone to worry have the what if syndrome. You let worry and anxiety overtake your every thought. What if I don t make enough money? What if I lose my job? What if the person I love doesn t love me back? With each thought, your mind spirals into chaos. When you place your focus on helping and serving, somehow the anxiety goes away.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.922165152113789, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2531, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.8883636}
{"text": "What if the person I love doesn t love me back? With each thought, your mind spirals into chaos. When you place your focus on helping and serving, somehow the anxiety goes away. As you become more relaxed, you ll notice that many of the things you were worried about disappear. Every time you start the what ifs, replace them with the phrases, How can I help? And How can I serve? Importance of enhancing PeacePeace makes sure that you do not go on the medicines to run your life. Peace helps you keep mentally and physically fit. Peace ensures that you are aware of yourself. Peace helps you take better decisions. Peace gives you strength and you stay calm when things go unexpectedly. Peace gives you the freedom to do experiments in your life. Peace helps you put things in order. Peace enlightens you. Peace helps you see things as they are. Peace makes you intelligent and increases your EQ. Peace connects you better with other people. Peace helps you understand the surroundings. Peace to the mind is like base to the home, roots to the tree. F. Slavery and Servitudeforms of slavery and servitude in Traditional African SocietySlavery is when someone actually owns you like a piece of property. Servitude is similar to slavery - you might live on the person s premises, work for them and be unable to leave, but they don t own you. These forms include. Human Trafficking: Human Trafficking sees people being forcibly moved and recruited using violence or threats in order for them to be exploited for labor, prostitution, marriage, etc. Forced Labour: Forced Labour is where someone is forced toundertake work against their will and threatened with violence. Debt bondage: Debt bondage is where those trapped in poverty are forced to borrow money from others and can then be forced to work in order to pay back this debt. This is one of the most common types of slavery. Forced and early marriage: Forced and or early marriage is wheresomeone has been forced to marry against their will and or with the threat of violence consequences. Domestic servitude The Indian Ocean TradeThe Indian Ocean trade routes connected Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa, beginning at least as early as the third century BCE. This vast international web of routes linked all of those areas as well as East Asia particularly China .", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9147722435078757, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2349, "token_count": 483}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.8763597}
{"text": "Forced and early marriage: Forced and or early marriage is wheresomeone has been forced to marry against their will and or with the threat of violence consequences. Domestic servitude The Indian Ocean TradeThe Indian Ocean trade routes connected Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa, beginning at least as early as the third century BCE. This vast international web of routes linked all of those areas as well as East Asia particularly China . Long before Europeans \"discovered\" the Indian Ocean, traders from Arabia, Gujarat, and other coastal areas used triangle-sailed dhows to harness the seasonal monsoon winds. Domestication of the camel helped bring coastal trade goods such as silk, porcelain, spices, in cense, and ivory to inland empires, as well. Enslaved people were also traded. The Indian Ocean trade was a world of Islamic merchants ferrying porcelain from China to the Swahili Coast, ivory to India, cotton to Indonesia, spices to Arabia, and so on. Regional cultures, politics, religions, and entire histories were exchanged through the Indian Ocean Trade. Factors leading to the development of Indian Ocean slave TradeAvailability of items of trade encouraged traders to come to the coastThe high demand for goods trade items from the Kenyan coast by consumers in The outside world led to increased tradeThe existence of local trade among the Africans along the coast provided a base upon which the Indian Ocean trade developed. The Monsoon winds facilitated the movement of vessels ships to and from the coast thus enabling the merchants to take part in the trade. The Indian Ocean provided access to traders from Asia and Europe. The relative peace political stability provided conducive environment for trade. The availability of credit facilities from Indian Banyans money lenders enabled many people to take part in tradeExistence of enterprising merchants at the coast foreign lands promoted trading links enabled trade to flourish. The natural harbors along the coast ensured safe docking of ships for loading and unloading of items of tradeAdvancement in ship boat building led to better sailing vessels thus increased trading activities to and from the coast. Availability of slavesOrganization of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in 15th CenturyThe Indian Ocean Trade began with small trading settlements around 800 A.D., and ended in the 1500s when Portugal invaded and tried to run the trade for its own profit. As trade intensified between Africa and Asia, powerful city-states flourished along the eastern coast of Africa.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9203219860314884, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2571, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.905099}
{"text": "The natural harbors along the coast ensured safe docking of ships for loading and unloading of items of tradeAdvancement in ship boat building led to better sailing vessels thus increased trading activities to and from the coast. Availability of slavesOrganization of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in 15th CenturyThe Indian Ocean Trade began with small trading settlements around 800 A.D., and ended in the 1500s when Portugal invaded and tried to run the trade for its own profit. As trade intensified between Africa and Asia, powerful city-states flourished along the eastern coast of Africa. These included Kilwa, Sofala, Mombasa, Malindi, and others. The city-states traded with inland kingdoms likeGreat Zimbabwe to obtain gold, ivory, and iron. These materials were then sold to places like India, SoutheastAsia, and China. These were Africa s exports in the Indian Ocean Trade. These items could be sold at a profit because they were scarce in Asian countries. At the same time, the East African city-states were buying items from Asia. Many residents of the city-states were willing to pay high prices for cotton, silk, and porcelain objects. These items were expensive because they were not available in Africa at the time. These were Africa s imports in the Indian Ocean Trade. The city-states along the eastern coast of Africa made ideal centers of trade. An important attraction was the gold obtained from inland kingdoms. The gold was needed mainly for coins, although it was also used for works of art, ornamentation on buildings, and jewelry. And, the city-states were easy to reach from Asia by ship because of the favorable wind and ocean currents. Ships had no trouble docking at the excellent ports and harbors located on the coasts of the city-states, making it easy to unload and load cargo. And ,merchants, tired after their long overseas journey, enjoyed the fine restaurants, lodging, and entertainment offered by the port cities. Finally, East Africa was a peaceful region, and the few conflicts that did occur were small and brief. All of these factors created an ideal setting for import-export companies to conduct business. Many of the merchants from the Arabian peninsula, India, and Southeast Asia stayed in the city-states of East Africa. Interracial marriages were not uncommon, and gradually over the centuries, a new and distinct ethnic group developed, known as the Swahili.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9151516403688377, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2414, "token_count": 486}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.9468627}
{"text": "All of these factors created an ideal setting for import-export companies to conduct business. Many of the merchants from the Arabian peninsula, India, and Southeast Asia stayed in the city-states of East Africa. Interracial marriages were not uncommon, and gradually over the centuries, a new and distinct ethnic group developed, known as the Swahili. Today millions of Swahili people live in the nations of East Africa, where the Swahili language is widely spoken. You can take Swahili courses at many colleges here in the U.S. The Swahili language is a mixture of the Arabic, Hindi, and Bantu languages. The Swahili city-states steadily grew and prospered, and were a major world economic power by the 1400s. Although the city-states were famous throughout Africa and Asia, no European countries knew of them. You can imagine the surprise, then, of Portuguese captain Vasco da Gama when, in 1498, he came upon the bustling port cities of Sofala, Kilwa, Mombasa, and Malindi as he sailed up the eastern coast of Africa. He and his crew were welcomed by each of the cities he visited, although neither his ships nor the European itemsthey attempted to trade were of much interest to the Swahili governments. Social Injustices committed on the Africans during Indian Ocean Slave trade in the 15th CenturyIt fueled conflict between the communities as demands for slaves increased leading to insecurityIt created class through emergence of wealthy merchants who displayed high standards of living. African religion was downtrodden as intermarriages between Arabs and Africans led to rise of Swahili speakers which were converted to ChristianityIt led to erosion of African culture this because as the interaction with arabs continued African culture was bound to diminish. Slavery reduced African dignity as they were just seen as dogs to be in chainsMany were thrown into waters if they had no valueAfrican women working as domestic workers we mistreated through bodily harm and sexual harassment. Many children remained orphans as the fathers and mothers were taken as slaves during the trade. It led change of roles as the fatherless children were now forced to seek means of survival. It led to destruction of African families and homes through torturing and separation of the bond that tied these familiesIt led to rise in many orphan children and widows as the able men were taken captives as slaves.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9193263218764682, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2415, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.9592}
{"text": "Many children remained orphans as the fathers and mothers were taken as slaves during the trade. It led change of roles as the fatherless children were now forced to seek means of survival. It led to destruction of African families and homes through torturing and separation of the bond that tied these familiesIt led to rise in many orphan children and widows as the able men were taken captives as slaves. Geographical regions covered by Indian ocean trade in AfricaPopulation Distribution in AfricaPopulation distribution means the pattern of where people live. World population distribution is uneven. Places which are sparsely populated contain few people. Places which are densely populated contain many people. Factors influencing Population distribution in Africa ClimateAreas which experience conducive climates especially adequate and reliable rainfall together with mild and moderate temperature attract a dense population than desert and semi desert lands with low and unreliable rainfall. ReliefThe nature of relief greatly influences population by either attracting or discourage settlement. For example, in extremely high relief regions, the temperatures are too cold for human settlement and the ruggedness too hinder construction of homes and communication lines. On the other hand, gently rolling slopes attract dense settlement because they are easy to construct communication lines and settlement. VegetationDense forests such as those in the Congo basin, hinder rapid population settlement because they are very difficult to clear, water logged and contain vectors that cause diseases to man and there are wild animals which are dangerous to human life. On the other hand, savannah grasslands are densely populated because they are easy to clear and their climate is conducive for human survival. Government policyThe government policy may either attract or discourage settlement. Some areas may be gazette by law for example national parks, Game reserves or forest reserves. Government may also encourage settlement by establishing settlement schemes and resettle people from densely populated areas. Utilization of natural resourcesThe exploitation of natural resources for example minerals may attract human settlement while seeking for employment. UrbanizationThe growth of towns and cities is also a very important facilities influencing population distribution in Africa. Urban centres provide a good number of functions which attract people to them. For example cheap power, trading activities, good accommodation, good medical care, cheap and constant transport, clean water, higher institutions of learning, government offices, recreation centres, and the like. Political stabilityAreas that are unstable and insecure have got low populations e.g. Karamoja where there is a lot of cattle rustling compared to areas that are generally politically stable and secure hence attracting dense settlementse.g.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9325857968059803, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2943, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.9767103}
{"text": "For example cheap power, trading activities, good accommodation, good medical care, cheap and constant transport, clean water, higher institutions of learning, government offices, recreation centres, and the like. Political stabilityAreas that are unstable and insecure have got low populations e.g. Karamoja where there is a lot of cattle rustling compared to areas that are generally politically stable and secure hence attracting dense settlementse.g. Towns like Kampala and Mombasa. Densely and sparsely populated areas in AfricaSettlement patterns in Africanucleated settlement:Nucleated settlements are ones where the houses are grouped closely together, often around a central feature like a church, pub or village green. Linear settlements are settlements where the buildings are constructed in lines, often next to a geographical feature like a lake shore, a river or following a road. Where linear settlements follow a road, the road often predates the settlement. Dispersed settlement:Dispersed settlements are ones where the houses are spread out over a wide area. They are often the homes of farmers and can be found in rural areas. FIELD WORKField work is the process of observing and collecting data about people, cultures, and natural environment s. Types of field workField Excursion-Visiting an area near or far from the school to see geographical phenomena then note down and discuss later in class. AimReinforce what has been learnt in classGain more geographical knowledgeIdentify and appreciate geographical featuresIdentify problems of geographical interestField Research-Systematic problem solving done by experts in which scientific methods of collecting, recording and analyzing data are used. Field Study-Study conducted within a neighbourhood in which one theme is pursuede.g. A study of a local farm . Methods of data collection and recording in field workSurveys and QuestionnairesSurveys and questionnaires, in their most foundational sense, are a means of obtaining data from targeted respondents with the goal of generalizing the results to a broader public. Almost everyone involved in data collection, especially in the business and academic sector relies on surveys and questionnaires to obtain credible data and insights from their target audience. InterviewsAn interview is accurately defined as a formal meeting between two individuals in which the interviewer asks the interviewee questions in order to gather information. An interview not only collects personal information from the interviewees, but it is also a way to acquireinsights into people s other skills.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9278264179672631, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2627, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360553.9895978}
{"text": "Almost everyone involved in data collection, especially in the business and academic sector relies on surveys and questionnaires to obtain credible data and insights from their target audience. InterviewsAn interview is accurately defined as a formal meeting between two individuals in which the interviewer asks the interviewee questions in order to gather information. An interview not only collects personal information from the interviewees, but it is also a way to acquireinsights into people s other skills. ObservationsThe observation method of data collection involves seeing people in a certain setting or place at a specific time and day. Essentially, researchers study the behavior of the individuals or surroundings in which they are analyzing. This can be controlled, spontaneous, or participant-based research. Methods of data analysis and presentation in field workLearners to refer to their bookChallenges and solutions in carrying out field workPhysical obstructions i.e. tall buildings, hills, trees hence may hinder one from observing certain features or accessing some areas. Abrupt weather changes e.g. rainy, fog, misty, windy. Avoid mentioning sunshine. Language barrierInadequate toolsObsolete tools outdated toolsHostile respondentsGetting biased and exaggerated information. Procedures in carrying out field workIdentify and acquire researchers of the fieldIt is essential to acquire researchers who are specialized in the field of research. Moreover, their experience in the field will help them undergo the further steps of conducting the field research. Identify the topic of researchPost acquiring the researcher, they will work on identifying the topic of research. The researchers are responsible for deciding what topic of research to focus on based on the gaps observed in the existing research literature. Identify the right method of researchAfter fine tuning the research topic, researchers define the right method to approach the aim and objectives of the research. Visit the site of the study and collect dataBased on the objectives, the observations begin. Observers Researchers go on field and start collecting data either by visual observation, interviews or staying along with the subjects and experiencing their surroundings to get an in-depth understanding. Analyze the data acquiredThe researchers undergo the process of data analysis once the data is collected. Communicate the resultsThe researchers document a detailed field study report, explaining the data and its outcome. Giving the field study a suitable conclusion. RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIESEarly AgricultureAreas where early agriculture was practiced in selected geographical regions.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.930806036069194, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2717, "token_count": 492}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.0397904}
{"text": "Communicate the resultsThe researchers document a detailed field study report, explaining the data and its outcome. Giving the field study a suitable conclusion. RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIESEarly AgricultureAreas where early agriculture was practiced in selected geographical regions. They included:RiftvalleyEgyptNubiaCrops grown and animals kept Crops in rift valleyMilletMaizebeans,cassava,sorghum,pigeon peasAnimals keptCowsGoatsSheepDogsCrops grown in Egyptemmer a wheat-grain ,chickpeas and lentils,lettuce,onions,garlic,sesame,wheat,barley,papyrus, Animals kept in Egyptcattle,goats,pigs,ducks,cows, and geese. Crops grown in Nubiagrains,peas,lentils,dates, and possibly melons Animals kept were mainly cows. Method of irrigation used in ancient EgyptBasinEgyptians developed and utilized a form of water management known as basin irrigation. This practice allowed them to control the rise and fall of the river to best suit their agricultural needs. A crisscross network of earthen walls was formed in a field of crops that the river would flood. When the floods came, the water would be trapped in the basins formed by the walls. This grid would hold water longer than it would have naturally stayed, allowing the earth to become fully saturated for later planting. Once the soil was fully watered, the floodwater that remained in the basin would simply be drained to another basin that was in need of more waterShadoofThe shadoof is used to lift water from a water source onto land or into another waterway or basin. The mechanism comprises a long counterbalanced pole on a pivot, with a bucket attached to the end of it. It is generally used in a crop irrigation system using basins, dikes, ditches, walls, canals, and similar waterways. CanalThese were constructed along the farms to transport water to others regions. NilometerA nilometer was used to predict flood levels. This instrument was a method of marking the height of the Nile over the years. Nilometers were spaced along the Nile River.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9199222546161322, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2058, "token_count": 486}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.027317}
{"text": "NilometerA nilometer was used to predict flood levels. This instrument was a method of marking the height of the Nile over the years. Nilometers were spaced along the Nile River. They acted as an early warning system, alerting these early people that waters were not as high as usual, so they could prepare for drought or for unusually high floodwaters. Contribution of the Nile valley agriculture to world civilizationThe Nile River is one of the most well-known rivers in the world. The Nile River Valley was vital to the success of several ancient civilizations. The Nile River allowed the earliest civilizations to flourish in spite of the surrounding harsh desert climate. The Nile River Valley includes not just the river, but the surrounding banks and low lands that benefit from the river flooding. For ancient civilizations, the Nile River Valley was a source of food and income. When the water crested in October, the land was prime for planting crops such as wheat, barley, and papyrus. Ancient civilizations developed irrigation systems to redirect water and enhance the growing season. In addition, the river was plentiful with fish, which could be sold or traded. The Nile River served as a mode of transportation. Ancient civilizations were able to maneuver the waters to trade between the cities along the banks. The mobility encouraged growth in villages along the river. Ancient Egyptians greatly valued the Nile River; it was the center of their existence. The Nile River was celebrated in paintings and myths. The cycle of the Nile marked the change of season. Egyptian beliefs were interwoven with the Nile River. The Egyptians viewed the Nile River Valley as a gift from the gods; it was a portal between humans and gods. To Egyptians, the river was part of their identity and showed great reverence for it. It led to inventions in the field of agriculture like methods of irrigation and agricultureIt led to development of transport system that ensured transportation of crop produce. It led to the development of methods of food storage in order to be used for long of for the future. It also contributed to the invention in the field of medicine like perseveration of the dead, healing fractured bones. The knowledge of weather forecast in Egypt also contributed in the modern day weather forecast. The knowledge of mathematics in agricultural daily activities also contributed to modern day mathematics like Pythagoras. There was increased production, hence food supply was regular. Sufficient and nutritional foods led to increase in population. Surplus agricultural production resulted to trade, e.g., food was exchanged with pots and tools.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9239520958083832, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2672, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.0646954}
{"text": "There was increased production, hence food supply was regular. Sufficient and nutritional foods led to increase in population. Surplus agricultural production resulted to trade, e.g., food was exchanged with pots and tools. There was invention of writing, arithmetic and geometry due to the need to keep records. The writings were referred to as Hieroglyphics. Shadoof irrigation methods were developed that put more land into use. Urban centres emerged, e.g., Memphis, Thebes. Farmers settled more permanently and improved their living standards. Religion developed, e.g., god was associated with farming, offering to gods was practised. As a result of the agriculture practised along the banks of the Nile, people settled there. Those settlements grew in size and became urban centres within the ancient Egyptian Kingdom. -Importance of domestication of plants and animals in africa Domestication is the process of hereditary reorganization of wild animalsand plants into domestic and cultivated forms according to the interests of people. In its strictest sense, it refers to the initial stage of human mastery of wild animals and plants. The first attempts at domestication of animals and plants apparently were made in the Old World during the Mesolithic Period. Dogs were first domesticated in Central Asia by at least 15,000 years ago by people whoengaged in hunting and gathering wild edible plants. The first successful domestication of plants, as well as goats, cattle, and other animals which heralded the onset of the Neolithic Period. Domestication of vegetatively reproducing plants, such as those with tubers, probably preceded domestication of the seed plants cereals, legumes, and other vegetables. There are a number of factors that made it necessary for human beings to discover agriculture. These were:There were climatic changes that caused the animals to migrate farther from their previous locations. Due to an increase in human population, the natural environment could not provide adequate food. Thus, there was a need for a regular supply of food. People and animals competed for food leading to scarcity of food. This forced people adopt cultivation. Similarly, over hunting on the part of man depleted the stocks of animals that he could rely on for food. Natural disasters such as floods or forest fires would kill the animals and vegetation making it necessary for human beings to domesticate plants and animals. Hunting and gathering had become an insecure source of food as man would occasionally return empty handed having failed to catch game.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9213974356167306, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2581, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.0832524}
{"text": "Similarly, over hunting on the part of man depleted the stocks of animals that he could rely on for food. Natural disasters such as floods or forest fires would kill the animals and vegetation making it necessary for human beings to domesticate plants and animals. Hunting and gathering had become an insecure source of food as man would occasionally return empty handed having failed to catch game. Figure 3.1 shows some of the areas along the Nile Valley where early agriculture was practised. Hunting as well as gathering would sometimes be hindered by unfavourable weather conditions, e.g., snow or rain that would make it uncomfortable for man to go and hunt. Hunting and gathering was tiring and streneous due to the constant movement that was required as man followed the animals during their migration. Besides food, man also domesticated animals and crops because of their economic value. For instance, animals provided him with clothing, i.e., from their hides and skins. Man domesticated animals for other purposes like their use in transport. Some animals like the dog assisted him in hunting and provided him with security. Domestication has the following importance sDomestication of plants and animals ensured steady supply of food. Products like skin were used for clothing and beddings hence keeping man warm. Bones were used to make ornaments and needles hence decorating man. Animals like donkey, horses and oxen were used as a means of transport and for pulling ploughs this was later used much in agriculture to make cultivation easier. The dog gave man companionship and security. Animals were traded for other items. Economic Organization of selected African communities up to 1900Economic organization of the OgiekThey were farmers as they kept bees and were known as beekeepers and also they grew vegetables. They were also hunters and gathers. They hunted and trapped wild animals. Various tools were used, including: clubs, spears, bows and arrows. They also practiced trade with the honey they had harvested. They also practiced traditional craft like basketry, weaving among othersThey were also skilled iron workers as they made tools using ironEconomic organization of the ZuluThey participated in the local trade where they exchanged commodities such as fish, salt and cloth with their neighbours, Goan and Go. They participated in the long distance trade as middlemen between traders from North Africa and those from the South. Their main commodities of trade were salt, gold kolanuts and slaves.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.921182856073367, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2535, "token_count": 492}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.1132772}
{"text": "They also practiced traditional craft like basketry, weaving among othersThey were also skilled iron workers as they made tools using ironEconomic organization of the ZuluThey participated in the local trade where they exchanged commodities such as fish, salt and cloth with their neighbours, Goan and Go. They participated in the long distance trade as middlemen between traders from North Africa and those from the South. Their main commodities of trade were salt, gold kolanuts and slaves. They grow crops such as kolanuts and grain kept animalsThey practiced crafts especially the manufacture of items such as baskets and pots. They practiced iron working and made tools like hoes, bangles and arrowsThey practiced hunting and gathering of fruits and roots. They practiced mining activitiesThey practiced fishingEconomic organization of The AhsanteThey participated in the local trade where they exchanged commodities such as fish, salt and cloth with their neighbours, Goan and Go. They participated in the long distance trade as middlemen between traders from North Africa and those from the South. Their main commodities of trade were salt, gold kolanuts and slaves. They grow crops such as kolanuts and grain kept animalsThey practiced crafts especially the manufacture of items such as baskets and pots. They practiced iron working and made tools like hoes, bangles and arrowsThey practiced hunting and gathering of fruits and roots. They practiced mining activitiesThey practiced fishingSimilarities in economic activities practiced by selected African communitiesThey all practiced tradeThey were all hunters and gatherersThey all practiced iron workingThey all practiced traditional craftThey also practiced farmingDifference in economic activities practiced by selected African communitiesInternal Dynamics and Transformation In AfricaInternal dynamics in Africa has to do with changes that are taking place in Africa that greatly affect how people relate and behave. Transformation - a complete change in the appearance or character of something or someone. In Africa it s the complete change in the appearance of African continentTransformation brought by introduction of money in africaimpacts of the introduction of money economy in traditional african societyINTRODUCTIONMoney was introduced to Africa by the EuropeansBefore colonial period, Africans practiced barter tradeactual goods exchanged with other goods e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9317647058823529, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2465, "token_count": 458}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.1224818}
{"text": "They practiced mining activitiesThey practiced fishingSimilarities in economic activities practiced by selected African communitiesThey all practiced tradeThey were all hunters and gatherersThey all practiced iron workingThey all practiced traditional craftThey also practiced farmingDifference in economic activities practiced by selected African communitiesInternal Dynamics and Transformation In AfricaInternal dynamics in Africa has to do with changes that are taking place in Africa that greatly affect how people relate and behave. Transformation - a complete change in the appearance or character of something or someone. In Africa it s the complete change in the appearance of African continentTransformation brought by introduction of money in africaimpacts of the introduction of money economy in traditional african societyINTRODUCTIONMoney was introduced to Africa by the EuropeansBefore colonial period, Africans practiced barter tradeactual goods exchanged with other goods e.g. animals would be exchanged with food grains, millet, sorghum, cow-peas, children exchanged for food during famineTrade merchants from Asia had introduced into Africa forms of currency such as the cowrie shells, gold and the Indian rupeesEuropeans introduced currency still used todayECONOMYCareful management of resources, finances, income and expenditure of a family, a business enterprise, community or a country. The economy of a country is to be well managed if it has the ability to meet the social economic needs of her members. Development - it s measured by the healthy of its economy in the provision of health, education, housing, sanitation, employment longevity of life, decrease of maternal and child mortality. MONEY ECONOMYUse of money as a means of exchange in economic activities e.g. banking, investment, insurance, payment of goods and services. REASONS FOR MONEY INTRODUCTIONColonization brought a lot of changes such as unoccupied land declared Crown land for colonialistsTax introduction Africans were supposed to pay taxes to the government. Taxes were paid in form of moneyIntroduction of formal education School fees was introduced. Fees were paid in form of moneyIntroduction of modern medical services People paid medical services using moneyEmergence of new lifestylesConverts to Christianity were emphasized on to have materials, hence had to work to improve their living standards. They built houses, took their children to schools practiced modern family techniques hence had to use money.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9297169811320755, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2544, "token_count": 479}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.1380398}
{"text": "Taxes were paid in form of moneyIntroduction of formal education School fees was introduced. Fees were paid in form of moneyIntroduction of modern medical services People paid medical services using moneyEmergence of new lifestylesConverts to Christianity were emphasized on to have materials, hence had to work to improve their living standards. They built houses, took their children to schools practiced modern family techniques hence had to use money. IMPACT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF MONEY ECONOMY IN AFRICAIntroduction of wage labourBreak up of family ties as people migrated from rural to urban areas in search of employmentAfrican land taken by the colonialists, reducing people to squatters hence need to workThere was creation of a gap between people the rich and the poor Emergence of vices e.g. corruption, bribery, prostitution, robbery Deterioration of cherished African values e.g. bride wealth has become commercialized, customs lost etcLoss of African human dignity. Africans had to pay taxes to the colonial government. They were forced to work in European farms so as to get money. They worked under dehumanizing conditionsProduction of traditional food crops declined replaced by cash crops Individual ownership of land was emphasized. Land could be sold at willThere was increase of rural urban migration leaving the rural people less educatedExploitation of the poor by the rich poor wages, overcharging prices on foods. Destruction of the natural environment to create room for building projects, urban centresThe cost of living increased. Almost everything is acquired by money. Uses of money in economy tradeMoney as medium of exchange solves the barter s problem of lack of double coincidence of wants as money has separated the acts of sale and purchase. You can sell goods for money to whosoever wants it and with this money you can buy goods from whosoever wants to sell them. Money as measure unit of value or a unit of account solves the barter s problem of absence of common measure unit of value. Money serves as a unit of value or unit of account and acts as a yardstick to measures exchange value of all commodities. The value of each good or service is expressed as price i.e. money units which guides both consumer and producer to make a transaction. Thus money makes keeping of business account possible. Money as store of value solves the barter s problem of difficulty in storing wealth or generalised purchasing power .", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9226870474658085, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2486, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.1501603}
{"text": "Money units which guides both consumer and producer to make a transaction. Thus money makes keeping of business account possible. Money as store of value solves the barter s problem of difficulty in storing wealth or generalised purchasing power . Moreover, money in convenient denominations like Indian coins of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 paise and currency notes of 2, 5, 10, 100, 500, and 1,000 solves the barter s problem of absence or lack of divisibility. Coins of less than 50 parcent are no longer in use now. Money as standard of deferred payments helps to solve the barter problem of lack of standard of deferred payment. Again, it helps to make contracts which involve future payments. Doubtlessly money helps in removing the difficulties of barter system. Money helps in maximizing consumers satisfaction and producers profit. It helps and promotes saving. Money promotes specialization which increases productivity and efficiency. It facilitates planning of both production and consumption. Money can be utilized in reviving the economy from depression. Money enables production to take place in advance of consumption. It is the institution of money which has proved a valuable social instrument of promoting economic welfare. The whole economic science is based on money; economic motives and activities are measured by money. Comparison in the use of money in currency trade and barter trade in africaThe primary difference between barter and currency systems is that a currency system uses an agreed-upon form of paper or coin money as an exchange system rather than directly trading goods and services through bartering. Both systems have advantages and disadvantages, although currency systems are more widely used in modern economies. Bartering systems were used within the local community, but advances in technology and transportation make it possible for modern society to barter on a global level. Bartering has its limitations, which led to the creation of currency systems. Currency serves as a medium of exchange, resolving mismatched demands associated with the barter system. In early civilizations, common agreed-upon goods, such as animal skins or salt, served as a currency that individuals could exchange for goods and services. Most nations use fiat currency in a monetary currency system.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9050305330912692, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2324, "token_count": 451}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.1882522}
{"text": "Currency serves as a medium of exchange, resolving mismatched demands associated with the barter system. In early civilizations, common agreed-upon goods, such as animal skins or salt, served as a currency that individuals could exchange for goods and services. Most nations use fiat currency in a monetary currency system. Sustainable use of resourcessustainable use of natural resources means the use of renewable natural resources at a rate that does not exceed the resource s capacity for regeneration, does not impair the resource s ecological functions and services, and does not jeopardize the ability of future generations at the same location to enjoy the resource in equal abundance. Sustainable use of resources includes:Regulation of all kinds of pollution air, land, water Creating public awareness on the use of resources and the importance of conserving. Using sustainable ways in agriculture to conserve the environment. Avoid use of chemicals. Using alternative sources clean and renewable sources of energy that conserve the environment. Recycling wastes to avoid waste accumulation in the environment that would in return destroy the environment. Reduce, reuse, and recycle. Cut down on what you throw away. Follow the three \"R's\" to conserve natural resources and landfill space. Planting trees - Trees provide food and oxygen. They help save energy, clean the air, and help combat climate change. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND GOVERNANCEa. Political development in africa up to 1900. Political Organization of the Ogiek community up to 1900The political system was based on the lineage family system. Two or more related families formed a lineage. The lineage was responsible for enforcing traditional laws and order. The eldest person in the lineage acted as the spokesperson. The smallest unit was the family headed by the father. Political Organization of the Zulu community up to 1900The kingdom was highly centralized with the king as the head and traditional chiefs under him. The king was assisted by the traditional chiefs and military Indunas for effective control of the society. The traditional council of elders played an important role in Zulu society. They advised the king on the important matters of the state. However, during the time of Shaka, their role declined. The king had powers to appoint and to dismiss any of his officials. They were there answerable to him. Zulu kingdom had a strong standing army with the king acting as the commander in chief. The arm was well-trained, equipped and ready to fight at any time.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9183113009306785, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2567, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.2187696}
{"text": "They were there answerable to him. Zulu kingdom had a strong standing army with the king acting as the commander in chief. The arm was well-trained, equipped and ready to fight at any time. The army was on alert to defend or offend the Zulu enemies. The army lived in barracks called settlements and this among other included the settlement of Bulawayo. The army was divided into age regiments each under a military commander called an Induna. Each military settlement had a section of royal women headed by senior women and acted as spies for the king on the Indunas. The Indunas were not allowed to hold meetings without consent and permission from the king. This was to stop any conspiracy against the king. Succession to the Zulu throne was hereditary. That is the king s eldest son could inherit the Zulu throne. The conquered area formed the outer provinces of the Zulu state. Each province was under the military Induna and assisted by the chief. Political Organization of the Ahsante community up to 1900The Asante Empire was centralized state divided into three divisions namely. The nucleaus Kumasi states outside Kumasi Amatoo and the conquered states. The overall ruler of the Empire was Asantahene. Kimasi was under the direct control of the Asantahene. The conquered states were ruled by their kings but treated as provinces of Asante. Asantahene appointed representatives in each conquered sate. The Asantahene ruled with the help of a confederacy of Kings Omanhene . Confederacy council. They took an oath of allegiance to ensure Loyalty to the Asantahene. The Omanhene represented the Asantahene in the conquered states Omanhene, Sone autonomy but were expected to pay tribute to the Asantahene and contribute soldiers in times of war. The Empire had a standing army which defended conquered other states and maintained law and order in the Empire. Religion played an important army which defended conquered other states and maintained law and order in the Empire. The sacred Golden stool which was introduced in the 18th century by Asantahene Osei. Tutu strengthened unity in the Empire. It was kept at the headquarters, Kumasi. Each Omanhene was given a symbolic black stool to signify unity of purpose in the province. The empire had a well-established judicial court system based at Kumasi and was headed by the Asantahene.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9200800907812356, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2353, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.2386363}
{"text": "It was kept at the headquarters, Kumasi. Each Omanhene was given a symbolic black stool to signify unity of purpose in the province. The empire had a well-established judicial court system based at Kumasi and was headed by the Asantahene. The Omanhene were given powers to try minor cases at the provinces. The empire has a strong economic base that depended mainly on taxes and profit derived from the long distance trade. This strong economy aimed the empire. The concept of scramble and partition of africaThe Scramble and Partition of Africa - the Scramble for Africa also called the Partition of Africa, or the Conquest of Africa was the invasion, annexation, division, and colonization of most of Africa by seven Western European powers during a short period known to historians as the New Imperialism between 1881 and 1914 . Various European Groups that came to AfricaFactors that led to the presence of Europeans in Africa Economic factorsDue to the industrial revolution in Europe in the 19th century, they required:Markets for their manufactured goodsRaw materials to feed their industriesAreas to invest their surplus capitalEuropean traders sought protection from their home countries when faced with competitionNeed for agricultural land in Africa to grow food cropsNeed for cheap labour from Africa to produce raw materialsSpeculation about the availability of minerals in Africa. Political FactorsBismarck and the rise of GermanyRise of nationalismThe proof of a country s prestige superiority was through acquisition of colonies. A country that did not acquire colonies would open the gates to political decadence. Strategic factorsThe Egyptian question It revolved around the ownership of the Suez Canal Both Britain and France had economic interests in Egypt Their clash culminated in the British occupation of Egypt in order to protect the River Nile and British interests in India. French activities in West Africa and the Congo It accelerated the scramble for the search for colonies in Africa. King Leopold's of Belgium activities in the Congo King Leopold created the 'Congo Free State in 1884 This precipitated a crisis in Africa which culminated in the convening of an international conference in 1884-1885 i.e. the Berlin Conference. Social factorsThe Missionary FactorThe missionaries came to Africa to spread Christianity, civilize the Africans, abolish slave trade and encourage legitimate trade.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9166185479676467, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2451, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.223747}
{"text": "King Leopold's of Belgium activities in the Congo King Leopold created the 'Congo Free State in 1884 This precipitated a crisis in Africa which culminated in the convening of an international conference in 1884-1885 i.e. the Berlin Conference. Social factorsThe Missionary FactorThe missionaries came to Africa to spread Christianity, civilize the Africans, abolish slave trade and encourage legitimate trade. In case of problems, they sought for protection from their mother countries. Public OpinionMajority of people in Europe favoured acquisition of colonies. Rise of RacialismEuropeans felt they were a superior race to others since they were industrialized. They had a duty to civilize AfricansCecil Rhodes once remarked we are the first race in the world and the more of the world inhabit, the better it is for the human race. Growth of European PopulationThey needed their colonies to act as outlets for their surplus produceHumanitarian factorHumanitarian groups in Europe who had campaigned against slave trade urged their home governments to occupy Africa to facilitate effective abolition of slavetrade. African countries and their colonizersBritain East Africa - Kenya, Uganda Central Africa - Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia, southern Rhodesia North East Africa - British Somaliland Southern Africa - Bechuanaland, Swaziland, Basutoland, Union of South Africa. North Africa - Egypt, Sudan West Africa - Gold Coast, Nigeria, Gambia, Sierra Leone. France North East Africa - Eritrea, French Somaliland West Africa - Senegal, Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Upper Volta, Guinea, Mali, Belgium, Niger, Mauritania. Central Africa - Chad, French Central Africa, French Congo North Africa - Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco. Germany East Africa - Tanganyika Central Africa - Rwanda, Burundi West Africa - Togo, Cameroon South West Africa.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9078059603046112, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1853, "token_count": 422}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.2563071}
{"text": "These rules help the country to execute its policies and procedures without any disputes or issues. These provisions aid the nation to evade the possibilities of threats related to a civil war breakdown. Forms the fundamental structure of the governmentAnother advantage of the constitution is that it describes all the cultural and legal aspects under which governmental institutions and people s bodies will be regulated. This becomes very significant when there arefrequently occurring overseas communications by international organizations in the personal affairs of the nation. Grants the right to the people to choose their governmentThe constitution gives the power to the citizens to choose the government of their choice. Based on their performance and contribution in the development of the nation, people can decide the best government official to serve the nation. Protects the right of the individualThe constitution safeguards the rights of the citizens in terms of self- expression, religious practice, non-discriminatory treatment, fair criminal procedures and more. It states that the government is answerable to the people via conducting free and regular elections. Governs the distribution of powerThe Constitution states the power and authority of every governing body. Doing this, it enables every entity that is related to the country to learn about the power that the legal body and the government holds. The information that the constitution states also help to define the duties of the parties involved. It could be a governmental institution, a firm or the masses of the nation. The Constitution administers the relation between the people and the government so that none of the parties can misuse the power in any manner. Superior to all regulations and rules of the countryThe constitution is supreme of all the other laws and regulations of the country. This implies that for any provision to circulate in the nation, it has to be approved by the constitution. It also implies that every law enacted by that government needs to be in conformism with the Constitution. Specifies the objectives of a nationAnother important role of the constitution is that it mentions the strategic, political, and other objectives of the nation. These goals are what a country is focusing to accomplish in the coming years. It could be related to democracy, socialism, national integration, and secularism. Grants fundamental rights to peopleIt is the constitution of a nation that assures provision and rights for any individual or a set of people to ensure their overall well-being and dignity in society. The constitution aids the people to avail the fundamental rights that they are entitled to.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9284295696947408, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2719, "token_count": 488}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.3305624}
{"text": "It could be related to democracy, socialism, national integration, and secularism. Grants fundamental rights to peopleIt is the constitution of a nation that assures provision and rights for any individual or a set of people to ensure their overall well-being and dignity in society. The constitution aids the people to avail the fundamental rights that they are entitled to. These rights include the right to life, right to freedom, right to property, and right to engage freely in the existing democratic system. All these fundamental rights are safeguarded by the Constitution. Controls power transferBesides the welfare of its citizens, and regulating the tasks of the country, the constitution has the power to transfer the supremacy of the nation during a national emergency. This power of the constitution is exercised in those situations when there is a threat to the nation regarding its resources. It has a very important role to play in situations of a disaster that can cause severe destruction to a specific area of the nation or civil war breakdown. National Values as enshrined in the constitution of Kenyapatriotism, national unity, sharing and devolution of power, the rule of law, democracy and participation of the people;human dignity, equity, social justice, inclusiveness, equality, human rights, non-discrimination and protection of the marginalized;good governance, integrity, transparency and accountability; andsustainable development. Ways of upholding and protecting the constitution of KenyaThey include:Defending the rights of every individualObeying the rights and privileges of every individualObeying court orders. Participating on National elections. Holding our leaders to account and uphold adherence to the constitutionObeying the laws stated in the constitution. Electing leaders who obey the rule of law. DemocracyDemocracy is a system of government in which laws, policies, leadership, and major undertakings of a state or other polity are directly or indirectly decided by the people, Characteristics of democracyLegitimacy: A legitimate government is one put in place, accepted and recognized by the people, it is a major feature of a democratic system of government that power vests in the people of the state. Therefore, a government in place without the approval of the people is not a legitimate government and as such cannot claim to be a democracy.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9252592285358773, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2411, "token_count": 465}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.2935157}
{"text": "Electing leaders who obey the rule of law. DemocracyDemocracy is a system of government in which laws, policies, leadership, and major undertakings of a state or other polity are directly or indirectly decided by the people, Characteristics of democracyLegitimacy: A legitimate government is one put in place, accepted and recognized by the people, it is a major feature of a democratic system of government that power vests in the people of the state. Therefore, a government in place without the approval of the people is not a legitimate government and as such cannot claim to be a democracy. Rule of law: the rule of law is the supremacy of the law of a state overevery citizen or any other person residing in that state, this means that nobody is above the law no matter his status in the society. This is important in a democracy especially a representative democracy to act as a form of check and balance in the powers of the elected representatives so that they do not develop any illusions of being better than the people who elected and thereby empowered them. Public opinion: public opinion has to do with the aggregate of the individual point of view as regards a particular matter by a significant population of a community or state as the case may be. Since democracy is a government of the people, the opinion of the said people cannot be overemphasized in determining issues in the government that will be to their benefit or detriment. Periodic and transparent elections: For the people to be an active partof their government especially in a representative democracy, provisions must be made for a periodic, free and fair election which will be conducted after sufficient political education to the people so as to aid them in making informed choices in electing their representatives at the poll on the election day. Separation of powers: In a direct democracy, the decision resides in every member of the community and in the representative democracy where the people elect leaders to handle the affairs of the state, thereis separation of powers into different arms of government so as to allow for necessary checks and balances in the powers and administration of the separate arms of government. Fundamental human right: In a democracy, the fundamental human rights of the citizens like right to life, right to fair hearing, right to dignity of the human person, right to personal liberty and others must be upheld according to the constitution of such country based on the major constituent of democracy which is the people.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9239921722113503, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2555, "token_count": 489}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.3473032}
{"text": "Preventing abuse of power. In democracies, elected officials are responsible for carrying out the will of those who elected them. If they misuse their position, they won t be re-elected. Role of citizens in a democratic representationFirst, a citizen in a democracy should have the duty to vote. If it were up to me, voting would be a requirement. What is wonderful about a democracy is that we choose who will represent us. There is no point to a democracy in which we do not participate. Second, a citizen in a democracy should have an obligation to understand the powers and duties of the government, generally set forth in a constitution. If we do not know this, the government that does not act properly has no checks upon it and can avoid carrying out its duties. Third, a citizen in a democracy should have the responsibility of knowing his or her rights, which are also generally set forth in a constitution. If we do not know what our rights are, they are meaningless. Fourth, a citizen in a democracy should always know who his or her representatives are. If we do not know who is representing us, we do not know whether or not that person is representing us properly, to whom we should complain if that is the case, or to whom we should state our own opinions and preferences. Fifth, a citizen in a democracy should assume the responsibility of being informed about the issues that affect the country as a whole, for example, the economy, immigration policy, environmental policy, and foreign policy. Sixth, a citizen in a democracy is also a citizen of the world and as such, should be informed about the major issues that affect other countries. These inevitably have an impact on the citizen. A drought in one country mightmean providing foreign aid or might mean a rise in prices of a commodity that the citizen needs. Seventh, a citizen should be concerned and informed about local conditions, those that affect him or her most directly, what a city is doing about urban blight or homeless people. This is one of the most important aspects of living in a democracy when a citizen is informed, since the information closest to home is usually the best information, and this provides one's greatest opportunity to participate in the democratic process. Eighth, a citizen should be willing to pay taxes, since without taxes to provide a democratic government, there would be no democracy. A democracy must provide for all of its citizens. Ninth, a citizen must have a duty to obey the law.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9169329073482428, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2504, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.3158092}
{"text": "Eighth, a citizen should be willing to pay taxes, since without taxes to provide a democratic government, there would be no democracy. A democracy must provide for all of its citizens. Ninth, a citizen must have a duty to obey the law. A democracy cannot exist in a lawless society, and without the willingness of citizens to obey the law, which is really a social contract, no government has the wherewithal to police a nation of lawbreakers, and anarchy results. Tenth, a citizen must support public education in every way possible, through the payment of taxes, through local volunteer efforts, through affording this system the respect to which it should be entitled. Public education is the foundation of democracy, meant to educate children to be responsible and knowledgeable participants in the democratic process. Education is our power to perpetuate the democracy. Characteristics of various types of democracies in governanceDemocracy is the best approach to learning what each social or ethnic group wants, particularly in a diverse country like Kenya. The five characteristics of democracy are as follows:Elected Representative: The people choose their representatives to serve as their leaders. Hence, people are entitled to take part in making decisions. Independent Judiciary: Conflicts are settled more democratically because the court is independent of the government. Civil Liberties: People can access civil freedoms like freedom of speech and expression. Organized Opposition Party: A well-organized opposition party is crucial to democracy because it serves as a check on the executive branch. Rule of Law: In a democracy, the rule of law is upheld, and everyone is subject to the law. In the eyes of the law, the law is supreme, and all citizens are treated equally. Ways of applying democratic values during interaction with othersMaking contributions to the day to day activities of the countryTaking responsibility for their actions, by making rules and laws together and supporting themParticipating in decision-making processes of the country, relating it with the democratic processes such as councils, parliaments, government and voting. Showing understanding of how changes are effected in the country and the society as a whole. Evaluating the effectiveness of different ways in which change can be brought and implemented at different stages in life. Participating effectively in school and community-based activities. Human Rightshuman rights as those rights which are inherent in our state of nature and without which we. Cannot live as human beings. The first generation of human rights is civil and political rights.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9255359157578037, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2659, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.3849587}
{"text": "Human Rightshuman rights as those rights which are inherent in our state of nature and without which we. Cannot live as human beings. The first generation of human rights is civil and political rights. The second generation of human rights includes economic, social and cultural rights and thethird generation of human rights are called solidarity rights. The first generation rights i.e., civil and political rights are the initial form of natural rights. These rights developed during the English Revolution of the 17th century and the French and American Revolution of the 18th century. The key theme underlying these rights is liberty. The first generation rights include:the right to life,the right to liberty, andthe right to property andhave expanded to include non-discrimination,freedom from arbitrary arrest,freedom of thought,freedom of religion,freedom of movement etc. These rights are often seen as a manifestation of negative rights since they can be enjoyed only when there is a restriction upon others. The key documents to understand the content of the first generation of human rights are Article 3 to Article 21 of the UN Declaration and the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights of 1966 which came into force in 1976. In the twentieth century, especially post World War II, second- generation rights began to earn a greater prominence. The economy of countries was torn by war and there was massive destruction as a result of the world wars. Therefore, the effort for economic, social and cultural rights developed during the twentieth century. The rights rely on socialist assumptions and the underlying theme is equality which is in contrast to first- generation rights and the notion of liberty. The second-generation rights include:the right to work,the right to health care,the right to education,the right to social security etc. Therefore, these rights are seen as a manifestation of positive rights as they place a claim on the state and a duty to oblige for action, for example, welfare provisions. The third generation of rights emerged post-1945 and are referred to as solidarity rights. This is for the simple reason that these rights are concerned with social groups and society on the whole rather than an individual. They are therefore seen as collective rights. The underlying theme of the third-generation rights is fraternity. Usually, these rights are shaped by the difficulties faced by the countries of the Global South. These rights include:the right to development,the right to environmental protection,the right to self-determination,the right to peace etc.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9133667158619722, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2635, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.4050555}
{"text": "The underlying theme of the third-generation rights is fraternity. Usually, these rights are shaped by the difficulties faced by the countries of the Global South. These rights include:the right to development,the right to environmental protection,the right to self-determination,the right to peace etc. The Stockholm Convention of Human Environment of 1972 and the Earth Summit of 1992 at Rio can be analyzed to understand these rights. Classification of human rightsCivil and political rightsThe rights that protect the life and personal liberty of a person are called civil rights. They are necessary to maintain the dignity of a person. These include rights like the right to life, liberty and security of a person, the right to privacy, the right to own property, freedom of thought, religion and movement. Political rights are such rights that allow a person to participate in governmental activities. These include rights like the right to vote and the right to be elected. The nature of such rights is different, but they are interrelated to each other. Both these rights are covered in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. These rights are also called first-generation rights. The following civil and political rights are recognized in the declaration of human rights by the United Nations:Right to life, personal liberty, and securityFreedom from slaveryThe prohibition against torture and inhuman treatmentEquality before the law and equal protectionRemedy before national tribunalsFreedom from arrest, which is arbitrary in natureRight to a fair trial and public hearing by an impartial tribunalFreedom from ex-post-facto lawsRight to privacyRight to nationalityRight to own propertyRight to freedom of religion and conscienceFreedom of expressionFreedom to conduct a peaceful assemblyTake part in government activitiesFundamental rightsSome human rights are guaranteed to the citizens of the state through constitutional provisions and cannot be infringed upon at any cost, even by the state authorities. These are termed as fundamental rights. Theexpression fundamental rights is stated in declarations and constitutional provisions of many states. The Virginia Declaration of 1776 states that men are free and independent and have certain inherent rights. The French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789 provides that men are born free and have equal rights. The Indian Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights to the citizens of the country.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9209206349206349, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2520, "token_count": 475}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.4228897}
{"text": "The Virginia Declaration of 1776 states that men are free and independent and have certain inherent rights. The French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789 provides that men are born free and have equal rights. The Indian Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights to the citizens of the country. These are:Right to EqualityRight to freedomRight to religionCultural and educational rightsRight against exploitationRight to constitutional remediesNatural rightsThe history of human rights is rooted in ancient times and the philosophical concepts of natural law and thus, also termed natural rights. Plato was one of the first writers to give a standard ethical code of conduct. Aristotle opined that rights change as per the different kinds of circumstances faced by society from time to time. Since human rights are universally applicable to every person in the world it is similar to natural rights. Natural rights have been derived from natural law which opines that law must reflect moral reasoning and must be related with morals imbibed in a person or set by the society. On the other hand, positivism states that human rights are a result of enactments of statutes and orders by law which comes with various sanctions attached to it. Moral rightsHuman rights that determine the spiritual and moral conduct of a person are termed moral rights. They are primarily contained in moral rights as they highlight various moral values that cannot be highlighted by any set of institutional rights. They promote moral values like respect for everyone, brotherhood, secularism, protection of life, peace in society, etc. Human rights also put moral obligations on the state and people not to violate and infringe on the rights of other people. If done so, it will be punished as per the provisions of the set statute. Legal rightsThe rights that are recognized by the legal system of a country are called legal rights. The two essential elements of these rights are:The holder of the right, andA person bound by duty. Rights and duties are correlated to each other. A person cannot have a right without any corresponding duty. A person having a right also has a duty not to violate another person s rights. Human rights are given to every individual irrespective of any considerations, and the state has the corresponding duty to protect the rights of its citizens. Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights lays down that it is the primary duty of the state to promote, protect, and implement all human rights throughvarious measures and legislative provisions.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9209685373749186, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2599, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.4249165}
{"text": "A person having a right also has a duty not to violate another person s rights. Human rights are given to every individual irrespective of any considerations, and the state has the corresponding duty to protect the rights of its citizens. Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights lays down that it is the primary duty of the state to promote, protect, and implement all human rights throughvarious measures and legislative provisions. The government of any state should pass any such laws which infringe on the rights of the people. Economic rights, cultural Rights and social rightsThese rights are also called freedoms and guarantee a person the minimum necessities of life. These are also included in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. These form a part of positive rights as the state is required to frame policies and provisions to implement such rights. These rights are based on the concept of social equality and are second-generation rights. These rights include the right to work, social security, physical and mental health, and education. The various economic, cultural, and social rights recognized by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are as follows:Right to social securityRight to work and choice of employmentRight to restRight to standard living and healthRight to educationFreedom to participate in cultural lifeRight to social and international orderCharacteristics of human rightsHuman rights are universal in nature which means that they are given to every individual irrespective of his her caste, creed, race, religion, nationality and place of birth. These are inalienable rights. Many philosophers believe that these are natural rights given by God and cannot be taken away or changed by anyone. These are indivisible and interdependent rights. If a government gives one right then it has to protect the other rights of its citizens. For example, it is the duty of government to protect the right of fair hearing and provide food, shelter and clean environment to its citizens in order to protect the right to life of its citizens. They are inherent to each person and available since birth. They are not lost if the man is not familiar with his rights or if he does not use his rights. For example if a person is not aware of his right toconsult the advocate then it does not mean that his right is finished. It is then the duty of authorities to provide him with free legal aid or tell him his rights. They protect the dignity and personality of humans. Rights like right to life, right to liberty, right against arbitrary arrest and punishment etc protect the dignity of a person.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9223586914824664, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2676, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.5085566}
{"text": "It is then the duty of authorities to provide him with free legal aid or tell him his rights. They protect the dignity and personality of humans. Rights like right to life, right to liberty, right against arbitrary arrest and punishment etc protect the dignity of a person. Sources of Human Rights International treatiesThese are the most important sources of human rights. There are multiple treaties on human rights which are binding on the states who are party to such treaties. For example, the European Convention on Human Rights, the American Convention, the African Charter on Human Rights, and People s Rights. International customsThese rights have acquired the status of customary international law by their practice and, thus, are binding on all the states irrespective of their consent. Many of these rights are a part of customary international law and thus known as a source of human rights. International instrumentsThere are several declarations, resolutions, and recommendations related to human rights that have been adopted by the United Nations as a source of such rights. Some of these are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 , declarations adopted at the Tehran Conference 1968 and the Vienna Conference 1993 . Judicial decisionsThe International Court of Justice serves as another important source of human rights by setting up precedents and decisions in various disputes and case laws relating to violations of human rights. Official documentsDocuments and journals like Human Rights Law Journal, Human Rights Review, European Law Review, and other collective official work under the United Nations serve as the source of human rights. Concept of Equity and non-discrimination in fostering solidarityEquality affirms that all human beings are born free and equal. Equality presupposes that all individuals have the same rights and deserve the same level of respect. All people have the right to be treated equally. This means that laws, policies and programs should not be discriminatory, and also that public authorities should not apply or enforce laws, policies and programs in a discriminatory or arbitrary manner. Non-discrimination is an integral part of the principle of equality. It ensures that no one is denied their rights because of factors such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property or birth. In addition to those grounds, discrimination on certain other grounds may also be prohibited. These grounds include age, nationality, marital status, disability, place of residence within a country and sexual orientation. When do I need to consider the rights of equality and non- discrimination?", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9200107863676907, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2716, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.4762259}
{"text": "In addition to those grounds, discrimination on certain other grounds may also be prohibited. These grounds include age, nationality, marital status, disability, place of residence within a country and sexual orientation. When do I need to consider the rights of equality and non- discrimination? You will need to consider the rights of equality and non-discrimination whenever you are working on legislation, a policy or a program that draws distinctions between people or groups based on any of the following grounds:racesexdisability, orage. You will also need to consider the rights of equality and non- discrimination whenever you are working on legislation, a policy or a program that draws distinctions between people or groups based on:colourlanguagereligionpolitical or other opinionnational or social originpropertybirthnationalitymarital statusplace of residence within a country, orAfrican DiasporasAfrican Diaspora is the term commonly used to describe the mass dispersion of peoples from Africa during the Transatlantic Slave Trades, from the 1500s to the 1800s. This Diaspora took millions of people from Western and Central Africa to di erent regions throughout the Americas and the Caribbean. Factors that contributed to the presence of African Diasporas across the worldEuropean nations hand links with West Africa hence the shipping of many Africans from trans Saharan trade. African chiefs had developed a taste for European goods such as glass, clothes, rum and fire arms which in turn made them sell many Africans as slaves to the Europeans. The establishment of mines and plantations and in new lands increased the demand for slaves to provide labour in the farms and mines. The increased demand of raw materials by European industries resulted in an increased in demand for slaves in America to work on the plantationsShip building technology improved with building of larger ships with a greater capacity for such slaves. These factors among others highly contributed to the shipping of many Africans to the Diaspora majorly as slaves. Countries inhabited by African Diasporas in 1960These countries included:United states of AmericaBrazilFranceFranceThe African diaspora in France is one of the largest in the world. Their members are from its former colonies in Africa and from its overseas territories in the Caribbean. The largest African community in Africa is the Algerians 730.000 . Until it gained independence in 1962, Algeria was a part of the French territory.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9177372165179538, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2524, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.4867523}
{"text": "Their members are from its former colonies in Africa and from its overseas territories in the Caribbean. The largest African community in Africa is the Algerians 730.000 . Until it gained independence in 1962, Algeria was a part of the French territory. France also had strong ties with Morocco and today Moroccans are the second largest group of immigrants in France 670.000 . African immigrants came to France in consequence of the colonization process and, from the 60s onwards, to seek employment. United StatesA quarter of the African-American population in Boston, Miami and New York were born abroad and 8 percent of the total of African Americans in the US were born outside the country xv . Ever since the Immigration and Nationality act in 1965 and the opening of new legal channels, African immigrants have started to come to the US. Today, Americans with African descent make up 13.5 of the total US-population. Throughout the last decades, they have been becoming increasingly more present in the middle classes. Latin AmericaAfrican immigrants came to South America and the Caribbean as a result of the transatlantic slave trade. In the 1780s, slavery started to be criticized by the Christian Church, philosophers and economists and, as countries gained independence, slavery was abolished. Over time, African descendants influenced most aspects of everyday life. Carnival, which used to be only celebrated by Afro-Latinos, has now become a public holiday in Brazil. Unlike African Diasporas in the rest of Latin America who combine their African past with the culture of their host country, African descendants in the Caribbean who account for more than 90 of the population, are in search of a new national identity. They donot define themselves in terms of Africans but rather as Jamaican or Haitian nationals, for instance. They came to terms with their past and no longer need to think of themselves as Africans. Role of the Diasporas in political development in AfricaPan-AfricanismPan-Africanism unifies the cultural and political world of African diasporas and the self-determination of people from Africa, or at least of African origin, as well as the people of African descent resident outside Africa. Initially, there was an anti- slavery and anti-colonial movement amongst black people of Africa and the Diaspora in the late nineteenth century. Since then, the aims of Pan-Africanism have evolved through the ensuing decades .", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9045326917787726, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2463, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.5286603}
{"text": "Role of the Diasporas in political development in AfricaPan-AfricanismPan-Africanism unifies the cultural and political world of African diasporas and the self-determination of people from Africa, or at least of African origin, as well as the people of African descent resident outside Africa. Initially, there was an anti- slavery and anti-colonial movement amongst black people of Africa and the Diaspora in the late nineteenth century. Since then, the aims of Pan-Africanism have evolved through the ensuing decades . This movement had its origin in the United States in the late nineteenth century, thanks to the work of the advocate M.M. Garvey. He stated the idea of creating a common state in Africa to welcome back all the African Americans. Later on, Du Bois claimed the need to gain full rights, both in Africa and in the countries in which African communities resided, created by the forced migration represented by the slave trade in the previous centuries. Pan-Africanism gained legitimacy with the founding of the African Association in London in 1897, and the first Pan-African conference was held, again in London, in 1900 when Henry Sylvester Williams, the power behind the African Association, and his colleagues were interested in uniting the African Diaspora, and gaining political rights for those of African descent . Between 1919 and 1945, Du Bois organized several conferences, which increased and expanded the influence on the development of the African descendants emancipation movement in the Americas and Europe, as a way of nationalism in colonial Africa. Moreover, between the world wars, Pan-Africanism became more related and influenced by communism and trade unionism, especially through the writings of George Padmore, Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Frantz Fanon, Aim C saire, Paul Robeson, CLR James, WEB Du Bois, and Walter Rodney. Significantly, Pan-Africanism had expanded beyond the continent into Europe, the Caribbean and America. WEB Du Bois organized a series of Pan-African Congresses in London, Paris, and New York in the first half of the twentieth century. International awareness of Africa was also heightened by the Italian invasion of Abyssinia Ethiopia in 1935. As a result, many leaders struggling for the independence from European colonial dominations were formed in this cultural and political context of Pan-Africanism. Among these, N. Nkrumah, J. Nyerere, A. Toure, M.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9122009075907591, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2424, "token_count": 512}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.580692}
{"text": "Nkrumah, J. Nyerere, A. Toure, M. Keita. The Pan-African ideal also inspired the emergence of regional groupings, some of which were short-lived, due to the immediate emergence of nationalistic feelings or tribal differences. Role of African Diasporas in promotion of African Unity in Society todayThey have promoted equality for Africans whenever they are. They helped in forming organizations that today still unite Africans e.g. in terms of educationThrough their contributions they have helped shape economic developments in africaThey have affirmed the worth of black people and therefore rejected the inferiority ascribed by racist thought in the late 19th and 20th CsIt helped to launch the struggle for rights and equality for black people in the diaspora and Africa as wellGlobal CitizenshipA global citizen is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world and their place in it. They are a citizen of the world. They take an active role in their community and work with others to make our planet more peaceful, sustainable and fairer. Global citizenship involvesExploring local and global connections and our views, values and assumptionsExploring issues of social justice locally and globallyExploring the complexity of global issues and engaging with multiple perspectivesApplying learning to real-world issues and contextsOpportunities to make informed, reflective action and be heardInterconnectedness and interdependence among countriesInterconnectedness refers to the ability to understand and function in an increasingly multicultural, international, yet interconnected environment. It fosters the development of individuals to become successful professionals, civic leaders, and informed citizens in a diverse national and global society. Interdependence is measured by the costs of severing the relationship or the benefits of developing it . The higher the costs to one country, the greater is the degree of dependence of that country. Why countries interconnect and interdepend on each other IndustrializationIndustrialization leads to the advancement of economies which in turn triggers the in- house manufacturing of several products. When a country specializes in the production of a certain product, it then needs to import other products from other countries. An example is that of Asia Pakistan ; it specializes in the manufacturing of footballs however leather and other preparatory materials are imported from China. Producing specialized goods enhances production efficiency and therefore, most countries only focus on their specialties, providing a narrow range of goods and services.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9275397038160914, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2643, "token_count": 492}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.5654423}
{"text": "When a country specializes in the production of a certain product, it then needs to import other products from other countries. An example is that of Asia Pakistan ; it specializes in the manufacturing of footballs however leather and other preparatory materials are imported from China. Producing specialized goods enhances production efficiency and therefore, most countries only focus on their specialties, providing a narrow range of goods and services. This creates economic interdependence among nations; the need for outsourcing or importing other products for the fulfillment of basic needs. Economy advancementAs an economy develops, it focuses on establishing more industries and manufacturing more goods within the country's premises. This can lead to the creation of raw materials and other labor services from within the country or from neighboring economies. Regional ProductionOne main reason for high economic interdependence among economies is the region- specific production. Different regions observe different weather, different soil, and other conditions. Within such circumstances, they specialize in the production of certain goods and crops only, while other necessities are fulfilled by importing goods. For example, China is one major exporter of Apples, it produces more than 41 million tons of apples each year. Blessed by the perfect climate and land to harvest apples, China is an expert in harvesting Apples. On the other hand, America exports Maize, Soybean, and Milk. Both of these countries exchange their products with each other and are economically interdependent. Labor SpecializationAnother main driving force of Economic interdependence is Labor Specialization. When too many similar products are produced by one nation or a party, the production becomes specialized and economic interdependence takes place. That party then formstrading relationships with other parties for the supply of products and services that they cannot produce. EducationThis is to enhance diffusion of knowledge among countries as they share knowledge on different disciplines. E.g. hiring of specialists like Doctors and nurses across various countries. Positive effects of globalization at local and National LevelsAccess to New CulturesGlobalization makes it easier than ever to access foreign culture, including food, movies, music, and art. This free flow of people, goods, art, and information is the reason you can have Thai food delivered to your apartment as you listen to your favorite UK-based artist or stream a Bollywood movie. The Spread of Technology and InnovationMany countries around the world remain constantly connected, so knowledge and technological advances travel quickly.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9277933842432189, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2721, "token_count": 482}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.6143525}
{"text": "Positive effects of globalization at local and National LevelsAccess to New CulturesGlobalization makes it easier than ever to access foreign culture, including food, movies, music, and art. This free flow of people, goods, art, and information is the reason you can have Thai food delivered to your apartment as you listen to your favorite UK-based artist or stream a Bollywood movie. The Spread of Technology and InnovationMany countries around the world remain constantly connected, so knowledge and technological advances travel quickly. Because knowledge also transfers so fast, this means that scientific advances made in Asia can be at work in the United States in a matter of days. Lower Costs for ProductsGlobalization allows companies to find lower-cost ways to produce their products. It also increases global competition, which drives prices down and creates a larger variety of choices for consumers. Lowered costs help people in both developing and already- developed countries live better on less money. Higher Standards of Living Across the GlobeDeveloping nations experience an improved standard of living thanks to globalization. Access to New MarketsBusinesses gain a great deal from globalization, including new customers and diverse revenue streams. Companies interested in these benefits look for flexible and innovative ways to grow their business overseasAccess to New TalentIn addition to new markets, globalization allows companies to find new, specialized talent that is not available in their current market. For example, globalization givescompanies the opportunity to explore tech talent in booming markets such as Berlin or Stockholm, rather than Silicon Valley. Negative effects of Globalization at National and local levelsLoss of Cultural IdentityWhile globalization has made foreign countries easier to access, it has also begun to meld unique societies together. The success of certain cultures throughout the world caused other countries to emulate them. But when cultures begin to lose their distinctive features, we lose our global diversity. TerrorismIt is a significant problem in most developed countries. Due to worldwide integration, people travel a lot. Some of them move abroad for studying, business, visiting relatives, work and access hospitals services. However, not all of them are totally honest. Lots of terrorists came to a foreign country with a worker visa having a hidden goal to perform a terrorist attack. It s a problem that has posed fear among citizens who can t trust their neighbors. Unfortunately, terrorists recruit young people, residents of the country and make them believe they are doing the right things. That s why there are fear, mistrust, and tension in society.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9265647743813683, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2748, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.6000712}
{"text": "It s a problem that has posed fear among citizens who can t trust their neighbors. Unfortunately, terrorists recruit young people, residents of the country and make them believe they are doing the right things. That s why there are fear, mistrust, and tension in society. Job InsecurityBefore globalization, skilled people got employment in government sectors and companies where they received high salaries. Job opportunities were waiting for those who completed colleges and earned a degree. People would resign a job and quickly get another. Due to globalization, there are many people seeking employment all over the world. Employers take advantage of cheap labor. One can get a dismissal because of a slight mistake as the employer can find a skilled worker who is ready to be paid less. Price InstabilityPrice instability is a significant effect of globalization on business. Some people establish industries overseas where they get cheap raw materials and labor. They can cut production costs and sell their goods at a low price. Due to competition, some high- quality products differ in prices. No matter how the World Trade Organization has tried to control price fluctuation, their efforts are not successful. These companies reach out toconsumers using modern technology. Successful businesses are for those who can find a competitive advantage and especially make high-quality products for a low price. Currency FluctuationInternational trade buys and sells products using the US dollar. The price of dollar fluctuates day-to-day in developing countries, this results in imbalanced economy and unnormal prices for goods and services. National currencies are affected the most by IGOs. Qualities of Global Citizen in the modern SocietyGlobal citizens try to understand other people and have empathy for them. Global citizens act fairly in their choices, their decisions, and their words. Global citizens believe that they are just as important as everyone else. Global citizens believe that all people are equal. They do not think of some groups or individuals as superior or inferior to others. Global citizens accept differences and do not react with hostility to people who are different from them. Global citizens are willing to help and cooperate with others. Global citizens have their own ideas and express them, but they are open to changing them if they are proved wrong. Global citizens are curious and want to learn more about the world. Global citizens look after the environment and don t waste things. Global citizens believe they can make a positive difference in the worldHow to contribute to the wellbeing of the international community while maintaining a sense of rootedness to KenyaOffer social support like Aid to affected countries.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9261183261183261, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2772, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.6799355}
{"text": "Global citizens are curious and want to learn more about the world. Global citizens look after the environment and don t waste things. Global citizens believe they can make a positive difference in the worldHow to contribute to the wellbeing of the international community while maintaining a sense of rootedness to KenyaOffer social support like Aid to affected countries. Enhance social trustSupport members living harmoniously togetherFoster civic engagementEmpower all members to participate in global democracy. Global GovernanceGlobal governance encompasses activities that transcend national boundaries at the international, transnational, and regional levels and is based on rights and rules that are enforced through a combination of economic and moral incentives. Guiding principles of leadership and integrity in promotion of good governanceselection on the basis of personal integrity, competence and suitability, or election in free and fair elections;objectivity and impartiality in decision making, and in ensuring that decisions are not influenced by nepotism, favouritism, other improper motives or corrupt practices;selfless service based solely on the public interest, demonstrated by honesty in the execution of public duties; andthe declaration of any personal interest that may conflict with public duties;accountability to the public for decisions and actions; anddiscipline and commitment in service to the people. Formation of Organization of African Unitywas an intergovernmental organization established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with 32 signatory governments. One of the main heads for OAU's establishment was Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. It was disbanded on 9 July 2002 by its last chairman, South African President Thabo Mbeki, and replaced by the African Union AU . Achievements of OAUOAU fought against colonialism, through its liberation committee, OAU succeeded in mobilizing funds, arms and support for the countries that were still under colonial rule. This saw the liberation of several countries like Angola, South Africa and Namibia. After its successful completion of the decolonization task, the liberation committee of OAU was dissolved in 1994OAU upheld the idea of African unity through the annual conferences where it managed to bring the different heads of states together, they did not only discuss the important matters affecting the continent but also came to know and understand each other better, this contributed towards African unity.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9213525103746198, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2514, "token_count": 481}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.6540196}
{"text": "Achievements of OAUOAU fought against colonialism, through its liberation committee, OAU succeeded in mobilizing funds, arms and support for the countries that were still under colonial rule. This saw the liberation of several countries like Angola, South Africa and Namibia. After its successful completion of the decolonization task, the liberation committee of OAU was dissolved in 1994OAU upheld the idea of African unity through the annual conferences where it managed to bring the different heads of states together, they did not only discuss the important matters affecting the continent but also came to know and understand each other better, this contributed towards African unity. OAU settled inter state conflicts between Uganda and Kenya 1987, Somalia and Ethiopia in 1970, Morocco and Mauritania over the western Sahara republic 1976, Somalia and Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania 1978 79, Uganda and Congo, Uganda and Sudan, OAU always came in to mediate peace and prevent large scale and prolonged wars. OAU helped in dismantling Apartheid by 1994; it used diplomatic talks, mobilized moral, financial and military support in order to weaken the Apartheid regime. It convinced the super powers to impose sanctions against Apartheid South Africa and encouraged the formation of frontline states that is Mozambique, Angola, and Zambia against South Africa. OAU promoted economic development in Africa that is in 1963 set up the African Development Bank in Abidjan in Cote-de-viore Ivory Coast, it obtained funds from multi national co-operations and rich Arab states for development. In 1993 at Abidjan OAU proposed the formation of an African economic community. OAU supported regional economic integrations after realizing that the idea of continental economic integration will take long to mature, such groupings like ECOWAS for West Africa, PTA and COMESA for East, central and South Africa, the SADC were formed and through these, unity and social economic advancement were spearheaded. OAU made efforts to end civil wars; in 1972 it negotiated a peace settlement over the Sudanese civil war, this helped to put the civil war to an end for a period of ten years. Even after the war resumed in 1983, it still made efforts to reconcile the SPLA guerilla movement with Khartoum government. It also intervened in the civil wars in Burundi, Mozambique, Nigeria and Angola.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9067476976796875, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2382, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.697644}
{"text": "OAU condemned secessionions for example it took an uncompromising positions against, Biafran secession, Katanga secessions this helped to bring togetherness within those states and some how nationalism was realized. OAU promoted democratic governance in Africa and took a firm ground to condemn coups and political assassinations in addition the principle of one man one vote was upheld, Africa realized different elections for example in Kenya Moi gavein to Kibaki through elections. All these were achievements that could not be under estimated. OAU defended human rights by setting up a human rights charter on 21st October 1986 signed by 30 out of 52 African states and from then they started fighting human rights abuses and encouraged Africans states to set up human rights commissions with in their countries. This has helped to reduce on human suffering on the African continent. OAU constantly spoke against neo-colonialism and Africans were encouraged to build self sustaining economies and avoid accepting decisions from the West. This some how enhanced African independence. Challenges faced by OAUInability by member states to meet their annual subscription and the problem of defaulters. Lack of military high command. Ideological differences among African members of states. Countries supported rebel activities in each other s country. Most countries remained very poor and liable to neo-colonialism. OAU was faced with a problem of language barrier. OAU was faced with a problem of prolonged European domination in Africa which drained most of its resources especially South Africa, Namibia and the Portuguese colonies of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea Bissau. The colonial legacy was another problem where Africans remained loyal to their former colonial masters; there were sharp differences between the Anglo-phone and Franco-phone. The problem of coup detas. Divisions influenced by cold war politics. Economic rivalry between African countries. Greed for political power. Boarder conflicts for example Amin wanted to extend the Ugandan boarder. Corruption and embezzlement. Poor infrastructure like roads. Assassinations of African leaders who had it at heart. Failures of OAUFailure to air out political differences of African states, during the Nigerian civil war of 1967-70, Tanzania, Zambia, Ivory Coast plus Gabon remained in total isolation with Nigeria because they supported the Biafran secession. This was blamed on OAU because it had not made enough sensitization in the need for African unity. OAU failed to create a standing army that would solve African problems.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9215234239444766, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2600, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.7079432}
{"text": "Failures of OAUFailure to air out political differences of African states, during the Nigerian civil war of 1967-70, Tanzania, Zambia, Ivory Coast plus Gabon remained in total isolation with Nigeria because they supported the Biafran secession. This was blamed on OAU because it had not made enough sensitization in the need for African unity. OAU failed to create a standing army that would solve African problems. It only relied on soliciting support from African countries in times of crisis and therefore it failed to iron out dictators like Jean Bodel Bokasa of Central Africa, failed to end Amin s rule in a short period, people like Mugabe of Zimbabwe and Ghadafi of Libya did not uphold on to the democratic principles of elections and this created confusion in African politics. OAU failed to end Neo-colonialism throughout its existence, African countries were depending on the former colonial masters and to make matters worse the 1982 OAU summit that was to take place in Libya flopped because of the influence of USA and it was shifted to Addis Ababa. Therefore it is urged that OAU failed to achieve the desire for total independence. The OAU failed to attain the desired unity of Africa. African countries throughout its existence were more concerned about their home problems rather than the continental issues. This created divisions against the future unity envisaged by its founders. OAU failed to end inter state conflicts for example between 1977 and 1978 Ethiopia was at war with Somalia around 1979 Tanzania and Uganda were also at war, this disunity hampered economic development. OAU failed to amend the OAU charter which emphasized the principle of non interference in the affairs of other states, the dictators always used this clause to prolong their stay in power and abuse human rights a case in point is Apartheid South Africa which constantly called OAU members to respect the non interference clause, other leaders like Ghadafi always told other leaders to mind their own business. OAU failed to establish an economic integration of the continent, African states remained very poor and surprisingly 90 of the total trade in Africa was done outside the continent thus regional groupings like COMESA, Preferential Trade Area PTA , SADCC failed to realize their objectives.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9156431958148619, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2306, "token_count": 465}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.7267938}
{"text": "OAU failed to end inter state conflicts for example between 1977 and 1978 Ethiopia was at war with Somalia around 1979 Tanzania and Uganda were also at war, this disunity hampered economic development. OAU failed to amend the OAU charter which emphasized the principle of non interference in the affairs of other states, the dictators always used this clause to prolong their stay in power and abuse human rights a case in point is Apartheid South Africa which constantly called OAU members to respect the non interference clause, other leaders like Ghadafi always told other leaders to mind their own business. OAU failed to establish an economic integration of the continent, African states remained very poor and surprisingly 90 of the total trade in Africa was done outside the continent thus regional groupings like COMESA, Preferential Trade Area PTA , SADCC failed to realize their objectives. OAU failed to safeguard the sovereignty and respect of the members states for example in 1968 USA troops bombed Libyan cities of Benghazi and Tripoli, in Congo the Belgian troops occupied without the blessing of the OAU, various military take over were partly influenced by foreign countries and Africa did not rested yet OAU did not do enough guarding. OAU failed to enforce non-alignment as member states became aligned either to the east or the West for example where as Kenya adopted capitalism, Tanzania adopted socialism which limited continental unity. OAU failed to discipline member states which did not pay their membership for example Chad and Rwanda for long refused to pay this fee. According to the 1995 statistics out of 53 countries only 17 fully paid and it was estimated that about 583 million dollars were in debts. OAU was also faced with personal conflicts, misunderstandings by Heads of states in Africa for example Nyerere boycotted the OAU summit in Uganda in 1975 because of personal conflicts with Amin, Nasser and Nkrumah disagreed on the form of unity to adopt in Africa. All these were blamed on OAU for failure to create peace and unity. OAU failed to prevent assassinations of African leaders and Africa lost dynamic and political leaders like Lumumba, Sylvanus Olympio of Togo, Anwal Sadat of Egypt, Melicio Ndadaye of Burundi, Juvenile Habyarimana of Rwanda, and the people who were believed would ensure unity in Africa. OAU failed to iron out differences between black Africans and the Arab North Africans.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9118494271685761, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2444, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.7621808}
{"text": "All these were blamed on OAU for failure to create peace and unity. OAU failed to prevent assassinations of African leaders and Africa lost dynamic and political leaders like Lumumba, Sylvanus Olympio of Togo, Anwal Sadat of Egypt, Melicio Ndadaye of Burundi, Juvenile Habyarimana of Rwanda, and the people who were believed would ensure unity in Africa. OAU failed to iron out differences between black Africans and the Arab North Africans. This was significant in the 1977 OAU summit in Somalia. The Arabs wanted a Somali to be elected as secretary General of OAU as opposed to a black from Zambia. This almost fragmented Africa into the Arab North and Black South. However this was solved by the election of a Cameroonian. OAU failed to protect human rights. Most African states were headed by dictators like Amin, Mobutu Seseko, Sun Abacha who even banned political parties, censored the press but OAU simply condemned and could not remove such dictators. Failure to improve the social welfare of Africans. Africans remained very poor, suffered from curable diseases like Bilharzia, there was poor feeding and mal- nutrition yet OAU did little or nothing to improve on this. Failure to stop ethnic nationalism in Africa. OAU completely failed to stop the 1967 to 1979 Nigerian civil war, failed to unite Southern and Northern Sudan andthus the crisis continued. It failed to cement relations between the Hutus and the Tutsis in Rwanda thus it is argued that the Cardinal objective of peace and stability was not fully achieved. OAU failed to improve on the transport network in Africa which hampered economic progress for example the plan to construct the Trans-African high way from Mombasa to Lagos and from Johannesburg to Tripoli never materialized and this endangered African unity. OAU failed to eradicate the white settlers in Kenyan highlands, Ethiopian highlands, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Formation of African Union AU The African Union AU was officially launched in July 2002 in Durban, South Africa, following a decision in September 1999 by its predecessor, the OAU to create a new continental organisation to build on its work.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9146343138497951, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2151, "token_count": 455}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.7809677}
{"text": "OAU failed to improve on the transport network in Africa which hampered economic progress for example the plan to construct the Trans-African high way from Mombasa to Lagos and from Johannesburg to Tripoli never materialized and this endangered African unity. OAU failed to eradicate the white settlers in Kenyan highlands, Ethiopian highlands, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Formation of African Union AU The African Union AU was officially launched in July 2002 in Durban, South Africa, following a decision in September 1999 by its predecessor, the OAU to create a new continental organisation to build on its work. The decision to re-launch Africa s pan- African organisation was the outcome of a consensus by African leaders that in order to realise Africa s potential, there was a need to refocus attention from the fight for decolonisation and ridding the continent of apartheid, which had been the focus of the OAU, towards increased cooperation and integration of African states to drive Africa s growth and economic development. Aims of A.UAchieve greater unity and solidarity between African countries and their the peopleDefend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its Member States;Accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;Promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples;Encourage international cooperationPromote peace, security, and stability on the continent;Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance;Promote and protect human and peoples rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and other relevant human rights instruments;Establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations;Promote sustainable development at the economic, social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies;Promote cooperation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples;Coordinate and harmonise the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;Advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, in particular in science and technologyWork with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion of good health on the continent.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9272140268464062, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2521, "token_count": 457}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.801395}
{"text": "Formation of African Union AU The African Union AU was officially launched in July 2002 in Durban, South Africa, following a decision in September 1999 by its predecessor, the OAU to create a new continental organisation to build on its work. The decision to re-launch Africa s pan- African organisation was the outcome of a consensus by African leaders that in order to realise Africa s potential, there was a need to refocus attention from the fight for decolonisation and ridding the continent of apartheid, which had been the focus of the OAU, towards increased cooperation and integration of African states to drive Africa s growth and economic development. Aims of A.UAchieve greater unity and solidarity between African countries and their the peopleDefend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its Member States;Accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;Promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples;Encourage international cooperationPromote peace, security, and stability on the continent;Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance;Promote and protect human and peoples rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and other relevant human rights instruments;Establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations;Promote sustainable development at the economic, social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies;Promote cooperation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples;Coordinate and harmonise the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;Advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, in particular in science and technologyWork with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion of good health on the continent. Ensure the effective participation of women in decision-making, particularly in the political, economic and socio-cultural areas;Develop and promote common policies on trade, defence and foreign relations to ensure the defence of the Continent and the strengthening of its negotiating positions;Invite and encourage the full participation of the African Diaspora as an important part of our Continent, in the building of the African Union.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9268617218169131, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2591, "token_count": 460}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.8318994}
{"text": "The decision to re-launch Africa s pan- African organisation was the outcome of a consensus by African leaders that in order to realise Africa s potential, there was a need to refocus attention from the fight for decolonisation and ridding the continent of apartheid, which had been the focus of the OAU, towards increased cooperation and integration of African states to drive Africa s growth and economic development. Aims of A.UAchieve greater unity and solidarity between African countries and their the peopleDefend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its Member States;Accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;Promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples;Encourage international cooperationPromote peace, security, and stability on the continent;Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance;Promote and protect human and peoples rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and other relevant human rights instruments;Establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations;Promote sustainable development at the economic, social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies;Promote cooperation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples;Coordinate and harmonise the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;Advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, in particular in science and technologyWork with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion of good health on the continent. Ensure the effective participation of women in decision-making, particularly in the political, economic and socio-cultural areas;Develop and promote common policies on trade, defence and foreign relations to ensure the defence of the Continent and the strengthening of its negotiating positions;Invite and encourage the full participation of the African Diaspora as an important part of our Continent, in the building of the African Union. Achievements of A.UAfrican Union has contributed the following among its members states:Conflict Resolution, Peace SecurityInfrastructure Energy DevelopmentAgricultural DevelopmentTrade Industrial DevelopmentVisa Free AfricaDemocracy, Law Human RightsPromoting Health NutritionMigration, Labour EmploymentPromoting Sports CultureEducation, Science TechnologyYouth DevelopmentEconomic Integration Private Sector DevelopmentDiaspora Civil Society EngagementGender Equality Development Challenges of A.UInadequate preparation in response to climatic challenges across Africa.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9310998307952623, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2955, "token_count": 524}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.8572063}
{"text": "Aims of A.UAchieve greater unity and solidarity between African countries and their the peopleDefend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its Member States;Accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;Promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples;Encourage international cooperationPromote peace, security, and stability on the continent;Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance;Promote and protect human and peoples rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and other relevant human rights instruments;Establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations;Promote sustainable development at the economic, social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies;Promote cooperation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples;Coordinate and harmonise the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;Advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, in particular in science and technologyWork with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion of good health on the continent. Ensure the effective participation of women in decision-making, particularly in the political, economic and socio-cultural areas;Develop and promote common policies on trade, defence and foreign relations to ensure the defence of the Continent and the strengthening of its negotiating positions;Invite and encourage the full participation of the African Diaspora as an important part of our Continent, in the building of the African Union. Achievements of A.UAfrican Union has contributed the following among its members states:Conflict Resolution, Peace SecurityInfrastructure Energy DevelopmentAgricultural DevelopmentTrade Industrial DevelopmentVisa Free AfricaDemocracy, Law Human RightsPromoting Health NutritionMigration, Labour EmploymentPromoting Sports CultureEducation, Science TechnologyYouth DevelopmentEconomic Integration Private Sector DevelopmentDiaspora Civil Society EngagementGender Equality Development Challenges of A.UInadequate preparation in response to climatic challenges across Africa. Organizational Structure of AFRICAN UNIONFactors which can promote continental Interconnectedness and interdependenceIntroduction of one currency for African countriesExpansion of roads that link African countriesIntroduction of free trade across the African continentEnhancing of cultural exchanges among African CommunitiesSpecialization in production of goods and servicesUse of IT in enhancing and linking countries across Africa.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9340275445078939, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2977, "token_count": 521}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.8233998}
{"text": "Ensure the effective participation of women in decision-making, particularly in the political, economic and socio-cultural areas;Develop and promote common policies on trade, defence and foreign relations to ensure the defence of the Continent and the strengthening of its negotiating positions;Invite and encourage the full participation of the African Diaspora as an important part of our Continent, in the building of the African Union. Achievements of A.UAfrican Union has contributed the following among its members states:Conflict Resolution, Peace SecurityInfrastructure Energy DevelopmentAgricultural DevelopmentTrade Industrial DevelopmentVisa Free AfricaDemocracy, Law Human RightsPromoting Health NutritionMigration, Labour EmploymentPromoting Sports CultureEducation, Science TechnologyYouth DevelopmentEconomic Integration Private Sector DevelopmentDiaspora Civil Society EngagementGender Equality Development Challenges of A.UInadequate preparation in response to climatic challenges across Africa. Organizational Structure of AFRICAN UNIONFactors which can promote continental Interconnectedness and interdependenceIntroduction of one currency for African countriesExpansion of roads that link African countriesIntroduction of free trade across the African continentEnhancing of cultural exchanges among African CommunitiesSpecialization in production of goods and servicesUse of IT in enhancing and linking countries across Africa. Developing the education sector.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CBC-SOCIAL-STUDIES-COMPLETE-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9330718954248366, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1530, "token_count": 276}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.8786464}
{"text": "STRAND 1.0: FOUNDATIONS OF PRE -TECHNICAL STUDIESComponents of Pre-Technical Studies as a Learning Area:Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies:Explanation: Introduction to fundamental concepts and principles related to pre-technical subjects. Example: Understanding safety regulations, basic technical terminology, and problem-solving approaches. Safety in the Work Environment:Explanation: Focus on identifying and mitigating potential safety threats in various work environments. Example: Learning about workplace hazards and safety protocols in industries such as manufacturing or construction. Communication:Explanation: Developing communication skills essential for effective collaboration and information sharing in technical fields. Example: Practicing clear communication in technical project reports or during team discussions. Technical Drawing and Design:Explanation: Introduction to basic technical drawing techniques and design principles. Example: Creating engineering drawings or architectural plans using drafting tools. Basic Computer Skills:Explanation: Acquiring foundational skills in using computers and digital tools relevant to technical fields. Example: Learning to use software for data analysis, drafting, or programming. Materials and Tools Handling:Explanation: Understanding the properties of materials and safe handling of tools used in technical activities. Example: Demonstrating proper use of woodworking tools or laboratory equipment. Problem Solving:Explanation: Developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills applicable to technical challenges. Example: Analyzing and solving engineering problems or troubleshooting technical issues. B Role of Pre-Technical Studies in Day-to-Day Life:Safety Awareness:Explanation: Pre-Technical Studies instill a sense of safety awareness, contributing to a safer daily environment. Example: Knowing how to identify and address potential safety hazards at home or in public spaces. Effective Communication:Explanation: The communication skills learned aid in clear and concise interactions in personal and professional life. Example: Communicating ideas effectively in everyday conversations or writing clear emails. Problem-Solving Skills:Explanation: The problem-solving skills acquired are applicable to addressing challenges in various aspects of life. Example: Solving household issues or addressing technical glitches in personal devices. Understanding Materials:Explanation: Knowledge of materials helps in making informed decisions when purchasing or using products. Example: Choosing appropriate materials for DIY projects or understanding product labels. Basic Computer Literacy:Explanation: Basic computer skills enhance digital literacy, essential in today's technology-driven world. Example: Using computers for online communication, research, or online transactions. C Embracing Pre-Technical Studies in Career Development:Industry-Relevant Skills:Explanation: Pre-Technical Studies provide foundational skills applicable to a wide range of technical careers.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9301298559526822, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3069, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.904895}
{"text": "Basic Computer Literacy:Explanation: Basic computer skills enhance digital literacy, essential in today's technology-driven world. Example: Using computers for online communication, research, or online transactions. C Embracing Pre-Technical Studies in Career Development:Industry-Relevant Skills:Explanation: Pre-Technical Studies provide foundational skills applicable to a wide range of technical careers. Example: Applying technical drawing skills in architecture or engineering professions. Career Specialization:Explanation: Exposure to different components helps students identify and specialize in specific technical areas. Example: Choosing a career in electronics after gaining skills in handling electronic components. Adaptability in Technological Fields:Explanation: Pre-Technical Studies foster adaptability to emerging technologies, a crucial aspect in evolving careers. Example: Easily transitioning to new software or tools in a tech-oriented workplace. Safety Compliance:Explanation: Understanding safety regulations enhances workplace safety compliance in technical professions. Example: Adhering to safety protocols in a manufacturing or laboratory setting. Effective Collaboration:Explanation: Communication skills developed in Pre-Technical Studies contribute to successful collaboration in team-based technical projects. Example: Working effectively with colleagues on engineering projects or collaborative research. Lesson 1: Brainstorming on Safety ThreatsDiscussion Points:Physical Safety Threats: Wet floors, exposed wiring, faulty machinery. Online Safety Threats: Cyberbullying, phishing emails, unauthorized access. Explanation:Collaborative brainstorming helps us identify a broad range of safety threats, considering both physical and online aspects. Lesson 2: Research on Safety HazardsResearch Findings:Physical Safety Hazards: Chemical exposure, ergonomic risks, inadequate lighting. Online Safety Hazards: Malware, social engineering attacks, data breaches. Explanation:Researching safety hazards provides us with in-depth knowledge about potential risks in both physical and digital work environments. Lesson 3: Research on Physical and Online Threats to Digital DevicesResearch Findings:Physical Threats to Digital Devices: Theft, natural disasters, hardware failure. Online Threats: Impersonation, hacking, unknown friend requests. Explanation:Identifying specific threats helps us develop targeted strategies to protect digital devices both physically and online. Lesson 4: Sharing Ideas on Data PrivacyShared Ideas:Using strong, unique passwords. Avoiding clicking on suspicious email links. Being cautious about sharing personal information online. Explanation:Sharing and practicing data privacy ideas enhance our ability to keep personal and sensitive information secure. Key Inquiry Questions:Why is safety in the work environment important?", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9267839248590359, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2907, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.9156578}
{"text": "Being cautious about sharing personal information online. Explanation:Sharing and practicing data privacy ideas enhance our ability to keep personal and sensitive information secure. Key Inquiry Questions:Why is safety in the work environment important? Discussion Points:Prevents accidents, injuries, and ensures a positive work environment. Contributes to overall well-being and productivity. How can online threats be safeguarded against? Discussion Points:Being vigilant and cautious online. Using strong passwords and avoiding suspicious links. Lesson 5: Discussing Safety Rules and RegulationsDiscussed Rules:Wearing Personal Protective Equipment PPE . Adhering to fire evacuation procedures. Reporting hazards promptly. Explanation:Understanding and discussing safety rules ensures a collective commitment to maintaining a secure work environment. Lesson 6: Role Play on Safety for Self and OthersRole Play Scenarios:Responding to a simulated fire alarm. Demonstrating proper tool usage. Handling a simulated phishing attempt. Explanation:Role-playing helps us apply safety practices in real-life scenarios, fostering a culture of safety within the team. Overall Understanding:Recognizing safety threats, both physical and online, is crucial for preventing accidents and maintaining a secure work environment. Knowledge of safety rules and regulations contributes to creating a culture of safety within our organization. Regular observation and adherence to safety practices enhance our ability to contribute to a healthy and productive work environment. Appreciating the importance of safety involves understanding its impact on individual well-being, team dynamics, and overall organizational success. Lesson 1: Brainstorming on Computer TermsBrainstorm on Terms:Computer:Definition: A device that processes data to produce information. Example: Personal computers, laptops, servers. Data:Definition: Raw facts and figures that are input into a computer. Example: Numbers, text, images. Information:Definition: Processed data that conveys meaning and is useful to the user. Example: Analyzed data in a report, a graph representing statistical information. Explanation:Brainstorming helps in defining and understanding key terms related to computers, data, and information. Lesson 2: Characteristics of a ComputerDiscussion on Characteristics:Speed:Definition: The rate at which a computer processes tasks. Example: High-speed processors allow quick task execution. Accuracy:Definition: The ability of a computer to perform tasks without errors. Example: Accurate calculations in spreadsheet software. Versatility:Definition: The capability of a computer to handle various tasks and applications. Example: Computers can be used for word processing, graphic design, and gaming.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9222919947427217, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2807, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.956852}
{"text": "Example: Accurate calculations in spreadsheet software. Versatility:Definition: The capability of a computer to handle various tasks and applications. Example: Computers can be used for word processing, graphic design, and gaming. Reliability:Definition: The dependability of a computer to perform consistently. Example: Enterprise-level servers are designed for high reliability. Diligence:Definition: The ability of a computer to perform repetitive tasks without fatigue. Example: Automated data entry tasks performed with diligence. Storage:Definition: The capacity of a computer to store data and information. Example: Hard drives and solid-state drives used for data storage. Consistency:Definition: The uniformity in performance and behavior. Example: Consistent user interface across different software versions. Explanation:Discussing characteristics provides a comprehensive understanding of what makes a computer efficient and effective. Lesson 3: Video Clip on Classification of ComputersDownload and Watch a Video Clip:Classification of Computers. Explanation:Visual learning through a video clip enhances understanding of how computers are classified based on various criteria. Lesson 4: Discussion on Classification of ComputersDiscussion on Classification Criteria:Functionality:Definition: How a computer is designed to operate and the tasks it can perform. Example: Personal computers for general use, servers for data storage and retrieval. Purpose:Definition: The reason a computer is used, such as gaming, business, or scientific research. Example: Gaming computers with high-end graphics cards, business computers for office tasks. Size:Definition: The physical dimensions of a computer, influencing portability. Example: Desktops for stationary use, laptops for portability, tablets and smartphones for mobility. Explanation:Discussing the classification of computers based on functionality, purpose, and size provides insights into their diverse applications in user environments. Lesson 5: Interaction with Different Types of ComputersInteraction with Computers:Performed Tasks:Word processing on a desktop computer. Internet browsing on a laptop. Graphic design on a high-performance workstation. Explanation:Hands-on interaction enhances practical understanding and application of computer concepts in real-world scenarios. Key Inquiry Question:Why are there different classes of computers? Discussion Points:Different user needs require specialized computers. Diverse applications and performance requirements lead to the existence of various computer classes. Overall Understanding:Recognizing key terms and understanding their meanings lays the foundation for computer concepts. Detailed discussions on characteristics provide insights into what makes a computer efficient and reliable. Visual learning through a video clip enhances our understanding of computer classification.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9263108652856245, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2929, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.9440517}
{"text": "Overall Understanding:Recognizing key terms and understanding their meanings lays the foundation for computer concepts. Detailed discussions on characteristics provide insights into what makes a computer efficient and reliable. Visual learning through a video clip enhances our understanding of computer classification. Practical interaction with different types of computers reinforces our ability to apply computer skills in real-world scenarios. The key inquiry question prompts us to think critically about the necessity for different classes of computers based on user requirements and applications. Lesson 1: Brainstorming and Presentation on CommunicationBrainstorming Session:Meaning of Communication:Exchange of information, ideas, and thoughts. Importance of Communication in the Work Environment:Enhances collaboration. Improves decision-making. Fosters a positive work culture. Presentation:Highlights:Clear communication is crucial for organizational success. Examples of effective communication leading to successful projects or initiatives. Overall Explanation:Understanding the meaning and importance of communication forms the foundation for effective workplace interaction. Lesson 2: Role Play on Effective CommunicationRole Play Scenario:Situation:Team members working on a project need to coordinate tasks. Demonstration:Clear communication channels, active listening, and addressing misunderstandings promptly. Overall Explanation:Role-playing helps internalize the significance of clear and concise communication in professional settings. Lesson 3: Research on ICT Tools in CommunicationResearch Findings:ICT Tools Explored:Email, mobile phones, computers, video and web conferencing tools, social networking, online collaboration. Insights:Email for formal communication, video conferencing for virtual meetings, social networking for informal interactions. Overall Explanation:Researching ICT tools provides insights into the diverse technologies used for workplace communication. Lesson 4: Discussion on ICT Tools in CommunicationDiscussion Highlights:Email:Formal written communication. Mobile Phones:Quick and direct communication. Video Conferencing:Virtual meetings for remote collaboration. Social Networking:Informal communication and networking. Overall Explanation:Discussing ICT tools helps recognize their functions and applications in various communication scenarios. Lesson 5: Use of ICT Tools and Internet for CommunicationActivity Highlights:Practical Scenarios:Sending professional emails, participating in a video conference, collaborating on an online document. Skills Developed:Effective use of communication tools in a simulated workplace environment. Overall Explanation:Hands-on experience using ICT tools and the internet enhances practical communication skills in a technological environment. Lesson 6: Discussion on Benefits and Challenges of the InternetDiscussion Points:Benefits:Global communication, instant access to information, collaborative opportunities. Challenges:Security concerns, information overload, potential for misinformation.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9279254377336219, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3128, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360554.9821937}
{"text": "Overall Explanation:Hands-on experience using ICT tools and the internet enhances practical communication skills in a technological environment. Lesson 6: Discussion on Benefits and Challenges of the InternetDiscussion Points:Benefits:Global communication, instant access to information, collaborative opportunities. Challenges:Security concerns, information overload, potential for misinformation. Overall Explanation:Understanding the benefits and challenges of the internet enables informed and responsible use in a work context. Overall Summary:Importance of Communication:Recognizing the critical role of communication in fostering a positive work environment, ensuring clarity, and promoting effective teamwork. ICT Tools in Communication:Understanding and utilizing a variety of ICT tools to enhance workplace communication. Practical Application:Using ICT tools and the internet to simulate workplace communication scenarios, fostering practical skills. Role of Effective Communication:Acknowledging how effective communication contributes to workplace success, collaboration, and overall productivity. Critical Analysis:Evaluating the benefits and challenges of the internet, ensuring responsible and secure communication practices in a professional setting. Lesson 1: Discussing the Importance of DrawingBrainstorming on Importance:Visual Communication: Drawing facilitates the expression of ideas and information visually. Precision in Technical Fields: Drawing is crucial for conveying accurate and detailed information in technical and engineering contexts. Creative Expression: In art, drawing allows for creative expression and subjective interpretation. Overall Explanation:Initiating the course by discussing the diverse importance of drawing in various contexts. Lesson 2: Brainstorming on Technical and Artistic DrawingBrainstorming on Technical Drawing:Precision: Technical drawings emphasize accuracy and precise measurements. Engineering Applications: Used in engineering and technical fields for schematic representation. Brainstorming on Artistic Drawing:Aesthetics: Artistic drawings focus on aesthetic expression and creativity. Subjective Interpretation: Allows for personal interpretation and creativity. Overall Explanation:Distinguishing between technical and artistic drawing through brainstorming. Lesson 3: Research on Artistic and Technical DrawingResearch Findings:Artistic Drawing:Emphasis on aesthetics, creativity, and subjective expression. Technical Drawing:Emphasis on precision, accuracy, and application in technical fields. Overall Explanation:Researching to understand the specific characteristics and applications of artistic and technical drawing. Lesson 4: Practicing Printing Numbers and LettersPractical Exercise:Activity:Practice printing numbers and letters of the alphabet as used in drawing. Overall Explanation:Hands-on practice improves the learner's ability to reproduce numbers and letters accurately in drawings.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9297875572180845, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2999, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.0125294}
{"text": "Overall Explanation:Researching to understand the specific characteristics and applications of artistic and technical drawing. Lesson 4: Practicing Printing Numbers and LettersPractical Exercise:Activity:Practice printing numbers and letters of the alphabet as used in drawing. Overall Explanation:Hands-on practice improves the learner's ability to reproduce numbers and letters accurately in drawings. Lesson 5: Types of Lines in DrawingVisual Aid Exploration:Visual Aids:Explore information on types of lines and their application in drawing thick and thin continuous, dashed, and chain . Overall Explanation:Using visual aids to enhance understanding of the application of different types of lines in drawing. Lesson 6: Drawing Various Types of LinesDrawing Practice:Activity:Draw various types of lines thick and thin continuous, dashed, and chain . Overall Explanation:Practical drawing activities improve proficiency in creating different types of lines. Lesson 7: Sketching Basic Symbols and AbbreviationsActivity:Activity:Sketch basic symbols , , R, , and abbreviations DRG, A F, A C, I D, O D used in drawing. Overall Explanation:Learning to illustrate symbols and abbreviations enhances the ability to communicate specific information in drawings. Lesson 8: Audio-Visual Study of Symbol and Abbreviation ApplicationsAudio-Visual Aids:Study:Use audio-visual aids to understand the application of symbols and abbreviations in drawing. Overall Explanation:Utilizing audio-visual aids deepens understanding of how symbols and abbreviations are applied in drawing. Key Inquiry Question:Why is drawing referred to as a universal way of communication? Discussion Points:Visual Language: Drawing transcends linguistic barriers through a universally understood visual language. Common Understanding: Symbols and representations in drawings have a common, universally understood meaning. Overall Understanding:Importance of Drawing:Acknowledging drawing as a powerful means of communication, spanning both technical precision and artistic expression. Distinguishing Technical and Artistic Drawing:Understanding the unique characteristics and applications of technical and artistic drawing. Practical Skills:Developing practical skills in printing numbers and letters, drawing various types of lines, and sketching symbols and abbreviations. Appreciation for Drawing:Recognizing the role of drawing in conveying information precisely and creatively across diverse fields. Lesson 1: Brainstorming on Methods of DimensioningBrainstorming:Linear Dimensioning:Measuring length in a straight line.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9187139092539067, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2634, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.030683}
{"text": "Practical Skills:Developing practical skills in printing numbers and letters, drawing various types of lines, and sketching symbols and abbreviations. Appreciation for Drawing:Recognizing the role of drawing in conveying information precisely and creatively across diverse fields. Lesson 1: Brainstorming on Methods of DimensioningBrainstorming:Linear Dimensioning:Measuring length in a straight line. Radial Dimensioning:Measuring from a central point, often used in circular objects. Angular Dimensioning:Measuring angles between lines or shapes. Arc Dimensioning:Measuring curved shapes or arcs. Overall Explanation:Beginning the sub-strand with a diverse understanding of methods for dimensioning in plane geometry. Lesson 2: Illustrating Types of Lines Used in DimensioningVisual Aid Exploration:Visual Aids:Extension lines: Indicate the points between which the measurement is taken. Dimension lines: Indicate the measured length. Leader lines: Connect features to the dimension lines. Overall Explanation:Visualizing and understanding the roles of various lines used in dimensioning. Lesson 3: Constructing Combined ShapesActivity:Constructing Shapes:Combining circles, rectangles, and triangles to create complex shapes. Example: Combining a circle and a rectangle to form a cylinder. Overall Explanation:Hands-on activity to build a foundation for understanding and constructing combined shapes. Lesson 4: Dimensioning Combined Shapes in Plane GeometryDiscussion:Forms of Dimensioning:Parallel Dimensioning: Dimensions are placed parallel to the dimension lines. Chain Dimensioning: Dimensions are linked together for efficiency. Combined Dimensioning: Utilizing a combination of both parallel and chain dimensioning. Overall Explanation:Discussing and understanding different forms of dimensioning for combined shapes. Lesson 5: Visual Aid Exploration of Combined ShapesVisual Aid Exploration:Visual Aids:Identifying combined shapes in visual aids, such as architectural plans or mechanical diagrams. Lesson 6: Drawing Combined ShapesDiscussion:Techniques:Discussing step-by-step techniques to draw combined shapes accurately. Example: Drawing a complex machinery part involving circles and rectangles. Overall Explanation:Understanding the process and techniques involved in accurately drawing combined shapes. Lesson 7: Research on Methods of Dimensioning Combined ShapesResearch Findings:Electronic or Print Media Search:Exploring the latest methods of dimensioning combined shapes through electronic or print media sources. Example: Researching online articles or engineering manuals. Overall Explanation:Researching to gain insights into the most effective and modern methods of dimensioning for combined shapes.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9224693353297803, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2759, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.0438151}
{"text": "Lesson 7: Research on Methods of Dimensioning Combined ShapesResearch Findings:Electronic or Print Media Search:Exploring the latest methods of dimensioning combined shapes through electronic or print media sources. Example: Researching online articles or engineering manuals. Overall Explanation:Researching to gain insights into the most effective and modern methods of dimensioning for combined shapes. Lesson 8: Drawing and Dimensioning Combined ShapesActivity:Activity:Drawing and dimensioning combined shapes in plane geometry using the learned techniques. Example: Drawing a combination of geometric shapes found in a blueprint. Overall Explanation:Applying acquired knowledge and skills to draw and dimension complex shapes accurately. Key Inquiry Question:How are combined shapes applied in day-to-day life? Discussion Points:Architecture:Combining shapes in architectural designs for buildings or bridges. Manufacturing:Creating machinery parts with combined shapes for efficiency. Product Design:Incorporating combined shapes in product designs for functionality and aesthetics. Overall Understanding:Methods of Dimensioning:Grasping the nuances of linear, radial, angular, and arc dimensioning along with the types of lines used. Construction of Combined Shapes:Learning to construct and dimension combined shapes, understanding the importance of different forms of dimensioning. Practical Application:Applying the learned concepts to real-world scenarios, embracing the use of plane geometry in architecture, manufacturing, and product design. Lesson 1: Exploring Economic ResourcesBrainstorming and Presentation:Meaning of Economic Resources:Resources utilized in the production of goods and services to meet human needs. Characteristics:Limited availability, utility in production, and potential for satisfying human wants. Example: Fertile land for agriculture, which is limited but essential for producing food. Overall Explanation:Commencing the sub-strand with a detailed understanding of economic resources and their key characteristics. Lesson 2: Characteristics of Economic ResourcesResearch and Sharing:Print or Digital Media Search:Exploration of various sources to understand the characteristics of economic resources. Example:Limited availability implies that resources are finite and must be managed efficiently to meet the ever-growing human needs. Characteristics of Economic Resources in Point Form:Limited Availability:Resources are finite and not infinite. Utility in Production:Resources are used to produce goods and services. Potential to Satisfy Human Wants:Resources contribute to meeting human needs and desires. Overall Explanation:Understanding the essential characteristics of economic resources through research and shared insights.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9271415329768271, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2805, "token_count": 481}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.0788815}
{"text": "Utility in Production:Resources are used to produce goods and services. Potential to Satisfy Human Wants:Resources contribute to meeting human needs and desires. Overall Explanation:Understanding the essential characteristics of economic resources through research and shared insights. Lesson 3: Classification of Economic Resources in KenyaCase Study Analysis:Case Study:Analyzing a case study on the classification and types of economic resources in Kenya. Examples of Economic Resources in Kenya:Agriculture: Land for crop cultivation and livestock rearing. Minerals: Deposits of minerals like gold, soda ash, and titanium. Tourism: Natural attractions like wildlife, national parks, and beaches. Classification of Economic Resources in Kenya:Renewable Resources:Resources that can be naturally replenished, such as agricultural land and forests. Non-renewable Resources:Limited resources like minerals that cannot be quickly replenished. Overall Explanation:Gaining practical insights into the economic landscape of Kenya through a focused case study. Lesson 4: Metallic and Non-Metallic Materials as Economic ResourcesDiscussion:Distinguishing Characteristics:Metallic materials e.g., iron, copper and non-metallic materials e.g., wood, rubber as economic resources. Examples:Metallic Materials: Iron used in construction and copper in electrical wiring. Non-Metallic Materials: Wood for construction and rubber for tire production. Overall Explanation:Understanding the distinct characteristics of metallic and non-metallic materials in the context of economic resources. Lesson 5: Resource Mapping in the Local CommunityActivity:Resource Mapping:Conducting resource mapping to identify and document economic resources within the local community. Example:Identifying agricultural areas, water sources, and potential mining sites. Overall Explanation:Applying practical knowledge to recognize economic resources in the immediate environment through resource mapping. Lesson 6: Sustainable Use of Economic ResourcesBrainstorm and Presentation:Sustainable Practices:Brainstorming and presenting sustainable ways of using economic resources in Kenya. Examples of Sustainable Practices:Adopting renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. Implementing efficient waste management to minimize environmental impact. Overall Explanation:Emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices to ensure the longevity and responsible use of economic resources. Lesson 1: Introduction to Metallic MaterialsBrainstorming and Research:Brainstorming:Exploring prior knowledge about metallic materials. Research:Utilizing print or digital media to gather information on metallic materials. Example:Discussing common types of metallic materials like iron, aluminum, and copper.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9240168666832784, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2806, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.0663004}
{"text": "Lesson 1: Introduction to Metallic MaterialsBrainstorming and Research:Brainstorming:Exploring prior knowledge about metallic materials. Research:Utilizing print or digital media to gather information on metallic materials. Example:Discussing common types of metallic materials like iron, aluminum, and copper. Lesson 2: Checklist for Identifying Metallic MaterialsPractical Activity:Checklist Preparation:Collaborating to prepare a checklist for identifying types of metallic materials. Example:Steel: Recognizing its strength and applications in construction. Lesson 3: Physical Properties ExaminationGroup Activity:Physical Properties Examination:Conducting practical activities to examine the physical properties of metallic materials. Properties Examined:Magnetism, conductivity of heat and electricity, appearance. Example:Exploring the conductivity of copper and its relevance in electrical applications. Lesson 4: Discussion on Physical PropertiesGroup Discussion:Discussion:Engaging in a group discussion on the physical properties of metallic materials. Example:Discussing how the physical properties make certain metallic materials suitable for specific applications. Lesson 5: Matching Materials to their UseInteractive Activity:Matching Activity:Collaborating in an interactive activity to match metallic materials to their uses. Example:Connecting aluminum to its use in aircraft manufacturing due to its lightweight properties. Lesson 6-10: In-depth Exploration of Metallic MaterialsIn-depth Study:Focused Study on Specific Materials:Distributing research responsibilities for in-depth exploration of specific metallic materials. Example:Steel: Investigating its versatility and roles in construction and automotive industries. Key Inquiry Question:Why are metallic materials important in day-to-day life? Group Discussion:Collaborating to discuss and understand the significance of metallic materials in various aspects of daily life. Discussion Points:Construction:Essential in building structures and infrastructure. Transportation:Key component in vehicle manufacturing. Electronics:Vital for electronic devices and wiring. Overall Understanding:Identification of Metallic Materials:Collaboratively identifying various metallic materials commonly used in a work environment. Physical Properties Examination:Engaging in hands-on activities to understand the physical properties of metallic materials. Application in the Work Environment:Collaboratively relating metallic materials to their specific uses in the work environment. Appreciation for Metallic Materials:Developing a collective appreciation for the importance of metallic materials in various aspects of day-to-day life. 10 Examples of Metallic Materials in the Work Environment:Steel:Physical Properties:High strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion. Uses:Construction of buildings, bridges, and infrastructure.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9230092528955993, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2941, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.1132603}
{"text": "Appreciation for Metallic Materials:Developing a collective appreciation for the importance of metallic materials in various aspects of day-to-day life. 10 Examples of Metallic Materials in the Work Environment:Steel:Physical Properties:High strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion. Uses:Construction of buildings, bridges, and infrastructure. Aluminum:Physical Properties:Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and excellent conductivity. Uses:Aircraft manufacturing, packaging, and electrical wiring. Copper:Physical Properties:Excellent electrical conductivity, malleability, and corrosion resistance. Uses:Electrical wiring, plumbing, and electronic components. Iron:Physical Properties:High strength, magnetic properties, and versatility. Uses:Construction, manufacturing of machinery, and automotive industry. Brass:Physical Properties:Combination of copper and zinc, corrosion-resistant, and aesthetically pleasing. Uses:Musical instruments, decorative items, and plumbing fittings. Bronze:Physical Properties:Combination of copper and tin, corrosion-resistant, and high strength. Uses:Sculptures, bearings, and marine applications. Titanium:Physical Properties:Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and high strength. Uses:Aerospace components, medical implants, and sports equipment. Zinc:Physical Properties:Corrosion-resistant, malleable, and conductive. Uses:Galvanizing steel, batteries, and die-casting. Nickel:Physical Properties:Corrosion-resistant, magnetic properties, and high melting point. Uses:Alloying agent in stainless steel, batteries, and electronic devices. Lead:Physical Properties:Dense, malleable, and corrosion-resistant. Uses:Batteries, radiation shielding, and construction. Physical Properties of Metallic Materials:Strength:Ability to withstand an applied force without breaking or deforming. Conductivity:Ability to conduct electricity or heat. Magnetism:Ability to be attracted or repelled by a magnet. Malleability:Ability to deform under pressure, usually into thin sheets. Ductility:Ability to undergo significant deformation before rupture or breaking. Corrosion Resistance:Ability to withstand deterioration due to chemical reactions with the environment. Density:Mass per unit volume, indicating the compactness of the material. Melting Point:Temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid. 10 Uses of Metallic Materials:Construction of buildings and infrastructure. Electrical wiring for power distribution. Manufacturing of machinery and equipment. Automotive industry for vehicle production. Aerospace components for aircraft manufacturing. Medical implants and equipment.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9204514147174697, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2664, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.133742}
{"text": "Automotive industry for vehicle production. Aerospace components for aircraft manufacturing. Medical implants and equipment. Plumbing fittings for water distribution. Electronic components in various devices. Battery production for energy storage. Marine applications for corrosion-resistant materials. Importance of Metallic Materials:Structural Integrity:Essential for building sturdy and durable structures. Versatility:Used across various industries due to their unique properties. Conductivity:Crucial for electrical wiring, facilitating the transmission of electricity. Magnetic Properties:Valuable in applications such as motors and generators. Corrosion Resistance:Ensures longevity and durability, particularly in outdoor environments. Weight Savings:Lightweight materials like aluminum contribute to fuel efficiency in transportation. Aesthetics:Metals like brass and bronze are valued for their visual appeal in decorative items. Medical Applications:Used in medical implants and devices due to biocompatibility. Environmental Benefits:Recyclability of many metallic materials reduces environmental impact. Economic Impact:Plays a crucial role in the manufacturing sector, contributing to economic development and job creation. 3.0 Materials for Production3.3 Non-Metallic Materials 10 Lessons Learning Objectives: By the end of this sub-strand, you should be able to: a Identify non-metallic materials found in the locality, b Categorize non-metallic materials as either synthetic or natural, c Describe the physical properties of non-metallic materials found in the locality, d Relate non-metallic materials to their uses in the locality, e Appreciate the use of non-metallic materials in production. Lesson 1: Introduction to Non-Metallic MaterialsBrainstorming and Research:Brainstorming:Discussing what comes to mind when thinking about non-metallic materials. Research:Using print or digital media to explore and gather information on non-metallic materials. Discussion:Group discussion on identified materials like wood, stone, plastics, paper, rubber, cement, glass, and ceramics. Lesson 2: Categorization of Non-Metallic MaterialsSorting Activity:Activity:Sorting materials into synthetic and natural categories. Example:Natural: Wood, Stone, RubberSynthetic: Plastics, Paper, CementDiscussion:Exploring the characteristics that define synthetic and natural materials. Lesson 3: Physical Properties ExaminationPractical Activities:Practical Exercises:Hands-on activities examining the physical properties of non-metallic materials. Properties Examined:Color, Texture, Hardness, Fire Resistance.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9170409132919385, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2649, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.1517677}
{"text": "Example:Natural: Wood, Stone, RubberSynthetic: Plastics, Paper, CementDiscussion:Exploring the characteristics that define synthetic and natural materials. Lesson 3: Physical Properties ExaminationPractical Activities:Practical Exercises:Hands-on activities examining the physical properties of non-metallic materials. Properties Examined:Color, Texture, Hardness, Fire Resistance. Example:Examining the color and texture of wood and stone, testing hardness and fire resistance. Lesson 4: Discussion on Physical PropertiesGroup Discussion:Discussion:Engaging in a group discussion on the importance of various physical properties. Example:Discussing the significance of fire resistance in materials like ceramics. Lesson 5: Matching Materials to their Use in the LocalityInteractive Activity:Matching Activity:Group activity to match non-metallic materials to their specific uses in the locality. Example:Matching rubber to its use in local industries for manufacturing. Lesson 6-10: In-depth Exploration of Non-Metallic MaterialsIn-depth Study:Focused Study on Specific Materials:Devoting each lesson to in-depth exploration of specific non-metallic materials. Example:Wood: Understanding its versatility and applications in construction and furniture. Key Inquiry Question:Why are non-metallic materials important? Group Discussion:Collaborative discussion on the importance of non-metallic materials. Discussion Points:Versatility: Used in diverse applications from construction to daily consumer goods. Sustainability: Natural materials contribute to sustainable practices. Functionality: Each material has unique properties catering to specific needs. Overall Understanding:Identification of Non-Metallic Materials:Recognizing various non-metallic materials commonly found in the locality. Categorization:Understanding the classification of non-metallic materials as either synthetic or natural. Physical Properties Examination:Engaging in hands-on activities to understand the physical properties of non-metallic materials. Application in the Locality:Relating non-metallic materials to their specific uses in the local context. Appreciation for Non-Metallic Materials:Developing a collective appreciation for the importance of non-metallic materials in various aspects of production and daily life. Non-Metallic Materials Found in the Locality:Wood Natural :Physical Properties:Color: Varies based on the type of wood, e.g., oak, pine. Texture: Grainy or smooth. Hardness: Varies, but generally less hard than metals. Uses:Construction, furniture, paper production. Stone Natural :Physical Properties:Color: Varied, e.g., granite, limestone.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9178993960453381, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2686, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.1922545}
{"text": "Hardness: Varies, but generally less hard than metals. Uses:Construction, furniture, paper production. Stone Natural :Physical Properties:Color: Varied, e.g., granite, limestone. Texture: Ranges from rough to smooth. Hardness: Generally hard. Uses:Construction, sculptures, decorative purposes. Plastics Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Diverse colors based on additives. Texture: Can be smooth or textured. Hardness: Varies from flexible to rigid. Uses:Packaging, containers, toys, medical devices. Paper Natural :Physical Properties:Color: Typically white or brown. Texture: Can be smooth or coarse. Hardness: Relatively soft. Uses:Writing, printing, packaging. Rubber Natural Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Usually black or brown. Texture: Elastic and flexible. Hardness: Soft. Uses:Tires, hoses, footwear, seals. Cement Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Gray when dry. Texture: Powdery when dry, hardens when mixed with water. Hardness: Becomes very hard when cured. Uses:Construction, building foundations. Glass Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Transparent or tinted. Texture: Smooth and brittle. Hardness: Hard and brittle. Uses:Windows, containers, optical lenses. Ceramics Natural Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Varies, often earthy tones. Texture: Smooth and brittle. Hardness: Hard. Uses:Pottery, tiles, insulators. Concrete Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Gray. Texture: Rigid and coarse. Hardness: Very hard. Uses:Construction, infrastructure. Natural Fiber Natural :Physical Properties:Color: Varies based on the fiber source. Texture: Natural, often soft. Hardness: Flexible. Uses:Textiles, rope, mats. Importance of Non-Metallic Materials:Versatility:Non-metallic materials are versatile and can be adapted for various purposes. Sustainability:Natural materials contribute to sustainable practices and are often renewable. Insulation:Non-metallic materials like rubber and plastics are excellent insulators of electricity and heat. Aesthetics:Materials like wood, stone, and ceramics contribute to the aesthetic appeal of products. Lightweight:Many non-metallic materials are lightweight, making them suitable for various applications. Corrosion Resistance:Non-metallic materials are not prone to corrosion, making them durable in certain environments.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9080136402387042, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2346, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.181398}
{"text": "Aesthetics:Materials like wood, stone, and ceramics contribute to the aesthetic appeal of products. Lightweight:Many non-metallic materials are lightweight, making them suitable for various applications. Corrosion Resistance:Non-metallic materials are not prone to corrosion, making them durable in certain environments. Customization:Non-metallic materials can be easily molded and shaped for specific applications. Biocompatibility:Some non-metallic materials, like certain plastics and ceramics, are biocompatible, making them suitable for medical applications. Cost-Effective:Non-metallic materials are often more cost-effective than metals, making them accessible for various industries. Innovation:Non-metallic materials continue to drive innovation in various fields, from construction to electronics. 4.0 Tools and Production4.1 Measuring and Marking Out Tools 18 Lessons Learning Objectives: By the end of this sub-strand, learners should be able to: a Identify measuring and marking out tools in the work environment, b Select measuring and marking out tools for a given task, c Use measuring and marking out tools to perform a given task, d Care for measuring and marking out tools in the work environment, e Recognize the importance of measuring and marking out tools in the work environment. Lesson 1-3: Introduction to Measuring ToolsBrainstorming and Identification:Brainstorming:Encouraging learners to think about tools used for measurement. Identification:Utilizing visual aids and real-life examples to identify measuring tools. Lesson 4-6: Introduction to Marking Out ToolsBrainstorming and Identification:Brainstorming:Exploring what learners already know about marking out tools. Identification:Identifying marking out tools in the work environment using visual aids. Lesson 7-9: Discussion on the Use of Measuring and Marking Out ToolsGroup Discussion:Topic:Discussing the relevance and significance of measuring and marking out tools. Examples:Engaging learners with real-world examples of precision and accurate measurements. Lesson 10-12: Selecting Appropriate Tools for TasksInteractive Activity:Task Assignment:Assigning tasks and guiding learners to choose the right measuring and marking out tools. Example:Providing a scenario where they need to measure a specific length and select the appropriate tool. Lesson 13-15: Research on Tool UseResearch Activity:Information Search:Guiding learners to use available resources to understand the practical use of tools. Group Discussion:Sharing findings and discussing applications in different industries.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9066133259535399, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2614, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.2180886}
{"text": "Example:Providing a scenario where they need to measure a specific length and select the appropriate tool. Lesson 13-15: Research on Tool UseResearch Activity:Information Search:Guiding learners to use available resources to understand the practical use of tools. Group Discussion:Sharing findings and discussing applications in different industries. Lesson 16-18: Practical Demonstration and MaintenancePractical Demonstration:Demonstrations:Showing how to use measuring and marking out tools for specific tasks. Care and Maintenance:Teaching the importance of caring for and maintaining tools for prolonged use. Key Inquiry Questions:Why are measuring and marking out tools important in a work environment? Group Discussion:Encouraging learners to share thoughts on precision, efficiency, and avoiding errors in work tasks. How are measuring and marking out tools used in a work environment? Practical Exercises:Engaging learners in hands-on tasks to apply the knowledge acquired during the lessons. Overall Understanding:Tool Identification:Ensuring learners can identify a variety of measuring and marking out tools. Selection and Use:Teaching the skill of selecting the right tool for specific tasks and using them effectively. Importance of Precision:Emphasizing the significance of precision and accuracy in various work environments. Care and Maintenance:Instilling the habit of caring for and maintaining tools to ensure longevity and optimal performance. Measuring Tools:Tape Measure:Use:Measuring longer distances, especially in construction and carpentry. Steel Rule:Use:Providing precise measurements for smaller objects in various industries. Calipers:Use:Measuring the distance between two opposite sides of an object with great accuracy, commonly used in engineering and machining. Weighing Balance:Use:Determining the weight of objects, crucial in laboratories and scientific experiments. Stopwatch:Use:Measuring time intervals, essential in sports, manufacturing, and scientific research. Ammeter:Use:Measuring electrical current flow in a circuit, vital for electrical troubleshooting and maintenance. Voltmeter:Use:Measuring electrical voltage, critical for analyzing and maintaining electrical systems. Divider:Use:Dividing distances into equal parts in various precision applications such as metalworking and woodworking. Try-Square:Use:Ensuring the accuracy of right angles in woodworking and metalworking. Marking Gauge:Use:Creating straight lines and accurate measurements on wood and other materials. Dot Punch:Use:Creating precise reference points on metal surfaces for drilling or machining.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9221024673578816, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2659, "token_count": 486}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.251566}
{"text": "Try-Square:Use:Ensuring the accuracy of right angles in woodworking and metalworking. Marking Gauge:Use:Creating straight lines and accurate measurements on wood and other materials. Dot Punch:Use:Creating precise reference points on metal surfaces for drilling or machining. Scriber:Use:Marking precise lines on metal or other materials, often used in metalworking and machining. Pencil:Use:Basic tool for marking on various materials, from paper to wood. Marking Knife:Use:Producing precise markings on wood or other soft materials, commonly used in woodworking. Electronic Level:Use:Measuring the inclination or tilt of an object, crucial in construction and carpentry. Importance of Precision and Accuracy:Quality Assurance:Ensures the production of high-quality products or services. Safety:Critical in industries where precision is vital for safety, such as aerospace or medical equipment manufacturing. Cost Efficiency:Reduces material wastage and unnecessary rework, leading to cost savings. Customer Satisfaction:Precision ensures that products meet or exceed customer expectations. Care and Maintenance:Regular Cleaning:Keep tools clean to prevent inaccuracies caused by dirt or debris. Proper Storage:Store tools in designated places to avoid damage and misplacement. Regular Calibration:Calibrate tools regularly to maintain accuracy. Avoiding Impact:Handle tools with care to prevent damage to delicate components. Importance of Care and Maintenance:Prolonged Lifespan:Regular care extends the lifespan of tools, providing long-term utility. Consistent Accuracy:Well-maintained tools maintain their accuracy, ensuring reliable measurements. Reduced Downtime:Properly cared-for tools are less likely to malfunction, reducing downtime in work processes. Cost Savings:Regular maintenance reduces the need for frequent replacements, saving on costs. Safety:Properly maintained tools are safer to use, preventing accidents due to malfunction or inaccurate measurements. 4.0 Tools and Production4.2 Production of Goods and Services 8 Lessons Learning Objectives: By the end of this sub-strand, learners should be able to: a Explain the benefits of production to the community, b Distinguish between goods and services found in the local market, c Describe the factors of production in the community, d Analyze the ethical and unethical practices in the production of goods and services, e Participate in production activities in the community.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9170977796487205, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2488, "token_count": 478}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.2501323}
{"text": "Cost Savings:Regular maintenance reduces the need for frequent replacements, saving on costs. Safety:Properly maintained tools are safer to use, preventing accidents due to malfunction or inaccurate measurements. 4.0 Tools and Production4.2 Production of Goods and Services 8 Lessons Learning Objectives: By the end of this sub-strand, learners should be able to: a Explain the benefits of production to the community, b Distinguish between goods and services found in the local market, c Describe the factors of production in the community, d Analyze the ethical and unethical practices in the production of goods and services, e Participate in production activities in the community. Lesson 1-2: Meaning and Benefits of ProductionBrainstorming and Presentation:Brainstorming:Open discussion on what \"production\" means to learners. Encourage sharing of ideas and personal experiences related to production. Presentation:Introduction to the concept of production, emphasizing its importance to individuals and the community. Lesson 3-4: Goods and Services in the Local MarketDiscussion and Presentation:Discussion:Differentiating between goods and services through group discussion. Presentation:Provide examples and characteristics of goods and services found in the local market. Lesson 5-6: Factors of ProductionCase Study Analysis:Case Study:Analyzing a case study on a local business, identifying factors of production involved. Discussion:Engage in a discussion on the importance of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship in the production process. Lesson 7-8: Ethical and Unethical Practices in ProductionResearch and Discussion:Research:Individual or group research on ethical and unethical practices in production. Discussion:Facilitate a group discussion where learners share their findings and insights. Encourage critical thinking on the consequences of such practices. Key Inquiry Question:Why are factors of production important? Discussion:Engage learners in a group discussion exploring the critical role factors of production play in economic activities and community development. Overall Understanding:Benefits of Production:Emphasize the positive impacts of production on community development, economic growth, and individual well-being. Goods and Services:Ensure a clear understanding of the distinctions between tangible goods and intangible services available in the local market. Factors of Production:Reinforce the importance of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship in the production process. Ethical Practices:Encourage learners to think critically about ethical practices that contribute positively to the community and economy.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.911481431759503, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2698, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.2873406}
{"text": "Goods and Services:Ensure a clear understanding of the distinctions between tangible goods and intangible services available in the local market. Factors of Production:Reinforce the importance of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship in the production process. Ethical Practices:Encourage learners to think critically about ethical practices that contribute positively to the community and economy. Community Participation:Motivate learners to actively participate in community production activities for hands-on experience. Application of Knowledge:Real-World Application:Discuss real-world examples where the knowledge gained about production can be applied. Ethical Decision-Making:Encourage learners to think about making ethical decisions in their personal and community production activities. Active Citizenship:Emphasize the role of active citizenship in contributing positively to community development through ethical and productive practices. 1. Production:Definition: Production refers to the process of creating goods and services by utilizing various resources and transforming inputs into outputs. It involves the creation and provision of products or services that fulfill human needs and wants. Benefits of Production:Economic Growth: Production contributes significantly to economic growth by generating income, employment, and business opportunities. Improved Living Standards: The availability of goods and services enhances the quality of life by providing the necessities and conveniences people require. Innovation and Technological Advancement: Production drives innovation as businesses seek efficient ways to create and deliver goods and services. Global Trade: It facilitates global trade, allowing countries to specialize in what they do best and exchange goods and services internationally. Community Development: Local production fosters community development by creating a network of interconnected businesses and services. 2. Distinguishing Goods and Services:Goods:Definition: Tangible, physical products that can be touched, seen, and stored. Examples: Clothing, electronics, furniture, cars. Characteristics: Tangibility, durability, and the ability to be stored. Services:Definition: Intangible actions or tasks performed to meet a need or desire. Examples: Education, healthcare, consulting, transportation. Characteristics: Intangibility, perishability cannot be stored , and inseparability produced and consumed simultaneously . 3. Factors of Production:Land:Role: Natural resources used in the production process. Examples: Agricultural land, minerals, water resources. Labor:Role: Human effort and skills applied to the production of goods and services. Examples: Workers, employees, skilled professionals. Capital:Role: Tools, machinery, and financial resources used in production. Examples: Factories, computers, money for investment.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9248689655172415, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2900, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.301088}
{"text": "Examples: Workers, employees, skilled professionals. Capital:Role: Tools, machinery, and financial resources used in production. Examples: Factories, computers, money for investment. Entrepreneurship:Role: Innovation, risk-taking, and organizing resources for production. Examples: Business owners, innovators, risk-takers. 4. Ethical and Unethical Practices in Production:Ethical Practices:Fair Labor Practices: Treating workers fairly, providing safe working conditions, and paying a living wage. Environmental Sustainability: Adopting eco-friendly production methods and minimizing environmental impact. Honest Marketing: Providing accurate information to consumers about products and services. Community Engagement: Contributing positively to the communities in which production activities take place. Unethical Practices:Exploitative Labor: Unfair treatment of workers, including low wages, long hours, and poor working conditions. Environmental Harm: Ignoring environmental regulations, leading to pollution and resource depletion. False Advertising: Deceptive marketing practices that mislead consumers about product attributes. Sweatshop Labor: Using cheap and exploitative labor practices, often in developing countries. 5.0 Entrepreneurship5.1 Introduction to Entrepreneurship 8 lessons Learning Objectives:By the end of this sub-strand, the learner should be able to:a Explain the Importance of Entrepreneurship:Discuss the significance of entrepreneurship for both individuals and communities. B Describe the Qualities of an Entrepreneur in Business:Identify and articulate the key qualities that define a successful entrepreneur. C Explore Sources of Business Ideas for a Business Venture:Utilize available resources to investigate and present various sources of business ideas. D Analyse the Factors Considered When Evaluating the Viability of a Business Opportunity:Evaluate the critical factors involved in assessing the feasibility of a business opportunity. E Evaluate the Factors That Enhance Success in a Business:Examine and assess the factors contributing to success in a business venture. F Practice Entrepreneurship for Self and Community Development:Engage in practical entrepreneurial activities aimed at personal and community development. Learner's Guided Activities:Brainstorm and Present the Meaning of 'Entrepreneur' and 'Entrepreneurship':Encourage learners to collectively define the terms 'entrepreneur' and 'entrepreneurship. 'Discuss and Present on the Importance of Entrepreneurship:Facilitate discussions on the significance of entrepreneurship at both individual and community levels.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9207836963873937, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2649, "token_count": 478}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.3643086}
{"text": "E Evaluate the Factors That Enhance Success in a Business:Examine and assess the factors contributing to success in a business venture. F Practice Entrepreneurship for Self and Community Development:Engage in practical entrepreneurial activities aimed at personal and community development. Learner's Guided Activities:Brainstorm and Present the Meaning of 'Entrepreneur' and 'Entrepreneurship':Encourage learners to collectively define the terms 'entrepreneur' and 'entrepreneurship. 'Discuss and Present on the Importance of Entrepreneurship:Facilitate discussions on the significance of entrepreneurship at both individual and community levels. Download and Watch a Video Clip or Use Resources on Entrepreneurial Qualities:Instruct learners to use multimedia resources to understand and present the qualities of a successful entrepreneur. Conduct Self-Assessment on Entrepreneurial Qualities:Guide learners in assessing their own entrepreneurial qualities and areas for improvement. Search for and Present the Meaning and Sources of Business Ideas:Direct learners to utilize available resources to explore and present various sources of business ideas. Compile a List of Business Ideas and Determine Viability:Task learners with compiling a list of potential business ideas and conducting an analysis to determine their viability. Read, Analyze, and Present a Case Study on Factors Enhancing Business Success:Assign a case study for learners to read, analyze, and present key factors that contribute to the success of a business. Practice Entrepreneurship for Self and Community Development:Engage learners in practical entrepreneurial activities with the goal of fostering both personal and community development. These learning activities aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of entrepreneurship, from conceptual foundations to practical applications. 1. Meaning of 'Entrepreneur' and 'Entrepreneurship':Entrepreneur:Individual who initiates and operates a business, taking on financial risks with the goal of profit. Someone willing to innovate, create, and manage a venture. Entrepreneurship:The process of designing, launching, and running a new business. Involves the willingness to take risks and create something new in the pursuit of opportunities. 2. Significance of Entrepreneurship at Both Individual and Community Levels:Individual Level:Economic Growth: Enables individuals to create wealth and achieve financial independence. Self-Reliance: Empowers individuals to rely on their skills and ideas for income. Innovation: Fosters creativity and the pursuit of personal goals. Community Level:Job Creation: Entrepreneurs establish businesses that generate employment opportunities. Economic Stability: Diversifies the economy, reducing dependence on specific industries.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9286257247716013, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2812, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.3737006}
{"text": "Innovation: Fosters creativity and the pursuit of personal goals. Community Level:Job Creation: Entrepreneurs establish businesses that generate employment opportunities. Economic Stability: Diversifies the economy, reducing dependence on specific industries. Community Development: Sparks innovation, improves living standards, and contributes to social well-being. 3. Qualities of a Successful Entrepreneur:Innovative Thinking:Ability to generate new ideas and approaches. Risk-Taking Ability:Willingness to take calculated risks for potential rewards. Leadership Skills:Capacity to guide and inspire a team toward common goals. Adaptability and Resilience:Ability to navigate challenges and adapt to changing circumstances. Vision and Goal-Oriented:Clear vision for the business and the ability to set and achieve goals. 4. Meaning and Sources of Business Ideas:Meaning of Business Ideas:Concepts or plans that have the potential to be developed into a profitable business. Sources of Business Ideas:Market Trends: Identifying emerging needs and preferences in the market. Personal Experiences: Solving problems based on personal challenges or observations. Industry Gaps: Identifying areas where current products or services are lacking. Technology and Innovation: Utilizing advancements to create novel products or services. 5. Key Factors Contributing to the Success of a Business:Effective Business Planning:Developing a comprehensive business plan with clear goals and strategies. Market Research and Understanding Customer Needs:Conducting thorough market analysis to identify target audiences and their needs. Strong Leadership and Management:Competent leadership to guide the team and effective management of resources. Adaptation to Changing Market Conditions:Flexibility to adjust strategies based on market dynamics. Financial Management and Sustainability:Sound financial practices ensuring the long-term viability of the business. 5.0 Entrepreneurship5.2 Money 10 lessons Learning Objectives:By the end of this sub-strand, the learner should be able to:a Identify the Characteristics of Money as a Medium of Exchange:Recognize and understand the fundamental features that define money as a medium of exchange. B Explain the Uses of Money in Day-to-Day Life:Articulate the various ways in which money is utilized in everyday activities. C Describe the Key Security Features of the Kenyan Currency:Analyze and understand the security measures embedded in the Kenyan currency. D Analyse the Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan Currency:Investigate and interpret the thematic elements and symbols present on Kenyan currency.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9179806725261271, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2662, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.3732846}
{"text": "B Explain the Uses of Money in Day-to-Day Life:Articulate the various ways in which money is utilized in everyday activities. C Describe the Key Security Features of the Kenyan Currency:Analyze and understand the security measures embedded in the Kenyan currency. D Analyse the Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan Currency:Investigate and interpret the thematic elements and symbols present on Kenyan currency. E Appreciate the Use of Money in Day-to-Day Life:Develop an understanding and appreciation for the role of money in daily activities. Learner's Guided Activities:Brainstorm and Present the Meaning and Characteristics of Money:Facilitate discussions and presentations on the definition and key characteristics of money. Share Experiences on the Use of Money for Buying Goods and Services:Encourage learners to share personal experiences related to the use of money for purchasing goods and services. Discuss and Present on the Uses of Money:Engage learners in discussions and presentations exploring the diverse uses of money. Use Print or Digital Media to Search for Information on the Uses of Money:Instruct learners to utilize print or digital media to gather information on various applications of money. Use Kenyan Currency to Observe Key Security Features:Guide learners in using Kenyan currency to observe and understand the security features incorporated into the currency. Brainstorm and Present Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan Currency:Facilitate brainstorming sessions and presentations on the themes and symbols depicted on Kenyan currency. Use Different Denominations of Kenyan Currency to Examine Themes and Symbols:Instruct learners to explore various denominations of Kenyan currency, examining and interpreting the themes and symbols present. These activities aim to provide learners with a comprehensive understanding of money, including its characteristics, uses, security features, and the symbolic elements embedded in the national currency. 1. Meaning and Characteristics of Money:Meaning:Definition: Medium of exchange that is widely accepted in transactions for goods, services, or settlement of debts. Function: Facilitates economic transactions, eliminating the need for barter. Characteristics:Durability: Should withstand wear and tear. Portability: Easily carried and transferred. Divisibility: Can be divided into smaller units. Uniformity: Each unit is the same in terms of value and features. Limited Supply: Controlled to maintain value. Acceptability: Universally recognized and accepted. 2. Use of Money for Buying Goods and Services:Medium of Exchange:Facilitates transactions between buyers and sellers.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9253424992262206, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2669, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.3482556}
{"text": "Acceptability: Universally recognized and accepted. 2. Use of Money for Buying Goods and Services:Medium of Exchange:Facilitates transactions between buyers and sellers. Store of Value:Enables saving and holding value for future use. Unit of Account:Serves as a standard measure of value for goods and services. Standard of Deferred Payment:Allows for agreements to pay in the future. Convenience:Enhances the ease and efficiency of transactions. 3. Kenyan Currency Key Security Features:Watermark:Prominent images visible when held against light. Security Thread:Thin metallic thread with text and images. Color-Shifting Ink:Color changes when viewed from different angles. Microprinting:Tiny text or patterns that are difficult to reproduce. Raised Printing:Certain elements are raised to the touch. See-Through Feature:Design elements that align when the note is held up to the light. 4. Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan Currency:Big Five Series Current :Features iconic African wildlife such as lions, elephants, rhinos, buffaloes, and leopards. Effigy of Kenyatta Series Previous :Portraits of Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first president. Historical Figures:Depictions of notable individuals in Kenyan history. Cultural Symbols:Symbols representing Kenya's diverse cultures and heritage. 5. List of Different Kenyan Currency, Their Themes, Symbols, and Meaning:Current Series: Big Five 2019 - Present Denominations: Various, including 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 shillings. Themes and Symbols: Wildlife representing the \"Big Five\" animals in Africa. Meaning: Celebrates Kenya's rich biodiversity and tourism. Previous Series: Effigy of Kenyatta 1986 - 2019 Denominations: Various, including 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 shillings. Themes and Symbols: Portraits of Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first president. Meaning: Honors Kenya's founding leader and emphasizes national pride. Other Commemorative Series: Various e.g., 2010 Constitution Series Denominations: Vary based on the commemorative event. Themes and Symbols: Reflect the significance of the commemorated event. Meaning: Commemorates historical events, achievements, or milestones in KenyaThemes and Symbols on Kenyan Currency:National landmarks. Wildlife. National heroes.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8787393840727175, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2268, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.4461849}
{"text": "Meaning: Commemorates historical events, achievements, or milestones in KenyaThemes and Symbols on Kenyan Currency:National landmarks. Wildlife. National heroes. Cultural artifacts. Agriculture and farming. Transport and infrastructure. Economic activities. Education and knowledge. Independence and freedom. National unity and diversity. Examples of Kenyan Currency and Their Themes:1000 Kenyan Shillings - Elephants Wildlife . 500 Kenyan Shillings - Jomo Kenyatta National Hero . 200 Kenyan Shillings - SGR Train Transport and Infrastructure . 100 Kenyan Shillings - Buffalo Wildlife . 50 Kenyan Shillings - Green Energy Economic Activities . 20 Kenyan Shillings - Giraffes Wildlife . 10 Kenyan Shillings - Coffee Farming Agriculture . 5 Kenyan Shillings - The Big Five Wildlife . 2 Kenyan Shillings - Tourism National Landmarks . 1 Kenyan Shilling - The Coat of Arms National Unity . 5.0 Entrepreneurship5.3 Financial Goals 10 lessons Learning Objectives:By the end of this sub-strand, the learner should be able to:a Explain the Importance of Setting Goals in Financial Management:Articulate the significance of establishing clear financial objectives for effective financial management. B Analyse the Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Evaluate the key considerations and factors influencing the establishment of financial goals. C Formulate Financial Goals for Individual Development:Develop and articulate personalized financial goals aligned with individual development. D Observe Financial Discipline in Financial Management:Practice and adhere to financial discipline in the management of personal finances. Learner's Guided Activities:Discuss and Present the Meaning and Importance of Setting Goals in Financial Management:Engage learners in discussions and presentations on the definition and significance of setting financial goals. Discuss and Present the Importance of Financial Discipline:Explore and present the importance of maintaining financial discipline for long-term financial well-being. Brainstorm and Present on the Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Facilitate brainstorming sessions and presentations on various factors that should be considered when setting financial goals. Use Print or Digital Media to Search for Information on Setting Financial Goals:Instruct learners to use print or digital media to gather information and insights on effective strategies for setting financial goals.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.902266693894221, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2478, "token_count": 485}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.422012}
{"text": "Discuss and Present the Importance of Financial Discipline:Explore and present the importance of maintaining financial discipline for long-term financial well-being. Brainstorm and Present on the Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Facilitate brainstorming sessions and presentations on various factors that should be considered when setting financial goals. Use Print or Digital Media to Search for Information on Setting Financial Goals:Instruct learners to use print or digital media to gather information and insights on effective strategies for setting financial goals. Set Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic and Time-Bound SMART Financial Goals:Guide learners in the practical application of the SMART criteria to set well-defined financial goals. Guiding Questions for Reflection:Why is it Important for an Individual to Set Financial Goals? Encourages learners to reflect on the personal benefits and motivation behind setting financial goals. What are the Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals? Guides learners in analyzing and understanding the various considerations that influence effective financial goal-setting. 1. Meaning and Importance of Setting Goals in Financial Management:Meaning:Definition: Establishing clear and achievable objectives for one's financial future. Purpose: Provides a roadmap for financial decision-making and resource allocation. Involves: Identifying financial aspirations, such as savings targets, investment goals, and debt reduction plans. Importance:Direction and Focus:Guides financial decisions by providing a clear sense of direction. Motivation:Fosters motivation by creating tangible targets to work towards. Resource Allocation:Helps prioritize spending and saving based on identified goals. Measuring Progress:Enables individuals to track and measure their financial progress. Financial Security:Enhances financial stability and security over the long term. 2. Importance of Financial Discipline:Avoids Impulsive Decisions:Financial discipline prevents impulsive spending or investment decisions. Encourages Saving:Fosters a habit of regular saving, contributing to financial stability. Debt Management:Helps in managing and reducing debts systematically. Consistent Investment:Encourages disciplined and consistent investment practices. Long-Term Financial Health:Contributes to overall financial well-being by promoting responsible financial behavior. 3. Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Specificity:Clearly define each financial goal to avoid ambiguity. Measurability:Establish quantifiable metrics to track progress. Achievability:Set goals that are realistic and attainable based on current financial circumstances. Relevance:Align goals with personal values and overall financial objectives. Time-Bound:Set a timeframe for each goal to create a sense of urgency and accountability.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9291503139717425, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2912, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.4544375}
{"text": "Achievability:Set goals that are realistic and attainable based on current financial circumstances. Relevance:Align goals with personal values and overall financial objectives. Time-Bound:Set a timeframe for each goal to create a sense of urgency and accountability. Flexibility:Allow for adjustments to goals as life circumstances change. Risk Consideration:Assess and mitigate potential risks associated with each financial goal.4.Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic and Time-Bound SMART Financial Goals:Specific:Clearly define the goal, answering who, what, where, when, and why. Measurable:Establish quantifiable criteria for tracking progress. Achievable:Ensure the goal is realistic and attainable within current constraints. Realistic:Set goals that are practical and aligned with available resources. Time-Bound:Assign a specific timeframe for achieving the goal. Example: Saving 5,000 for an emergency fund within the next 12 months. Importance of Setting Financial Goals:Financial planning and stability. Wealth accumulation. Budgeting and expense management. Future investments. Emergency fund creation. Retirement planning. Achievement of personal aspirations. Education and skill development. Homeownership. Improved quality of life. Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Clear and specific objectives. Measurable outcomes. Achievable within a set timeframe. Realistic and aligned with personal values. Consideration of income and expenses. Evaluation of risk tolerance. Adjustment for life changes. Periodic reassessment and updates. Consultation with financial advisors. Consistent tracking of progress. Formulating SMART Financial Goals:Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound. Observing Financial Discipline:Budgeting and expense tracking. Avoiding impulsive spending. Regular saving and investing. Debt management and reduction. Emergency fund creation. Continual financial education. Planning for major life events. Seeking professional financial advice. Reviewing and adjusting financial plans. Adapting to changing economic conditions. Top of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of Form.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-PRETECHNICAL-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9135217616873973, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2271, "token_count": 432}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.4362905}
{"text": "1. What is the importance of heat transfer methods like conduction, convection, and radiation in cooking foods? -. These methods are crucial for cooking food evenly and efficiently, each using different means to transfer heat into food, affecting the texture, flavor, and nutritional value. 2. How does the method of heat transfer affect the nutritional content of foods? -. Different methods can either preserve nutrients or lead to their loss; for example, slow cooking at lower temperatures generally preserves nutrients better than high-temperature methods. 3. What are simple sugars, and can you provide examples? -. Simple sugars are basic forms of carbohydrates that digest quickly, such as glucose and fructose, found in fruits and sweetened foods. 4. Explain the concept of double sugars with examples. -. Double sugars, or disaccharides, consist of two linked sugar molecules, like sucrose table sugar and lactose milk sugar . 5. What are starchy foods, and why are they important in the diet? -. Starchy foods like potatoes, rice, and bread are primary sources of energy and provide essential nutrients, including fiber. 6. Describe the effect of dry heat on carbohydrate-rich foods. -. Dry heat methods like baking or roasting can cause caramelization and dextrinization, enhancing flavor and changing texture. 7. How does moist heat affect carbohydrate-rich foods like rice? -. Moist heat, such as boiling or steaming, gelatinizes starch, making grains like rice softer and easier to digest. 8. What are the nutritional changes that occur when carbohydrates are exposed to heat? -. Heat can break down vitamins and alter starches and sugars, affecting their digestibility and caloric content. 9. How can you conserve food nutrients when cooking carbohydrate-rich foods? -. Methods include using minimal water for boiling, avoiding overcooking, and incorporating steaming to preserve vitamins and minerals. 10. Why is it important to observe safety measures when cooking carbohydrate-rich foods? -. Ensuring safety, like avoiding cross-contamination and cooking foods to safe temperatures, prevents foodborne illnesses. 11. What are the requirements for boiling carbohydrates like porridge? -. Adequate water to cover the food, consistent heat to maintain a steady boil, and occasional stirring to prevent sticking. 12. Outline the steps to follow when cooking porridge to ensure it is well-cooked. -. Measure the water and porridge mix, bring to a boil, then simmer while stirring frequently until the mixture thickens and cooks thoroughly. 13.", "metadata": {"source": "FOOD-AND-NUTRITION-TOPICAL-QUESTIONS-AND-ANSWERS-GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9014504840397697, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2548, "token_count": 515}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.5134947}
{"text": "Outline the steps to follow when cooking porridge to ensure it is well-cooked. -. Measure the water and porridge mix, bring to a boil, then simmer while stirring frequently until the mixture thickens and cooks thoroughly. 13. What are the effects of heat on food like maize when grilling? -. Grilling maize can develop flavor through caramelization and may reduce some nutrient levels like vitamin C. 14. What are the methods of heat transfer applicable when grilling foods? -. Radiation from the heat source cooks the food, creating distinctive charred flavors and textures. 15. Why is it necessary to understand different cooking methods for carbohydrate-rich foods? -. Different methods can affect the taste, texture, nutritional value, and overall digestibility of carbohydrate-rich foods. 16. What are the factors to consider during the table setting in meal presentation? -. Consider the occasion, the number of guests, the menu items, and the cultural context of the meal. 17. How do you properly set a table for meal presentation? -. Arrange tableware according to the sequence of courses, with utensils placed in the order of use from outside in. 18. What are the requirements for table setting when serving meals? -. Clean and appropriate tableware, a clean tablecloth, and utensils arranged neatly and functionally for each diner. 19. Explain the guidelines for planning meals for special occasions. -. Include a variety of foods to cater to different dietary needs, ensure the menu fits the event's formality, and prepare foods that can be easily served and eaten at the event. 20. How should you prepare carbohydrate-rich foods to maximize nutrient retention? -. Use cooking methods that require less water and shorter cooking times, such as steaming or microwaving, to preserve water-soluble nutrients. 21. What is meal presentation and why is it important? -. Meal presentation involves arranging food attractively on the plate, enhancing the dining experience by appealing to the senses. 22. Discuss the importance of meal planning in nutritional balance. -. Meal planning helps ensure that all food groups and essential nutrients are appropriately included across meals, promoting a balanced diet. 23. How does food presentation affect the perception of a meal's quality? -. Attractive food presentation can enhance perceived taste and satisfaction, makingthe meal more enjoyable. 24. Describe how to ensure food safety in meal preparation. -. Follow hygiene practices like washing hands and surfaces, cook foods to safe temperatures, and store foods properly before and after preparation. 25.", "metadata": {"source": "FOOD-AND-NUTRITION-TOPICAL-QUESTIONS-AND-ANSWERS-GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9020439662967293, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2598, "token_count": 512}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.5232017}
{"text": "Describe how to ensure food safety in meal preparation.- Follow hygiene practices like washing hands and surfaces, cook foods to safe temperatures, and store foods properly before and after preparation.25.What are the health considerations when preparing meals for individuals with allergies?- Avoid cross-contamination, use allergen-free ingredients, and clearly communicate menu contents to guests.26.How do cultural preferences impact meal planning and food preparation?- Cultural preferences dictate the selection of ingredients, cooking methods, and how food is served and eaten, reflecting community traditions and values.27.Why is dietary diversity important in meal planning?- Dietary diversity ensures a range of nutrients are consumed, supporting overall health and reducing the risk of nutrient deficiencies.28.How can one incorporate seasonal produce into meal planning?- Use seasonal fruits and vegetables as they are fresher, more flavorful, and often more affordable, enhancing the nutritional quality of meals.29. What techniques can be used to enhance the flavor of meals without adding excessive salt? -. Use herbs, spices, citrus, and vinegar to add flavor depth and complexity without relying heavily on salt.30.Explain the role of aesthetics in food preparation and presentation.- Aesthetics in food preparation enhances the dining experience, making meals more appealing and enjoyable through visual presentation techniques.", "metadata": {"source": "FOOD-AND-NUTRITION-TOPICAL-QUESTIONS-AND-ANSWERS-GRADE-8-AGRICULTURE-AND-NUTRITION2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9033962264150943, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1484, "token_count": 260}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.5014198}
{"text": "GRADE 7 BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES TERM 1,2,3STRAND ONEBUSINESS AND MONEY MANAGEMENT SKILLSIntroduction to Business StudiesBusiness: Any activity that is carried out by an individual or anorganization concerning provision of goods and services with a viewto making profit. Business studies: Is the study examination of the business activities in society. These activities are related to the production of goods andprovision of services. -It can also be defined as the study of activities that are carried out inand around production, distribution and consumption of goods andservices. Components of Business studiesBusiness studies consist of the following disciplinesa. Commerceb. Accountingc. Economicsd. Office practicee. EntrepreneurshipCommerceThis is the study of trade and aids to trade. Trade refers to the exchange of goods and services for other goods and services or money. Aids to trade are human activities services that assist trade to take place. EconomicsThis is the study of how human beings strive to satisfy their endless wants using the available scarce resources. AccountingThis refers to a systematic way of recording business activities which all usedfor decision making. Office practiceThis refers to all activities that are carried out in an office e.g. communication, filling, clerical work, reproduction of documents etc. EntrepreneurshipThis is the study of activities involved in the process of identifying a business opportunity and acquiring the necessary resources to start and run a business. The person who carries out these activities is referred to as an entrepreneur. Importance of Business studiesSome of the benefits of learning business studies include:i. Assists the learners members of the society to acquire knowledge and awareness of business terminologies which are necessary when discussing business issues such as profit and loss. Ii. Assists the individuals in appreciating the role of business in society in provision of goods and services. Iii. It enables the learners to acquire basic knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for the development of self and the nation by starting and operating business. Iv. Equips the members of society with knowledge and skills necessary to start and run a business comfortably. V. Makes the members of society to appreciate the need for good business management practicesvi. Assists individual to acquire self-discipline and positive attitude towards workvii. Equips individual with abilities to promote co-operation in society through tradeviii. Enables the individual to understand the role of government in business activitiesix.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9235672019974495, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2642, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.533146}
{"text": "Assists individual to acquire self-discipline and positive attitude towards workvii. Equips individual with abilities to promote co-operation in society through tradeviii. Enables the individual to understand the role of government in business activitiesix. Equips individuals with abilities to understand the role of communication and information technology in modern business managementx. Helps the individuals to develop positive attitudes towards the environmentxi. Equips the individual with knowledge and skills required to evaluate business performancexii. It helps individual to develop various intellectual abilities such as inquiry, critical thinking, analysis, interpretation, rational judgement, innovation and creativity. Xiii. It enables learners to acquire skills for wise buying and selling. Xiv. It creates a firm foundation for further education and training in business and other related fields. Xv. It enables one to understand and appreciate the basic economic issues that affect the society such as increase in prices of goods and services. Career opportunities in the field of business studiesAuditor. Logistics analyst. Human resources specialist. Accountant. Operations analyst. Marketing manager. Financial advisor. Financial analystEntrepreneurMoneywhatever serves society in four functions: as a medium of exchange, a store of value, a unit of account, and a standard of deferred payment. Money is power if you utilize it with knowledge. Money is dangerous if you are greedy for money and utilize it without thought. Vijay SharmaUses of Money in daily lifeFirst, money serves as a medium of exchange, which means that money acts as an intermediary between the buyer and the seller. Instead of exchanging accounting services for shoes, the accountant now exchanges accounting services for money. This money is then used to buy shoes. To serve as a medium of exchange, money must be very widely accepted as a method of payment in the markets for goods, labor, and financial capital. Second, money must serve as a store of value. In a barter system, we saw the example of the shoemaker trading shoes for accounting services. But she risks having her shoes go out of style, especially if she keeps them in a warehouse for future use their value will decrease with each season. Shoes are not a good store of value. Holding money is a much easier way of storing value. You know that you do not need to spend it immediately because it will still hold its value the next day, or the next year. This function of money does not require that money is a perfect store of value.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9232067510548525, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2607, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.5886664}
{"text": "Holding money is a much easier way of storing value. You know that you do not need to spend it immediately because it will still hold its value the next day, or the next year. This function of money does not require that money is a perfect store of value. In an economy with inflation, money loses some buying power each year, but it remains money. Third, money serves as a unit of account, which means that it is the ruler by which other values are measured. Money fulfills your personal and family needs and desires:Money has the power to buy goods and services. With money, a person can fulfill his daily living needs and desires. With money, you can buy food, clothes, a home, a car, holiday tour packages, and gifts. With money, you can buy a high-speed internet connection and good quality equipment for work and business. Key security features of the Kenyan CurrencyThemes and symbols in the Kenyan currencyPersonal GoalsGoals are defined as the desired states that people seek to obtain, maintain, or avoid. Personal goals are goals related to your work, relationship, finances, and other aspects of life. There are three types of goals- process, performance, and outcome goals. Process goals are specific actions or processes of performing. For example, aiming to study for 2 hours after dinner every day. Process goals are 100 controllable by the individual. Performance goals are based on personal standard. For example, aiming to achieve a 3.5 GPA. Personal goals are mostly controllable. Outcome goals are based on winning. For a college student, this could look like landing a job in your field or landing job at a particular place of employment you wanted. Outcome goals are very difficult to control because of other outside influences. Process, performance, and outcome goals have a linear relationship. This is important because if you achieve your process goals, you give yourself a good chance to achieve your performance goals. Similarly, when you achieve your performance goals, you have a better chance of achieving your outcome goal. General Goal Setting Tipsset both short- and long-term goalsset SMART goalsset goals that motivate youwrite your goals down and put them in a place you can seeadjust your goals as necessaryRecognize and reward yourself when you meet a goalSet all three types of goals- process, performance, and outcome but focus on executing your smaller process goals to give you the best chance for success!", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.911553265002799, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2467, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.6261837}
{"text": "This is important because if you achieve your process goals, you give yourself a good chance to achieve your performance goals. Similarly, when you achieve your performance goals, you have a better chance of achieving your outcome goal. General Goal Setting Tipsset both short- and long-term goalsset SMART goalsset goals that motivate youwrite your goals down and put them in a place you can seeadjust your goals as necessaryRecognize and reward yourself when you meet a goalSet all three types of goals- process, performance, and outcome but focus on executing your smaller process goals to give you the best chance for success! Specific highly detailed statement on what you want to accomplish use who, what, where, how etc. Measurable- how will you demonstrate and evaluate how your goal has been met? Attainable- they can be achieved by your own hard work and dedication- make sure your goals are within your ability to achieveRelevant- how do your goals align with your objectives? Time based- set 1 or more target dates- these are the by whens to guide your goal to successful and timely completion include deadlines, frequency and dates Be Clear About Your Purpose in LifeFirst, be clear about your purpose in life. Having a clear vision in life gives you direction. You know where you are coming from and where you are going. The destination is definite, and this gives you a foundation for your goal setting. Why These Goals? Having a foundation for goal setting gives you a destination. The next step is to look at the goals you have in mind and ask yourself why these goals in specific. Let s say you want to get from Nairobi to Mombasa. You can walk, run, hire a taxi, take a bus, take a train or take a flight. In the end, you will have to choose one means of transport to get you to Mombasa. If you take a bus, ask yourself why the bus? Why not walk or take a flight? If you can answer the why in your goals. And hopefully, your answer will not be because everyone is doing it, then you are on the right path. Do The Goals Motivate You? Do you get motivated when you look at your goals? Remember your why. If the answer to your why is because everyone is doing it, the motivation is going to low.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9093311003624905, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2230, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.6118672}
{"text": "Do you get motivated when you look at your goals? Remember your why. If the answer to your why is because everyone is doing it, the motivation is going to low. When challenges set in and everyone gives up, you will give up with them or give up when others are still on the move. Set goals that motivate you. Motivation has to come from the heart. Remember, this is a journey. It is not a destination in itself. Your inner drive will keep you moving when the going gets tough. You Goals Must Be Specific To YouYour goals have to be specific to you. Do not set random goals just because that is what is expected from you. Let s say you have a target to meet at the end of the month set by your company. The targets are not specific to you. In most cases, they are distinct to your department but general to you and your colleagues. A successful person will take the targets set and personalize them. What is it you want to achieve at the end of the month as far as the goals set for your team are concerned? Do you want to meet the exceptions, or do you want to exceed them? Set your weekly and daily goals to reflect what you want to achieve as an individual. Goals Have To Be Relevant To Your Higher Purpose In LifeYour goals must be relevant to your higher purpose in life. If not, you will deviate from your purpose or vision. Set goals to reflect, and feed your cause. The danger in working on plans that don t align with your purpose or mission, you end up working for other people. Proverbs 16:3 New International Version NIV Commit to the Lord whatever you do, and he will establish your plans. Starting to Set Personal GoalsYou set your goals on a number of levels:First you create your \"big picture\" of what you want to do with your life or over, say, the next 10 years , and identify the large-scale goals that you want to achieve. Then, you break these down into the smaller and smaller targets that you must hit to reach your lifetime goals. Finally, once you have your plan, you start working on it to achieve these goals. This is why we start the process of setting goals by looking at your lifetime goals. Then, we work down to the things that you can do in, say, the next five years, then next year, next month, next week, and today, to start moving towards them.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.904306225832559, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2285, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.5820057}
{"text": "Finally, once you have your plan, you start working on it to achieve these goals. This is why we start the process of setting goals by looking at your lifetime goals. Then, we work down to the things that you can do in, say, the next five years, then next year, next month, next week, and today, to start moving towards them. Step 1: Setting Lifetime GoalsThe first step in setting personal goals is to consider what you want to achieve in your lifetime or at least, by a significant and distant age in the future . Setting lifetime goals gives you the overall perspective that shapes all other aspects of your decision making. To give a broad, balanced coverage of all important areas in your life, try to set goals in some of the following categories or in other categories of your own, where these are important to you :Career What level do you want to reach in your career, or what do you want to achieve? Financial How much do you want to earn, by what stage? How is this related to your career goals? Education Is there any knowledge you want to acquire in particular? What information and skills will you need to have in order to achieve other goals? Family Do you want to be a parent? If so, how are you going to be a good parent? How do you want to be seen by a partner or by members of your extended family? Artistic Do you want to achieve any artistic goals? Attitude Is any part of your mindset holding you back? Is there any part of the way that you behave that upsets you? If so, set a goal to improve your behavior or find a solution to the problem. Physical Are there any athletic goals that you want to achieve, or do you want good health deep into old age? What steps are you going to take to achieve this? Pleasure How do you want to enjoy yourself? You should ensure that some of your life is for you! Public Service Do you want to make the world a better place? If so, how? Spend some time brainstorming these things, and then select one or more goals in each category that best reflect what you want to do. Then consider trimming again so that you have a small number of really significant goals that you can focus on. Talents and AbilitiesFor many people, the words talent and ability are interchangeable.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9044016984303571, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2259, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.690233}
{"text": "Spend some time brainstorming these things, and then select one or more goals in each category that best reflect what you want to do. Then consider trimming again so that you have a small number of really significant goals that you can focus on. Talents and AbilitiesFor many people, the words talent and ability are interchangeable. Understanding the difference between them can make all the difference in how we live and work. Here at Pro spur, one of the first lessons we share with our players is recognizing their talent vs. their ability. So what is the difference? Talent is what you ve been given. Ability is how you grow the talent you ve been given. Right now, there are more than 8,000 pro players in Minor League baseball. Do you know how many of those players have enough talent alone to make it to the Big Leagues and stay there? The answer: not that many. Ways of Nurturing talentsCreate an Open CultureFirms are a product of multiple people s contributions. Each worker should feel like their words have weight and that their input is valued. Everything starts with the workplace culture, which gives new starters the confidence to stick around and keeps more experienced personnel grounded and loyal. Encourage employees to speak up if they have any concerns or thoughtful ideas. Develop Mentoring SchemesMentoring is an enormous part of nurturing talent. However, finesse is required in how your company approaches it. Vague instances of encouragement aren t enough to keep workers motivated and performing well. Introduce AutomationWorkers with many responsibilities can soon become overwhelmed. The most overworked staff members may find little time to focus on their own professional development. Automation can ease these burdens somewhat. These technologies can assume many of the admin tasks a worker needs to do. Signing paperwork, scheduling updates, responses to routine emails these are all tasks automation can oversee instead of the employee. Work-related stress can be reduced as a result. Offer FlexibilityNurturing talent can t be done under overly rigid work practices. Employees need to grow both personally and professionally and to do so effectively, they need a level of control. Keep InnovatingYour business needs to aspire to be greater constantly. Only then can you expect your workers to adopt a similar attitude. Of course, your business may be more concerned about surviving rather than thriving these days. Irrespective of your circumstances or the economic conditions you re facing, your company must keep pushing to innovate and excel within its industry.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.920348814352853, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2615, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.6754353}
{"text": "Only then can you expect your workers to adopt a similar attitude. Of course, your business may be more concerned about surviving rather than thriving these days. Irrespective of your circumstances or the economic conditions you re facing, your company must keep pushing to innovate and excel within its industry. Personal Talents and AbilitiesCommunication. Interpersonal skills. Leadership. Problem-solving. Time management. Adaptability. Critical thinking. Organization. Five kinds of talent categories:Self-conceptual talents like self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, and self-confidence. Social talents like social awareness, communication, relationship management, collaboration, and influence. General talents like language skills, mathematical abilities, reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and learning abilities. Specific expertise like strategic thinking, arts, writing, research, sports, design, storytelling, and kinesthetic abilities. Fun talents any cool talents such as exceptional taste, ventriloquism ability to make your voice appear from somewhere else or with delay , and hypermobility, to name a few. Ethical Issues related to use of talents and abilities in businessEthical issues in business occur when a decision, activity or scenario conflicts with the organization s or society's ethical standards. Both organizations and individuals can become involved in ethical issues since others may question their actions from a moral viewpoint. 1. Discrimination and harassmentTwo of the most significant ethical issues that HR professionals and managers face are discrimination and harassment. The consequences of discrimination and harassment in the workplace can negatively impact the finances and reputation of the organization. Many countries have anti-discrimination laws to protect employees from unfair treatment. Some anti-discrimination areas include:Age: Organizations and internal policies cannot discriminate against employees who are older. Disability: To prevent disability discrimination, it's important to accommodate and provide equal treatment for employees with mental or physical disabilities. Equal pay: Equal pay focuses on ensuring that all employees receive equal compensation for similar work, regardless of religion, gender or race. Pregnancy: Pregnant employees have a right not to be discriminated against on account of their pregnancy. Race: Employees should receive equal treatment, regardless of ethnicity or race. Religion: Employees' religious beliefs should not affect how anyone within the organization treats them. Sex and gender: An employee's sex and gender identity should not influence their treatment while working at an organization. 2. Ethics in accounting practicesLaws require organizations to maintain accurate bookkeeping practices.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9250105825392644, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2830, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.6587512}
{"text": "Sex and gender: An employee's sex and gender identity should not influence their treatment while working at an organization. 2. Ethics in accounting practicesLaws require organizations to maintain accurate bookkeeping practices. Unethical accounting practices are a serious issue, especially for publicly traded companies. The legislation specifies financial report requirements aimed at protecting shareholders and consumers. All organizations have to keep accurate financial records and pay taxes to attract investment and business partners regardless of the size of the company. 3. Nepotism or favoritismAs a hiring manager or HR professional, you may want to employ an acquaintance or family member because of your connection to them. Even if you adhere to recruitment policies to ensure a fair process, some employees may still consider this as nepotism or favoritism. Favoritism occurs when managers treat some employees better than others for no professional reason. This can reduce productivity and job satisfaction in other employees, which may negatively impact the entire organization. 4. Workplace health and safetyAll employees have a right to a safe working environment and work conditions. Importance of Nurturing talents and abilitiesNurturing internal talent can benefit your business in many ways:Facilitate success. Nurturing the talent you already have allows you to facilitate opportunities for cross-training, career development and networking. Create a culture of innovation and empowerment. Nurturing your existing talent creates a culture of innovation and empowerment, in which employees know they are valued and they are motivated to strive for excellenceOpen leadership opportunities. Nurturing the talent of your teams enables you to foster a culture in which leadership opportunities abound. STRAND TWOBUSINESS AND ITS ENVIRONMENTBusiness activitiesNeeds and wantsScarcity, Choice, Scale of preference and opportunity costThe basic concept or elements of economics are:wants,scarcity,scale of preference,choice andopportunity cost. WantsWants simply means the desire or wish to own goods or services that give satisfaction. Goods include things such as cars, radios, food, houses, books, etc.,. That is tangible commodities , while services includes hair dressing, the services of an actor, etc that is intangible commodities . Want s are also called ENDS. As these basic needs are satisfied, other needs will arise. That is why we say that human wants are insatiable. This is because human wants are unlimited while resources used in satisfying them are limited.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9242872681306405, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2610, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.70544}
{"text": "As these basic needs are satisfied, other needs will arise. That is why we say that human wants are insatiable. This is because human wants are unlimited while resources used in satisfying them are limited. SCARCITYScarcity refers to the limited available resources used in satisfying the unlimited human wants. These resources are scarce relative to their demand. It is as a result of scarcity of resources that needs the study of economics very essential in order to find alternative uses of these scarce resources. The available resources cannot satisfy all human wants. Since human wants are unlimited or insatiable relative to the available resources, we have to choose the most pressing ones and leave others that are less important because resources are scare. As a student you will need to buy school materials, e.g exercise books worth 100.00 but you have only 50.00. It can be seen that the money you have 50.00 , which is your resources, will not be sufficient to buy all you need. The available resources within the environment can never at any time be in abundance to satisfy all human wants. If resources were to be unlimited or abundant, no economics problem would arises and there would be no need for a study of economics. Scarcity is the central or basic economic problemsSCALE OF PREFERENCEScale of preference refers to a list of unsatisfied wants arranged in order of their relative importance. A scale of preference refers to a list of unsatisfied wants arranged in order of priority or importance. This aids decision-making. The most pressing needs are ranked first followed by the less pressing ones. In other words, it is a list showing the order in which we want to satisfy our wants arrange in order of priority. The drawing of scale of preference will make it easier for choice to be made. In order to achieve maximum satisfaction with limited resources at their disposal, an individual, firm and unsatisfied wants in order of priority. Each individual is assumed to have a scale of preference. This is because economics theory assumes that people always behave rationally and would satisfy their most pressing want first. For example, a student might rank his wants in following order according to their level of importance:Pair of school uniformExercise booksWrist watchDictionaryScientific calculatorAn arm chairIf he is to choose between items 1 and 4, he chooses the first. Scale of preference of individuals, firms and the government differ from time to time.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9121832777803859, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2506, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.7387276}
{"text": "This is because economics theory assumes that people always behave rationally and would satisfy their most pressing want first. For example, a student might rank his wants in following order according to their level of importance:Pair of school uniformExercise booksWrist watchDictionaryScientific calculatorAn arm chairIf he is to choose between items 1 and 4, he chooses the first. Scale of preference of individuals, firms and the government differ from time to time. IMPORTANCE OF SCALE OF PREFERENCERanking of needsFinancial prudenceIdentification of highest priorityRational choiceEfficient utilization of limited resourcesOptimum allocation of resourcesMaximization of satisfactionThe importance of scale of preference can be paraphrased this way also:It helps individuals to rank their needs in order of importance. It helps us to manage our resources properly. It helps both individuals and government to identify the most important needs. It enhances optimum allocation of resources. It helps individuals, firms and government in the efficient utilization of resources. It helps economic agents to maximize their satisfaction. It helps individuals to make rational decision. CHOICEChoice can be defined as a system of selecting or choosing one out of a number of alternatives. Human wants are many and we cannot satisfy all of them because of our limited resources. We therefore, decide which of the wants we can satisfy first. Choice arises as a result of numerous human wants and the scarcity of the resources used in satisfying these wants. OPPORTUNITY COSTOpportunity cost is also known as a real cost or time cost. The concept of opportunity cost is used in economics to express cost in terms of foregone or sacrificed alternatives. Opportunity cost means the alternative foregone or sacrifice made in order to satisfy another want. It is the satisfaction of one s want at the expense of another want. Types of Business activitiesPeople carry out different business activities in order to earn income. Business activities are activities which involve the provision of goods or services with an aim of earning a profit. Activities done without the intention of making profit are referred to asnon-business activities. Business activities may be grouped into the following seven categories:a ExtractionThis involves obtaining goods from their natural setting e.g. mining, farming, lumbering, fishing, quarrying e.t.cb Processing-This involves the conversion of raw materials into moreuseful products without combining it with other goods.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9254742176265152, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2577, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.7528105}
{"text": "Activities done without the intention of making profit are referred to asnon-business activities. Business activities may be grouped into the following seven categories:a ExtractionThis involves obtaining goods from their natural setting e.g. mining, farming, lumbering, fishing, quarrying e.t.cb Processing-This involves the conversion of raw materials into moreuseful products without combining it with other goods. Examples hereinclude milling grinding flour, refining oil, tanning of skins and hides,conversion of iron into steel e.t.cc Manufacturing-This involves combining different raw materials tocome up with one final product. Such activities include bread baking,making a table e.t.cd Construction-This involves building of structures such asbridges, ships, aeroplanes, houses, roads, railways e.t.ce Distribution of goods-This refers to the activities involved in movinggoods from where they are produced to where they are needed. Peoplewho carry out distribution are called distributors. Examples ofdistributors are wholesalers and retailers. F Trade-Activities in this category involve the buying and selling ofgoods with a view of making a profit. People involved in trade are calledtraders. G Provisions of Services-Activities in this category involve human acts which could be mental or physical. These include activities such as haircutting, hair styling, car-washing, nursing, teaching, driving, and entertaining e.t.c. Purpose of Business activityProvides goods and services from limited resources to satisfy unlimited wantsScarcity is the result of the economic problem limited resources and unlimited wantsChoice is necessary for scarce resources. This leads to opportunity costsSpecialization is required to make the most out of sourcesBusiness activityCombines factors of production to create goods and servicesGoods and services satisfy peoples wantsEmploys people and pays them wages so they can consume other productsBusiness objectivesAll businesses have objectives or aims to achieve. Their objectives may vary depending on the type of business and the situation the business is in. The most common objectives are:Profit: Profit is what keeps a company going and is the main objective of most businesses. Normally a business will try to obtain a satisfactory level of profits so they do not have to work long hours to pay too much tax. Increase added value: Value added is the difference between the price and material costs of a product. E.g.: If the price when selling a pen is Ksh.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9220219435736677, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2552, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.796536}
{"text": "Normally a business will try to obtain a satisfactory level of profits so they do not have to work long hours to pay too much tax. Increase added value: Value added is the difference between the price and material costs of a product. E.g.: If the price when selling a pen is Ksh. 3 and it costs Ksh.1 in material, the value added would be Ksh.2. However, this does not take in account overheads and taxes. Added value could be increased by working on products so that they become more expensive finished products. One easy example of this is a mobile phone with a camera would sell for much more than one without it. Of course, you will need to pay for the extra camera but as long as prices rise more than costs, you get more profit. Growth: Growth can only be achieved when customers are satisfied with a business. When businesses grow they create more jobs and make them more secure when a business is larger. The status and salary of managers are increased. Growth also means that a business is able to spread risks by moving to other markets, or it is gaining a larger market share. Bigger businesses also gain cost advantages, called economies of scale. Survival: If a business do not survive, its owners lose everything. Therefore, businesses need to focus on his objective the most when they are: starting up, competing with other businesses, or in an economic recession. Service to the community: This is the primary goal for most government owned businesses. They plan to produce essential products to everybody who need them. These business objectives or aims can conflict because different people in a business want different things at different times. Goods and servicesTypes of goods and servicesWe desire to have all the things to satisfy our present and future wants. Thus, our desire is for all those things that satisfy our wants. All these things are either material goods or services. If something is not wanted by anybody it will not be called a good or service. Therefore, we can divide the things that we wants into two categories: i Goods and ii Services. Goods are material things wanted by human beings. They can be seen or touched. Services are non-material things. These cannot be seen or touched only their effects are felt. When we are hungry, we take food. When we fall sick, we take medicines. When we study, we use book, notebook, pen, paper etc. All these are examples of goods which satisfy some of our wants.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.910786043449638, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2450, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.8251052}
{"text": "When we fall sick, we take medicines. When we study, we use book, notebook, pen, paper etc. All these are examples of goods which satisfy some of our wants. All the things which satisfy human wants are good. However, wants for haircut, washing of cloths, mending of shoes, stitching of cloths, studying in a school or a college etc. Are not satisfied by goods. These are satisfied by the services performed by a barber, washer man, cobbler, tailor and teacher etc. So some of our wants are satisfied by goods and some by services. Hence, all the human wants can be satisfied by goods and services. Classification of Goods and Services:Goods and services are of many types. However, these can be classified into some broad groups. These are discussed below: i Free Goods and Economic goods:The goods which have unlimited supply and are provided as free gift of nature. The goods which are not man-made and do not have to pay anything to get them. These goods are known as Free Goods . For example, air, sea, water, sunlight, sand in the desert etc. On the other hand, goods like vegetables, grains, minerals, fruits, fishes etc. Which are neither man-made nor unlimited supply of nature are known as Economic Goods All these goods are sold and purchased in the market only. Ii Free Services and Economic Services:Services which cannot be bought in the market and which are only rendered out of love, affection etc. Are known as Free Services . For example, all services given by the parents to their children are free services. However, all the services that can be bought in the market are Economic Services . Services rendered by doctors, teachers, lawyers, barbers, cobblers etc. Are the example of economic services. Iii Consumer Goods and Capital Goods:The goods which are directly used by the consumer for the purposes of consumption are known as Consumer Goods The example of consumer goods are bread, biscuit, butter, jam, rice, fish, egg, shoes, shirts, fan, book, pen, cooking gas etc. On the other hand, all the goods which are not directly used to satisfy consumption but which are used in further production are called Producer Goods or Capital Goods . The examples are seeds, fertilizers, tools, machines, raw materials etc.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9058927780239256, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2257, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.8412292}
{"text": "Iii Consumer Goods and Capital Goods:The goods which are directly used by the consumer for the purposes of consumption are known as Consumer Goods The example of consumer goods are bread, biscuit, butter, jam, rice, fish, egg, shoes, shirts, fan, book, pen, cooking gas etc. On the other hand, all the goods which are not directly used to satisfy consumption but which are used in further production are called Producer Goods or Capital Goods . The examples are seeds, fertilizers, tools, machines, raw materials etc. Iv Consumer Services and Producer Services:When services are used directly by consumers to satisfy their wants, they are called consumer services. When services are used by producers to produce other goods and services, they are called producer services. When the tailor stitches our shirt, it is a consumer service However when the tailor stitches a shirt for a readymade garments shop, the service rendered by him is a producer service. V Single Use and Durable Use Goods:Goods both consumer goods and producer goods which are only used or consumed for single time or only once are known as single use goods. Bread, milk, fruits, vegetables etc. Are the example of single use consumer goods. On the other hand, seeds, fertilizers, raw materials etc. Are the example of single use producer goods. Some goods both consumer goods and producer goods can be used for a considerable period, that is, they can be used again and again. They are called durable use goods. For example, table, chair, cloths, shoes etc. Are the durable use consumer goods. On the other hand, tube wells, tractors, pump-sets etc. Are the example of durable use producer goods, vi Private Goods and Public Goods:On the basics of ownership goods can be classified into two groups. All the goods which are owned by private bodies are called private goods. For example, a car, a house, a motor bike, a mobile phone, books, a television set etc. Are the private goods. There are large number of goods which are collectively owned by the society, the public or the government. These are called public or government goods. For example, roads, bridges, hospitals, government schools etc. Are the public goods or the social goods or the government goods. Economic ResourcesCharacteristics of economic resourcesTypes of economic resources in KenyaWhat Are Economic Resources?", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9101680672268908, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2380, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.8148997}
{"text": "For example, roads, bridges, hospitals, government schools etc. Are the public goods or the social goods or the government goods. Economic ResourcesCharacteristics of economic resourcesTypes of economic resources in KenyaWhat Are Economic Resources? Economic resources are the different factors of production used to produce all goods and services in the economy. Economic theory is primarily concerned with allocating these resources so that the production of goods and services is done most efficiently and effectively. There are four general types of economic resources:Land or natural resourcesLaborCapitalEntrepreneurial abilitySustainable ways of using economic resourcesEconomic sustainability is the practice of conserving natural and financial resources to create long-term financial stability. A system that's sustainable can last far into the future with minimal negative impacts. In finance, this can mean reducing the worldwide consumption of valuable resources to ensure they're available to future generations to create financial stability and wealth. For example, by reducing the usage of fossil fuels and focusing on alternative fuel sources, companies, governments and consumers can help reduce the global impact of emissions and pollution from fossil fuels. Here are some examples of economic stability:Alternative energyAlternative energy sources, such as wind power, solar power and hydropower, can offer a more sustainable, clean and affordable solution to energy needs. Much of the world depends on fossil fuels like coal, oil and gasoline, which have a limited supply and create greenhouse gas emissions. Alternative energy sources depend on infinite natural processes or resources, which may make them more sustainable and affordable in the long term. Reducing fossil fuel consumption can help reduce tax burdens for consumers, decrease the costs of environmental impacts and create more energy equity among low-income populations, which can increase economic productivity. Sustainable agricultureMany farms are adopting sustainable agricultural practices to reduce soil degradation, which occurs from over-farming, and to reduce animal product consumption. Reducing food consumption and focusing on regenerative farming can help improve soil health, crop yields and the quality of farmed food and resources. Regenerative farming is a practice farmers use to rotate crops for better soil health, instead of farming the same crops, like corn, all year. Improving soil health and reducing animal product consumption can help keep food costs low, reduce carbon emissions and environmental damage and encourage better habits. Recycling and pollution reductionRecycling and reducing pollution is a common economic and environmental stability practice that can help increase the value of materials.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9316607773851591, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2830, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.872656}
{"text": "Regenerative farming is a practice farmers use to rotate crops for better soil health, instead of farming the same crops, like corn, all year. Improving soil health and reducing animal product consumption can help keep food costs low, reduce carbon emissions and environmental damage and encourage better habits. Recycling and pollution reductionRecycling and reducing pollution is a common economic and environmental stability practice that can help increase the value of materials. For example, a company producing aluminum cans can sustain operations by recycling used cans and creating molten aluminum for recasting, instead of mining for aluminum ore. This practice can reduce the company's environmental impact, saving the region both cleanup and restoration costs and reducing the organization's mining costs. Reducing pollution can also help reduce worldwide cleanup and restoration costs and the costs of climate change. Sustainable fisheriesCreating more sustainable fisheries can help reduce the environmental and economic impact of overfishing the oceans. Side effects of overfishing can include population declination, bycatch, or catching other species along with fish, and fishing equipment made of plastics and other materials discarded in waterways. Adopting more sustainable practices, like reducing fish consumption worldwide and reducing bycatch and fishing pollution, could create a more sustainable fishing environment, resulting in more stable profits and economic health for the fishing industry. It can also help ocean populations recover, which is crucial for ecosystems across the globe. Resource MappingResource mapping is a strategy for identifying and analyzing the programs, people, services, and other resources that currently exist in the country. This information can help leaders better assess the needs of the country and to make informed decisions about where to focus change efforts. Mapping StepsReach consensus on the parameters of the map select a goal to map. Select the data to be collected based on these parameters determine what types of resources you would like to collect. Develop tools to collect your data. Collect data with help from stakeholders. Conduct a community or environmental scan. Synthesize, analyze, and interpret your data. Communicate your findings. Set priorities. Develop related products. Importance of economic ResourcesResources are significant because: i They satisfy human wants both individual and social, ii They are a source or possibility of assistance, iii They are a means of development and support, iv They are an expedient, v They have capacity to take advantage of opportunities, and vi One relies on them for aid, support and supply.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9265813528336382, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2735, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.9063988}
{"text": "Set priorities. Develop related products. Importance of economic ResourcesResources are significant because: i They satisfy human wants both individual and social, ii They are a source or possibility of assistance, iii They are a means of development and support, iv They are an expedient, v They have capacity to take advantage of opportunities, and vi One relies on them for aid, support and supply. Business communicationCommunication is an essential element in the success of any business. The process of transferring information from one person to another, within and outside the business environment, is termed as Business Communication. The term Business Communication is derived from general communication which is associated with business activities. In other terms, communication between business parties or people for business-related tasks is considered as Business Communication. Business Communication includes different aspects like marketing, public relations, customer relations, corporate and interpersonal communication, etc. Basic elements of Business communication:SenderBusiness informationReceiverFeedbackImportance of business communicationHelps in increasing productivity: Effective business communication increases the productivity of staff by boosting up teamwork. It creates a trustworthy and understanding environment among employers and employees. Effective communication is related to cooperating with employees and understanding their needs and desires. By doing so, employees are able to accomplish their tasks more effectively and efficiently. Also, the scope of doing mistakes or errors during their work minimizes due to effective communication. Helps in increasing customers: Customers are an important part of any business and effective business communication can facilitate in attracting new customers and retain the current customers. A well-defined marketing strategy and public relations campaign run by an organization generates the interest of customers in its goods or services and helps in building the corporate image in customers. Enhances business partnerships: Business Communication also improves partnerships in business. It plays a significant role in dealing with external business clients or vendors. Vendors may be required to communicate on products regularly for improvements. Also, an effective and harmonious relationship with other businesses determines the further success of an organization. A business unit that has developed its image as an entity for easy partnership through its effective communication can attract other business units for forming business relationships with them. Facilitates innovations in business: Effective business communication helps in business innovations as well as it facilitates employees to convey their ideas and suggestions openly. Similarly, at the time of launching any new product in the market, effective communication ensures the performance of the sales team, market acceptance of the product, fast delivery of products in the market, etc.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9310097719869708, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3070, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.897984}
{"text": "A business unit that has developed its image as an entity for easy partnership through its effective communication can attract other business units for forming business relationships with them. Facilitates innovations in business: Effective business communication helps in business innovations as well as it facilitates employees to convey their ideas and suggestions openly. Similarly, at the time of launching any new product in the market, effective communication ensures the performance of the sales team, market acceptance of the product, fast delivery of products in the market, etc. Information exchange: Business communication is required by an organization for exchanging information with internal and external stakeholders. This helps in achieving its goals effectively. Preparation of plans and policies: Through effective business communication, organizations can make their plans and policies properly. Relevant information is required for preparing these plans and policies. Through communication, different managers source information through reliable channels. Helps in solving problems or issues: Through different communication channels, managers get information about different routine and non-routine issues and based upon that they can take required actions to sort out those issues. Facilitates decision-making: Effective decisions require up-to-date information. Using effective communication, managers can acquire information from different sources and can utilize it for making correct decisions. Reduces chances of conflicts: Through effective communication different business parties can exchange information in a smooth way. This results in fewer conflicts, controversies, arguments between them. Business Communication MethodsDifferent methods of communicating in a business are as below:In-person Face-to-Face Business Communication: In-person communication is the most common and preferred method of business communication. As it is generally in the form of meetings or conferences which is face to face communication format. This requires refined in-person skills. This method also includes non-verbal communication i.e. body language. While having a conversation between two or more people in business, body language like gestures, facial expression, etc. Also play a vital role in communicating a person s attitude towards others. Communication by email system: An e-mail has become the most widely used communication system in any business. Due to its feature of sending and receiving mass or multiple messages at a time, email is considered as one of the preferred methods in business communication. It also increases efficiency as emails can be sent and responded in fast mode. The conversation through email can be among two or more than two people and is the best substitute for formal face to face meetings as discussions can be done in an email system.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9300655850880222, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2897, "token_count": 485}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.930494}
{"text": "Due to its feature of sending and receiving mass or multiple messages at a time, email is considered as one of the preferred methods in business communication. It also increases efficiency as emails can be sent and responded in fast mode. The conversation through email can be among two or more than two people and is the best substitute for formal face to face meetings as discussions can be done in an email system. Web conferencing: In the web conferencing method of business communication, the internet is being used for communication in meetings, conferences, presentations, seminars, and imparting training. It includes features like sharing of files, screens, real-time chatting, recording, etc. This can be considered as the most effective way of interacting with people sitting at different locations. Web conferencing is done by using the phone teleconferencing or video equipment videoconferencing . Written communication: Written business communication is a formal and detailed form of communication than other methods. Different written communication tools include formal letters, brochures, posters, etc. Other methods: There are other business communication methods like an instant messaging system. This technology is easy to use as one can easily connect with people while working offsite and have conversations without waiting so long. They also include WhatsApp, phone calls. Production of goods and servicesProduction: Refers to the creation of goods and services or increasing their usefulness through activities such as transporting them to where they are required. People who are involved in production of goods and services are referred to as producers. NdependenceImportance of ProductionTo produce is independence. If you don t produce, you will have to consume what has been produced. In this case, you have no choice but to the available options. People choose to be free and independent. The need for various goodsAvailability of goods and services: Production helps to ensure that goods and services are madeIncrease in wealth of people: Production assists people to accumulate wealth as a result of continuous employment. Importance of productionIncrease in export potential: Production also assists a state or nation to boost her export of goods and services to other nations. Acquisition of skills: The engagement of people in production leads them to acquire special skillsCharacteristics of Factors of ProductionMeaning: Factors of production refer to agents, components or resources which are combined together to produce goods and services. There are four factors of production. These are:Labour - is skillful: Labour becomes skillful through education and training.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9265095729013255, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2716, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.947752}
{"text": "Acquisition of skills: The engagement of people in production leads them to acquire special skillsCharacteristics of Factors of ProductionMeaning: Factors of production refer to agents, components or resources which are combined together to produce goods and services. There are four factors of production. These are:Labour - is skillful: Labour becomes skillful through education and training. Labour is a human factor: Labour is a human factor hence its supply can easily be controlled importance of productionLabour requires motivation: For labour to perform efficiently and increase its productivity, it must be motivated in one way or the other. Importance of productionLabour is not predictable: Labour as a factor of production cannot be easily predicted. Labour is not fixed: The supply of labour, unlike land, is not fixed as it varies in quantity and quality. Labour is perishable: Knowledge can diminish overtime as a result of continued unemployment, under-employment, age and death. Labour controls other factors of production: Labour controls and combines all other factors of production to make them more meaningful to the society. Labour has initiative: Labour can act on its own initiative. Classification of factors of productionCharacteristics of land as a factors of productionFixed supply: The total land area of earth in the sense of the surface area available to men is fixed. Therefore, the supply of lands is strictly limited. It is, no doubt, possible to increase the supply of land in a particular region to some extent through reclamation of land from sea areas or deforestation. No cost of production: Since land is a gift of nature, it has no cost of production. Since land is already in existence, no costs are to be incurred in creating it. In this sense, land differs from both labour which has to be reared, educated and trained and capital which has to be created by using labour and other scarce resources or by spending money . Differences in fertility: Another important feature of land is that it is not homogeneous. All grades plots of land are not equally productive or fertile. Some grades of land are more productive than others. And Ricardo argued that rent arises not only due to scarcity of land as a factor but also due to differences in the fertility of the soil. Mobility:Land is not geographically mobile. But, it is occupationally mobile. In most parts of India, for example, land has many alternative uses.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9190784155214229, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2474, "token_count": 486}, "cleaned_at": 1750360555.9830272}
{"text": "Mobility:Land is not geographically mobile. But, it is occupationally mobile. In most parts of India, for example, land has many alternative uses. It might be used for farmland, roads, rail ways, airlines, public parks, playgrounds, resi dential housing, office buildings, shopping complex, and so on. Some of the land, for example, in hill area, of say, Shillong, or Darjeeling, has an extremely limited degree of occupational mobility, being useful perhaps for sheep grazing, golf course or as a centre of tourism. Return: The income received by the owner of land is known as rent. It may be noted that rent is usually paid for something more than the use of land or another natural resource, but includes also an element of payment for another factor which is involved in making the resource available in a usable form. Characteristics of Capital as a factor of productionCapital is manmade factor of productionIts mobileIt s a passive factor of productionTypes of capitalFixedWorkingventureCharacteristics of an entrepreneurX-tics of an entrepreneurConsumer concerns addressed in the production of goods and servicesLearners to check on thisMarketing of Goods and ServicesA market can be defined as a place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods, services and other relevant information is called a market. Both these parties can meet in a city, state, province, country and region. The market may be a physical or virtual. The one party seller sells a product or service to a buyer for money benefits. Most of the time there are more than single buyers and seller in the marketplace. The value and prices of product and service are based on the law demand and supply in the market. Types of MarketsPhysical Markets. Any physical market is a place where buyers and sellers physically meet that involve both parties in a transaction in exchange for money. Few good examples are departmental stores, shopping malls and retail storesVirtual Markets Internet Markets. Todays business environment such type of markets are increasing on a fast track. It is a place where the seller offers goods and services via online platform i.e. internet. Buyers and sellers are not required to physically meet or interact. Examples are Freelancer.com, Amazon.com. Auction Market. An auction market is a place where sellers and buyers indicate the lowest and highest prices they are willing to exchange.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9188249896565991, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2417, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.0032473}
{"text": "Examples are Freelancer.com, Amazon.com. Auction Market. An auction market is a place where sellers and buyers indicate the lowest and highest prices they are willing to exchange. This exchange takes place when both the sellers and buyers agree on a price. A good example is the New York Stock Exchange NYSE . What is Market SizeMarket size refers to the total number of people in a specific market who has the potential to buy and sell products and services. Whenever companies launch a new product they are very interested to know the market size. For any market, two factors are very importantTotal number of buyers and sellersTotal money in the market on the annual basisMarketingMarketing is a process by which a product or service is introduced and promoted to potential customers. Without marketing, your business may offer the best products or services in your industry, but none of your potential customers would know about it. Without marketing, sales may crash and companies may have to close. Types of MarketingWhere your marketing campaigns live depends entirely on where your customers spend their time. It's up to you to conduct market research that determines which types of marketing -- and which mix of tools within each type -- is best for building your brand. Here are several types of marketing that are relevant today, some of which have stood the test of time:Internet marketing: Inspired by an Excedrin product campaign that took place online, the very idea of having a presence on the internet for business reasons is a type of marketing in and of itself. Search engine optimization: Abbreviated \"SEO,\" this is the process of optimizing content on a website so that it appears in search engine results. It's used by marketers to attract people who perform searches that imply they're interested in learning about a particular industry. Blog marketing: Blogs are no longer exclusive to the individual writer. Brands now publish blogs to write about their industry and nurture the interest of potential customers who browse the internet for information. Social media marketing: Businesses can use Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, and similar social networks to create impressions on their audience over time. Print marketing: As newspapers and magazines get better at understanding who subscribes to their print material, businesses continue to sponsor articles, photography, and similar content in the publications their customers are reading. Search engine marketing: This type of marketing is a bit different than SEO, which is described above. Businesses can now pay a search engine to place links on pages of its index that get high exposure to their audience.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9225305216426194, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2703, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.0161278}
{"text": "Print marketing: As newspapers and magazines get better at understanding who subscribes to their print material, businesses continue to sponsor articles, photography, and similar content in the publications their customers are reading. Search engine marketing: This type of marketing is a bit different than SEO, which is described above. Businesses can now pay a search engine to place links on pages of its index that get high exposure to their audience. It's a concept called \"pay-per-click\" -- I'll show you an example of this in the next section . Video marketing: While there were once just commercials, marketers now put money into creating and publishing all kinds of videos that entertain and educate their core customers. The 4 Ps of MarketingEssentially, these 4 Ps explain how marketing interacts with each stage of the business. ConsumersA consumer is any individual or group that uses goods or services. Generally, this means an individual who pays for goods or services, although sometimes the good or service is not paid for, but is instead received as a gift or favor. Usually, the term is used when referring to the demand side of the market. For example, in economics, it is often said that consumers are influenced by price when they make their buying decisions. Following are the things that customers look at for before buying a product. 1 Price: The price of the product is the first thing that almost 80 of the customers look at before buying a product. Because every customer has their own budget and they usually tend to spend within the budget unless they get some extraordinary quality. 2 Experience: Nowadays, everyone is busy and they want to buy things which are easily available and also there are so many alternatives available in the market for a certain product. Therefore, it is important to make the shopping experience as well as the quality of the product excellent. So, they don t move to some other product. 3 Design: Design of the product should be attractive. 4 Functionality: The product should have all the functionalities that a customer expects while buying a product. 5 Convenience: The product and services should be convenient for the customer, otherwise, he she will not buy the product. 6 Reliability: The product should be reliable and it should meet the customer s needs every single time. 7 Compatibility: The product should be compatible with the other products that the customer is already using. Following is a list of different types of customers. Need-based customers :These customers shop for only specific products when they need them.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9068432031623961, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2609, "token_count": 513}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.0328457}
{"text": "7 Compatibility: The product should be compatible with the other products that the customer is already using. Following is a list of different types of customers. Need-based customers :These customers shop for only specific products when they need them. They already know the section they are heading to when they enter a store. They usually don t require an assistant to choose a product because they usually have knowledge about the product they want to buy. Therefore, it is very important to approach them with a planned strategy. Loyal customers :These types of customers are very important for a business. This segment of the customers should be kept satisfied. They not only stay loyal to the company but also praise and recommend the product to their family and friends. Therefore, they also help the company to market its product by word -of mouth free of cost. Usually, this segment of customers is small and they hardly make 20 of the total customers, but they are responsible for generating the maximum part of the total revenue of the company. 3 Discount customers :These are the types of customers who never buy a product on full price. They always look for a discount on the product they want to buy. Such customers never shop for anything off-sale. These types of customers make the biggest portion of total customers of a company. Discount customers are the least loyal customers and they easily move on when getting better offers by some other company. Impulsive customers :Impulsive customers segment is a bonus segment for any business, as these customers don t shop as per their need or because of ongoing sale. The shopping of these types of customers is highly influenced by their current mood. They usually tend to buy a product, if, at the time of shopping, they find it useful and good at that point in time. Potential customers:Potential customers are not your customer yet, but they just need a little bit of convincing and assistance to make a purchase. These types of customers need a little bit of encouragement and attention before buying your product. To deal with such customers, you should show them some value and assist them by providing information about the products they are interested in.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9149509366636931, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2242, "token_count": 431}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.0597255}
{"text": "Potential customers:Potential customers are not your customer yet, but they just need a little bit of convincing and assistance to make a purchase. These types of customers need a little bit of encouragement and attention before buying your product. To deal with such customers, you should show them some value and assist them by providing information about the products they are interested in. Factors to consider when selecting a suitable market for goods and servicesThe product to be sold or producedPersonnel to manage the businessAmount of finance and other resources requiredThe market to be served customers Types of employees requiredProjection level of achievement in future in terms of profit The name for the businessAn attractive market has the following characteristics:It is sizeable large enough to be profitable given your operating cost. Only a tiny fraction of the consumers in China can afford to buy cars. However, because the country s population is so large nearly 1.5 billion people , more cars are sold in China than in Europe and in the United States, depending on the month . Three billion people in the world own cell phones. But that still leaves three billion who don t Corbett, 2008 . It is growing. The middle class of India is growing rapidly, making it a very attractive market for consumer products companies. People under thirty make up the majority of the Indian population, fueling the demand for Bollywood Indian-made films. It is not already swamped by competitors, or you have found a way to stand out in a crowd. IBM used to make PCs. However, after the marketplace became crowded with competitors, IBM sold the product line to a Chinese company called Lenovo. Either it is accessible or you can find a way to reach it. Accessibility, or the lack of it, could include geographic accessibility, political and legal barriers, technological barriers, or social barriers. For example, to overcome geographic barriers, the consumer products company Unilever hires women in third-world countries to distribute the company s products to rural consumers who lack access to stores. The company has the resources to compete in it. You might have a great idea to compete in the wind-power market. However, it is a business that is capital intensive. What this means is that you will either need a lot of money or must be able to raise it. You might also have to compete with the likes of T. Boone Pickens, an oil tycoon who is attempting to develop and profit from the wind-power market.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9136330912188465, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2539, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.091787}
{"text": "What this means is that you will either need a lot of money or must be able to raise it. You might also have to compete with the likes of T. Boone Pickens, an oil tycoon who is attempting to develop and profit from the wind-power market. Does your organization have the resources to do this? It fits in with your firm s mission and objectives. Consider TerraCycle, which has made its mark by selling organic products in recycled packages. Fertilizer made from worm excrement and sold in discarded plastic beverage bottles is just one of its products. It wouldn t be a good idea for TerraCycle to open up a polluting, coal-fired power plant, no matter how profitable the market for the service might be. ICT platforms for marketing Goods and servicesThey include:Online advertising many businesses advertise through banners on websites. It provides to the customers quickly and easy response. Email marketing it s a form of direct marketing. It s very fast and less expensive. Social media marketing it s a collection of online communication channels. It s a community based input, interaction, content sharing and collaboration. Examples include: Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, TiktokBlogging Target marketing- it s about attracting a customer who will buy what you are selling. AdvantagesAnywhere, anytime marketingCost effectiveFastBy using ICT, we can market anywhere, anytime in the world without being their physically. STRAND THREEGOVERNMENT AND GLOBAL INFLUENCE IN BUSINESSGovernment and businessGovernment involvement in business activities is one of the commercial duties it owes its citizens. It is the one that provides the necessary environment for investments to be undertaken by itself, or by the local and foreign investors. This, the government may do in various ways, these include;a Producing goods and servicesb Distributing goods and servicesc Advising producers and tradersd Promoting trade and economic developmente Protecting consumers against exploitation by producers and tradersf As a consumer of goods and servicesReasons for Government involvement in businessThe following are the major reasons for the government s involvement and participation in business activities;1 To prevent exploitation of the public by private businesspersons especially in the provision of essential goods and services such as sugar, transport, communication etc. The Kenya Bureau of standards KEBS regulates the quality of goods consumed in Kenya.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9203212107958563, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2489, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.0818844}
{"text": "It is the one that provides the necessary environment for investments to be undertaken by itself, or by the local and foreign investors. This, the government may do in various ways, these include;a Producing goods and servicesb Distributing goods and servicesc Advising producers and tradersd Promoting trade and economic developmente Protecting consumers against exploitation by producers and tradersf As a consumer of goods and servicesReasons for Government involvement in businessThe following are the major reasons for the government s involvement and participation in business activities;1 To prevent exploitation of the public by private businesspersons especially in the provision of essential goods and services such as sugar, transport, communication etc. The Kenya Bureau of standards KEBS regulates the quality of goods consumed in Kenya. 2 To provide essential goods and services in areas where private individuals and organizations are unwilling to venture because of low profits high risks involved. 3 To provide essential goods and services which private organizations and individuals are unable to provide due to the large amount of initial capital required b e.g. generation of electricity, establishment of airlines etc. 4 To attract foreign investment by initiating major business projects5 To stimulate economic development in the country e.g. by providing social services6 To provide goods and services which are too sensitive to be left in the hands of the private sector e.g. provision of firearms. 7 To create employment opportunities by initiating projects such as generation of electricity. 8 To prevent foreign dominance of the economy by investing in areas where the locals are not able to9 To redistribute wealth where returns are very high10 To prevent establishment of monopolies. Roles METHODS OF GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN BUSINESSThe government gets involved in business activities through the following methods: i RegulationThis refers to Rules and restrictions the government requires business units to follow in their business activities. Through this method, the government ensures high quality goods and services and puts in control measures to protect consumers from exploitation. The government regulation measuresinclude;a LicensingA license is a document that shows that a business has been permitted by the government to operate. It is usually issued upon payment of a small fee. Licensing is the process of issuing licenses to businesses. Some of the reasons why the government issues licenses include; Regulating the number of businesses in a given place at any given time to avoid unhealthy competition.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9149479747305835, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2691, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.1180503}
{"text": "It is usually issued upon payment of a small fee. Licensing is the process of issuing licenses to businesses. Some of the reasons why the government issues licenses include; Regulating the number of businesses in a given place at any given time to avoid unhealthy competition. To control the type of goods entering and leaving the country. To ensure there are no illegal businesses. To ensure that traders engage only in trade activities that they have been licensed for. To ensure that those who engage in professional activities meet the requirements of the profession. To raise revenue for the government. B Ensuring standards enforcing standards; The government regulates business activities by setting standards that businesses should and ensuring that the standards are adhered to. To achieve this purpose, the government has established bodies such as; Kenya bureau of standards KEBS whose main responsibility is to set standards especially for the manufactured goods and see to it that the set standards are adhered to met. Goods that meet such standards are given a diamond mark of quality, to show that they are of good quality. The ministry of public health to ensure that businesses meet certain standards as concerning facilities before such businesses can be allowed to operate. Such standards may include clean toilets, clean water and well aerated buildings. C Legislation; The Government may come up with rules and regulations laws that regulate business activities e.g. banning hawking in certain areas, matatus required to carry certain number of passengers e.t.c. Ii TrainingThe government takes keen interest in training and advising people in business about business management strategies and better ways of producing goods and services. The government offers these services through seminars and courses. This is mainly done by the Kenya Business Training Institute K.B.T.I . Iii Trade promotionThis is a government initiated and supported policy to encourage local business people to enter into business. This is aimed at increasing the volume and variety of goods and services traded in. Trade promotion is classified as either external trade promotion or internaltrade promotion. Legal Requirements for Starting and operating a simple business in KenyaBusiness PermitA business permit indicates that you are licensed to operate by the local county government. KRA PINA Kenya Revenue Authority PIN is among the legal requirements that you need to start a business in Kenya. It is used to facilitate tax compliance with all Kenyans and businesses required to file their tax returns yearly.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9236473704124102, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2643, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.1424086}
{"text": "Legal Requirements for Starting and operating a simple business in KenyaBusiness PermitA business permit indicates that you are licensed to operate by the local county government. KRA PINA Kenya Revenue Authority PIN is among the legal requirements that you need to start a business in Kenya. It is used to facilitate tax compliance with all Kenyans and businesses required to file their tax returns yearly. TAXATION IN KENYATax: is a compulsory payment by either individuals or organizations to thegovernment without any direct benefit to the payer. Taxation-refers to the process through which the government raises revenue by collecting taxes. Purposes reasons for taxationi. Raising revenue for government expenditure. This is the main reason for taxation. Ii. Discouraging controlling consumption of certain commodities e.g. alcohol and cigarattes which are considered to be harmful. Iii. Discouraging importation of certain commodities in order to protect local industries. This is done by imposing heavy taxes on such commodities. Iv. Controlling inflation. Taxation reduces money supply by reducing peoples disposable income thereby controlling inflation. V. Reducing inequality in income distribution; this is done by taxing the rich heavily and using the finances raised in provision of goods and services that benefit the poor. Vi. Influencing locations of businesses. This is done by taxing businesses located in urban areas heavily and those in rural areas lightly hence businesses moving to rural areas. Vii. Correcting unfavorable balance of payments. High taxes are imposed on imported commodities thereby discouraging their importation leading to an improvement in the balance of payments. Viii. To protect the key selectors of the economy such as the agricultural sector, by stimulating their growth. Factors that determine the amount of money raised through taxationi. Distribution of incomesii. Social and political factorsiii. Honesty and efficiency of tax authoritiesiv. Citizens level of real incomev. Economic structure of the country i.e. relative size of the country s commercial and subsistence sectors. Principles of taxationThese are the characteristics that a good tax system should have. They are also referred to as the cannons of taxation. A good tax system should be;Equitable principle of equity-Every subject of the state should pay tax in proportion to their income. Certain principle of certainty-The tax that an individual should pay should be clear in terms of the amount, time and manner in which it should be paid.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9261765849863867, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2571, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.183117}
{"text": "They are also referred to as the cannons of taxation. A good tax system should be;Equitable principle of equity-Every subject of the state should pay tax in proportion to their income. Certain principle of certainty-The tax that an individual should pay should be clear in terms of the amount, time and manner in which it should be paid. The government should also be fairly certain of the amount of tax expected so that planning can be easier. Convenient principle of convenience-Tax levied ought to be convenient to both the contributor and collector, it should be levied at a time when the payer has money and mode of payment should be convenient to both the payer and the payeeEconomical principle of economy-The cost of collecting and administeringthe tax should be lower than the tax so collected. Flexible principle of flexibility-It should be readily adaptable to changing economic times i.e. when the economic conditions of the people improve it should give raised revenue e.g. VATAbility to pay non-oppressive-A tax system should be designed in a way that the amount charged is not too high to the extent that the contributors are unable to pay or is discouraged from working hard. Diversified principle of diversity-There should be different types of taxes so that the tax burden is on different groups in the society. This also ensures that the government has money at all times. Simplicity-A good tax system should be simple enough to be understood by each tax payer. This will motivate them to pay tax. Elastic principle of elasticity-The tax system should be able to generate more revenue for the government by targeting items of mass consumption. STRAND FOURFINANCIAL RECORDS IN BUSINESSBusiness TransactionsA business transaction is a deal between two or more people involving exchange of goods and services in terms of money. Business transaction may take place on cash basis; in which case goods are paid for before or on delivery or a short while after deliveryBusiness transaction may also take place on credit basis; which means payment is made after a specified period from the date of delivery of the goods or the provision of the servicesa Documents used at the inquiry stageThis is the first stage in transaction. An inquiry is a request by a prospective buyer for information on available goods and services.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9235820895522389, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2345, "token_count": 463}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.1654139}
{"text": "STRAND FOURFINANCIAL RECORDS IN BUSINESSBusiness TransactionsA business transaction is a deal between two or more people involving exchange of goods and services in terms of money. Business transaction may take place on cash basis; in which case goods are paid for before or on delivery or a short while after deliveryBusiness transaction may also take place on credit basis; which means payment is made after a specified period from the date of delivery of the goods or the provision of the servicesa Documents used at the inquiry stageThis is the first stage in transaction. An inquiry is a request by a prospective buyer for information on available goods and services. It is aimed at establishing the following; Whether the goods or services required are available for sale The quality or nature of the products available The prices at which the goods or services are being sold The terms of sale in respect to payment and delivery of goods or services Some of the documents used at this stage include;i Letter of inquiry;This is a letter written by a potential buyer to the seller to find out the goods and services offered by the seller. A letter of inquiry can be general or specific. A specific letter of inquiry seeks for information about a particular product. Reply to an inquiryThe seller may reply to the letter of inquiry by sending any of the following documents;-Price list-A catalogue-Quotation-A tenderi A price listThis is a list of items sold by the trader together with their prices. The information contained in a price list is usually brief and not illustrated and may include;-Name and address of the Seller-List of the goods and services-The recommended unit prices of the products -Any discounts offeredPrice list show the prices of the commodities at that time. Ii A catalogue; A catalogue is a basket which briefly describes the goods a seller stocks. It is normally sent by the seller to the buyer when the buyer sends a general letter of inquiry.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9192422731804587, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2006, "token_count": 405}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.1790233}
{"text": "The information contained in a price list is usually brief and not illustrated and may include;-Name and address of the Seller-List of the goods and services-The recommended unit prices of the products -Any discounts offeredPrice list show the prices of the commodities at that time. Ii A catalogue; A catalogue is a basket which briefly describes the goods a seller stocks. It is normally sent by the seller to the buyer when the buyer sends a general letter of inquiry. It usually carries illustrations on the goods stocked, and could be in the form of attractive and colorful picturesThe content of a catalogue includes the following; Name and address of the seller Details of the products to be sold; inform of pictures and illustrations The prices of the products After-sales services offered by the seller Packaging and posting expenses to be incurred Delivery services to be used Terms of sale-Catalogues carry more information than the price list and they are more expensive to print. Iii Quotation; This is a document sent by a seller to a buyer in response to a specific letter of inquiry. It specifies the conditions and terms under which the seller is willing to supply the specified goods and services to the buyer. The content of a quotation includes the following;-Name and address of Seller-Name and address of the buyer-Description of goods to be supplied -Prices of the commodities-Terms of sale i.e. discounts, time of supply, delivery-Total of the goods to be suppliedQuotations are normally in form of letters, but many large-scale businesses have pre-printed quotations forms which they readily send to the potential customers. Iv A TenderThis is a document of offer to sell sent by a seller to a buyer in response to an advertised requestTenders contain the following;-Date when the tender advertisement was made -Mode of payment-Date of making document -Discounts given-Name and address of prospective seller called the tenderer-The prices at which the goods can be provided-Period of delivery -Mode of delivery-Tenders are delivered in sealed envelopes which are opened by the buyer on a specified dateThe winning tender is usually awarded on the of the lowest quoted price although the buyer is not obliged to accept this especially if quality is likely to be lowTenders are not binding unless accepted by the buyer.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9180479596129576, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2377, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.2169895}
{"text": "The content of a quotation includes the following;-Name and address of Seller-Name and address of the buyer-Description of goods to be supplied -Prices of the commodities-Terms of sale i.e. discounts, time of supply, delivery-Total of the goods to be suppliedQuotations are normally in form of letters, but many large-scale businesses have pre-printed quotations forms which they readily send to the potential customers. Iv A TenderThis is a document of offer to sell sent by a seller to a buyer in response to an advertised requestTenders contain the following;-Date when the tender advertisement was made -Mode of payment-Date of making document -Discounts given-Name and address of prospective seller called the tenderer-The prices at which the goods can be provided-Period of delivery -Mode of delivery-Tenders are delivered in sealed envelopes which are opened by the buyer on a specified dateThe winning tender is usually awarded on the of the lowest quoted price although the buyer is not obliged to accept this especially if quality is likely to be lowTenders are not binding unless accepted by the buyer. B Documents used at the order stageAfter receiving replies to inquiry in form of price list, catalogue or Quotation, a prospective buyer will study the terms and conditions stated in them, and then may decide to buy products or not. I An OrderIf a prospective buyer decides to purchase an item s , he or she then places an orderAn order is a document sent by a potential buyer to a seller requesting to be provided with specified products under specified terms and conditions-An order issued for goods is called a local purchase order LPO An order issued for services is called a local service order LSO Ways of making an orderi Filling an order form. This is a pre-printed document that is used for making ordersii Writing an order letteriii Sending an e-mail, faxing or sending a short text messageiv Giving a verbal order. Verbal orders have the disadvantage in that they can be misunderstood and there would be no record of items ordered-Where written orders are made, the potential buyer keeps a copy of the order for use in verifying the goods ordered when they are delivered.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9174303683737646, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2226, "token_count": 472}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.2437384}
{"text": "I An OrderIf a prospective buyer decides to purchase an item s , he or she then places an orderAn order is a document sent by a potential buyer to a seller requesting to be provided with specified products under specified terms and conditions-An order issued for goods is called a local purchase order LPO An order issued for services is called a local service order LSO Ways of making an orderi Filling an order form. This is a pre-printed document that is used for making ordersii Writing an order letteriii Sending an e-mail, faxing or sending a short text messageiv Giving a verbal order. Verbal orders have the disadvantage in that they can be misunderstood and there would be no record of items ordered-Where written orders are made, the potential buyer keeps a copy of the order for use in verifying the goods ordered when they are delivered. -A written order may contain the following; Name and address of the buyer Name and address of the seller The number of the order Quantities ordered and total amount to be paid Description of the goods ordered Price per item Special instructions on such matters as packaging and deliveryii Acknowledgement noteOn receiving the order, the seller sends the buyer an acknowledgement note An acknowledgement note is a document sent by the seller to the prospective buyer to inform him her that the order has been received and it is being acted upon. After sending the acknowledgement note, the seller has to decide whether to extend credit to the buyer or not. At this stage, the seller has the following options;i If the seller is convinced that the buyer is credit worthy, arrangements are made to deliver the ordered goods or services to the buyer. Ii If the seller is not sure of credit worthiness of the buyer, a credit status inquiry can be issued to the buyer s bankers or to other suppliers who deal with the buyer to ascertain the credit worthiness. Iii If the buyer is not credit worthy then a polite note or a pro forma invoice can be sent to him herA proforma invoiceThis is a document sent by the seller to the buyer requesting the buyer to make payment for goods or services before they are delivered. It indicates that the seller is not willing to grant the buyer credit.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9156084656084658, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2268, "token_count": 479}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.2802694}
{"text": "Ii If the seller is not sure of credit worthiness of the buyer, a credit status inquiry can be issued to the buyer s bankers or to other suppliers who deal with the buyer to ascertain the credit worthiness. Iii If the buyer is not credit worthy then a polite note or a pro forma invoice can be sent to him herA proforma invoiceThis is a document sent by the seller to the buyer requesting the buyer to make payment for goods or services before they are delivered. It indicates that the seller is not willing to grant the buyer credit. Functions of a proforma invoicei A polite way of asking for payment before the goods are deliveredii Sent when the seller does not want to give creditiii Used by importers to get customers clearance before goods are deliverediv Issued to an agent who sells goods on behalf of the sellerv Show what the buyer would have to pay if the order is approvedvi Can be used to serve as a quotationCircumstances under which a pro-forma invoice may be used If the seller does not want to give credit If the seller wants to sell goods through an agent If the seller wants to get clearance for imported goods If the seller wants it to function as a quotation If the seller wants to inform the buyer what he she pay if the order is approved e.t.cDocuments used at the Delivery stageAfter the seller has accepted the order sent an acknowledgement note and where necessary the pro-forma invoice, the seller then prepares the goods for delivery to the buyer. This can be done in the following ways; The seller can ask the buyer to collect the goods The seller can deliver the goods to the buyer using his her own means of transport The goods can be delivered to the buyer through public transport The services s can be rendered to the buyer at the sellers or the buyer s premises or at any convenient place. The main documents that are used at this stage are;i Packing note; Before delivery goods are packed for dispatch. This is a document prepared by the seller showing the goods contained packed in every container, box or carton being delivered to the buyer-A copy of the packing note is packed with the goods to make help the buyer have a spot check.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.913550135501355, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2214, "token_count": 480}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.2380364}
{"text": "This can be done in the following ways; The seller can ask the buyer to collect the goods The seller can deliver the goods to the buyer using his her own means of transport The goods can be delivered to the buyer through public transport The services s can be rendered to the buyer at the sellers or the buyer s premises or at any convenient place. The main documents that are used at this stage are;i Packing note; Before delivery goods are packed for dispatch. This is a document prepared by the seller showing the goods contained packed in every container, box or carton being delivered to the buyer-A copy of the packing note is packed with the goods to make help the buyer have a spot check. The contents of a packing note include;-Description of goods packed-Quantities of goods packed-The means of deliveryNOTE: A packing not does not contain prices of goods. This ensures that those people involved in checking and transporting goods do not know the value of goods. This is done as a precaution against theft. Ii Advice note; This is a document sent by the seller to the buyer to inform the buyer that the ordered goods have been dispatched. It is usually sent through the fastest means possible. -It contains the following;-The means of delivery -A description of the goods-The quantity dispatched -Date-Name and address of buyer and sellerFunctions of an advice notea Informing the buyer that the goods are on the way so that in case of any delay in delivery, the buyer can make inquiriesb Alerting the buyer so that necessary arrangements can be made for payments when the goods arrivec Can serve as an acknowledgement note, where one is not sent iii Delivery note; This is a document sent by the seller to the buyer to accompany the goods being delivered. -A delivery note is always made in triplicate 3 , one copy remains with the seller and two sent to the buyer. -When the goods reach the buyer, he she confirms that the goods are the ones ordered for and that they are in the right condition by comparing the delivery note, the order and the goods. If the buyer is satisfied with the goods, he she signs the two copies, retains the original and send the copy back to the seller. This serves as evidence that the goods have been received in the right condition and in the right quantities. -Some businesses keep delivery books in which the buyer signs to indicate that goods have been received in good condition.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9123461482185631, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2453, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.2712457}
{"text": "-When the goods reach the buyer, he she confirms that the goods are the ones ordered for and that they are in the right condition by comparing the delivery note, the order and the goods. If the buyer is satisfied with the goods, he she signs the two copies, retains the original and send the copy back to the seller. This serves as evidence that the goods have been received in the right condition and in the right quantities. -Some businesses keep delivery books in which the buyer signs to indicate that goods have been received in good condition. A delivery book is used by the seller if he she delivers goods by himself herself as an alternative to a delivery noteThe content of a delivery note includes the following;a. Name and address of the sellerb. Name and address of the buyerc. Date of deliveryd. Delivery note numbere. Description of the goods deliveredf. Quantities of the goods deliveredg. Space for the buyer to sign and comment on the condition of the goods received. Iv Consignment noteThis is a document prepared by a transporter to show that he she has been hired to deliver specified goods to a particular buyer. This document is used when goods are delivered to the buyer by public means of transport e.g. by trains. -The seller is the consignor, the buyer is the consignee and the goods the consignment-The transporting company prepares the consignment note and gives the seller to complete and sign. The seller then returns the note to the transporter carrier who takes it together with the goods to the buyer. -On receiving the goods, the buyer signs the consignment note as evidence that the goods were actually transported. The content of a consignment note includes the following; Details of the goods to the transported Name address of seller consignor Name and address of buyer consignee Terms of carriage and conditions of transporting the goods The transportation cost Handling information Destination of goodsv Goods Received note; This is a document sent by the buyer to the seller to inform him her that goods sent have been received. It usually prepared in duplicate, the original is sent to the seller and the copyretained by the buyer. The contents of the goods received note include; Date of the document Name and address of the buyer Name and address of the seller Corresponding purchase order Details of goods received Date the goods were received.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9144266337854501, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2433, "token_count": 513}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.3133025}
{"text": "The content of a consignment note includes the following; Details of the goods to the transported Name address of seller consignor Name and address of buyer consignee Terms of carriage and conditions of transporting the goods The transportation cost Handling information Destination of goodsv Goods Received note; This is a document sent by the buyer to the seller to inform him her that goods sent have been received. It usually prepared in duplicate, the original is sent to the seller and the copyretained by the buyer. The contents of the goods received note include; Date of the document Name and address of the buyer Name and address of the seller Corresponding purchase order Details of goods received Date the goods were received. Vi Returned goods note Damaged goods note; If goods are damaged on the way, the buyer may return them to the seller. The buyer may also return goods for other reasons e.g. Wrong type of goods Excess goods Wrong quality goods-When the goods are returned, the buyer informs the seller of the return by sending a goods returned note. -A goods returned note is a document sent by a buyer to a seller to inform him her that certain goods are being returned to the seller. -Where the goods are returned because of damage, the note may be referred to as the damaged goods note. The contents of the goods returned note include; Details of goods that have been returned to the seller Date goods are returned The number of GRN Order number Delivery number Name and address of both buyer and seller-When the seller receives the note together with the goods, he issues a credit noted Documents used at the invoicing stageThis stage involves the seller requesting or demanding for payment from the buyer for the goods or services delivered. Some of the documents used at this stage include:a InvoiceThis is a document sent to the buyer by the seller to demand for payment for goods delivered or services rendered. There are two types of invoices namely:a Cash invoice-This is sent when payment is expected immediately after delivery thus acting as a cash sale receiptb A credit invoice-This is sent when a buyer is allowed to pay at a later date. Functions of an invoicei It shows the details of goods sold i.e.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9098958333333333, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2304, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.3272524}
{"text": "Some of the documents used at this stage include:a InvoiceThis is a document sent to the buyer by the seller to demand for payment for goods delivered or services rendered. There are two types of invoices namely:a Cash invoice-This is sent when payment is expected immediately after delivery thus acting as a cash sale receiptb A credit invoice-This is sent when a buyer is allowed to pay at a later date. Functions of an invoicei It shows the details of goods sold i.e. quantity delivered, unit price, total value of the goods and terms and conditions of sale. Ii It is a request to the buyer to make paymentiii It serves as an evidence that the buyer owes the seller a certain amount of moneyiv It is used as a source document in recording the transaction in the book of accounts. The contents of an invoice include the following: Invoice number Name and address of the seller Name and address of the buyer Date document is prepared Details of goods repaired Unit prices of goods delivered Total value of goods Discounts offered E and O.E printed at the bottomThe letters E and O.E Errors and Omissions Excepted means the seller reserves the right to correct any errors and omissions made in the invoice.-On receiving the invoice, the buyer verifies the contents using the local purchase order and the delivery note. If the invoice is in order, the buyer makes arrangements to pay the amount stated. Businesses which offer services issue a document called a bill, which serves the purpose of an invoice. B Credit noteThis is a document sent by the seller to the buyer credit buyer to correct an overcharge. It is used to inform the buyer that the amount payable by him her has been reducedAn overcharge is an excess amount charged beyond the right price. Causes of overcharge may include; Arithmetical errors like wrong addition Price overcharges Inclusion of wrong or unordered items in the invoice Failure to deduct the allowable discounts Return of goods damaged goods Failure to note the return by the buyer of packing cases or containers used to deliver goods to him her Use of wrong price list. -The purpose of the credit note is to reduce the total invoice amount by the amount of the overcharge. -A credit note is usually printed in red to distinguish it from other documents.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9119555935098207, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2342, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.347452}
{"text": "Causes of overcharge may include; Arithmetical errors like wrong addition Price overcharges Inclusion of wrong or unordered items in the invoice Failure to deduct the allowable discounts Return of goods damaged goods Failure to note the return by the buyer of packing cases or containers used to deliver goods to him her Use of wrong price list. -The purpose of the credit note is to reduce the total invoice amount by the amount of the overcharge. -A credit note is usually printed in red to distinguish it from other documents. -Contents of a credit note include; Name and address of the seller and the buyer Credit note number Date document is prepared Description and value of goods returned by buyer in case that was done Total overchargeReasons why a seller would send a credit note to a buyer circumstances under which a credit note is sent to a buyer. -When there is an overcharge in an invoice-When the original invoice had indicated items that were not supplied-When the buyer returns empty cases crates that had been charged in the invoice. -When the buyer returns some goods to the seller-If the buyer was entitled to a discount which was not given or taken care of in the invoice. C Debit noteThis is a document sent by the seller to the buyer to correct an undercharge on the original invoice. It is used to inform the buyer that the amount payable by him has been increased. -A debit note acts as an additional invoice. -An undercharge arises when amount charged on products is less than their right price. Causes of undercharge include: Price undercharges on items Arithmetic errors mistaken in calculation Omission of items in the invoice Retention of crates and containers that were not involved by the buyer Deductions of more discount than what was give intendedCircumstances under which a debit note will be sent to the buyera When there is an undercharge in the invoiceb If the buyer had been given a discount that was not due to himc If some items had been omitted in the original invoiced If the buyer decides to retain some empty containers or cratesDifferences Between a debit note and a credit noteDocuments used at the payment stageThis is the final stage of a credit business transaction.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9141725352112676, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2272, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.3739474}
{"text": "-A debit note acts as an additional invoice. -An undercharge arises when amount charged on products is less than their right price. Causes of undercharge include: Price undercharges on items Arithmetic errors mistaken in calculation Omission of items in the invoice Retention of crates and containers that were not involved by the buyer Deductions of more discount than what was give intendedCircumstances under which a debit note will be sent to the buyera When there is an undercharge in the invoiceb If the buyer had been given a discount that was not due to himc If some items had been omitted in the original invoiced If the buyer decides to retain some empty containers or cratesDifferences Between a debit note and a credit noteDocuments used at the payment stageThis is the final stage of a credit business transaction. It takes place after the invoice has been received and ascertained to be correct or where necessary, corrections made. The documents used at the payment stage include;i ReceiptThis is a document issued to the buyer by the seller as proof that payment has been made. -Payment can be done in cash, cheque, other forms of money or in kind-The receipt also serves as a source document for making entries in books of accounts. Contents of the receipt include; Date of payment Name of the person making payment Name of person institution receiving payment Amount paid in words and figures Means of payment Receipt number Signature of person issuing the receipt. -The issuance of a receipt by the seller to the buyer after receiving payment marks the end of the credit transaction between the seller and the buyer where payment has been done in full -A receipt serves the same purpose as the cash sale slipii Statement of AccountThis is a document prepared by the seller and sent to the buyer, giving a summary of all the dealings transactions between them during a particular period of time, usually a month. It has the following details; Date when it was prepared Name and address of the seller Name and address of the buyer Account number Date column-where the date of each transaction is recorded Particulars Details column-where the explanation of each transaction is shown Money column-Debit column-increases in the amounts payable due to credit sales or under charge correction.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9150464919695689, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2366, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.4027953}
{"text": "Contents of the receipt include; Date of payment Name of the person making payment Name of person institution receiving payment Amount paid in words and figures Means of payment Receipt number Signature of person issuing the receipt. -The issuance of a receipt by the seller to the buyer after receiving payment marks the end of the credit transaction between the seller and the buyer where payment has been done in full -A receipt serves the same purpose as the cash sale slipii Statement of AccountThis is a document prepared by the seller and sent to the buyer, giving a summary of all the dealings transactions between them during a particular period of time, usually a month. It has the following details; Date when it was prepared Name and address of the seller Name and address of the buyer Account number Date column-where the date of each transaction is recorded Particulars Details column-where the explanation of each transaction is shown Money column-Debit column-increases in the amounts payable due to credit sales or under charge correction. -Credit column-Decrease in the amounts payable due to overcharges corrected or payments recorded. -Balance column-Amount owing after each transaction Balance outstanding Any discounts allowed to the buyer Date when the buyer is expected to clear the balance Terms of credit e.t.c. -The statement of account enables the buyer to ascertain the correctness of the transactions which have taken place with the seller over the stated period. Iii IOUAn IOU I owe you is a document written by the buyer and sent to the seller to acknowledge a debt. -It does not specify date when settlement will be made.-It acts as evidence that a debt exists. Methods of payments for goods and servicesThese are the methods or ways the buyer may use to settle debts arising froma business transaction. These are various means of payments that can be used. These means of payments can be put into the following groups;i Cashii Means of payment provided by the post officeiii Means of payments provided by the commercial banksiv Means of payments which arise from private arrangements between sellers and buyersv Other means of payment. E.g. Mobile transaction, Online payments like paypali CashThis refers to the use of notes and coins to make payments.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9138474648487431, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2347, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.3917208}
{"text": "These are various means of payments that can be used. These means of payments can be put into the following groups;i Cashii Means of payment provided by the post officeiii Means of payments provided by the commercial banksiv Means of payments which arise from private arrangements between sellers and buyersv Other means of payment. E.g. Mobile transaction, Online payments like paypali CashThis refers to the use of notes and coins to make payments. Currency notes and coins are issued by the central Bank of Kenya and are therefore legal tender-Legal tender means everyone is obliged by law to accept them as a means of payment i.e. no one can refuse to accept them as they are backed by the law. Notes and coins are available in different denominations as follows; Coins; 5cents, 50cents, sh.1, sh.5, sh.10 and sh.40Notes; sh.10.sh.20, sh.50, sh.100, sh.200, sh.500 and sh.1000. -Coins are suitable for settling small debts and are acceptable as legal tender up to a certain maximum e.g. 50cents coins the maximum is sh20 and sh.1 the maximum is ksh.100. Advantages of cash as a means of payment:i It is the only means of payment which is a legal tenderii Convenient for settlement of small debtsiii Convenient to people with or without bank accountsiv Cash is readily usableDisadvantages of cash as a means of paymenti Not convenient to carry aroundii Cash can be lost or stolen easily as it is readily usableiii Payment is difficult to prove unless a receipt is issuedCircumstances under which cash payment is appropriatei Where the amounts involved are smallii Where the payee receiver does not accept other means of paymentiii Where cash is the only means availableiv Where the payee requires cash money urgentlyv Where there is need to avoid expenses associated with other means of paymentsii Means of payments provided by the banksCommercial banks are financial institutions that accept deposits to and withdrawals from them. They also lend money to customers. Examples of commercial banks include:Commercial bank of Kenya, National bank of Kenya, Barclays bank, andCo-operative bank e.t.c-There are various means of payments provided by the commercial banks. They are:a.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8883009883198563, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2226, "token_count": 513}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.4184346}
{"text": "Advantages of cash as a means of payment:i It is the only means of payment which is a legal tenderii Convenient for settlement of small debtsiii Convenient to people with or without bank accountsiv Cash is readily usableDisadvantages of cash as a means of paymenti Not convenient to carry aroundii Cash can be lost or stolen easily as it is readily usableiii Payment is difficult to prove unless a receipt is issuedCircumstances under which cash payment is appropriatei Where the amounts involved are smallii Where the payee receiver does not accept other means of paymentiii Where cash is the only means availableiv Where the payee requires cash money urgentlyv Where there is need to avoid expenses associated with other means of paymentsii Means of payments provided by the banksCommercial banks are financial institutions that accept deposits to and withdrawals from them. They also lend money to customers. Examples of commercial banks include:Commercial bank of Kenya, National bank of Kenya, Barclays bank, andCo-operative bank e.t.c-There are various means of payments provided by the commercial banks. They are:a. Chequesb. Bank drafts bankers chequesc. Credit transfersd. Standing orderse. Travellers chequesf. Telegraphic transfersg. Debit cardsh.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9166409861325115, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1298, "token_count": 294}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.441644}
{"text": "Travellers chequesf. Telegraphic transfersg. Debit cardsh. Electronic fund Transfer E.F.T a ChequesThis is a written order by an account holder with the bank drawer to the bank drawee to pay on demand a specified amount of money to the named person payee or the bearerParties to a chequei Drawer-This is the person or institution who writes and issues the cheque. He is usually a current account holder with the bankii Payee-The person or institution to be paidiii Drawee-The bank where the drawer has an account Details on a cheque; they include: Date when it is issued Name of the drawer The name of the payee, except in bearer cheques The name of the drawee bank and branch from where it is issued Amount to be paid in figures and in words The account number of the drawer The signature of the drawer The cheque number and bank code The appropriate revenue stampsTypes of chequesi Open chequesii Crossed chequesiii Bearer chequesiv Order chequesi Open chequesThis is acheque that can be presented for payment over the counter. Youpresent it and cash is paid to you. Ii Crossed chequesThis is acheque that bears two parallel lines on the face. This means the cheque cannot be cashed over the counter. The cheque is deposited in an account payee s account The payee then withdraws the money from his her accountA crossed cheque can be opened by the drawer signing twice on its face.-A crossing can be general or special-General crossing-general crossings only contains the two parallel lines. This implies that the cheque will be paid through any bank in which it is deposited.-Special crossings-Has other instructions included in the crossing i.e; Not negotiable-Means the cheque can be transferred by the payee to a third party, but he third cannot transfer the cheque only the original payee can transfer the cheque Account payee only-Means the cheque should be deposited in the account of the payee. Not transferable-Means there is no negotiation or transfer of the chequeiii Bearer cheques-This cheque does not have the name of the payee written on it.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9097503532736694, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2123, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.4620492}
{"text": "The cheque is deposited in an account payee s account The payee then withdraws the money from his her accountA crossed cheque can be opened by the drawer signing twice on its face.-A crossing can be general or special-General crossing-general crossings only contains the two parallel lines. This implies that the cheque will be paid through any bank in which it is deposited.-Special crossings-Has other instructions included in the crossing i.e; Not negotiable-Means the cheque can be transferred by the payee to a third party, but he third cannot transfer the cheque only the original payee can transfer the cheque Account payee only-Means the cheque should be deposited in the account of the payee. Not transferable-Means there is no negotiation or transfer of the chequeiii Bearer cheques-This cheque does not have the name of the payee written on it. The person presenting it to the bank is the one who is paid. Iv Order cheque-The cheque bears the name of the payee. The bank pays this particular payee the amount stated in the cheque after proper identificationDishonouring a chequeA cheque is dishonored if the bank refuses to pay and returns the cheque to the drawer. -A cheque can be dishonored due to the following reasons:i. Insufficient funds in the accountii. If the signature on the cheque differs from the drawers specimen signature in the bank. Iii. If the cheque is stalc i.e. presented for payment after six months from the date of issue. Iv. If the cheque is post dated-meaning the cheque is presented for payment earlier than the date on the chequev. If the amount in figures is different from the amount in wordsvi. If there are alterations on the cheque which are not countersigned by the drawervii. If the cheque is torn, dirty or defauld making it illegibleviii. If the account holder drawer is dead and the bank is aware of the factix. If the drawer instructs the bank not to pay the particular chequex. If the cheque contains errors which need to be correctedxi. If the drawer becomes bankrupt or insanexii. If the drawer has closed his her account. Advantages of using chequesi They are more secure than notes and coins because if they are lost or stolen, they can be traced to the person who cashed them.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9145382235969952, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2263, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.4892902}
{"text": "If the drawer becomes bankrupt or insanexii. If the drawer has closed his her account. Advantages of using chequesi They are more secure than notes and coins because if they are lost or stolen, they can be traced to the person who cashed them. Ii They are convenient to carry and can be used to pay large sum of money which would be otherwise inconvenient to pay using cashiii They can be transferred to a third party to make payment cheques are negotiableiv Payment can be made by cheque without the need to travel to make paymentv They provide a record of payment because of the counterfaits. The counterfaits acts as proof that payment has been made. Vi Under special circumstances, they can be cashed or discounted before maturity. Disadvantages of using chequesi Cheques can be dishonoredii Requires the payee to go to the bank and in some cases to have an accountiii The drawer pays some charges e.g. charges for the cheque bookiv Can only be issued by an account holder the drawer must have an accountv They are not readily acceptable by everybodyvi They do not provide immediate cashCircumstances under which a cheque is appropriate as a means of payment Where the amount of money involved is large Where the policy of the business demands so Where a cheque is the only means available Where there is need to avoid other risks associated with other means of paymentsb Bank drafts Banker s cheques-This is a cheque drawn on a bank i.e. a cheque drawn by one bank to another requesting the latter bank to pay a named person or institution a specified sum of money and charge it to the drawing bank-It can also be drawn by a bank on the request of a customer. The customer fills in an application form obtained from a bank and hands it over to the bank together with the money she wants to transfer and a commission for the service. -The bank then prepares the cheque and gives it to the applicant who can then send it to the payee-A bank draft has the drawing bank s guarantee for payment. It is therefore more readily acceptable than personal cheques. -It is suitable when urgency is desired in the payment as it is more readily acceptable.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9150710032065965, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2183, "token_count": 483}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.5008318}
{"text": "-The bank then prepares the cheque and gives it to the applicant who can then send it to the payee-A bank draft has the drawing bank s guarantee for payment. It is therefore more readily acceptable than personal cheques. -It is suitable when urgency is desired in the payment as it is more readily acceptable. C Credit transferThis is a means of payment provided by commercial banks to their current accounts holders who want to pay many people using one cheque at the same time-One cheque is drawn and is usually accompanied by a list of the people to be paid, the amount to be paid to each person and the addresses of the bank branches where the payment is to be made. -The bank then ensures that a credit transfer is affected to the various bank branches and each payee is paid-A credit transfer is usually used by employers to pay salaries to their staff members. D Standing orderThis is an instruction to a bank by an account holder to pay a named person or an organization a fixed amount of money at regular intervals over a specified period of time or until stopped-It is a very useful means of payment for business people as it enables them to regularly pay their recurrent bills e.g. water, insurance, electricity, loan payment, hire purchase payment e.t.ce Traveler s chequesThis is a cheque drawn by one bank to another requesting the latter to pay a specified sum of money to a named bearer, who usually would have bought that cheque from issuing bank. The cheque holder pays the value of the cheque plus the charges for the services to the issuing bank. -Travellers cheques are usually issued in fixed denominations and are very convenient for travel purposes, hence their name. They enable a person to travel without having to carry a lot of cash. The cheques are also readily acceptable as a means of payment. F Telegraphic TransfersThis is a method means of transferring money offered by commercial banks to anybody who wants to send money to another. The sender is required to fill an application form and provide the followinginformation among others:-His her name -The amount of money to be remitted-Name of the payee -The bank where the money would be paid. The applicant is charged a commission and telegraph fee. The paying bank sends a telegram to the payee who has to identify himself herself before the payment is madeThe method is fast and safe. G Debit cardsThese are plastic cards issued by financial institutions e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9174512987012988, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2464, "token_count": 512}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.5166492}
{"text": "The applicant is charged a commission and telegraph fee. The paying bank sends a telegram to the payee who has to identify himself herself before the payment is madeThe method is fast and safe. G Debit cardsThese are plastic cards issued by financial institutions e.g. banks that enables a person to purchase goods and services from any business that accepts them. Debit cards are used to make payments from money held in ones accounts and are therefore an alternative to cash payments. Examples are ATM cards. H Electronic Fund Transfer E.F.T EFT is a method of transferring money from one account to another where computers are used. The sender is required to fill an electronic fund transfer form provided by the bank which instructs the bank to transfer money from his her account to a named account. Information is then sent to the payee s bank electronically and the amount in the account is increased accordingly. The method is very fast. Iii. Means of payments provided by the post officeThe post office provides means of payments that can be used to transfer money from one person to another. The means of payments provided by the post office to facilitate paymentsincludes,a. Money ordersb. Posta payc. Postal ordersd. Postage stampse. Premium bondsa Money ordersA money order facilitates the transfer of money from one person to another through the post office and or bank A money order is usually for a specified sum of money usually purchased with cash from the post officeA person wishing to send money using this method visits a post office and completes an application form. Some of the details contained given in the form include: The amount of money to be remitted Name of the payee The name of the post office where the money order will be cashed Name and address of the sender Whether the money order is to be ordinary or sent by telegraph Whether the sender wishes to be informed if the money has been paid Whether the money is to be paid through a bank account or at the post office counter. The application form, money to be remitted and commission for the service is handed to the post office cleark who prepares the money order and gives it to the sender who may post it or send it to the payee.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9170666666666667, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2250, "token_count": 475}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.5284314}
{"text": "Premium bondsa Money ordersA money order facilitates the transfer of money from one person to another through the post office and or bank A money order is usually for a specified sum of money usually purchased with cash from the post officeA person wishing to send money using this method visits a post office and completes an application form. Some of the details contained given in the form include: The amount of money to be remitted Name of the payee The name of the post office where the money order will be cashed Name and address of the sender Whether the money order is to be ordinary or sent by telegraph Whether the sender wishes to be informed if the money has been paid Whether the money is to be paid through a bank account or at the post office counter. The application form, money to be remitted and commission for the service is handed to the post office cleark who prepares the money order and gives it to the sender who may post it or send it to the payee. -Telegraphic money orders, the post office sends a telegram to the payee informing him her to go to the post office and claim the money.-Before payment is made, the payee must; Identify himself herself by producing an ID card Identify the person who sent the money. -The sender of the money is left with a counterfoil which serves as evidence that money was sent and it can be used to reclaim the money if it did not reach the payee-Money order may be open or crossed. A crossed money order bears two parallel lines drawn diagonally on its face and must be deposited in the bank account of the payee. It cannot be cashed over the counter at the post office. -An open money order can be presented for payment at the post officecounter. Circumstances under which money order is appropriatea Where it is the only means availableb Where other means are not acceptablec Where there is need to avoid inconveniences or risks associated with other meansb Posta payThis is an Electronic Fund Transfer EFT service offered by the postal corporation of Kenya, for sending and receiving money instantly from various destinations both locally and internationally.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9158333333333335, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2160, "token_count": 466}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.5731568}
{"text": "It cannot be cashed over the counter at the post office. -An open money order can be presented for payment at the post officecounter. Circumstances under which money order is appropriatea Where it is the only means availableb Where other means are not acceptablec Where there is need to avoid inconveniences or risks associated with other meansb Posta payThis is an Electronic Fund Transfer EFT service offered by the postal corporation of Kenya, for sending and receiving money instantly from various destinations both locally and internationally. -The person sending money fills in a form called send form giving the following details; Name, address and telephone number of sender Name, address and telephone number of receiver Pay city, town and location of the receiver Signature of the sender Amount to be sent-The sender hands over the form, the amount of money to be sent and the commission to the post office clerk for processing-The transfer is done via the internet through a machine that gives a twelvedigit number for the transaction called the Transaction control number TCN .The sender then conveys this number, amount sent and pay location to the recipient and instructions to the recipient to visit the namedpost office for payment. This message is usually conveyed through the quickest means possible such as a telephone call-The sender is given a copy of the processed send form as proof that money has been sent. The post office retains the original for record purposes.-When the receiver visits the post office, he she will fill a receiver form giving the following details;i The transaction number i.e. the twelve-digit number ii The expected amountiii The name, address and telephone number of the senderiv The city town or location of the senderv Signature of the receiverThe receiver then identifies himself or herself by producing an ID card or passport before receiving the money.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9170005136106831, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1947, "token_count": 401}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.58082}
{"text": "This message is usually conveyed through the quickest means possible such as a telephone call-The sender is given a copy of the processed send form as proof that money has been sent. The post office retains the original for record purposes.-When the receiver visits the post office, he she will fill a receiver form giving the following details;i The transaction number i.e. the twelve-digit number ii The expected amountiii The name, address and telephone number of the senderiv The city town or location of the senderv Signature of the receiverThe receiver then identifies himself or herself by producing an ID card or passport before receiving the money. Advantages of using Posta pay as a means of paymenti Accessibility-Posta pay outlets post offices are located countrywide to eliminate movement over long distances to get moneyii Ease of use-Sending or receiving money is easy as one only needs to fill a form which is processed immediatelyiii Speed-the transfer of money is instant fast iv Security-Confidentiality in the transmission of money is provided and money is only paid to the person intendedv Convenience-Posta pay services are offered for long hours during the day and pay locations are conveniently locatedvi Affordability-Posta pay services are relatively affordable as large amounts can be sent at reasonable costs. C Postal orders-Postal orders are sold by the post office for the purpose of remitting money-They are available in fixed denominations of sh.5, 10.20,40,60,80,100 and 200-On buying a postal order, the sender pays for both the face value of the postal order and a commission charged for the service-Postal orders just like money orders are issued with counterfoils that the sender will keep as evidence of remittance in case the person to whom he she remits the money does not receive it. The sender writes the name of the payee on the postal order as a safety measure. Payment to the bearer can be made in any post office with postal order facilitiesPostal orders may also be crossed or open see crossed and ordinary money orders iv Other means of paymenta Credit cardsb Mobile money transfer services e.g. M-pesa.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9052221207972008, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2191, "token_count": 474}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.60227}
{"text": "The sender writes the name of the payee on the postal order as a safety measure. Payment to the bearer can be made in any post office with postal order facilitiesPostal orders may also be crossed or open see crossed and ordinary money orders iv Other means of paymenta Credit cardsb Mobile money transfer services e.g. M-pesa. A Credit cards plastic money -These are plastic cards that enable a person to purchase goods or services on credit from any business willing to accept the card-They are both a means of payment and a term of paymentb Mobile money transfer services e.g. M-pesa-This is a means of money transfer services provided by mobile phone service providers to their customers subscribers -It can only be used to transfer money between people subscribed to the same mobile phone network e.g. from one safaricom subscriber to another safaricom subscriber, Airtel to Airtel e.t.c-The sender must register for the money transfer service and is issued with a PIN personal identification number -When money is sent, both the sender and the receiver will receive a message confirming the transfer. -A person can send money anytime anywhere so long as he she has value in his her m-pesa, pesa pap account. -Each mobile service provider has a range of value that can be transferred using this method. -A small transaction fee is charges for the transfer i.e. for sending and withdrawingBenefits of mobile money transfer servicesi. Confidentiality-The secret PIN protects the value in the customer s accountii. Ease of use-The service is easy to use as the agents assists to carry out transactioniii. Speed-Money transfer is an instant service conveyed to the receiver via the short message service SMS iv. Convenience-The service is convenient to both the sender and the receiver, as they only need to go to the nearest agent money can be sent deposited or received anywhere v. Accessibility-The agents e.g. m-pesa agents are located in most parts of towns and also in rural areas. Money can hence be sent and received anywhere and anytime. Vi. Affordability-The service charges are very low for registered users and very affordable for non-registered usersvii.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.914767547857794, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2194, "token_count": 469}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.592923}
{"text": "Money can hence be sent and received anywhere and anytime.vi. Affordability-The service charges are very low for registered users and very affordable for non-registered usersvii. Security-Relatively secure when the sender uses the correct phone number of the receiverImportance of financial documents in record keeping in businessKnowing Your Financial Situation - You need to know where your company stands daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, and annually. Are you making money, is your client base increasing or decreasing, do you have enough money in the bank to meet your obligations, are you meeting the goals you set for your business?Without this knowledge, you have little or no control over your business. You need to know how much inventory you have on hand, how much you need to order when you need to order, the credit terms your suppliers offer, the balance in your bank account to cover your payments for running your business such as rent, utilities, office supplies, inventory, employees wages, and payroll taxes. Also, you are likely to be in non-compliance with local, state, and federal regulations without proper controls on your finances. Meeting Your Tax Obligationshelps to maximize all the expenses you claim and reduce your tax obligationsmakes it quicker to prepare your accounts at year-endgives you the information you need to run your business and help it growhelps you plan for tax paymentshelps identify the strengths and weaknesses in your businesshelps manage changes and improvements in your businesswill help you plan to meet financial commitments such paying creditors or employeesmakes it easier to get a loan or sell your businessavoids over under tax paymentshelps identify if your business is liable for paying VAT to KRAmakes it easier to distribute profits to shareholders as dividends or for partnerships where both profits and losses have to be shared.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-123-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9222916666666667, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1920, "token_count": 380}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.6638908}
{"text": "GRADE 7 TERM 1SOCIAL STUDIES LESSON NOTESCAREER AND ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN SOCIAL STUDIESSocial studies is a learning area that includes History, Geography and CitizenshipThe study of social studies provides us with career and entrepreneurial opportunities in different fields. Careers are occupations undertaken for a significant period of a person s life and with opportunities for progress in lifeEntrepreneurship is the activity of setting up a business or taking on financial risks with hope of making a profitImportance of social studies for personal development and service to humanitySocial studies prepares learners to join various career pathwaysLearners are able to utilise available resources to come up with entrepreneurial projects which help them meet their needs. By learning political development and governance learners are exposed to different styles of leadershipBy understanding systems of government, learners are able to make informed decisions once they take up leadership roles in future for the benefit of the communityThe historical understanding of some prominent people in the past is key in shaping learners futureSocial studies encourages learners to appreciate different cultures, values and traditions from national and global perspective which can be adopted in our localitylearners are able to integrate key aspects of the constitution such as integrity when making decision about governanceLearning of key aspects on democracy, rule of law, responsible citizenry helps learners living harmoniously in the society. Skills and knowledge in personality, human identity and personal well being in promoting inner peace are all meant to enhance understanding of personal growth and developmentResearch skills in field work equip learners with data collection, analysis and presentation skills that will help in solving problems affecting our societyCareer opportunities related to social studiesLaw -Advocate -LawyerGeology Museology CartographyUrban planningMeteorology and climatologyAviationArchaeologyMedicineTeachingSurveyEngineeringEntrepreneurial opportunities for social studiesSome of the entrepreneurial opportunities for social studies in our socisty includePotteryBasketryEcotourismHorticultureAgro forestryFishingDairy farmingGender stereotypes associated with career choices and entrepreneurial opportunities in social studiesGender is the state of being male or female in relation to social and cultural roles. Stereotypes are fixed general ideas or images that assume that a person behaves in a particular way. Stereotypes limit aspirations and development of talents. They create gender differences. These gender differences ought to be addressed using appropriate strategies.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9357072819033887, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2774, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.6515193}
{"text": "Stereotypes limit aspirations and development of talents. They create gender differences. These gender differences ought to be addressed using appropriate strategies. A strategy is a careful plan or method of dealing with an issueWe can address gender stereotypes in career and entrepreneurial opportunities related to social studies through the following strategiesCommitting and encouraging both males and females to take a full range of careers and business opportunitiesEnsuring representation of both genders in leadershipTreating both males and females equally by using texts and circular that does not promote gender biasDevelop policies, law and decision making process that represent both males and femalesRecognising biological difference devoid of stereotypes in career choices and entrepreneurial opportunities in social studiesThere are biological differences between male and female people. Biological difference should never be a hindrance to one s career choice and entrepreneurial opportunitiesBoth male and female should be given equal opportunities to pursue their dreamsDemonstrating respect for one s gender identity in pursuit of social studies careers and entrepreneurial opportunitiesNATURAL AND HISTORIC BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN AFRICAMAPS AND MAPWORKA map is a representation of the earth or part of it on a flat surface. Position of AfricaAfrica lies between latitude 37 N and 35 S and on longitude 18 W and 52 E. Separated by water from all other continent except at the point where it joins Asia.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9276237886407378, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1534, "token_count": 285}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.6353934}
{"text": "Biological difference should never be a hindrance to one s career choice and entrepreneurial opportunitiesBoth male and female should be given equal opportunities to pursue their dreamsDemonstrating respect for one s gender identity in pursuit of social studies careers and entrepreneurial opportunitiesNATURAL AND HISTORIC BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN AFRICAMAPS AND MAPWORKA map is a representation of the earth or part of it on a flat surface. Position of AfricaAfrica lies between latitude 37 N and 35 S and on longitude 18 W and 52 E. Separated by water from all other continent except at the point where it joins Asia. Mostly Easterly point is called ras hafun cape guardafui Mostly westerly is cape verdeMostly northerly is cape bonMostly southerly is cape agulhasAfrica is connected to sinai peninsula by suez canalSeparated from Spain by strait of gibraltarSeparated from Arabia by strait of bab el-mandebShape of AfricaThe northern half is very wide while the southern is much narrowerAt the cape guardafui extends outwards in the shape of a horn therefore the horn of AfricaSize of AfricaAfrica is the second largest continent in the worldHas an area of about 30.3 million square kilometres 20 of the total land surface It measures 8000 km from north to south and 7400km from east to westOther continentsAsia 43608000km2Africa 30335000km2North America 25349000km2South America 17611000km2Antarctica 13340000km2Europe 10498000km2Australia 8923000km2Countries that makes up the Africa continentAfrica has the largest number of countries in the world making o total of 55 countriesAlgeria2381741km2Angola1246700km2Benin115773km2Botswana600372km2Burkina faso274200km2Burundi28490km2Cameroon475900km2Cape verde7275km2Central africa republic622984km2Chad1284000km2Comoros2117km2Congo 34965km2C te d ivoire322463km2Djibouti23310km2DR congo2345409km2Egypt1101449km2Equatorial guinea28051km2Eritrea124320km2Ethiopia1221900km2Gabon267667km2Gambia11369km2Ghana238537km2Guinea 245957km2Guinea bisau36125km2Kenya582648km2Lesotho30460km2Liberia111369km2Libya1775000km2Madagascar592900km2Malawi118484km2Mali1240192km2Mauritania1030700km2Mauritius2040km2Morocco724730km2Mozambique802000km2Niger1267000km2Namibia824295km2Nigeria923773km2Rwanda26338km2S o Tome principe964km2Senegal196192km2Seychelles453km2Sierra leone72325km2Somalia626541km2South africa1221037km2South sudan644329km2Sudan1886068km2Eswatini 17368km2Tanzania947419km2Togo56785km2Tunisia164154km2Uganda236036km2Western sahara252120km2Zambia752618km2Zimbabwe390759km2The largest country in Africa is Algeria while the smallest is Seychelles.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.7924452690166977, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2695, "token_count": 869}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.6811597}
{"text": "Position of AfricaAfrica lies between latitude 37 N and 35 S and on longitude 18 W and 52 E. Separated by water from all other continent except at the point where it joins Asia. Mostly Easterly point is called ras hafun cape guardafui Mostly westerly is cape verdeMostly northerly is cape bonMostly southerly is cape agulhasAfrica is connected to sinai peninsula by suez canalSeparated from Spain by strait of gibraltarSeparated from Arabia by strait of bab el-mandebShape of AfricaThe northern half is very wide while the southern is much narrowerAt the cape guardafui extends outwards in the shape of a horn therefore the horn of AfricaSize of AfricaAfrica is the second largest continent in the worldHas an area of about 30.3 million square kilometres 20 of the total land surface It measures 8000 km from north to south and 7400km from east to westOther continentsAsia 43608000km2Africa 30335000km2North America 25349000km2South America 17611000km2Antarctica 13340000km2Europe 10498000km2Australia 8923000km2Countries that makes up the Africa continentAfrica has the largest number of countries in the world making o total of 55 countriesAlgeria2381741km2Angola1246700km2Benin115773km2Botswana600372km2Burkina faso274200km2Burundi28490km2Cameroon475900km2Cape verde7275km2Central africa republic622984km2Chad1284000km2Comoros2117km2Congo 34965km2C te d ivoire322463km2Djibouti23310km2DR congo2345409km2Egypt1101449km2Equatorial guinea28051km2Eritrea124320km2Ethiopia1221900km2Gabon267667km2Gambia11369km2Ghana238537km2Guinea 245957km2Guinea bisau36125km2Kenya582648km2Lesotho30460km2Liberia111369km2Libya1775000km2Madagascar592900km2Malawi118484km2Mali1240192km2Mauritania1030700km2Mauritius2040km2Morocco724730km2Mozambique802000km2Niger1267000km2Namibia824295km2Nigeria923773km2Rwanda26338km2S o Tome principe964km2Senegal196192km2Seychelles453km2Sierra leone72325km2Somalia626541km2South africa1221037km2South sudan644329km2Sudan1886068km2Eswatini 17368km2Tanzania947419km2Togo56785km2Tunisia164154km2Uganda236036km2Western sahara252120km2Zambia752618km2Zimbabwe390759km2The largest country in Africa is Algeria while the smallest is Seychelles. Offshore island also form part of Africa;SeychellesSao Tome and principeMauritiusComorosMadagascarCape verdeLocating places and features on a map using latitudes and longitudesWhen giving the position of a place or features we with start with the latitude and then longitudeMajor latitudes and longitudesMajor longitude is called prime meridian also called Greenwich meridianIn Africa it passes through:Ghana Accra AlgeriaBurkina fasoMaliAll other longitudes are measured and named from prime meridian up to 180 on both sidesMajor latitude are 3 passing through AfricaEquator 0 - divides Africa into two partsIt passes through;GabonCongoDR congoUgandaKenyaSomaliaTropic of cancer 231 2 north of equatorIt passes through;Western saharaMaliMauritaniaAlgeriaLibyaEgyptTropic of capricorn 231 2 south of equatorIt passes through:NamibiaBotswanaSouth africaMozambiqueMadagascarOther important lines of latitude are far from africa are:Arctic circle 661 2 NAntarctic circle 661 2 SCalculating the time of different places in the world using longitudesRotation of the earth- This is movement of earth on its own axisDistance between longitudes is measured in degreesThere are 360 meridians or longitudesOne complete rotation is 360 The direction of the rotation is from west to east i.e.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8147394209354121, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3592, "token_count": 1152}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.7492526}
{"text": "Separated by water from all other continent except at the point where it joins Asia. Mostly Easterly point is called ras hafun cape guardafui Mostly westerly is cape verdeMostly northerly is cape bonMostly southerly is cape agulhasAfrica is connected to sinai peninsula by suez canalSeparated from Spain by strait of gibraltarSeparated from Arabia by strait of bab el-mandebShape of AfricaThe northern half is very wide while the southern is much narrowerAt the cape guardafui extends outwards in the shape of a horn therefore the horn of AfricaSize of AfricaAfrica is the second largest continent in the worldHas an area of about 30.3 million square kilometres 20 of the total land surface It measures 8000 km from north to south and 7400km from east to westOther continentsAsia 43608000km2Africa 30335000km2North America 25349000km2South America 17611000km2Antarctica 13340000km2Europe 10498000km2Australia 8923000km2Countries that makes up the Africa continentAfrica has the largest number of countries in the world making o total of 55 countriesAlgeria2381741km2Angola1246700km2Benin115773km2Botswana600372km2Burkina faso274200km2Burundi28490km2Cameroon475900km2Cape verde7275km2Central africa republic622984km2Chad1284000km2Comoros2117km2Congo 34965km2C te d ivoire322463km2Djibouti23310km2DR congo2345409km2Egypt1101449km2Equatorial guinea28051km2Eritrea124320km2Ethiopia1221900km2Gabon267667km2Gambia11369km2Ghana238537km2Guinea 245957km2Guinea bisau36125km2Kenya582648km2Lesotho30460km2Liberia111369km2Libya1775000km2Madagascar592900km2Malawi118484km2Mali1240192km2Mauritania1030700km2Mauritius2040km2Morocco724730km2Mozambique802000km2Niger1267000km2Namibia824295km2Nigeria923773km2Rwanda26338km2S o Tome principe964km2Senegal196192km2Seychelles453km2Sierra leone72325km2Somalia626541km2South africa1221037km2South sudan644329km2Sudan1886068km2Eswatini 17368km2Tanzania947419km2Togo56785km2Tunisia164154km2Uganda236036km2Western sahara252120km2Zambia752618km2Zimbabwe390759km2The largest country in Africa is Algeria while the smallest is Seychelles. Offshore island also form part of Africa;SeychellesSao Tome and principeMauritiusComorosMadagascarCape verdeLocating places and features on a map using latitudes and longitudesWhen giving the position of a place or features we with start with the latitude and then longitudeMajor latitudes and longitudesMajor longitude is called prime meridian also called Greenwich meridianIn Africa it passes through:Ghana Accra AlgeriaBurkina fasoMaliAll other longitudes are measured and named from prime meridian up to 180 on both sidesMajor latitude are 3 passing through AfricaEquator 0 - divides Africa into two partsIt passes through;GabonCongoDR congoUgandaKenyaSomaliaTropic of cancer 231 2 north of equatorIt passes through;Western saharaMaliMauritaniaAlgeriaLibyaEgyptTropic of capricorn 231 2 south of equatorIt passes through:NamibiaBotswanaSouth africaMozambiqueMadagascarOther important lines of latitude are far from africa are:Arctic circle 661 2 NAntarctic circle 661 2 SCalculating the time of different places in the world using longitudesRotation of the earth- This is movement of earth on its own axisDistance between longitudes is measured in degreesThere are 360 meridians or longitudesOne complete rotation is 360 The direction of the rotation is from west to east i.e. anticlockwise direction.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8162740088939352, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3523, "token_count": 1126}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.757958}
{"text": "Mostly Easterly point is called ras hafun cape guardafui Mostly westerly is cape verdeMostly northerly is cape bonMostly southerly is cape agulhasAfrica is connected to sinai peninsula by suez canalSeparated from Spain by strait of gibraltarSeparated from Arabia by strait of bab el-mandebShape of AfricaThe northern half is very wide while the southern is much narrowerAt the cape guardafui extends outwards in the shape of a horn therefore the horn of AfricaSize of AfricaAfrica is the second largest continent in the worldHas an area of about 30.3 million square kilometres 20 of the total land surface It measures 8000 km from north to south and 7400km from east to westOther continentsAsia 43608000km2Africa 30335000km2North America 25349000km2South America 17611000km2Antarctica 13340000km2Europe 10498000km2Australia 8923000km2Countries that makes up the Africa continentAfrica has the largest number of countries in the world making o total of 55 countriesAlgeria2381741km2Angola1246700km2Benin115773km2Botswana600372km2Burkina faso274200km2Burundi28490km2Cameroon475900km2Cape verde7275km2Central africa republic622984km2Chad1284000km2Comoros2117km2Congo 34965km2C te d ivoire322463km2Djibouti23310km2DR congo2345409km2Egypt1101449km2Equatorial guinea28051km2Eritrea124320km2Ethiopia1221900km2Gabon267667km2Gambia11369km2Ghana238537km2Guinea 245957km2Guinea bisau36125km2Kenya582648km2Lesotho30460km2Liberia111369km2Libya1775000km2Madagascar592900km2Malawi118484km2Mali1240192km2Mauritania1030700km2Mauritius2040km2Morocco724730km2Mozambique802000km2Niger1267000km2Namibia824295km2Nigeria923773km2Rwanda26338km2S o Tome principe964km2Senegal196192km2Seychelles453km2Sierra leone72325km2Somalia626541km2South africa1221037km2South sudan644329km2Sudan1886068km2Eswatini 17368km2Tanzania947419km2Togo56785km2Tunisia164154km2Uganda236036km2Western sahara252120km2Zambia752618km2Zimbabwe390759km2The largest country in Africa is Algeria while the smallest is Seychelles. Offshore island also form part of Africa;SeychellesSao Tome and principeMauritiusComorosMadagascarCape verdeLocating places and features on a map using latitudes and longitudesWhen giving the position of a place or features we with start with the latitude and then longitudeMajor latitudes and longitudesMajor longitude is called prime meridian also called Greenwich meridianIn Africa it passes through:Ghana Accra AlgeriaBurkina fasoMaliAll other longitudes are measured and named from prime meridian up to 180 on both sidesMajor latitude are 3 passing through AfricaEquator 0 - divides Africa into two partsIt passes through;GabonCongoDR congoUgandaKenyaSomaliaTropic of cancer 231 2 north of equatorIt passes through;Western saharaMaliMauritaniaAlgeriaLibyaEgyptTropic of capricorn 231 2 south of equatorIt passes through:NamibiaBotswanaSouth africaMozambiqueMadagascarOther important lines of latitude are far from africa are:Arctic circle 661 2 NAntarctic circle 661 2 SCalculating the time of different places in the world using longitudesRotation of the earth- This is movement of earth on its own axisDistance between longitudes is measured in degreesThere are 360 meridians or longitudesOne complete rotation is 360 The direction of the rotation is from west to east i.e. anticlockwise direction. One complete rotation takes 24 hoursAll places found in the east of the Greenwich meridian will see sunrise first and therefore they are one hour ahead of those to the westEffects of rotation of the earthDifferences in time along different longitudesOccurrence of day and night24hrs 360 1hr ?", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8190631281724786, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3742, "token_count": 1183}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.7151883}
{"text": "Offshore island also form part of Africa;SeychellesSao Tome and principeMauritiusComorosMadagascarCape verdeLocating places and features on a map using latitudes and longitudesWhen giving the position of a place or features we with start with the latitude and then longitudeMajor latitudes and longitudesMajor longitude is called prime meridian also called Greenwich meridianIn Africa it passes through:Ghana Accra AlgeriaBurkina fasoMaliAll other longitudes are measured and named from prime meridian up to 180 on both sidesMajor latitude are 3 passing through AfricaEquator 0 - divides Africa into two partsIt passes through;GabonCongoDR congoUgandaKenyaSomaliaTropic of cancer 231 2 north of equatorIt passes through;Western saharaMaliMauritaniaAlgeriaLibyaEgyptTropic of capricorn 231 2 south of equatorIt passes through:NamibiaBotswanaSouth africaMozambiqueMadagascarOther important lines of latitude are far from africa are:Arctic circle 661 2 NAntarctic circle 661 2 SCalculating the time of different places in the world using longitudesRotation of the earth- This is movement of earth on its own axisDistance between longitudes is measured in degreesThere are 360 meridians or longitudesOne complete rotation is 360 The direction of the rotation is from west to east i.e. anticlockwise direction. One complete rotation takes 24 hoursAll places found in the east of the Greenwich meridian will see sunrise first and therefore they are one hour ahead of those to the westEffects of rotation of the earthDifferences in time along different longitudesOccurrence of day and night24hrs 360 1hr ? 360 1 24 15Therefore 1hr 15 or 360 24 60 minutes 1440min 1440 360 1 4minI Hr the earth covers 15 and 1 it covers 4 minutesCalculating time of places found to the east of Greenwich MeridianExample 1The time in Accra 0 is 7.00am.calculate time in bermbera 45 E1hr 15 ?", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8508571218137964, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1963, "token_count": 579}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.7312489}
{"text": "Used to locate physical features like landforms. THE EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEMSolar system is the group of heavenly bodies comprising the sun and the planets. The origin of the solar systemThe passing star theoryA star with a greater gravitational pull passed near the sunIt attracted large quantities of gaseous materials from the sunThe materials split, cooled and condensed to form planetsThe planets were set in orbit by the passing starThe nebula cloud theoryThere was a slowly rotating cloud of dust and gas called NebulaIt cooled and began to contactRotation speed increased and successive rings of gaseous materials were formed. The rings condensed to form planetsThe central gaseous material remained as the sunSize of the earthEquatorial diameter-12756kmEquatorial circumference-40085kmPolar diameter-39995kmSurface area of the earth-510 106 km2Water surface - 73 . MERCURYNearest from the sunIts 58m km from the sunHas no satellitesTakes approximately 88 earth days to revolve around the sunVenus2nd planet from the sunIt s 108m km from the sunOne of the brightest planetsCan be seen clearly with naked eyesTakes approximately 225 earth days to revolve around the sunSlightly smaller than the earthHas no satellitesTogether with the earth they are called twin planets due to having many similaritiesMarsAlso called The Red Planet because when it s observed through a telescope it appears reddish. The 4th from the sunSlightly smaller than the earthApproximately 228m km from the sunTakes 687 earth days to revolve around the sunBetween Mass and Jupiter there are small celestial bodies called planetoids. Has no satellite.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8961928774030885, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1670, "token_count": 385}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.7707906}
{"text": "MERCURYNearest from the sunIts 58m km from the sunHas no satellitesTakes approximately 88 earth days to revolve around the sunVenus2nd planet from the sunIt s 108m km from the sunOne of the brightest planetsCan be seen clearly with naked eyesTakes approximately 225 earth days to revolve around the sunSlightly smaller than the earthHas no satellitesTogether with the earth they are called twin planets due to having many similaritiesMarsAlso called The Red Planet because when it s observed through a telescope it appears reddish. The 4th from the sunSlightly smaller than the earthApproximately 228m km from the sunTakes 687 earth days to revolve around the sunBetween Mass and Jupiter there are small celestial bodies called planetoids. Has no satellite. Jupiter5th planet from the sunApproximately 778m km from the sunLargest in the universeRotates on its own axis at very fast speedHas flattened poles due to its fast speed of rotationHas very thick layers of ice on its surfacetakes 12 earth years to revolve around the sunHas 16 satellitesSaturn6th planet from the sunSecond largest planetApproximately 1427m km from the sunTakes 29 earth years to revolve around the sunHas a ring around itHas 18 satellitesUranus7th planet from the sunAbout 4 times bigger than the earthApproximately 2870m km from the sunAlso rotates very fastAlso has flattened poles due to fast speed of rotationIt appears greenish foe being surrounded by methane gasHas 8 satellitesTakes 84 earth years to revolve around the sunNeptuneOne of the farthest from the sun8th planet from the sunApproximately 4497m km from the sunHas 8 satellitesTakes 165 earth years to revolve around the sunVery similar in size, colour and character with UranusThe shape of the earthThe shape of the earth is called geoid ovoid oblate spheroid due to being an imperfect sphere by being wide at the equator and flat at the poles.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8849122776291536, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1941, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.838969}
{"text": "The 4th from the sunSlightly smaller than the earthApproximately 228m km from the sunTakes 687 earth days to revolve around the sunBetween Mass and Jupiter there are small celestial bodies called planetoids. Has no satellite. Jupiter5th planet from the sunApproximately 778m km from the sunLargest in the universeRotates on its own axis at very fast speedHas flattened poles due to its fast speed of rotationHas very thick layers of ice on its surfacetakes 12 earth years to revolve around the sunHas 16 satellitesSaturn6th planet from the sunSecond largest planetApproximately 1427m km from the sunTakes 29 earth years to revolve around the sunHas a ring around itHas 18 satellitesUranus7th planet from the sunAbout 4 times bigger than the earthApproximately 2870m km from the sunAlso rotates very fastAlso has flattened poles due to fast speed of rotationIt appears greenish foe being surrounded by methane gasHas 8 satellitesTakes 84 earth years to revolve around the sunNeptuneOne of the farthest from the sun8th planet from the sunApproximately 4497m km from the sunHas 8 satellitesTakes 165 earth years to revolve around the sunVery similar in size, colour and character with UranusThe shape of the earthThe shape of the earth is called geoid ovoid oblate spheroid due to being an imperfect sphere by being wide at the equator and flat at the poles. The position of the earth in the solar systemThe 3rd planet from the sunThe earth and the heavenly bodies make the universeThe only planet that supports lifeThe home of manApproximately 149m km from the sunTakes 365 days to revolve around the sunHas one satellite, the moonRotation of the earthMovement of the earth on its own axis imaginary line through the centre from N pole to S poleRotates through 360 Takes 24 hours day to complete 1 rotationRotates in an anticlockwise direction west to east Effects of Rotation of the EarthCreates day and night because at any one time one side of the earth faces the sun day and the other remains in darkness night .", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.881759626345469, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2076, "token_count": 528}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.8309345}
{"text": "Has no satellite. Jupiter5th planet from the sunApproximately 778m km from the sunLargest in the universeRotates on its own axis at very fast speedHas flattened poles due to its fast speed of rotationHas very thick layers of ice on its surfacetakes 12 earth years to revolve around the sunHas 16 satellitesSaturn6th planet from the sunSecond largest planetApproximately 1427m km from the sunTakes 29 earth years to revolve around the sunHas a ring around itHas 18 satellitesUranus7th planet from the sunAbout 4 times bigger than the earthApproximately 2870m km from the sunAlso rotates very fastAlso has flattened poles due to fast speed of rotationIt appears greenish foe being surrounded by methane gasHas 8 satellitesTakes 84 earth years to revolve around the sunNeptuneOne of the farthest from the sun8th planet from the sunApproximately 4497m km from the sunHas 8 satellitesTakes 165 earth years to revolve around the sunVery similar in size, colour and character with UranusThe shape of the earthThe shape of the earth is called geoid ovoid oblate spheroid due to being an imperfect sphere by being wide at the equator and flat at the poles. The position of the earth in the solar systemThe 3rd planet from the sunThe earth and the heavenly bodies make the universeThe only planet that supports lifeThe home of manApproximately 149m km from the sunTakes 365 days to revolve around the sunHas one satellite, the moonRotation of the earthMovement of the earth on its own axis imaginary line through the centre from N pole to S poleRotates through 360 Takes 24 hours day to complete 1 rotationRotates in an anticlockwise direction west to east Effects of Rotation of the EarthCreates day and night because at any one time one side of the earth faces the sun day and the other remains in darkness night . Causes deflection of winds and ocean currents in the N hemisphere to the left and in the S hemisphere to the right.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8838361879666228, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1980, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.827064}
{"text": "Jupiter5th planet from the sunApproximately 778m km from the sunLargest in the universeRotates on its own axis at very fast speedHas flattened poles due to its fast speed of rotationHas very thick layers of ice on its surfacetakes 12 earth years to revolve around the sunHas 16 satellitesSaturn6th planet from the sunSecond largest planetApproximately 1427m km from the sunTakes 29 earth years to revolve around the sunHas a ring around itHas 18 satellitesUranus7th planet from the sunAbout 4 times bigger than the earthApproximately 2870m km from the sunAlso rotates very fastAlso has flattened poles due to fast speed of rotationIt appears greenish foe being surrounded by methane gasHas 8 satellitesTakes 84 earth years to revolve around the sunNeptuneOne of the farthest from the sun8th planet from the sunApproximately 4497m km from the sunHas 8 satellitesTakes 165 earth years to revolve around the sunVery similar in size, colour and character with UranusThe shape of the earthThe shape of the earth is called geoid ovoid oblate spheroid due to being an imperfect sphere by being wide at the equator and flat at the poles. The position of the earth in the solar systemThe 3rd planet from the sunThe earth and the heavenly bodies make the universeThe only planet that supports lifeThe home of manApproximately 149m km from the sunTakes 365 days to revolve around the sunHas one satellite, the moonRotation of the earthMovement of the earth on its own axis imaginary line through the centre from N pole to S poleRotates through 360 Takes 24 hours day to complete 1 rotationRotates in an anticlockwise direction west to east Effects of Rotation of the EarthCreates day and night because at any one time one side of the earth faces the sun day and the other remains in darkness night . Causes deflection of winds and ocean currents in the N hemisphere to the left and in the S hemisphere to the right. It causes rising and falling of ocean tides.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8844011108573078, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2007, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.852436}
{"text": "The position of the earth in the solar systemThe 3rd planet from the sunThe earth and the heavenly bodies make the universeThe only planet that supports lifeThe home of manApproximately 149m km from the sunTakes 365 days to revolve around the sunHas one satellite, the moonRotation of the earthMovement of the earth on its own axis imaginary line through the centre from N pole to S poleRotates through 360 Takes 24 hours day to complete 1 rotationRotates in an anticlockwise direction west to east Effects of Rotation of the EarthCreates day and night because at any one time one side of the earth faces the sun day and the other remains in darkness night . Causes deflection of winds and ocean currents in the N hemisphere to the left and in the S hemisphere to the right. It causes rising and falling of ocean tides. Causes time difference between longitudesEffects of Rotation of the Earth on human activitiesRevolution of the earthMovement of the earth in its orbit around the sun. It s in anticlockwise direction. The orbit of the earth s revolution is elliptical. Takes 365 days in a year or 366 days in a leap year every 4 years . The sun moves from the tropic of cancer to the equator and then towards tropic of Capricorn and back to the tropic of cancer. 21st march and 23rd September are called equinoxes because the length of day and night is equal. The sun is vertically overhead at noon at the equator. 21st June is called summer solstice because its summer in the N hemisphere. The sun is vertically overhead at noon at the tropic of cancer. 22nd December is called winter solstice because its winter in the S. hemisphere. The sun is vertically overhead at noon at noon at the tropic of Capricorn. Solstice is the period of maximum tilting of the earth towards the sun. Effects of the Revolution of the earthCauses the four seasons summer, autumn, winter and spring due to the movement of overhead sun causing changes in the heat belt. Causes variation of day and night s lengths due to the earth s axis being inclined to the path of revolution at an angle of 60 . Equinoxes have equal lengths of day and night.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8949291937718701, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2156, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.9199724}
{"text": "Effects of the Revolution of the earthCauses the four seasons summer, autumn, winter and spring due to the movement of overhead sun causing changes in the heat belt. Causes variation of day and night s lengths due to the earth s axis being inclined to the path of revolution at an angle of 60 . Equinoxes have equal lengths of day and night. Summers have longer days and shorter nights. Winters have longer nights and shorter days. Causes changes in the altitude of the midday sun due to the earth s orbit being elliptical. Highest altitude during equinoxLowest altitude during solsticesCauses lunar eclipse due to revolution bringing the earth in line with the sun and the moon. Effects of the Revolution of the earth on human activitiesThe internal structure of the earthA. Crust LithosphereOutermost layer of the earthMade of soils and other loose deposits of sandThe dominant rocks are granites. Extends 0-50kmHas 2 layers1. SialAlso called continental crustMade of light coloured rocksCalled sial because it s made up of silica and aluminium. 2. SimaAlso called oceanic crustMainly made of basaltic rocks which are brittle. Called sima because it is made of silica magnesium and iron. B. Mohorovicic Discontinuity Moho A definite zone of discontinuity between the crust and the mantle. Was discovered by Dr. Andrija Mohorovicic in 1909. The Mantle AsthenosphereLayer lying between the crust and the coreMade of iron and magnesiumHas two layersUpper mantleRocks are more elastic than those of sima. Temperature is about 1000 c. lower mantleRocks are like very viscous liquid. Temperature ranges between 1000 c to 3000 c. Gutenberg DiscontinuityA definite zone of discontinuity between mantle and core. Core barysphere CentrosphereThe innermost central layer of the earth. Has 2 layersOuter CoreComposed of very dense rocksMade up of nickel and ironTemperatures are up to 3700 c. Inner CoreA solid mass of mainly ironTemperatures are estimated to be 4500 c to 5000 c. F.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8965425670398335, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2004, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.892269}
{"text": "Has 2 layersOuter CoreComposed of very dense rocksMade up of nickel and ironTemperatures are up to 3700 c. Inner CoreA solid mass of mainly ironTemperatures are estimated to be 4500 c to 5000 c. F. The AtmosphereLayer of gases surrounding the earth. The earth revolves with it because its held onto it by gravityIt s about 330km thick. Composition of the AtmosphereGases-exist as a mixtureSmoke particlesDust particlesWater vapourG. hydrosphereOcean and seasWEATHERWeather is the daily atmospheric conditions of a place at a particular time. ELEMENTS OF WEATHERTemperatureMeasure or degree of hotness or coldness of a placeHumidityThe amount of water vapour or moisture in the atmospherePrecipitationAll forms of moisture which fall from the atmosphere to the earth s surfaceRainfall is a form of precipitation formed from clouds that in form of water dropletsAtmospheric pressureWindMoving air on the surface of the earthSunshineDirect rays of sunlight on the surface of the earthCloud coverMass of tiny droplets of water or ice formed through condensationAnalysis and interpretation of weather conditionsDiurnal daily Temperature range-Difference between the maximum and minimum temperature for any one day. Mean Daily Temperature-Average of the maximum and the minimum daily temperatures. Mean Monthly temperature-Sum of mean daily temperatures in a month divided by the number of days in that month. Mean Monthly minimum Temperature-Sum of daily minimum temperatures divided by the number of days in that month. Mean Monthly Maximum Temperature-Sum of daily maximum temperatures divided by the number of days in that month. Mean Annual Temperature-Sum of mean monthly temperatures divided by 12. Mean Annual Temperature Range-Difference between the highest and the lowest mean monthly temperatures in a year. Monthly Rainfall Total-Sum of rainfall recorded in a month. Annual Rainfall Total-Sum of monthly rainfall totals for 12 months. Mean Monthly Rainfall-Sum of rainfall totals for a particular month over several years divided by the number of the years of observation. Mean Annual Rainfall-Sum of mean monthly rainfall for 12 months of the year.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9124339686140576, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2198, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.9094799}
{"text": "Annual Rainfall Total-Sum of monthly rainfall totals for 12 months. Mean Monthly Rainfall-Sum of rainfall totals for a particular month over several years divided by the number of the years of observation. Mean Annual Rainfall-Sum of mean monthly rainfall for 12 months of the year. Factors to consider when siting a weather stationWeather Station-A place where observation, measuring and recording of weather elements is doneFactors to Be Taken Into Account When Sitting a Weather StationOpen spaceAn open place where there is little obstruction of weather elements. Accessible placeAccessible place so that recording can be done easily. Gently sloping landA fairly level or gently sloping ground 5 so that it s easy to position weather instruments. SecurityThe place should have securityThe place should provide a wide view of the surrounding landscape and the sky. The site should be free from flooding. . Constructing selected instruments for measuring elements of weatherInstruments for Measuring Elements of WeatherThermometer- measures temperatureHygrometer- measures humidityRain gauge-measures rainfallBarometer-measures air pressureSunshine recorder-measures sunshine duration and intensityWind vane measures wind directionAnemometer-measures wind speedConstructing a wind stockPUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 52Materials neededA paper cupClay and plasticineA pinDrinking strawMarker penA white circular cardboardSquare and triangular paper cuttingsA pencil with a rubber headConstructing a rain gaugePUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 53Materials neededA 2-litre plastic bottleRulerA ballpoint penMasking tapeA scalpel or pair of scissorsConstructing a WindsockPUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 53-54Materials neededCylindrical bagStringA scalpelWater paintsAn empty plastic fat magarine tinMasking tape or cellotapeA pole with a pointed endPainting brushes or chewed sticksSignificance of weather to humanHelps us to be aware of natural calamities related to weather before they occur so as to take precautionary measures. Guiding tourists on when to visit national parks. Helps farmers to plan their activities such as planting, harvesting, etc. Ensures air and water transport is carried out safely.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9171019022907405, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2234, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.9306967}
{"text": "Guiding tourists on when to visit national parks. Helps farmers to plan their activities such as planting, harvesting, etc. Ensures air and water transport is carried out safely. Helps sporting people to plan their training and competition schedules. Helps people to plan many other activities such as mining, electricity generation, holiday events, etc. Helps fishing communities to plan their activitiesHistorical informationSources of historical information in the societyMonumentsCavesHistorical picturesFolk songsOld coinsRecorded folk storiesArchaeological sitesTextbooksArticlesMythsArtefacts,FossilsPrimary and secondary sources of informationPrimary source is historical information that are created during the time period studied or were created at a later age by participant in even being practisedSecondary source is historical information that interprets or analyses a historical phenomenonWays of preserving historical informationSignificance of historical information in providing evidence of past accountsPEOPLE AND POLPULATIONHUMAN ORIGINTRADITIONAL STORIES ON HUMAN ORIGINThis is an attempt by communities of people to explain their origin. It is given through Oral Traditions, myths and legends. It mainly states that the first people were created by GodKikuyu communityAccording to the Agikuyu, God Ngai appeared and created their ancestors Gikuyu and Mumbi at Mukurwe Wa Gathanga near present day MurangaGikuyu and Mumbi gave birth to 9 daughters who later formed the nine classBukusuThe bukusu of wetern Kenya belives that the fist man was called Mwambu. He was made from mud by WELE KHAKABA God the creator at a place called Mumbo which means west. God created a wife for him. Mwambu and his wife moved from Mumbo to the foothills of Mt. Masaba-mt elgon- where their descendants grew in numbers to become the Abaluhya communityMaasaiOnce upon a time Enkai God owned all the cattle in the world. One day he opened the sky and replaced all the cattle he owned from heaven to earth using a long rope.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9265669808677196, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2058, "token_count": 467}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.9524634}
{"text": "Mwambu and his wife moved from Mumbo to the foothills of Mt. Masaba-mt elgon- where their descendants grew in numbers to become the Abaluhya communityMaasaiOnce upon a time Enkai God owned all the cattle in the world. One day he opened the sky and replaced all the cattle he owned from heaven to earth using a long rope. Enkai created 3 communities on earthThe Torrobo also the Ogiek , the gikuyu whom God bless with seed and grain and the Maasai whom God blessed with all the cattle of the worldAkamba communityThe akamba community believes that God was called Mulungu. He created the first man MUNDU and woman KIVETI. They were then placed on top of Nzaui Hill in makueni. He blessed them with children and livestockNandi communityAccording to the Nandi, the first two people came from the knees of a giant man, which began to swell until they burst. A man came from one knee and a woman from the other. These became the ancestors of the Nandi-speaking people of Kenya. This is an example of myths in certain communities that do not directly refer to God s creation. RELIGIOUS STORIES ON HUMAN ORIGINThis presents man and everything else as having been created by God. It is contained mainly inThe Bible used by Christians God created the heaven and earth according to Genesis chapter 2The Quran used by Muslims . Islam believes that all living and non living things were created by AllahHinduThe universe was created by Brahma. He is regarded as the hindu god of creationFactors proving that Africa is the cradle of humankindAfrican Savannas were ideal for primates. The moist, warm and varied climate supported animal and plant life. Archaeological sites were discovered in the Great Lakes region of eastern Africa and along the Great Rift Valley. This confirms that hominids were living in this region by the time the rift valley was being formed. The earliest apes and various animals may have first lived around what is now Lake Victoria and the rift valley, then some went northwards into Europe and Asia. This was because, at that time, areas along the Equator especially central and west Africa were covered in thick forest.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9166331412947956, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2156, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360556.9711869}
{"text": "This confirms that hominids were living in this region by the time the rift valley was being formed. The earliest apes and various animals may have first lived around what is now Lake Victoria and the rift valley, then some went northwards into Europe and Asia. This was because, at that time, areas along the Equator especially central and west Africa were covered in thick forest. Around the Great lakes of East Africa was the Savannah grassland with scattered trees and bushes . It was in this environment that man had his first home. Due to earth quakes and volcanic eruptions during the formation of the great rift valley, allot of dust was brought up, which covered places where hominids had left their weapons, tools, their own bones, and those of other animals. These became archaeological sites in east AfricaRemains found in Africa especially Eastern Africa are evidence that Africa is the cradle of mankind. Evolution is a natural process of gradual and continuous change of living organisms from a lower simpler state to a better-adapted complex and superior one. Archaeological site or prehistoric siteIs a place where human remains were foundArchaeologistsAre scientists who excavated the human remains for studyFossilsHuman remainsSTAGES OF MAN S EVOLUTIONRamapithecus also called kenyapithecusThe 15-12 million year-old remains of Ramapithecus were found by Mary and Louis Leakey at Fort Ternan near kericho and also at Samburu hills and in the Lakes Turkana and Baringo basins. Ramapithecus and other manlike creatures were also discovered in Europe, India and China. Characteristics of RamapithecusHe was manlike. He had small canines. He was quadrapedal he moved on his four limbs , though he occasionally walked on two legsAustralopithecus southern ape zinjathropusRemains of Australopithecus were found at Taung in Botswana in 1924 by Raymond Dart, at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania by Mary Leakey in 1959 and throughout eastern Africa e.g. regions around Lake Natron in Tanzania, Lake Turkana in Kenya and Omo River valley in Ethiopia. Characteristics of AustralopithecusHe was the earliest most manlike hominid.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9174619844072767, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2150, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.0023768}
{"text": "He was quadrapedal he moved on his four limbs , though he occasionally walked on two legsAustralopithecus southern ape zinjathropusRemains of Australopithecus were found at Taung in Botswana in 1924 by Raymond Dart, at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania by Mary Leakey in 1959 and throughout eastern Africa e.g. regions around Lake Natron in Tanzania, Lake Turkana in Kenya and Omo River valley in Ethiopia. Characteristics of AustralopithecusHe was the earliest most manlike hominid. He had a pelvis and leg that were similar to modern man s. He was bipedal walked on two limbs . Could defend themselves. Could attack their enemies. Could see or sense impending danger from a distance. Could grasp objects with ease. May have been hairy, short and strong. Had a large face and low forehead. Had stereoscopic vision. Had much larger teeth, skull and jaws. His brain was smaller than modern man s, but larger than that of the most intelligent ape: the Gorilla. Homo habilis Practical man . This was the first species of the genus Homo. His two and a half to one and a half million- year old remains were found at Olduvai Gorge by Jonathan Leakey in 1964, Hadar and Omo River valley in Ethiopia and Koobi-For a in the lake Turkana area in 1972. Characteristics of HomohabilisHe was five feet tall. He had a skull similar to modern man s in shape. He was omnivorous. He could grasp objects. He made and used tools. HOMOERECTUS upright man . Homoerectus lived between two million to two hundred thousand years ago. He was five and a half feet tall. He was bipedal walked on two legs . He made and used tools, such as hand-axes, crude spears and arrowheads from stone,bone and wood. Homo sapiens Thinking Intelligent man . Homo sapien appeared between two hundred thousand and a hundred and fifty thousand years ago. Characteristics of HomosapienHe was under six feet tallHe had small teeth. He had a steep and well-rounded forehead. He had long straight legs. He made a variety of more refined tools i.e.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9045971095059167, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2004, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.0077453}
{"text": "He had a steep and well-rounded forehead. He had long straight legs. He made a variety of more refined tools i.e. microliths. He was a fisherman and hunter-gatherer. He domesticated plants and animals. Remains of Homosapien were found at:Eliye springs near Lake Turkana,Kanjera and Kanam in Kenya,Bodo and Omo river valley in Ethiopia,Ngaloba in Tanzania. EARLY CIVILASATION IN AFRICAMeaning of state, kingdom and EmpireStateA territory is considered as an organised political community under one governmentEmpireAn extensive group of semi autonomous states ruled by one rulerKingdomA state or territory ruled by a king or queenThe ancient EgyptFactors that led to growth of Ancient Egypt CivilizationPresence of river nileIt the annual flood of river nile and the use of shadoof method of irrigation boosted agricultureEarly technologyIt ushered in the bronze stage where copper and tin were used to make simple tools such as chisels and needlesArtisans also made pots for storage and cookery purposes using potter s wheelPopulationHigh population in Ancient Egypt provided ready manpower and marketStrong military and leadershipThey ensured growth of the kingdom through conquests and assimilation of conquered neighbours into the empireUse of hieroglyphicThe formal writing helped keep reliable and accurate records in religion, government and historyUse of the calendarTracking of days and monitoring events such as annual flooding of the nile, planting and harvesting periodSpecialised workersThey worked in various institutions. They helped in keeping recods in the Egyptian empire. They recorded harvest, finances and historyThe Great ZimbabweGreat Zimbabwe was a city near Masvingo in the central part of the modern day Zimabwe, Mozambique and Botstwana. It existed between 1000BC to 1500BCZimbabwe is a shone word meaning stone houses Great Zimbabwe had a centralized government with hereditary kings.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9243612279025716, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1943, "token_count": 428}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.0246933}
{"text": "They helped in keeping recods in the Egyptian empire. They recorded harvest, finances and historyThe Great ZimbabweGreat Zimbabwe was a city near Masvingo in the central part of the modern day Zimabwe, Mozambique and Botstwana. It existed between 1000BC to 1500BCZimbabwe is a shone word meaning stone houses Great Zimbabwe had a centralized government with hereditary kings. This system of government led to the rise and growth of the kingdomFactors that led to the growth of the Great Zimbabwe civilizationStrong agricultural economyExistence of several minerals deposits such as gold, copperTradeStrong leadershipAcquisition of firearms in exchange of goodsStrong armyReligious beliefs brought them togetherThe kingdom of KongoFactors that led to the growth of kingdom of KongoStrategic location of the kingdomFavourable climate and the kingdom its closeness to congo river which supported agriculture throughout the yearArrival of PortugueseReligionTradeChristianityLocating ancient kingdoms on a map of AfricaPupil s activityPage 77-78Contributions of early African civilisation to the modern worldModern civilisation owes ts current development to the ancient civilization. Ancient Egypt was the beginning of building designs and construction of permanent buildings we have today. The hieroglyphics form of writing in Egypt used to keep records developed into the modern writing and educationThe knowledge of planning and prediction of seasons based on calendar started in the early civilisation. Today it is has been developed further to include weather forecasting in predicting accurate changes. The industrial development in the ancient kingdoms was based on simple skill. Copper and tin were used in ancient Egypt to make items. Today most of the industries use metals and alloys to make construction and infrastructural equipment. The modern irrigation technology barrows a lot from the ancient irrigation techniques such as shadoof.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9255857413626842, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1972, "token_count": 392}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.0433028}
{"text": "Copper and tin were used in ancient Egypt to make items. Today most of the industries use metals and alloys to make construction and infrastructural equipment. The modern irrigation technology barrows a lot from the ancient irrigation techniques such as shadoof. This has been applied in the agricultural sectorTools such as jembes hoes used in farming today were developed in the ancient civilisationThe political structure of modern government resembles the early civilisation govermentSocial organisation of selected African communities up to 1900Locating areas by the Ogiek, Zulu and Asante communities in AfricaPUPILS ACTIVITYPAGE 81Social organisation of the Ogiek community up to 1900Ogiek are southern nilotic speakersMost of them live in the county of nakuru, mau and mt elgon forestsFamily was the basic unit among the ogiek communityThe lineage was responsible for enforcing traditional law and orderFather was head of the familyThe ogiek were polygamousThere was division of labour among the ogiek communityMen provide for the family needs, provide leadership and securityWomen worked in homestead, bear children and do household choresChildren helped with household chores, cultivating in farms and artisanshipThe ogiek were a patriarchal society- men owned property and passed it to their sonsThe ogiek believed in one supreme being called TororetThey believed also in the existence of ancestral spirits called OiikThey had diviners who could foretell the future using supernatural powersBoth boys and girls were initiatedBoys ceremony was called tumdo op wentGirls ceremony was called tumbo op tiipikIntiated boys of the same age group sets known as ipindaThe ogiek used plants and herbs from forest for treating diseasesSocial organisation of the Zulu community up to 1900Zulu are Ngni people, bantu speakingThey occupy Kwazulu natal province in South africaIn the Ngumi languages izulu means heaven or weatherThe zulu clans referred to as the isizweThe zulu society was organised into parilineal sibs. The sibs were further divide into lineages which were composed of descendants of a common ancestorMost households comprised extended families who lived in one household called kraalMen inherited everything. Inheritance was patrilinealThe zulu people were polygamous.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9259643443529699, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2321, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.073706}
{"text": "This has been applied in the agricultural sectorTools such as jembes hoes used in farming today were developed in the ancient civilisationThe political structure of modern government resembles the early civilisation govermentSocial organisation of selected African communities up to 1900Locating areas by the Ogiek, Zulu and Asante communities in AfricaPUPILS ACTIVITYPAGE 81Social organisation of the Ogiek community up to 1900Ogiek are southern nilotic speakersMost of them live in the county of nakuru, mau and mt elgon forestsFamily was the basic unit among the ogiek communityThe lineage was responsible for enforcing traditional law and orderFather was head of the familyThe ogiek were polygamousThere was division of labour among the ogiek communityMen provide for the family needs, provide leadership and securityWomen worked in homestead, bear children and do household choresChildren helped with household chores, cultivating in farms and artisanshipThe ogiek were a patriarchal society- men owned property and passed it to their sonsThe ogiek believed in one supreme being called TororetThey believed also in the existence of ancestral spirits called OiikThey had diviners who could foretell the future using supernatural powersBoth boys and girls were initiatedBoys ceremony was called tumdo op wentGirls ceremony was called tumbo op tiipikIntiated boys of the same age group sets known as ipindaThe ogiek used plants and herbs from forest for treating diseasesSocial organisation of the Zulu community up to 1900Zulu are Ngni people, bantu speakingThey occupy Kwazulu natal province in South africaIn the Ngumi languages izulu means heaven or weatherThe zulu clans referred to as the isizweThe zulu society was organised into parilineal sibs. The sibs were further divide into lineages which were composed of descendants of a common ancestorMost households comprised extended families who lived in one household called kraalMen inherited everything. Inheritance was patrilinealThe zulu people were polygamous. Men married many wives and lived with them with the extended family in the kraal.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9251619213214519, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2140, "token_count": 472}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.0675051}
{"text": "The sibs were further divide into lineages which were composed of descendants of a common ancestorMost households comprised extended families who lived in one household called kraalMen inherited everything. Inheritance was patrilinealThe zulu people were polygamous. Men married many wives and lived with them with the extended family in the kraal. Men paid dowry in terms of cows and gifts during the weeding day umaboThe zulu community believed in Umhlanga or reeds dance ceremonyBeadwork was a prominent wttire that worn at the UmahlangaBeadworks was a sign of communicationIt also symbolised wealth status of a personZulu believed in one God called uNkulunkuluThe controlled day to day human life of the Zulu communityThe zulu had traditional mediceine men who treated the sickSocial organisation of the Asante community up to 1900Asante are Akan speaking peopleThey live in the central part of the Modern day GhanaAre organsised into clans whch is headed by a chiefEach clan speaks its own dialect of the Aken languageThey believe in one supreme creator called NyameAncestors were believed to connect people to NyameAsante empire leader was called AsateheneHe also acted as a spiritual leaderOmamhene and chiefs were all religious leaders who presided over religious ceremoniesGolden stool was th symbol of national unity in the Aasnte empireIt symboised ones and authority from the AsanteheneIt was based in Kumasi, the capital of Asant empireOdwira festival was an annual ceremonyThey believed in the spirits of the departed rulersAsante were socially stratified into 5 main divions1st division king and those close to the kingLived in the capital of KumasiWere wealthy and lived in luxury2nd division consisted of the chiefs and top officials who assisted the king in enforcing law and order3rd division those who had acquired a lot of wealth hence respect in the society4th division comprised of ordinary farmers, traders and fishermen5th division the lowest class was for the slavesAsante families were extebded and matrilineal mother s brother was the legal guardian of her childrenAsante were experts in form of decoration, logos, arts, sculture and potteryThese were known as Adinkra symbolsComparing the social organisation of thr Ogiek, Zulu, and Asante community up to 1900Human diversity and inclusionPersonality attributes which make individuals different from othersPersonality attributes are qualities or characteristics that differentiate the character, action and attitude of a person from one anotherDesirable and undesirable personality attributes in a multicultural societyPeace and conflict resolutionPeaceA state of calmness when there is no warConflict resolutionThis is the process or act of solving or settling a disagreement.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.921427093976818, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2814, "token_count": 622}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.1287897}
{"text": "Inheritance was patrilinealThe zulu people were polygamous. Men married many wives and lived with them with the extended family in the kraal. Men paid dowry in terms of cows and gifts during the weeding day umaboThe zulu community believed in Umhlanga or reeds dance ceremonyBeadwork was a prominent wttire that worn at the UmahlangaBeadworks was a sign of communicationIt also symbolised wealth status of a personZulu believed in one God called uNkulunkuluThe controlled day to day human life of the Zulu communityThe zulu had traditional mediceine men who treated the sickSocial organisation of the Asante community up to 1900Asante are Akan speaking peopleThey live in the central part of the Modern day GhanaAre organsised into clans whch is headed by a chiefEach clan speaks its own dialect of the Aken languageThey believe in one supreme creator called NyameAncestors were believed to connect people to NyameAsante empire leader was called AsateheneHe also acted as a spiritual leaderOmamhene and chiefs were all religious leaders who presided over religious ceremoniesGolden stool was th symbol of national unity in the Aasnte empireIt symboised ones and authority from the AsanteheneIt was based in Kumasi, the capital of Asant empireOdwira festival was an annual ceremonyThey believed in the spirits of the departed rulersAsante were socially stratified into 5 main divions1st division king and those close to the kingLived in the capital of KumasiWere wealthy and lived in luxury2nd division consisted of the chiefs and top officials who assisted the king in enforcing law and order3rd division those who had acquired a lot of wealth hence respect in the society4th division comprised of ordinary farmers, traders and fishermen5th division the lowest class was for the slavesAsante families were extebded and matrilineal mother s brother was the legal guardian of her childrenAsante were experts in form of decoration, logos, arts, sculture and potteryThese were known as Adinkra symbolsComparing the social organisation of thr Ogiek, Zulu, and Asante community up to 1900Human diversity and inclusionPersonality attributes which make individuals different from othersPersonality attributes are qualities or characteristics that differentiate the character, action and attitude of a person from one anotherDesirable and undesirable personality attributes in a multicultural societyPeace and conflict resolutionPeaceA state of calmness when there is no warConflict resolutionThis is the process or act of solving or settling a disagreement. Peace and conflict for personal well being.", "metadata": {"source": "SOCIAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9200333134997208, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2651, "token_count": 592}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.1064472}
{"text": "GRADE 7 TERM 1PRE-TECHNICAL STUDIES LESSON NOTESSAFETYPersonal safetyObserving personal safety is doing activities that will protect us from accidents or getting injured. Potential hazards relating to personal safetyUnsafe conditions or objects that harm us or cause injuries to us are known as potential safety hazardsExamples of potential safety hazards in day to day life areFires and hot surfaces which can cause burnsSharp tools like knives which can cause cutsSpills on floors which can cause fallsPoorly disposed waste such as fruit peels which can cause fallsHeavy objects like rocks, stones which can roll over us or fall on usItems or objects that are properly kept on high shelves which can fall on usPoisonous chemicals that are not store properly can harm us if we touch or drink them. Poorly arranged equipments such as desks that can cause fallsExposed naked electric wires that can lead to shocksPoorly ventilated rooms that can lead to suffocationDemonstrating safety while performing various tasks in the localityExamples of task that we can do in our locality include digging, splitting firewood, pruning plants, riding bicyclesSome of the safety measures to observe while forming the above different tasks includeAlways clean spills on the floor immediately to avoid fallsKeep a safe distance from your friend when performing tasks such as diggingAsk for help when you want to get things that are out of your reachAlways be alert around fire. Avoid loose clothing when near firesUse kitchen gloves or a piece of cloth to hold hot kitchen tools and equipmentHandle different tools or equipments with careWear appropriate protective clothing when performing different tasksEg wear gumboots while collecting and disposing wasteHandling tools and equipments safely while performing tasksGeneral safety rules and regulations for various tasksThe various task we do at home or school can expose you and other people to safety hazards. You should follow general safety rules when performing these task to avoid injuries to self and others.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9281125927321021, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2081, "token_count": 413}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.1408722}
{"text": "Poorly arranged equipments such as desks that can cause fallsExposed naked electric wires that can lead to shocksPoorly ventilated rooms that can lead to suffocationDemonstrating safety while performing various tasks in the localityExamples of task that we can do in our locality include digging, splitting firewood, pruning plants, riding bicyclesSome of the safety measures to observe while forming the above different tasks includeAlways clean spills on the floor immediately to avoid fallsKeep a safe distance from your friend when performing tasks such as diggingAsk for help when you want to get things that are out of your reachAlways be alert around fire. Avoid loose clothing when near firesUse kitchen gloves or a piece of cloth to hold hot kitchen tools and equipmentHandle different tools or equipments with careWear appropriate protective clothing when performing different tasksEg wear gumboots while collecting and disposing wasteHandling tools and equipments safely while performing tasksGeneral safety rules and regulations for various tasksThe various task we do at home or school can expose you and other people to safety hazards. You should follow general safety rules when performing these task to avoid injuries to self and others. The general safety rules includeWork in a place with proper ventilationEnsure you are working in a place that has enough lightingAvoid crowding in the working areaEnsure the working area is well arranged when working and after workingUse tools and equipments for their correct purposeEnsure all the tools you are using are in good working conditionsDo not touch sharp edges of cutting tools or test their sharpness with your handEnsure that your hands are dry before touching electric plugs or electrical appliances that have been plugged inDo not pull heavy materials or objects towards your bodyIf working with or near fire, always stay alert and use moderate flameStore tools and equipments safely after useCareers related to safetyA career is a profession which one trains for, acquires the skills and applies them for a long periodCrossing guardsThese are people who help children or adults to cross busy roadsSafety engineersThese are people who monitor a working environment and inspects buildings and machines. They later recommend the safety precautions to be observed in the working environmentLife guardsThese are people who help children and adults to swim safely. There also ensure that all people are following rules set by the swimming place.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9312647289866458, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2546, "token_count": 485}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.1573102}
{"text": "The general safety rules includeWork in a place with proper ventilationEnsure you are working in a place that has enough lightingAvoid crowding in the working areaEnsure the working area is well arranged when working and after workingUse tools and equipments for their correct purposeEnsure all the tools you are using are in good working conditionsDo not touch sharp edges of cutting tools or test their sharpness with your handEnsure that your hands are dry before touching electric plugs or electrical appliances that have been plugged inDo not pull heavy materials or objects towards your bodyIf working with or near fire, always stay alert and use moderate flameStore tools and equipments safely after useCareers related to safetyA career is a profession which one trains for, acquires the skills and applies them for a long periodCrossing guardsThese are people who help children or adults to cross busy roadsSafety engineersThese are people who monitor a working environment and inspects buildings and machines. They later recommend the safety precautions to be observed in the working environmentLife guardsThese are people who help children and adults to swim safely. There also ensure that all people are following rules set by the swimming place. Attends to those who face challenges while swimmingRisk managerThis person researches and makes a report on the safety of a particular work and the hazards that are expected. Environment health and safety consultantsThey perform some roles similar to those of safety engineersThey offer advice on how to minimise health and safety risks in the workplaceImportance of safety in day to day lifeIt is important to observe safety when performing different tasks at home, in school or in the communityYou should always keep your working areas clean and orderly to avoid accidents, injuries and illness. When you are free from injuries you can work well, attend school as expected, reduce hospital bills and live healthyINJURIESAn injury is damage to your body. Types of injuriesExamples of common injuries includeScaldsFracturesSprainsBurnsCutsPricksBruisesCauses of injuries in the localityCutsCaused by sharp tools and equipments like knivesCan also be cause by sharp furniture corners or rough edgesBurnsAre caused by touching open flames, hot objects like sufuriasMay also be caused by chemicals and electricityScaldsAre caused by touching hot liquids like boiling water, hot tea.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9293311845286061, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2482, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.2021496}
{"text": "Environment health and safety consultantsThey perform some roles similar to those of safety engineersThey offer advice on how to minimise health and safety risks in the workplaceImportance of safety in day to day lifeIt is important to observe safety when performing different tasks at home, in school or in the communityYou should always keep your working areas clean and orderly to avoid accidents, injuries and illness. When you are free from injuries you can work well, attend school as expected, reduce hospital bills and live healthyINJURIESAn injury is damage to your body. Types of injuriesExamples of common injuries includeScaldsFracturesSprainsBurnsCutsPricksBruisesCauses of injuries in the localityCutsCaused by sharp tools and equipments like knivesCan also be cause by sharp furniture corners or rough edgesBurnsAre caused by touching open flames, hot objects like sufuriasMay also be caused by chemicals and electricityScaldsAre caused by touching hot liquids like boiling water, hot tea. May also be caused by steam from boiling foods or waterMinor fracturesOccurs after falls or slipsMay also occur when there is abnormal movement during activities or sudden change of speed during movementFirst aid procedures for cutsYou will need clean water, a bandage, cotton wool and an antiseptic or salty waterWash your handsApply gentle pressure around the cut with a clean piece of cloth or cotton wool until bleeding stopsClean the cut with clean water. Do not use soapOnce the cut is clean and is not bleeding, apply some antisepticCover the cut with a bandage or clean piece of cloth to keep away dirtFirst aid procedures for minor fracturesYou will need ice cubes, a bandage or a clean piece of clothLet the injured person rest and avoid moving the injure part completelyPlace an ice pack on the injure part to prevent swellingWrap the affected part in a soft bandage to compress itRaise the injure part higher than other body partsFirst aid procedures for burnsYou will need cold water and a clean piece of clothMove away from the source of burnRemove clothing or jewellery around the burnt areaCool the burn under cold running water for about 5 minutes.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9248381466570479, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2215, "token_count": 482}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.1888955}
{"text": "Types of injuriesExamples of common injuries includeScaldsFracturesSprainsBurnsCutsPricksBruisesCauses of injuries in the localityCutsCaused by sharp tools and equipments like knivesCan also be cause by sharp furniture corners or rough edgesBurnsAre caused by touching open flames, hot objects like sufuriasMay also be caused by chemicals and electricityScaldsAre caused by touching hot liquids like boiling water, hot tea. May also be caused by steam from boiling foods or waterMinor fracturesOccurs after falls or slipsMay also occur when there is abnormal movement during activities or sudden change of speed during movementFirst aid procedures for cutsYou will need clean water, a bandage, cotton wool and an antiseptic or salty waterWash your handsApply gentle pressure around the cut with a clean piece of cloth or cotton wool until bleeding stopsClean the cut with clean water. Do not use soapOnce the cut is clean and is not bleeding, apply some antisepticCover the cut with a bandage or clean piece of cloth to keep away dirtFirst aid procedures for minor fracturesYou will need ice cubes, a bandage or a clean piece of clothLet the injured person rest and avoid moving the injure part completelyPlace an ice pack on the injure part to prevent swellingWrap the affected part in a soft bandage to compress itRaise the injure part higher than other body partsFirst aid procedures for burnsYou will need cold water and a clean piece of clothMove away from the source of burnRemove clothing or jewellery around the burnt areaCool the burn under cold running water for about 5 minutes. You can also deip the part in cold waterCover the burnt area with a loosely clinging clean piece of clothFirst aid procedures for scaldsYou will need cold water, a clean piece of cloth or bandageRemove clothing or jewellery where the injury has occurredPlace the injured area under cold water for about 20 minutesDo not pop the blister or blisters if they formCover the scalded area with a loosely clinging clean piece of cloth or gauzeSafety measures that minimise injuries in the localityCareers related to first aid and management of injuriesFist aid is important because it helps to save lives and reduce pain. It also makes the affected people feel cared for.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9233311436502722, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2302, "token_count": 512}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.2501724}
{"text": "Do not use soapOnce the cut is clean and is not bleeding, apply some antisepticCover the cut with a bandage or clean piece of cloth to keep away dirtFirst aid procedures for minor fracturesYou will need ice cubes, a bandage or a clean piece of clothLet the injured person rest and avoid moving the injure part completelyPlace an ice pack on the injure part to prevent swellingWrap the affected part in a soft bandage to compress itRaise the injure part higher than other body partsFirst aid procedures for burnsYou will need cold water and a clean piece of clothMove away from the source of burnRemove clothing or jewellery around the burnt areaCool the burn under cold running water for about 5 minutes. You can also deip the part in cold waterCover the burnt area with a loosely clinging clean piece of clothFirst aid procedures for scaldsYou will need cold water, a clean piece of cloth or bandageRemove clothing or jewellery where the injury has occurredPlace the injured area under cold water for about 20 minutesDo not pop the blister or blisters if they formCover the scalded area with a loosely clinging clean piece of cloth or gauzeSafety measures that minimise injuries in the localityCareers related to first aid and management of injuriesFist aid is important because it helps to save lives and reduce pain. It also makes the affected people feel cared for. The following are common careers related to first aid and management of injuriesEmergency repose nursesParamedicsAmbulance driversFire fightersFlight attendantsProfessional baby sittersLifeguardsGames instructorsGym instructorsImportance of observing safetyPrevent unnecessary injuries or even deathAvoid lost timeIncrease productivityPupil s activityPage 21-22MATERIALSAny useful substance is called a materialCOMMON MATERIALSTimberSandStonesIdentifying common materials in the localityDifferent localities have different common materialsExamples of common materials aremetalsSoilReedsSisal fibresHides and skinsTreesDiatomiteSoapstoneSoda ashFluorsparCategorising common materials in the locality as either metallic or non metallicPupil s activityPage 24-25Distinguishing between metallic and non metallic materialsPhysical properties of materials found in the localityCareers related to materials in the localitycarpentrycarvingmasonryweldingpotteryweavingblacksmithfarmingminingImportance of materials found in the localitycreate job employment opportunitiesimproves the standard of people living in the localityMETALSMetals occur naturally within the earth s surfaceThey are mined and converted into forms that are easy to useMetals are used to make various items we use in our day to day lifeDifferent types of metals in the localitySome metals exist in pure form or as alloysAn alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or metal with a non metalExamples of pure metalAluminiumIronZincSilverCopperLeadMagnesiumTinGoldExamples of alloysSteelBrassBronzeMetals can be identified easily by their surface appearancePhysical properties of metalsIdentification of a metal by its physical appearance is not a sure way of knowing the exact type of metalThere are some other physical properties that we need to consider to correctly identify the metalsMetals can further be identified asFerrous and non ferrousMagnetic and non magneticConductors and non conductors of heatConductors and non conductors of electricityFerrous and non ferrousFerrous metals are metals that contain iron in its original form or alloys or ironNon ferrous metal are metals that contain ironMagnetic and non magneticMagnetic metals are metals that are attract by magnet if it is brought near.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9266770961452563, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3755, "token_count": 855}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.2370446}
{"text": "You can also deip the part in cold waterCover the burnt area with a loosely clinging clean piece of clothFirst aid procedures for scaldsYou will need cold water, a clean piece of cloth or bandageRemove clothing or jewellery where the injury has occurredPlace the injured area under cold water for about 20 minutesDo not pop the blister or blisters if they formCover the scalded area with a loosely clinging clean piece of cloth or gauzeSafety measures that minimise injuries in the localityCareers related to first aid and management of injuriesFist aid is important because it helps to save lives and reduce pain. It also makes the affected people feel cared for. The following are common careers related to first aid and management of injuriesEmergency repose nursesParamedicsAmbulance driversFire fightersFlight attendantsProfessional baby sittersLifeguardsGames instructorsGym instructorsImportance of observing safetyPrevent unnecessary injuries or even deathAvoid lost timeIncrease productivityPupil s activityPage 21-22MATERIALSAny useful substance is called a materialCOMMON MATERIALSTimberSandStonesIdentifying common materials in the localityDifferent localities have different common materialsExamples of common materials aremetalsSoilReedsSisal fibresHides and skinsTreesDiatomiteSoapstoneSoda ashFluorsparCategorising common materials in the locality as either metallic or non metallicPupil s activityPage 24-25Distinguishing between metallic and non metallic materialsPhysical properties of materials found in the localityCareers related to materials in the localitycarpentrycarvingmasonryweldingpotteryweavingblacksmithfarmingminingImportance of materials found in the localitycreate job employment opportunitiesimproves the standard of people living in the localityMETALSMetals occur naturally within the earth s surfaceThey are mined and converted into forms that are easy to useMetals are used to make various items we use in our day to day lifeDifferent types of metals in the localitySome metals exist in pure form or as alloysAn alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or metal with a non metalExamples of pure metalAluminiumIronZincSilverCopperLeadMagnesiumTinGoldExamples of alloysSteelBrassBronzeMetals can be identified easily by their surface appearancePhysical properties of metalsIdentification of a metal by its physical appearance is not a sure way of knowing the exact type of metalThere are some other physical properties that we need to consider to correctly identify the metalsMetals can further be identified asFerrous and non ferrousMagnetic and non magneticConductors and non conductors of heatConductors and non conductors of electricityFerrous and non ferrousFerrous metals are metals that contain iron in its original form or alloys or ironNon ferrous metal are metals that contain ironMagnetic and non magneticMagnetic metals are metals that are attract by magnet if it is brought near. Non magnetic metals are not attracted by a magnetConductors of heat in metalsCopperAluminiumGraphiteSilverGoldSteel spoonConduction of electricityZinc stripSilver stripNBMetals are good conductors of heat and electricity although some metals may be better conductors than others.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9290689006819978, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3329, "token_count": 764}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.268519}
{"text": "It also makes the affected people feel cared for. The following are common careers related to first aid and management of injuriesEmergency repose nursesParamedicsAmbulance driversFire fightersFlight attendantsProfessional baby sittersLifeguardsGames instructorsGym instructorsImportance of observing safetyPrevent unnecessary injuries or even deathAvoid lost timeIncrease productivityPupil s activityPage 21-22MATERIALSAny useful substance is called a materialCOMMON MATERIALSTimberSandStonesIdentifying common materials in the localityDifferent localities have different common materialsExamples of common materials aremetalsSoilReedsSisal fibresHides and skinsTreesDiatomiteSoapstoneSoda ashFluorsparCategorising common materials in the locality as either metallic or non metallicPupil s activityPage 24-25Distinguishing between metallic and non metallic materialsPhysical properties of materials found in the localityCareers related to materials in the localitycarpentrycarvingmasonryweldingpotteryweavingblacksmithfarmingminingImportance of materials found in the localitycreate job employment opportunitiesimproves the standard of people living in the localityMETALSMetals occur naturally within the earth s surfaceThey are mined and converted into forms that are easy to useMetals are used to make various items we use in our day to day lifeDifferent types of metals in the localitySome metals exist in pure form or as alloysAn alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or metal with a non metalExamples of pure metalAluminiumIronZincSilverCopperLeadMagnesiumTinGoldExamples of alloysSteelBrassBronzeMetals can be identified easily by their surface appearancePhysical properties of metalsIdentification of a metal by its physical appearance is not a sure way of knowing the exact type of metalThere are some other physical properties that we need to consider to correctly identify the metalsMetals can further be identified asFerrous and non ferrousMagnetic and non magneticConductors and non conductors of heatConductors and non conductors of electricityFerrous and non ferrousFerrous metals are metals that contain iron in its original form or alloys or ironNon ferrous metal are metals that contain ironMagnetic and non magneticMagnetic metals are metals that are attract by magnet if it is brought near. Non magnetic metals are not attracted by a magnetConductors of heat in metalsCopperAluminiumGraphiteSilverGoldSteel spoonConduction of electricityZinc stripSilver stripNBMetals are good conductors of heat and electricity although some metals may be better conductors than others. Uses of metals in the localityCareers related to uses of metalsImportance of metalsMetals are important in the locality in many waysPeople purse careers related to metals, they earn a livingIt helps people improve their living standardsMetals are important in making most items such as kitchen and farming tools which will be used to perform different tasks within the households.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9306918010346075, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3091, "token_count": 705}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.2793658}
{"text": "The following are common careers related to first aid and management of injuriesEmergency repose nursesParamedicsAmbulance driversFire fightersFlight attendantsProfessional baby sittersLifeguardsGames instructorsGym instructorsImportance of observing safetyPrevent unnecessary injuries or even deathAvoid lost timeIncrease productivityPupil s activityPage 21-22MATERIALSAny useful substance is called a materialCOMMON MATERIALSTimberSandStonesIdentifying common materials in the localityDifferent localities have different common materialsExamples of common materials aremetalsSoilReedsSisal fibresHides and skinsTreesDiatomiteSoapstoneSoda ashFluorsparCategorising common materials in the locality as either metallic or non metallicPupil s activityPage 24-25Distinguishing between metallic and non metallic materialsPhysical properties of materials found in the localityCareers related to materials in the localitycarpentrycarvingmasonryweldingpotteryweavingblacksmithfarmingminingImportance of materials found in the localitycreate job employment opportunitiesimproves the standard of people living in the localityMETALSMetals occur naturally within the earth s surfaceThey are mined and converted into forms that are easy to useMetals are used to make various items we use in our day to day lifeDifferent types of metals in the localitySome metals exist in pure form or as alloysAn alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or metal with a non metalExamples of pure metalAluminiumIronZincSilverCopperLeadMagnesiumTinGoldExamples of alloysSteelBrassBronzeMetals can be identified easily by their surface appearancePhysical properties of metalsIdentification of a metal by its physical appearance is not a sure way of knowing the exact type of metalThere are some other physical properties that we need to consider to correctly identify the metalsMetals can further be identified asFerrous and non ferrousMagnetic and non magneticConductors and non conductors of heatConductors and non conductors of electricityFerrous and non ferrousFerrous metals are metals that contain iron in its original form or alloys or ironNon ferrous metal are metals that contain ironMagnetic and non magneticMagnetic metals are metals that are attract by magnet if it is brought near. Non magnetic metals are not attracted by a magnetConductors of heat in metalsCopperAluminiumGraphiteSilverGoldSteel spoonConduction of electricityZinc stripSilver stripNBMetals are good conductors of heat and electricity although some metals may be better conductors than others. Uses of metals in the localityCareers related to uses of metalsImportance of metalsMetals are important in the locality in many waysPeople purse careers related to metals, they earn a livingIt helps people improve their living standardsMetals are important in making most items such as kitchen and farming tools which will be used to perform different tasks within the households. Can earn the government foreign exchange if imported to other countriesNon metallic materialsAre any materials both synthetic and natural which do not contain metalDistinguishing between synthetic and natural non metallic materialsNatural materials are those that exists on their own in or the earth without any actions of humankind.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9314925814844099, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3379, "token_count": 755}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.31326}
{"text": "Non magnetic metals are not attracted by a magnetConductors of heat in metalsCopperAluminiumGraphiteSilverGoldSteel spoonConduction of electricityZinc stripSilver stripNBMetals are good conductors of heat and electricity although some metals may be better conductors than others. Uses of metals in the localityCareers related to uses of metalsImportance of metalsMetals are important in the locality in many waysPeople purse careers related to metals, they earn a livingIt helps people improve their living standardsMetals are important in making most items such as kitchen and farming tools which will be used to perform different tasks within the households. Can earn the government foreign exchange if imported to other countriesNon metallic materialsAre any materials both synthetic and natural which do not contain metalDistinguishing between synthetic and natural non metallic materialsNatural materials are those that exists on their own in or the earth without any actions of humankind. They may be part of the earth material or from plants and animals. Synthetic materials are those that are created by human beings through different process. Natural non metallic materials include soil, timber, reeds, rubber, stones, hides and skins, plant fibres like banana fibres, sisal fibres, cotton and linenCategorising non metallic materials in the locality as either natural or syntheticPupil s activityPage 43-44Physical properties of non metallic materialsDifferent types of non metallic materials have different propertiesUses of non metallic materials in the localityFibres like cotton and line are used to make cloths. Cloths re then made into different types of garments that we wear. Rubber is used to make Items such as tyres, erasers and footwearTimber or wood is used to make furniture, doors, floors, ceilings and walls of some houses. Wood is used as fuel in most homes. Different types of soil have different usesSand soil is mixed with ballast, cement and water to make concrete for constructon. Loam soil is used for farmingClay soil is used in pottery and brick making. Grasses and reeds are used to make items like mats, baskets and broomsGrasses are also used as roofing materialsHides and skins are used to make shoes, belts and bagsGlass is used to make window panes and household items like furniture and utensils.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.924128589488893, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2373, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.3313982}
{"text": "Different types of soil have different usesSand soil is mixed with ballast, cement and water to make concrete for constructon. Loam soil is used for farmingClay soil is used in pottery and brick making. Grasses and reeds are used to make items like mats, baskets and broomsGrasses are also used as roofing materialsHides and skins are used to make shoes, belts and bagsGlass is used to make window panes and household items like furniture and utensils. It is also used in making laboratory equipments such as test tubes. Plastic is used to make items such as utensils, cutlery, footwear, buckets, basinsMinerals such as soda ash are used to manufacture soap, paper and glass. Careers related to processing and use of non metallic materialsROPE MAKINGRope makers harvest sisal fibres, dry and use them to make ropesBuilding and constructionsBuilders use timber, grass, clay and other materials to construct houses. Brick makingBrick makers make bricks from clay soil. LoggingLoggers are authorised to cut trees selectively from a given area to get logs. Saw milling. Saw millers cut the logs into timber or shapes them into boards. CarpentryCarpenters use timber and boards to make furniture and other useful items. PotteryPotters make pots and other earthen items. Some potters may also use of cement or concrete to make flower pots and flower vasesWEAVINGWeavers make baskets, mats brooms, and other items from grasses and reedsPlastic straws can also be made in weavingFARMINGCrop farmers cultivate the soil using hand tools or farm machinery and plants crops into itGLASS SMITHINGThis is a career where people are involved in making objects out of glassSHOE MAKINGShoe makers make shoes from non metallic materials like leather, rubber and plasticIdentifying common problems in the communityPupil s activityPage 50-51Effects of common Problems affecting the communityPupil s activityPage 52-5Skills need to solve problems in the communitySome of the problems can be solved by learners, intervention of adults, experts or the governmentWhen solving these problems, we apply some of the technical skills that we have learnt.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9181013711331695, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2157, "token_count": 484}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.3725202}
{"text": "CarpentryCarpenters use timber and boards to make furniture and other useful items. PotteryPotters make pots and other earthen items. Some potters may also use of cement or concrete to make flower pots and flower vasesWEAVINGWeavers make baskets, mats brooms, and other items from grasses and reedsPlastic straws can also be made in weavingFARMINGCrop farmers cultivate the soil using hand tools or farm machinery and plants crops into itGLASS SMITHINGThis is a career where people are involved in making objects out of glassSHOE MAKINGShoe makers make shoes from non metallic materials like leather, rubber and plasticIdentifying common problems in the communityPupil s activityPage 50-51Effects of common Problems affecting the communityPupil s activityPage 52-5Skills need to solve problems in the communitySome of the problems can be solved by learners, intervention of adults, experts or the governmentWhen solving these problems, we apply some of the technical skills that we have learnt. We can also involve other members of the community who have the skills and experienceExample of technical skills areMasonry skillsAre applied where structures such as houses, water pans and animal housing need to be constructedCarpentry skillsAre applied when joining pieces of wood to make desired itemsDesign and drawing skillsAre applied where items or structures need to be sketched or drawn before they are madeFarming skillsAre applied when carrying out activities such as digging, planting, weeding and when using farming tools and equipmentsSewing skillsAre applied when joining and mending pieces of fabric to make desired itemsWelding skillsAre applied when joining materials to make desired itemsTOOLSHOSEHOLD HAND TOOLSA TOOL is any instrument held in the hand and used to do work.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9218374316939891, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1824, "token_count": 402}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.3530266}
{"text": "PotteryPotters make pots and other earthen items. Some potters may also use of cement or concrete to make flower pots and flower vasesWEAVINGWeavers make baskets, mats brooms, and other items from grasses and reedsPlastic straws can also be made in weavingFARMINGCrop farmers cultivate the soil using hand tools or farm machinery and plants crops into itGLASS SMITHINGThis is a career where people are involved in making objects out of glassSHOE MAKINGShoe makers make shoes from non metallic materials like leather, rubber and plasticIdentifying common problems in the communityPupil s activityPage 50-51Effects of common Problems affecting the communityPupil s activityPage 52-5Skills need to solve problems in the communitySome of the problems can be solved by learners, intervention of adults, experts or the governmentWhen solving these problems, we apply some of the technical skills that we have learnt. We can also involve other members of the community who have the skills and experienceExample of technical skills areMasonry skillsAre applied where structures such as houses, water pans and animal housing need to be constructedCarpentry skillsAre applied when joining pieces of wood to make desired itemsDesign and drawing skillsAre applied where items or structures need to be sketched or drawn before they are madeFarming skillsAre applied when carrying out activities such as digging, planting, weeding and when using farming tools and equipmentsSewing skillsAre applied when joining and mending pieces of fabric to make desired itemsWelding skillsAre applied when joining materials to make desired itemsTOOLSHOSEHOLD HAND TOOLSA TOOL is any instrument held in the hand and used to do work. A hand tool is any tool that is powered by hand in order to perform an activityIdentifying household hand toolsScissorsTape measureHammerKnifeChiselSpadeMalletPliersRakeAxeCategorising household tools according to their useUsing household hand tools to perform different tasksPANGACan be use to cut grassHold the pang firmly by the handle with one handHold the grass with the other handMaintain a safe distance between the panga and the hand holding the grassLift the panga and cut the grassTAPE MEASUREPut the piece of timber on a fat surfaceCarefully put the hook of the tape measure at the edge of the timberAsk your friend to hold the end of the tape measure.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9225622581146569, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2426, "token_count": 554}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.4161608}
{"text": "Some potters may also use of cement or concrete to make flower pots and flower vasesWEAVINGWeavers make baskets, mats brooms, and other items from grasses and reedsPlastic straws can also be made in weavingFARMINGCrop farmers cultivate the soil using hand tools or farm machinery and plants crops into itGLASS SMITHINGThis is a career where people are involved in making objects out of glassSHOE MAKINGShoe makers make shoes from non metallic materials like leather, rubber and plasticIdentifying common problems in the communityPupil s activityPage 50-51Effects of common Problems affecting the communityPupil s activityPage 52-5Skills need to solve problems in the communitySome of the problems can be solved by learners, intervention of adults, experts or the governmentWhen solving these problems, we apply some of the technical skills that we have learnt. We can also involve other members of the community who have the skills and experienceExample of technical skills areMasonry skillsAre applied where structures such as houses, water pans and animal housing need to be constructedCarpentry skillsAre applied when joining pieces of wood to make desired itemsDesign and drawing skillsAre applied where items or structures need to be sketched or drawn before they are madeFarming skillsAre applied when carrying out activities such as digging, planting, weeding and when using farming tools and equipmentsSewing skillsAre applied when joining and mending pieces of fabric to make desired itemsWelding skillsAre applied when joining materials to make desired itemsTOOLSHOSEHOLD HAND TOOLSA TOOL is any instrument held in the hand and used to do work. A hand tool is any tool that is powered by hand in order to perform an activityIdentifying household hand toolsScissorsTape measureHammerKnifeChiselSpadeMalletPliersRakeAxeCategorising household tools according to their useUsing household hand tools to perform different tasksPANGACan be use to cut grassHold the pang firmly by the handle with one handHold the grass with the other handMaintain a safe distance between the panga and the hand holding the grassLift the panga and cut the grassTAPE MEASUREPut the piece of timber on a fat surfaceCarefully put the hook of the tape measure at the edge of the timberAsk your friend to hold the end of the tape measure. Pull back the tape measure across the timber to let more tape outLet out the tape until it stretches across the whole length of the timberLook at the point where the tape align with the end of the timberRead the measurement in centimetres and record in your notebookCarefully let the tape measure to roll back into the casingStore the tape measure carefullyHAMMERWear protective eye googlesEnsure there is no one behind you to avoid injuriesGrip the hammer by the end of the handleLine the nail and the piece of wood that you want to hammerHold the nail on the surface of the wood and gently tap the nail with the hammer until it holds in placeOnce the nail is in place, increase the hammering force to drive the rest of the nail into the wood.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9222871109827093, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3132, "token_count": 708}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.4780786}
{"text": "We can also involve other members of the community who have the skills and experienceExample of technical skills areMasonry skillsAre applied where structures such as houses, water pans and animal housing need to be constructedCarpentry skillsAre applied when joining pieces of wood to make desired itemsDesign and drawing skillsAre applied where items or structures need to be sketched or drawn before they are madeFarming skillsAre applied when carrying out activities such as digging, planting, weeding and when using farming tools and equipmentsSewing skillsAre applied when joining and mending pieces of fabric to make desired itemsWelding skillsAre applied when joining materials to make desired itemsTOOLSHOSEHOLD HAND TOOLSA TOOL is any instrument held in the hand and used to do work. A hand tool is any tool that is powered by hand in order to perform an activityIdentifying household hand toolsScissorsTape measureHammerKnifeChiselSpadeMalletPliersRakeAxeCategorising household tools according to their useUsing household hand tools to perform different tasksPANGACan be use to cut grassHold the pang firmly by the handle with one handHold the grass with the other handMaintain a safe distance between the panga and the hand holding the grassLift the panga and cut the grassTAPE MEASUREPut the piece of timber on a fat surfaceCarefully put the hook of the tape measure at the edge of the timberAsk your friend to hold the end of the tape measure. Pull back the tape measure across the timber to let more tape outLet out the tape until it stretches across the whole length of the timberLook at the point where the tape align with the end of the timberRead the measurement in centimetres and record in your notebookCarefully let the tape measure to roll back into the casingStore the tape measure carefullyHAMMERWear protective eye googlesEnsure there is no one behind you to avoid injuriesGrip the hammer by the end of the handleLine the nail and the piece of wood that you want to hammerHold the nail on the surface of the wood and gently tap the nail with the hammer until it holds in placeOnce the nail is in place, increase the hammering force to drive the rest of the nail into the wood. Remove your hand and hit the nail completely inside the woodStore your hammer safely after useCare and maintenance of household hand toolsClean the tools after useReplace broken handles if anySharpen blades of cutting toolsTighten loose screws and nuts of tools like sawsOil moving parts of tools like pliersStraighten bents and teeth of sawsStore tools safely in a clean dry place after useYou can hang saws on a hookWhen storing tools with metallic parts for a long period of time, oil the metallic parts to avoid rusting.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9257798494083902, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2789, "token_count": 629}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.5027137}
{"text": "A hand tool is any tool that is powered by hand in order to perform an activityIdentifying household hand toolsScissorsTape measureHammerKnifeChiselSpadeMalletPliersRakeAxeCategorising household tools according to their useUsing household hand tools to perform different tasksPANGACan be use to cut grassHold the pang firmly by the handle with one handHold the grass with the other handMaintain a safe distance between the panga and the hand holding the grassLift the panga and cut the grassTAPE MEASUREPut the piece of timber on a fat surfaceCarefully put the hook of the tape measure at the edge of the timberAsk your friend to hold the end of the tape measure. Pull back the tape measure across the timber to let more tape outLet out the tape until it stretches across the whole length of the timberLook at the point where the tape align with the end of the timberRead the measurement in centimetres and record in your notebookCarefully let the tape measure to roll back into the casingStore the tape measure carefullyHAMMERWear protective eye googlesEnsure there is no one behind you to avoid injuriesGrip the hammer by the end of the handleLine the nail and the piece of wood that you want to hammerHold the nail on the surface of the wood and gently tap the nail with the hammer until it holds in placeOnce the nail is in place, increase the hammering force to drive the rest of the nail into the wood. Remove your hand and hit the nail completely inside the woodStore your hammer safely after useCare and maintenance of household hand toolsClean the tools after useReplace broken handles if anySharpen blades of cutting toolsTighten loose screws and nuts of tools like sawsOil moving parts of tools like pliersStraighten bents and teeth of sawsStore tools safely in a clean dry place after useYou can hang saws on a hookWhen storing tools with metallic parts for a long period of time, oil the metallic parts to avoid rusting. Careers related to household hand toolsMasonryPlumbingMechanicsElectrical installationsBuilding and constructionsThe role of household hand tools in the communityPerform tasks easily as they improve efficiencySave on time required to perform different tasksDo simple repairs at homeThis helps us to save money that would be required to pay experts to perform the repairsFarming hand toolsFarming hand tools are tools that are powered by hand and used to perform different tasksIdentifying farming hand toolsSlasherPangaRakeJembePruning shearsGarden forkSickleGarden trowelAxeFork jembeCategorising farming hand tools according to their usesUsing farming hand tools to perform different tasksCare and maintenance of farming hand toolsWe maintain and care for farming tools so that they serve as for a long timeWe can care for farming hand tools by:cleaning them after useoiling the metallic parts of tools such as pangas to prevent rustingsharpening the cutting adgesreplacing broken handlesoiling the moving parts of tools such as secateurs to reduce frictionstoring the tools safely after useCareers related to farming hand toolscrop farmingThis is a common career in our country because agriculture is the backbone of our economy.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9275469375192368, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3249, "token_count": 746}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.521512}
{"text": "Pull back the tape measure across the timber to let more tape outLet out the tape until it stretches across the whole length of the timberLook at the point where the tape align with the end of the timberRead the measurement in centimetres and record in your notebookCarefully let the tape measure to roll back into the casingStore the tape measure carefullyHAMMERWear protective eye googlesEnsure there is no one behind you to avoid injuriesGrip the hammer by the end of the handleLine the nail and the piece of wood that you want to hammerHold the nail on the surface of the wood and gently tap the nail with the hammer until it holds in placeOnce the nail is in place, increase the hammering force to drive the rest of the nail into the wood. Remove your hand and hit the nail completely inside the woodStore your hammer safely after useCare and maintenance of household hand toolsClean the tools after useReplace broken handles if anySharpen blades of cutting toolsTighten loose screws and nuts of tools like sawsOil moving parts of tools like pliersStraighten bents and teeth of sawsStore tools safely in a clean dry place after useYou can hang saws on a hookWhen storing tools with metallic parts for a long period of time, oil the metallic parts to avoid rusting. Careers related to household hand toolsMasonryPlumbingMechanicsElectrical installationsBuilding and constructionsThe role of household hand tools in the communityPerform tasks easily as they improve efficiencySave on time required to perform different tasksDo simple repairs at homeThis helps us to save money that would be required to pay experts to perform the repairsFarming hand toolsFarming hand tools are tools that are powered by hand and used to perform different tasksIdentifying farming hand toolsSlasherPangaRakeJembePruning shearsGarden forkSickleGarden trowelAxeFork jembeCategorising farming hand tools according to their usesUsing farming hand tools to perform different tasksCare and maintenance of farming hand toolsWe maintain and care for farming tools so that they serve as for a long timeWe can care for farming hand tools by:cleaning them after useoiling the metallic parts of tools such as pangas to prevent rustingsharpening the cutting adgesreplacing broken handlesoiling the moving parts of tools such as secateurs to reduce frictionstoring the tools safely after useCareers related to farming hand toolscrop farmingThis is a common career in our country because agriculture is the backbone of our economy. In crop farming, we use jembes, ploughsgardeningGardeners use different hand tools when planting weedinglandscaping and planningLandscapers use farming hand tools to perform tasks such asWeeding and mulching landscape bedsTrimming small trees, hedges and shrubsPlanting shrubs, flowers and treesRemoving unwanted, dead or damaged treesWelding and blacksmithingWelders and blacksmiths take part in making and repairing metallic parts of farming hand toolsCarpentryCarpenters make items using board and timber.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9291599091793707, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3083, "token_count": 701}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.5916197}
{"text": "Remove your hand and hit the nail completely inside the woodStore your hammer safely after useCare and maintenance of household hand toolsClean the tools after useReplace broken handles if anySharpen blades of cutting toolsTighten loose screws and nuts of tools like sawsOil moving parts of tools like pliersStraighten bents and teeth of sawsStore tools safely in a clean dry place after useYou can hang saws on a hookWhen storing tools with metallic parts for a long period of time, oil the metallic parts to avoid rusting. Careers related to household hand toolsMasonryPlumbingMechanicsElectrical installationsBuilding and constructionsThe role of household hand tools in the communityPerform tasks easily as they improve efficiencySave on time required to perform different tasksDo simple repairs at homeThis helps us to save money that would be required to pay experts to perform the repairsFarming hand toolsFarming hand tools are tools that are powered by hand and used to perform different tasksIdentifying farming hand toolsSlasherPangaRakeJembePruning shearsGarden forkSickleGarden trowelAxeFork jembeCategorising farming hand tools according to their usesUsing farming hand tools to perform different tasksCare and maintenance of farming hand toolsWe maintain and care for farming tools so that they serve as for a long timeWe can care for farming hand tools by:cleaning them after useoiling the metallic parts of tools such as pangas to prevent rustingsharpening the cutting adgesreplacing broken handlesoiling the moving parts of tools such as secateurs to reduce frictionstoring the tools safely after useCareers related to farming hand toolscrop farmingThis is a common career in our country because agriculture is the backbone of our economy. In crop farming, we use jembes, ploughsgardeningGardeners use different hand tools when planting weedinglandscaping and planningLandscapers use farming hand tools to perform tasks such asWeeding and mulching landscape bedsTrimming small trees, hedges and shrubsPlanting shrubs, flowers and treesRemoving unwanted, dead or damaged treesWelding and blacksmithingWelders and blacksmiths take part in making and repairing metallic parts of farming hand toolsCarpentryCarpenters make items using board and timber. They also replace wooden handles of farming hand toolsSugarcane cuttingSugarcane cutters use pangas and machetes to harvest sugarcanes from farmsFencingPeople who erect and repair fences use tools such as pliers, jembes, shovels and hammers in their work.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.931554524361949, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2586, "token_count": 599}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.5889647}
{"text": "Careers related to household hand toolsMasonryPlumbingMechanicsElectrical installationsBuilding and constructionsThe role of household hand tools in the communityPerform tasks easily as they improve efficiencySave on time required to perform different tasksDo simple repairs at homeThis helps us to save money that would be required to pay experts to perform the repairsFarming hand toolsFarming hand tools are tools that are powered by hand and used to perform different tasksIdentifying farming hand toolsSlasherPangaRakeJembePruning shearsGarden forkSickleGarden trowelAxeFork jembeCategorising farming hand tools according to their usesUsing farming hand tools to perform different tasksCare and maintenance of farming hand toolsWe maintain and care for farming tools so that they serve as for a long timeWe can care for farming hand tools by:cleaning them after useoiling the metallic parts of tools such as pangas to prevent rustingsharpening the cutting adgesreplacing broken handlesoiling the moving parts of tools such as secateurs to reduce frictionstoring the tools safely after useCareers related to farming hand toolscrop farmingThis is a common career in our country because agriculture is the backbone of our economy. In crop farming, we use jembes, ploughsgardeningGardeners use different hand tools when planting weedinglandscaping and planningLandscapers use farming hand tools to perform tasks such asWeeding and mulching landscape bedsTrimming small trees, hedges and shrubsPlanting shrubs, flowers and treesRemoving unwanted, dead or damaged treesWelding and blacksmithingWelders and blacksmiths take part in making and repairing metallic parts of farming hand toolsCarpentryCarpenters make items using board and timber. They also replace wooden handles of farming hand toolsSugarcane cuttingSugarcane cutters use pangas and machetes to harvest sugarcanes from farmsFencingPeople who erect and repair fences use tools such as pliers, jembes, shovels and hammers in their work. Livestock farmingLivestock farmers use pangas for chopping napier grass for their livestockImportance of farming toolsFarming hand tools helps us in performing different tasks in the frm.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9334225792057118, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2241, "token_count": 521}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.5802035}
{"text": "In crop farming, we use jembes, ploughsgardeningGardeners use different hand tools when planting weedinglandscaping and planningLandscapers use farming hand tools to perform tasks such asWeeding and mulching landscape bedsTrimming small trees, hedges and shrubsPlanting shrubs, flowers and treesRemoving unwanted, dead or damaged treesWelding and blacksmithingWelders and blacksmiths take part in making and repairing metallic parts of farming hand toolsCarpentryCarpenters make items using board and timber. They also replace wooden handles of farming hand toolsSugarcane cuttingSugarcane cutters use pangas and machetes to harvest sugarcanes from farmsFencingPeople who erect and repair fences use tools such as pliers, jembes, shovels and hammers in their work. Livestock farmingLivestock farmers use pangas for chopping napier grass for their livestockImportance of farming toolsFarming hand tools helps us in performing different tasks in the frm. This helps to improve efficiency with then results to productivityDRAWINGTYPES OF DRAWINGSDrawing are types of diagrams used for communication to show the shape and structure of a given idea or product. Technical fields use drawings to draw designs of different items before they are madeTypes of drawing used in technical fieldsDrawing involves making marks on a surface to create images of forms and shapes. Artistic drawing are made to visualize an idea and portray the general shape of an item, building or product. They give a 3D view of an object. Technical drawings are made to give a precise and detailed view of an object. They give information about how an object functions or how it is constructed. Distinguishing artistic and technical drawingsArtistic and technical drawing can be distinguished using the characteristics likePurposeTechnical drawing provide accurate information about an object to allow easy manufacturing or repairArtistic drawing are done to express one s idea while beautifying the appearance of an object, a surface or a placePresentationTechnical drawings are drawn on surface such as tracing paper, ammonia print or computer screens and are usually in standard sizes. Artistic drawings can be drawn on paper, boards, walls canvas or fabric. These drawings do not have standard sizeInterpretationTechnical drawing must be drawn to scale such that they are interpreted uniformly regardless of the geographical boundaries.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9296402772898262, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2444, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.6265345}
{"text": "Distinguishing artistic and technical drawingsArtistic and technical drawing can be distinguished using the characteristics likePurposeTechnical drawing provide accurate information about an object to allow easy manufacturing or repairArtistic drawing are done to express one s idea while beautifying the appearance of an object, a surface or a placePresentationTechnical drawings are drawn on surface such as tracing paper, ammonia print or computer screens and are usually in standard sizes. Artistic drawings can be drawn on paper, boards, walls canvas or fabric. These drawings do not have standard sizeInterpretationTechnical drawing must be drawn to scale such that they are interpreted uniformly regardless of the geographical boundaries. The interpretation of artistic drawings depends on the viewerLevel of precisionTechnical drawing have to be drawn to scale for the accurate production and maintenance of the productArtistic drawing show the general appearance of the product hence do not consider dimensions, shape or proportionUses of artistic and technical drawing in different fieldsUses of artistic drawingsThey are used to understand how the object or building will appear when in real lifeThey help to keep records of historical eventsThey are used to express imagination and creativityThey represent feelings, actions and ideasThey help us to develop observation and interpretative skills in order to understand the worldUses of technical drawingThey bridge communication between designers and producersThey guide people in careers such as engineering when constructing and repairing different structuresEg. An engineer relies on technical drawings to make some parts of machinesTechnical drawing are used to represent objects whose dimensions follow set of international standardsApplications of drawings in various careersPeople in careers that use both artistic and technical drawings includeArchitectsThey use artistic drawings to show the outward appearance of the building and how the building will be intergraded with other items within its localityThey also use technical drawings to show the actual measurements and location of features such as windows and doors within the designConstruction workersThey use artistic drawings to create the finishing designs of the floor, roofs and walls.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9360034086067321, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2347, "token_count": 414}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.700141}
{"text": "These drawings do not have standard sizeInterpretationTechnical drawing must be drawn to scale such that they are interpreted uniformly regardless of the geographical boundaries. The interpretation of artistic drawings depends on the viewerLevel of precisionTechnical drawing have to be drawn to scale for the accurate production and maintenance of the productArtistic drawing show the general appearance of the product hence do not consider dimensions, shape or proportionUses of artistic and technical drawing in different fieldsUses of artistic drawingsThey are used to understand how the object or building will appear when in real lifeThey help to keep records of historical eventsThey are used to express imagination and creativityThey represent feelings, actions and ideasThey help us to develop observation and interpretative skills in order to understand the worldUses of technical drawingThey bridge communication between designers and producersThey guide people in careers such as engineering when constructing and repairing different structuresEg. An engineer relies on technical drawings to make some parts of machinesTechnical drawing are used to represent objects whose dimensions follow set of international standardsApplications of drawings in various careersPeople in careers that use both artistic and technical drawings includeArchitectsThey use artistic drawings to show the outward appearance of the building and how the building will be intergraded with other items within its localityThey also use technical drawings to show the actual measurements and location of features such as windows and doors within the designConstruction workersThey use artistic drawings to create the finishing designs of the floor, roofs and walls. They also use technical drawing to determine the location of doors, windows and other fixtures within the buildingElectriciansThey use technical drawing to identify the position of electrical ducts within a building wiring, installation or repairThey also use artistic drawings to determine the neatness and finish requires after installation or repair of electrical systemsInterior designersThey use artistic drawings when visualising the style, colour and other suitable to useThey also use technical drawings to determine the placement of different furnishing within a room or a buildingPlumbersThey use artistic drawings to identify how to finish an area after installation of drainage pipes and other fixtures in the buildingsThey use technical drawings to identify access points to areas having blockages or repairing repairs within the drainage points of a buildingProduct designersThey use artistic drawings to identify how different shapes, colours, images and writing will appear on a given object.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9362920544022908, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2794, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.7061753}
{"text": "The interpretation of artistic drawings depends on the viewerLevel of precisionTechnical drawing have to be drawn to scale for the accurate production and maintenance of the productArtistic drawing show the general appearance of the product hence do not consider dimensions, shape or proportionUses of artistic and technical drawing in different fieldsUses of artistic drawingsThey are used to understand how the object or building will appear when in real lifeThey help to keep records of historical eventsThey are used to express imagination and creativityThey represent feelings, actions and ideasThey help us to develop observation and interpretative skills in order to understand the worldUses of technical drawingThey bridge communication between designers and producersThey guide people in careers such as engineering when constructing and repairing different structuresEg. An engineer relies on technical drawings to make some parts of machinesTechnical drawing are used to represent objects whose dimensions follow set of international standardsApplications of drawings in various careersPeople in careers that use both artistic and technical drawings includeArchitectsThey use artistic drawings to show the outward appearance of the building and how the building will be intergraded with other items within its localityThey also use technical drawings to show the actual measurements and location of features such as windows and doors within the designConstruction workersThey use artistic drawings to create the finishing designs of the floor, roofs and walls. They also use technical drawing to determine the location of doors, windows and other fixtures within the buildingElectriciansThey use technical drawing to identify the position of electrical ducts within a building wiring, installation or repairThey also use artistic drawings to determine the neatness and finish requires after installation or repair of electrical systemsInterior designersThey use artistic drawings when visualising the style, colour and other suitable to useThey also use technical drawings to determine the placement of different furnishing within a room or a buildingPlumbersThey use artistic drawings to identify how to finish an area after installation of drainage pipes and other fixtures in the buildingsThey use technical drawings to identify access points to areas having blockages or repairing repairs within the drainage points of a buildingProduct designersThey use artistic drawings to identify how different shapes, colours, images and writing will appear on a given object. They use technical drawings to determine the size, material and shape of the product when viewed from different positions such as top, bottom and sidesImportance of drawing in day to day lifeSome of the objects created from drawing are vehicles, roads, houses, furniture and electronicsDrawing helps us to learn to write and think creatively, develop hand to eye coordination and conceptualise ideasDrawing instruments and equipmentsDrawing can be done using a variety of instruments and equipments.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9348300192431046, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3118, "token_count": 554}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.7366676}
{"text": "An engineer relies on technical drawings to make some parts of machinesTechnical drawing are used to represent objects whose dimensions follow set of international standardsApplications of drawings in various careersPeople in careers that use both artistic and technical drawings includeArchitectsThey use artistic drawings to show the outward appearance of the building and how the building will be intergraded with other items within its localityThey also use technical drawings to show the actual measurements and location of features such as windows and doors within the designConstruction workersThey use artistic drawings to create the finishing designs of the floor, roofs and walls. They also use technical drawing to determine the location of doors, windows and other fixtures within the buildingElectriciansThey use technical drawing to identify the position of electrical ducts within a building wiring, installation or repairThey also use artistic drawings to determine the neatness and finish requires after installation or repair of electrical systemsInterior designersThey use artistic drawings when visualising the style, colour and other suitable to useThey also use technical drawings to determine the placement of different furnishing within a room or a buildingPlumbersThey use artistic drawings to identify how to finish an area after installation of drainage pipes and other fixtures in the buildingsThey use technical drawings to identify access points to areas having blockages or repairing repairs within the drainage points of a buildingProduct designersThey use artistic drawings to identify how different shapes, colours, images and writing will appear on a given object. They use technical drawings to determine the size, material and shape of the product when viewed from different positions such as top, bottom and sidesImportance of drawing in day to day lifeSome of the objects created from drawing are vehicles, roads, houses, furniture and electronicsDrawing helps us to learn to write and think creatively, develop hand to eye coordination and conceptualise ideasDrawing instruments and equipmentsDrawing can be done using a variety of instruments and equipments. These instruments and equipments helps us to make neat and accurate drawingsDrawing instruments and equipments used in technical drawingPencilsTee squaresDrawing boardsDrawing pensRulersSharpenersDrawing templatesErasersPair of compassUses of drawing instruments and equipmentsDrawing lines and shapes using drawing instrumentsCare and maintenance of drawing instruments and equipmentsClean them well after useAvoid dropping the instruments or equipments. This prevents them from cracking and breakingSharpen pencils when necessary.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9355699855699856, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2772, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.7507522}
{"text": "They use technical drawings to determine the size, material and shape of the product when viewed from different positions such as top, bottom and sidesImportance of drawing in day to day lifeSome of the objects created from drawing are vehicles, roads, houses, furniture and electronicsDrawing helps us to learn to write and think creatively, develop hand to eye coordination and conceptualise ideasDrawing instruments and equipmentsDrawing can be done using a variety of instruments and equipments. These instruments and equipments helps us to make neat and accurate drawingsDrawing instruments and equipments used in technical drawingPencilsTee squaresDrawing boardsDrawing pensRulersSharpenersDrawing templatesErasersPair of compassUses of drawing instruments and equipmentsDrawing lines and shapes using drawing instrumentsCare and maintenance of drawing instruments and equipmentsClean them well after useAvoid dropping the instruments or equipments. This prevents them from cracking and breakingSharpen pencils when necessary. Do not press the pencil lead on a hard surface when sharpeningUse each instrument or equipment for its intended purposeEg measuring tools should be used for measuringAlways store the instruments and equipments safely when they are not in useNBDrawing instruments and equipments are cared for and maintained well in order for them to work well and make neat and accurate drawings. Uses of drawing instruments and equipments in various careersArchitectsUse different drawing instruments to design good buildingsInterior designersUse drawing instruments and skills to help people plan and decorate the spaces they live inFashion designersUse drawing instruments to come up with creative ideas on how different outfits should be made. Most of the clothes we wear were design by somebodyFashion designers work closely with tailorsTailorsUse drawing instruments to draw designs of clothes before they are madeIllustratorsDraw pictures both in hard copies and in digital formMost of the pictures in textbooks were drawn by illustratorsCarpentersDraw furniture before making themFreehand sketchingFree hand sketching is drawing without the use of measuring instrumentsHow to sketch lines freehandDifferent types of lines are used in freehand sketchingThe measurement, direction and thickness of the lines can be varied to enhance the mood and character portrayed in the drawingsHow to sketch two dimensional shapes using freehand.", "metadata": {"source": "PRETECHNICAL-STUDIES-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9342115768463074, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2505, "token_count": 477}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.8250854}
{"text": "GRADE 8 RATIONALIZED INTEGRATED SCIENCELESSON NOTES COMPLETESTRAND 1- MIXTURES, ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS. ELEMENTS AND COMPUNDSMeaning of Atoms, Elements, molecules and Compounds. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter is composed of pure substances and mixtures. The pure substances are can be element and compounds while the mixtures can either be uniform or non-uniform. An element is a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means. An element is a pure substance which cannot be made simpler using chemical means. Elements are the building blocks of matter. Everything around is made up of an element or elements. An element is made of atoms. Atoms of the same element are identical. A compound is pure substance that consists of atoms of two or more elements that are chemically joined together. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements react. Compounds can be broken down into elements through chemical reactions. Sodium and chlorine are elements that combine chemically to form sodium chloride which is a compound. Relating common elements to their symbols. Pure substances either elements or compounds has a unique name and symbol. A symbol is a sort -hand notation for the chemical name of an element. Chemical symbols are used instead of names by scientists because they are much easier, convenient and universally recognized. Compounds are represented by a chemical formula. A chemical symbol is usually derived from first letter of the English name of the element. It is also derived from Latin name of the element. For example,H is the chemical symbol of hydrogen. O is the chemical symbol of Oxygen. K is the chemical symbol of potassium. For potassium the K is derived from Latin word Kalium. Some elements might start with same first letters, such as Carbon, Calcium, Chlorine and Copper have their names starting with letter C, therefore letter C can not be used to represent all of them as chemical symbol. The first letter C is assigned to represent Carbon, while the rest of the elements are assigned two letters from their name as follows. Carbon represented by C. Calcium represented by Ca. Chlorine represented by ClCopper represented by Cu from Latin word cuprumThe first letter of a symbol is always capitalized, while the second letter is written in small letters. Compounds are combinations of two or more elements.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9206104689081999, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2427, "token_count": 488}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.8350894}
{"text": "Calcium represented by Ca. Chlorine represented by ClCopper represented by Cu from Latin word cuprumThe first letter of a symbol is always capitalized, while the second letter is written in small letters. Compounds are combinations of two or more elements. A chemical formula is an expression that shows the elements in a compound and the relative proportions of those elements. Water is composed of Hydrogen and Oxygen in the ration 2:1. The chemical formula of water is H2O. Sodium chloride also called common salt is composed of Sodium and Chlorine in the ration 1:1. The chemical formula for Sodium chloride is NaCl. Application of common elements in our day-to-day life. Food nutrients are chemical compounds found in foods. These nutrients are used by the body to function properly and maintain health. Examples of food nutrients include:Proteins. Fats. Carbohydrates. Vitamins. Mineral salts. Food nutrients are made up o various elements such as: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Various food sources that contain various elements. Plants receive water, mineral and other nutrients from the soil which are carried to the other parts of the plantThere are various mineral elements present in the soil that are absorbed by the roots of plants. The following are some of the important mineral elements required by plants:Phosphorus magnesium they are essential for the growth, development and reproduction of the plant. Potassium increases the quality of fruits and vegetables. Various elements are used in manufacture of different toiletries that we use in day-to-day life. Some toiletries, for example toothpaste contains flouride compounds to prevent tooth decay while soaps and detergents contain a compound of potassium. Importance of various elements and compounds. Gold:Gold is a precious metal. It is widely used to make jewellery as it is fairly soft and easy to work with. It is attractive in appearance and neither rust or discolours. Silver:It is a precious metal. It is used in making jewellery but it tends to discolour. It is also used in making cutlery, teapots and medals. Iron:It is one of the most useful metals. It is strong, can be sharpened and it is easy to work with. Many items are made of iron or steel. Steel is a combination of iron and carbon. Steel is important in construction. Gold and silver:They are precious metals elements that occur naturally and have high market value.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.912638680842254, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2439, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.8837092}
{"text": "Steel is a combination of iron and carbon. Steel is important in construction. Gold and silver:They are precious metals elements that occur naturally and have high market value. In some cases, Gold and silver can be used as currency. In other cases, these precious metals have various uses such as in electronics, medical technology and awards therefore gold and silver valuable to many businesses. Gold is more valuable because it is rare than silver. Information on Packaging labels. Substances purchased contain various elements that are part of ingredients. The elements present are usually indicated in the information found on the packaging labels. Few examples are given below. Toothpaste- contains sodium flouride, zinc sulphate and sodium hydroxide. Body lotion contains sodium hydroxide and other compoundsLiquid handwash contains sodium chloride. Baking powder contains sodium hydroxide carbonate. Curry powder contains sodium. Tomato source contains a compound of sodium. Margarine-contains a preservative that is a compound of potassium. Beef cubes-contains a compound of iron and a compound of sodium. Bottled water-contains calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and other common elements. 1.2 -Physical and Chemical changes. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. All solids, liquids and gases are made up of matter. The three states of matter have different physical properties. These properties depend on intermolecular forces. Intermolecular forces are forces that hold the particles of matter together. Properties of different states of matter. Solids have a definite shape which does not change on its own unless use of external forces such as breaking it into smaller pieces. For example, when a stone is place on a table, or a plate or a tin, it does not change its shape according to the item it is place in or on. A liquid has no definite shape. That means a liquid changes its shape to take the shape of the container or vessel in which it is put. A liquid also changes its shape when spilled on the floor. For example, when a liquid id poured in two different containers, the liquid will display two different shapes that resemble or are similar to the container they are placed in. This means liquids lack a definite shapeGases-a gas has no definite shape. A gas changes its shape to look like that of container in which it is held in. For example, when a balloon is inflated with air, the air inside takes the shape of the balloon.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9179842122876435, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2478, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.9037268}
{"text": "This means liquids lack a definite shapeGases-a gas has no definite shape. A gas changes its shape to look like that of container in which it is held in. For example, when a balloon is inflated with air, the air inside takes the shape of the balloon. Solids, liquids and gases are different in terms of their volumes. Solids. When a solid is totally immersed in a liquid, the volume of the displace liquid is equivalent, equal to the volume of the solid. The volume of the stone remains the same when place in two different measuring cylinders. Therefore, solids have a definite shape. Liquids. The volume of water poured in a measuring cylinder remains unchanged even when it is transferred from one measuring cylinder to other measuring cylinders of different capacities. For example, if you pour 30ml of water in a 50mli measuring cylinder, its reading will be 30ml. If the same water is transferred to a 100ml measuring cylinder, the reading will still remain 30ml. Therefore, liquids have a definite shape just like solids. Gases. A given mass of a gas can occupy different volumes in different containers. This is an indication that gases, do not have a fixed volume. Solids, liquids and gases are different in terms of their Compressibility. Compressibility is the ability of a substance to be reduced in volume or size by applying force or pressure on it. Compressibility can also be defined as how much a given volume of matter decreases when pressed. When a bottle id filled with air, it can easily be squeezed compared to one filled up with water. If the two are replaced with sand, we cannot squeeze the bottle anymore. This experiment proves that gases are highly compressible, liquids have little compressibility while solids are incompressible. Occupies entire volume of container. Their particles move freely because the intermolecular forces are very weak. This makes particles to move far apart from each other and can be brough closer when pressure is applied. This is the reason gases are highly compressible. Their properties lie between those of gases and solids. Their intermolecular forces in liquids are weaker than in solids but stronger than in gases. The particles in liquids do not move freely as in gases, therefore, it is difficult to compress liquids since the liquid particles can move but keep same volume. Particles in solids are very close to each other closely packed and the intermolecular forces between the particles are very strong.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9139977959893215, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2478, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.9738486}
{"text": "Their intermolecular forces in liquids are weaker than in solids but stronger than in gases. The particles in liquids do not move freely as in gases, therefore, it is difficult to compress liquids since the liquid particles can move but keep same volume. Particles in solids are very close to each other closely packed and the intermolecular forces between the particles are very strong. The strong forces keep the particles in fixed position. This is the reason why solids are hard, firm and rigid. Therefore, solids are incompressible. C. Solids, liquids and gases are different in terms of their ability to flow. Particles in liquids can move from one place to another, therefore, a liquid can flow and change shape. This makes liquids such as water to flow from a tap to fill a jar or a bucket. This is applied when pouring tea in a cup. Solids have particle that do not move therefore solids cannot flow. Gases have freely moving particles which can be moved from an area. For example, when you breathe, you force air gas into and out of your lungs. This is an indication that gas flow in and out of the body. This is also applied when cooking gas flows from the gas cylinders to the burners when cooking. Therefore, liquids and gases can flow while solids cannot flow. Summary of properties of different states of matter. Pure and Impure substances. When two pure substances are mixed together, they form a mixture. A mixture is an impure substance. Therefore, a pure substance is any material that is not a mixture at all. The melting and boiling points of pure and impure substances can be determined. Melting point of pure substances Ice . It is the temperature at which a solid change into liquid state. The melting point of ice is the temperature at which ice is converted from its solid state to its liquid state. Heat from a heat source is used to melt the ice. The thermometer helps to note the temperature at which the ice melts. After the initial and final readings are taken, it will be observed that once the ice attained its melting temperature 0oC , the temperature remains the same until all the ice is converted into liquid state. Pure solids have specific melting points. Therefore, it means that ice is a pure substance. Melting point of Impure substances Candle wax . The melting point of candle wax is the temperature at which the solid materials turns into liquid by heating it .", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9139834899619758, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2417, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360557.9587305}
{"text": "Therefore, it means that ice is a pure substance. Melting point of Impure substances Candle wax . The melting point of candle wax is the temperature at which the solid materials turns into liquid by heating it . The melting point of candle wax ranges between 46oC to 68 oC. Therefore, it means that candle wax is an impure substance. Impure substances do not have specific melting points. The presence of impurities affects the melting point of the substances. Determining Boiling points of Pure and Impure substances. Procedure for the experiment above. Put about 10cm3 of distilled water on a boiling tube. Close the tube with a stopper that has two holes. Pass a thermometer through one hole. Immerse the thermometer bulb into the water. Push and L shaped tube through the other hole as shown above. Heat the apparatus using a small flame. Observe the changes in temperature and record your observations. Cool the apparatus and remove the stopper. Add a spoonful of salt to some water stir to dissolve all the salt to form a salty water solution. Repeat the above experiment using a salty water solution in place of pure distilled water. Observe changes in temperature, record your observation. What conclusion have you made. At what temperature does water pure water boil? At what temperature does water with dissolved salt impure water boil Compare your observations. Observations and conclusion Explanation. When distilled water is heated, the temperature of the water rises to about 100oC. After this, the temperature remains constant not changing for some time. The heat absorbed changes liquid water into water vapour or steam. Pure water has a definite or specific boiling point. Salty impure water has a range of boiling temperatures above 100oC. Impurities cause a rise in temperatures of the boiling point of liquids. The greater the impurities in the given solution, the higher the boiling point. Therefore, we can use the boiling point to determine the purity of a liquid. Temporary and Permanent Changes in SubstancesTemporary Physical changes. Experiment to demonstrate physical change. Requirements:A pair of tongs. An iron pin. A source of heat such as burning candle or Bunsen burner and writing materials. Procedure:Hold iron pin using a pair of tongs over a burning flame from either a candle or Bunsen burner for sometime. Remove the pin from the flame after noticing any changes you can observe.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9110146326771011, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2442, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.0236077}
{"text": "A source of heat such as burning candle or Bunsen burner and writing materials. Procedure:Hold iron pin using a pair of tongs over a burning flame from either a candle or Bunsen burner for sometime. Remove the pin from the flame after noticing any changes you can observe. Observations, Explanation conclusion. Iron pin becomes red-hot when heated. After sometime the iron pin regains its original colour on cooling. This indicates that the iron pin went through a temporary change on heating. Any change in properties such as shape, size, colour and state of a substance is called a physical change. Physical changes are reversible. When a change is reversible is said to be temporary. This is demonstrated when the heated red-hot iron pin regains its original colour after cooling. Temporary chemical changesExperiment to demonstrate temporary chemical changes. Requirements:Safety googles. Two test tubes. Delivery tube right-angled Beaker 250ml . Bunsen burner. Clamp. Stand. 5g of hydrated copper II sulphate. Procedure:- Put 5g of powdered blue hydrated copper II sulphate in the test tube. -. Set up the experiment as shown below. Heating blue hydrated copper II sulphateObservation, Explanation and Conclusion. When blue hydrated copper II sulphate is heated in the test tube as show above, it turns colour from blue to white. This because it loses water which was making it hydrated. After losing water, it become white anhydrous copper II sulphate. When water is added to the white anhydrous copper II sulphate, it turns back to its original blue colour. The chemical change that had occurred is reversed. Some chemical changes are therefore temporary and can be reversed easily. These changes are referred to as temporary chemical changes or reversible chemical changes. Other examples of temporary chemical changes include the following;On mixing baking soda and vinegar, a chemical reaction produces carbon IV oxide gas. This gas causes the mixture to bubble. Once the gas escapes into the air, the reaction stops and the mixture returns to its original state. Freezing, melting and vapourisation of waterPermanent Chemical changesExperiment to demonstrated permanent chemical change. Requirements:5cm magnesium ribbon. A source of heat. Sand paper. A pair of tongs. Writing materials. Procedure:Clean the magnesium ribbon by rubbing it with sand paper. Examine the appearance of the magnesium ribbon.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9121181123840699, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2444, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.0389152}
{"text": "Writing materials. Procedure:Clean the magnesium ribbon by rubbing it with sand paper. Examine the appearance of the magnesium ribbon. Hold the ribbon with a pair of tongs over a burning candle or Bunsen burner for a few minutes. Caution:Burning magnesium ribbon produces a very bright flame that can damage your eyes. Avoid looking directly at the flame. Observation, Explanation Conclusion. Magnesium ribbon burns with a bright light forming a white ash. If the magnesium ribbon is not shining it may take long to ignite. Therefore, is advisable to clean the ribbon by rubbing it with sand paper since it is coated with an oxide layer that prevents it from burning. Burning magnesium ribbon form a substance called magnesium oxide. A change in which one or more substances are formed is known as chemical change. A chemical change is also known as permanent change. Most chemical changes are irreversible in nature. Chemical changes are important in life. Example of chemical changes include:Digestion of food in the body. O Ripening of fruits. Fermentation of grapes. Applications of changes of state of matter in day-to-day life. Change of state of matter has many applications in day-to-day life. Some of these changes are:Refrigerators. -. Liquids evaporate and absorbs heat in the process. A refrigerator works by using a liquid to remove heat from the food items inside and transfer it to the surrounding. The liquid is first heated and then cooled at the back of the fridge where the heat is removed. The process of changing liquid to gas cools the food. Ice cream vendor. -. Ice cream vendors place ice inside their ice cream carts. The ice absorbs heat from the container surrounds and change to a gas. This leaves the inside of the ice cream cart cold, thus maintaining the ice cream in frozen state. Melting metals. -. Metals are heated to a molten state making it possible to shape and form them into desired objects or structures. Generating electricity. -. Water can be converted to steam, which can in turn be used to drive turbines to generate electricity. Fog formation. -. Fog forms when water vapour gaseous state condenses. During condensation, molecule of water of water vapour combine to make tiny liquid water droplets that are suspended in the air. Fog reduces visibility. Some animals such as insects, depend on fog as a source of water, especially in desert climate. -Classes of Fire. Fires can be classified between four and seven classes.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9172804532577904, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2471, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.1127727}
{"text": "Some animals such as insects, depend on fog as a source of water, especially in desert climate. -Classes of Fire. Fires can be classified between four and seven classes. The following are six classes of fire mostly widely used and accepted. Fire control measures. To prevent the start and spread of fire, one or more components should be removed from the fire triangle. A fire triangle in a simple model of understanding the components of fire which are fuel, heat and oxygen. Therefore, to control fire one or more components should be removed from the fire triangle as follows: Removing fuel:Use fire-resistant materials where possible. This will help to prevent the fire from starting and spreading. Removing heat:Water is mostly used to remove the heat from fire. A water fire extinguisher would be the safest way of doing this. However, these extinguishers cannot be used on all types of fire. Removing oxygen:It is important to remove oxygen gas from fore triangle to prevent spread of a fire. This can be achieved by using either a carbon IV oxide or a form fire extinguisher. Fire extinguisher come in different types depending on the kind of environment you are in. Some places such as school, work or home, one or more types of fire extinguishers may be required. The following are different types of fire extinguishers and the classes of fire they put. Other items that can be used to control fire. In addition to the fire extinguishers, the following items can also be used to control fire. Sand-it absorbs heat and cuts off the supply of oxygen. Sand can be used to put out class A, D and F fires. Fire blanket-it is useful in putting out class F fires and wrapping around a person whose clothing is on fire. Rights to safety and access to information. At school, home and workplace you are supposed to be safe. These paces should take the following precautions for our safety:Avoid build up of rubbish that can fuel fire. Put measures in place to detect fires and warn people quickly in case fires start. This can be done successfully by installing smoke detectors and fire alarms or bells. Have correct fire fighting equipment to put out a fire quickly. Keep fire exits and escape routes clearly marked and unobstructed at all times. Give proper training on emergency procedures to follow, including fire drills. Access to information on flammable substances is important for the following reasons.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9165568369028008, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2428, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.0989704}
{"text": "Keep fire exits and escape routes clearly marked and unobstructed at all times. Give proper training on emergency procedures to follow, including fire drills. Access to information on flammable substances is important for the following reasons. It makes us aware of all hazards fire and explosion of the materials we are handling. Helps us to know which of the materials or products we are working with are flammable. Helps us to remove sources of ignition sparks, smoking, flames or hot surfaces when working with flammable and combustible products. Helps to use approved equipment, including labelled safety containers, for flammable liquids. Helps to know the proper personal protective equipment to use when handling hazardous liquids. Helps us to know how to handle emergencies fires, spills, personal injury involving the hazardous materials we work with. Fire safety posters we should be aware in the environment we are in. Strand 2 LIVING THINGS THEIR ENVIRONMENT. 2.1 The Cell. Cells make up the structure of living organisms and carry out various biological processes. Organisms such as amoeba are composed of a single cell hence are said to be unicellular. Organisms such as plants and animals are composed of many cells hence are said to be multicellular. Therefore, a cell is defined as the basic unit of structure and functions in organisms. To observe the cell, a powerful magnifying instrument called a microscope is used. A microscope enlarges the image of objects when observed and improves the resolution of the image. Plant and animal cell structures as seen under a light microscope. The following diagram shows the components of a plant cell as seen under a light microscope. Components of a plant cell. The following diagram shows different components of the animal cell as seen under a light microscope. Components of an animal cell. Comparing plant and animal cells. Plant and animal cells have slight differences in their internal structures while sone features are common in both. The figures below show the components of both plant and animal cells as seen under a light microscope. Similarities between a plant cell and an animal cell. They both have the cell membrane. Both have nucleus within themFunctions of the cell structures found in plants and animals cells. Magnification of Cells. Magnification of a specimen is the measure of how much bigger a specimen is when it is viewed through a hand lens or microscope compared to its original size. Magnification is usually expressed using X before the digits, for example, X2, X10 and X20.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9154959338471409, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2582, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.16382}
{"text": "Writing materials. Procedure:pour some water in a beaker. Put a drop of the dye or ink in the water. What observations do you make after a few minutes? Observation, explanation and conclusion. After a few minutes, the ink or dye spread throughout the water in the beaker. The ink pr dye spread from the region where it was highly concentrated to region in water where it was in low concentration. Diffusion is defined as the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Experiment demonstrating diffusion in gases. Requirements: A bottle of perfume of scented flowers. Procedure:Place the scented flower in a corner of the classroom. Remove the stopper of the perfume, hold it a few centimetres away from your friend s nose. Observation, explanation and conclusion. After a few seconds, you and your classmates will be able to smell the scent of the flower or perfume. This is due to diffusion. The scent of the flower and perfume molecules diffuse the air to their nose. Molecules in the scent of flower or perfume moved from the region of high concentration and spread evenly towards the region of low concentration. Diffusion in gases also makes it possible for us to smell things, for example, flower, food being cooked and also foul smells. Roles of diffusion in Living things. Plants absorb minerals salts from soil through diffusion. Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids move from the small intestines into bloodstream of animals by diffusion. Cells and unicellular organisms such as amoeba get rid of waste substance through diffusion. Gaseous exchange is the process through which gases are transferred across cell membrane to either enter or leave the blood. This process is done by diffusion in human beings in the alveoli in lungs. Oxygen gas moves from alveoli where is it is highly concentrated to the blood capillaries where it is lowly concentrated. On the other hand, carbon IV oxide moves from the capillaries where it is highly concentrated into the alveoli where it is lowly concentrated to be exhaled out. Factors that affect the rate of diffusion. Concentration gradient-molecules move from region of high concentration to that of low concentration. The greater the difference in concentration between high and low regions, the faster the rate of diffusion. Temperature-high temperature increases energy and therefore faster movement of molecules. This increases the rate of diffusion. Mass of particles- heavy particles move slowly hence slower rate of diffusion.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9227987421383649, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2544, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.1858485}
{"text": "Temperature-high temperature increases energy and therefore faster movement of molecules. This increases the rate of diffusion. Mass of particles- heavy particles move slowly hence slower rate of diffusion. Light particles on the other hand move fast hence faster rate of diffusion. -Diffusion distance- rate of diffusion depends on distance that particles have to travel in order to be evenly distributed within available space. Medium of diffusion- particles diffuse faster through gases than liquids. Surface area to volume ration- diffusion occurs faster in smaller organisms as compared to larger organisms. This is because small organisms have a large surface area to volume ratio. OSMOSIS. Experiment to demonstrate osmosis process. Requirements:Procedures:Moisten a piece of visking tube and rubber between your fingers to open it. O Tie one end of the visking tubing tightly with a thread. Put the dye concentrated sugar solution in the Visking tubing using a measuring cylinder. O Insert one end of capillary tube to the open end of the visking tubing and tie that end. Slowly lower it into a beaker containing distilled water and hold the capillary tube with a clamp. O Mark the level of dyed concentrated sugar solution in the capillary tube at the beginning of the experiment. Leave the experiment for about 20 minutes. Observe and record your resultsQuestions to answer. What happens to the level of the dye concentrated sugar solution in the capillary tube after 20 minutes? The level of the dye concentrated sugar solution increases in the capillary tube. Why did the above change take place? Water is highly concentrated in the beaker than in the visking tubing. Water moves from where is it more into the visking tubing across the visking tubing where it is less hence making the visking tubing to swell. Explain the biological process taking place in the experiment. Osmosis takes place since water moves from the beaker where it is highly concentrated to the visking tube where is lowly concentrated. What is the role of the visking tubing in the experiment? The visking tubing acts as a semipermeable membrane. What can we compare the visking tubing with in living cells? The cell membrane. Observation and explanation. The concentration of water outside the visking tubing is higher than the concentration of water inside the visking tubing. Water moves in through the pores in the semi-permeable membrane of the Visking tubing by osmosis because of the differences in concentration inside and outside the visking tubing.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9233821629101056, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2547, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.250694}
{"text": "Observation and explanation. The concentration of water outside the visking tubing is higher than the concentration of water inside the visking tubing. Water moves in through the pores in the semi-permeable membrane of the Visking tubing by osmosis because of the differences in concentration inside and outside the visking tubing. Osmosis is the random movement of water solvent molecules from there they are more to where they are less through a semi-permeable membrane. Osmosis can also be defined as the random movement of water solvent molecules from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution through a semi-permeable membrane until the concentration on each side is equal. Visking tubing is similar to the cell membrane. It is also a semi-permeable membrane, it has tiny holes pores that allows small molecules through but prevents large molecules from passing through. Investigating the process of Osmosis using plant materials. Requirements:Raw potato tuber. -. Distilled water. Table salt. -. A measuring cylinder. Boiled potato. -. A scalpel. Labels. -. A spatula. Petru dishes. -. Writing material. Clock or wrist watch. Procedure:Label two petri dish A and B. Half fill each petri dish with equal volume of distilled water. Using a scalpel, peel a raw potato tuber and trim both if its ends. Make a scoop cavity in one of the ends. Using a scapula, place a given amount of salt in the cavity. Carefully place the set-up in petri dish labelled A and note the time. Repeat step 3 and 5, this time using a previously boiled potato. Place it in a petri dish and label it B. Leave the set up for 40 minutes. Observe and record. Questions to answer. Why is it necessary to peel off the potato tuber before carrying out this experiment? Explain the changes in the petri dish A and B. What biological process is being investigated? Observation and explanation. It is necessary to peel off potato tubers so as to expose large surface area and expose the inner cells that are permeable for osmosis. Petri dish A-water moves up by osmosis through the potato cells then dissolves the table salt in the cavity. Petri dish B-the slat did not dissolve because no water moved by osmosis in to the cavity.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.911584832373499, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2213, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.2325943}
{"text": "It is necessary to peel off potato tubers so as to expose large surface area and expose the inner cells that are permeable for osmosis. Petri dish A-water moves up by osmosis through the potato cells then dissolves the table salt in the cavity. Petri dish B-the slat did not dissolve because no water moved by osmosis in to the cavity. This is because the boiled potatoes have destroyed semi-permeable cells membranes that cannot carry out osmosis. The process being investigated is osmosis in living cells. Factors affecting the rate of osmosis. Temperatures -rate of osmosis increases with increase in temperature. This is because increase in temperature increases energy of the molecules. Concentration gradient- osmosis increases where the difference in concentration of water molecules is higher. Type of semi-permeable membrane- larger number of pores, the faster the rate of osmosis. Role of osmosis in living things. In plants Osmosis plays the following roles:Absorption of water from the soil-roots absorb water from the soil by osmosis. Support-some plants have cells that absorb water, become turgid hence providing support to the plants. Feeding in insectivorous plants-insectivorous plants such as pitcher plant prey on insects. They trap insects when there is a sudden change in their stiffness when disturbed by the insect. Trapped insects are digested to provide the plant with nitrogen. In animals, Osmosis plays the following roles:Absorption of water in the human body. Excretion-this is the removal of waste products from the body. Urine is the main product through which excess water is excreted from the body. Kidneys filter urine to control the amount of water lost. This happens through osmosis. Similarities and difference between osmosis and diffusion. Similarities. Both are mean to equalize concentration of two solutions. Both are passive transport processes, i.e., they do not require any energy to occur. In both, particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration. Differences. Osmosis happens in liquid medium while diffusion happens in liquids, gases and even solids. Semi-permeable membrane is required in osmosis while in diffusion no membrane is needed. Osmosis requires water for movement of particles while diffusion does not require water. In osmosis there is only one way for particles to flow while in diffusion particles can flow in any direction.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9241549876339654, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2426, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.2996657}
{"text": "Semi-permeable membrane is required in osmosis while in diffusion no membrane is needed. Osmosis requires water for movement of particles while diffusion does not require water. In osmosis there is only one way for particles to flow while in diffusion particles can flow in any direction. 2.3 Reproduction in Human Beings. Menstrual cycle. Menstrual cycle consists of natural changes that occur to the body of a female human being every month in preparation to pregnancy. A menstrual cycle lasts between 28-35 days. However, this can vary between female and from one cycle to the next. The cycle depends on hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers in the body. They direct the body on what to do and when to do it. The menstrual cycle is a process controlled by hormones in the female body. The menstrual cycle is divided in to the following phases:Challenges related to the Human menstrual cycle. Irregular periods. This can be determined by finding out how long your menstrual cycles are. You can determine your personal menstrual length by counting from day 1 of your period to day 1 of your next period. Day 1 means the first day of the actual flow. It is normal to have menstrual cycles that are between 21 and 35 says. Your periods are irregular if it tends to come more frequently than every 21 days or less often than 35 days. If the circle length falls in the normal range but varies by 7 to 9 days from the cycle to cycle that is a sign of an irregular period too. For example, if one is 25 days and the next is 33 days, your cycles would be considered irregular. Absent periods. In some cases, some females may fail to get periods. Others might not get their first period by the age of 16 years. Other cases when some females stop getting their regular periods for 6 months or more. Irregular bleeding. Bleeding very little or no bleeding at all with each menstrual cycle is another challenge related to the menstrual cycle. Light or lack of bleeding can result from being extremely underweight or overweight. If you are overweight, losing weight might help to make your periods regular. If you are underweight, slow and steady weight gain may help to regulate your menstrual circle. Excessive bleeding is another challenge related to the menstrual cycle. Bleeding is considered heavy if it interferes with normal activities.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8972541507024266, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2349, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.31766}
{"text": "If you are underweight, slow and steady weight gain may help to regulate your menstrual circle. Excessive bleeding is another challenge related to the menstrual cycle. Bleeding is considered heavy if it interferes with normal activities. However, though common, you should see a doctor. Heavy periods can be a sign of a health problem. Painful periods. Most women experience menstrual cramps before or during their period at some point in their lives. For some of them it is part of the regular monthly routine. However, if the cramps are painful and persistent, you should see a doctor. A doctor can prescribe hormonal medication that can help control heavy bleeding. If one experiences heavy bleeding, an iron supplement might help to prevent anaemia. Mild to moderate pain or cramps can be lessened reduced by taking an appropriate pain reliever. Taking a warm bath might also help to relieve cramps. Surgery can also be performed. If symptoms persist, always visit a doctor. Fertilization and Implantation. Fertilization is the fusion of a sperm with an ovum in the oviduct also called the fallopian tube. During sexual intercourse, thousands of sperms are released into the vagina by the penis. Sperms swim through the cervix into the uterus up to the oviduct. Few sperms that reach the ovum try to penetrate it. Only one sperm penetrates the ovum. When the sperm penetrates the ovum, the surface of the sperm fuses with the nucleus of the ovum to form a zygote. The zygote moves from the oviduct and enters the uterus, attaching itself to the uterus walls. This process is called implantation. Once implantation has taken place, the zygote is now referred to as an embryo. Symptoms and prevention of common STIs. HIV aid. Symptoms. Chronic diarrhea. High fever and night sweating. Weight loss. Patient becomes very thin and weak. Prevention. Abstain from unnecessary sex. Self control in drinking. Carry out blood transfusion only in extreme need and consider safety. Gonorrhea. Symptoms. Vaginal discharge with bad odours. Penis becomes sore at the tip. Urination is difficult and painful. If untreated it spreads to rest of the organs blocking passages. Prevention. Avoid unnecessary sexual behaviours. Abstain from sexual intercourse. Faithfulness in marriage is encouraged. Syphilis.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.918801563178463, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2303, "token_count": 496}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.3539941}
{"text": "Abstain from sexual intercourse. Faithfulness in marriage is encouraged. Syphilis. Symptoms. Sore resembling blisters appear at site of infection. Rashes appear on the skin. Patient feels feverish, suffers body pains and loses hair. Can be prevented by using same measures as in gonorrhea. HerpesSymptoms. Painful sores on the genitals. Blisters may disappear. Can be prevented by;Not indulging in promiscuous sexual behavior. Being faithful in marriage. Avoiding sexual contact with an HSV-II infected personStrand 3 FORCE ENERGY. 3.1 Transformation of energy. Energy is the ability to do workEnergy is not visible, has no mass and neither does it occupy space. Energy exists in different forms. Energy transformation is the process of changing one form of energy to another. Forms of energy in nature. Forms of energy in nature include:Heat or thermal energy. Sound energy. Electromagnetic energy. Nuclear energy. Electrical energy. Chemical energy. Mechanical energy- divided into potential and kinetic energy. Heat energy. Heat is a form of energy transferred from one body to another due to difference in temperature. In an experiment where a metal rod on which different pins are attached using candle wax is heated on a source of heat, the pins start to fall starting with one closest to the source of heat. This means heat flows through the metallic rod from the burning candle to the other end of metallic rod. Sound energy. Sound energy is the energy associated with vibration or disturbance of bodies or particles. Such as striking a drum with a piece of wood or plucking the wire. Nuclear energy. Nuclear energy is the energy that results from nuclear reactions in the nucleus of atom. Very large amounts of energy can be released when changes take place within the nucleus of an atom. Examples of these changes are nuclear fission in which a nucleus breaks down to give two smaller nucleus or nuclear fusion where two small nuclei join to form one big nucleus and radioactive decay in which the nucleus of an element change to different nucleus by releasing certain particles. Electrical energy. Electrical energy is energy produced by flow of electric charges electrons Chemical energy. Is a type of energy stored in atoms and molecules that make up a substance. For example, a thermometer records a higher temperature reading after the steel and vinegar are mixed. This reaction of vinegar and steel wool produces heat.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9177361963190185, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2445, "token_count": 488}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.3969252}
{"text": "Is a type of energy stored in atoms and molecules that make up a substance. For example, a thermometer records a higher temperature reading after the steel and vinegar are mixed. This reaction of vinegar and steel wool produces heat. People and other living things get their energy needs from the chemical energy stored in food. Other sources are dry cells and fuels. Mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion or due to its position. It can either be kinetic or potential energy or both. When an object is falling down through air, it possesses both potential energy PE and kinetic energy KE due to its speed as it falls. The sum of its PE and KE is its mechanical energy. Mechanical energy kinetic energy potential energy. In conclusion. Kinetic energy is possessed by a moving body while potential energy is possessed by a body due to its position. The sum of an object s kinetic energy and potential energy is its mechanical energy. Potential energy. When a stone is held and released to fall on the ground, this indicates that the stone had stored energy due to its position that made it to start moving down after it had been released. The energy possessed by a body e.g., the stone due to its position above the ground is known as gravitational potential energy. In the same way, when a compressed spring or a stretched catapult is released, it goes back to its original shape and size. This indicates that the spring had stored energy due to compression. The energy possessed by a body dur to compression for example the spring or stretch for example a catapult is called elastic potential energy. Kinetic energyKinetic energy is the energy possessed by a moving object. Examples of objects that possess Kinetic energy KE include:Moving air. Rotating windmills. Falling water. A person running. Any moving object in general. Classifications of energy sources. Energy sources are classified either as renewable sources and non-renewable sources. Renewable energy sources-this are energy sources that cannot be depleted or they can be used again and again. Examples are solar energy, water and wind. Non-renewable energy sources are energy sources that can be depleted and are limited. That means they are completely used and can not be replaced such as fossil fuels like coal and petroleum. Demonstrating energy transformation in nature. Using a flash light. When using a flashlight, the circuit closes. Chemical energy is transformed into electrical energy in the dry cells.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.91811394891945, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2545, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.4484997}
{"text": "Using a flash light. When using a flashlight, the circuit closes. Chemical energy is transformed into electrical energy in the dry cells. The electrical energy is then converted into light energy. The torch bulb therefore lights which is light energy. Chemical energy to Electrical energy to Light energyUsing a basketball. When you dribble a basketball, the ball had potential energy at its starting point above the ground. The potentials energy is converted to kinetic energy as the ball starts o fall to the ground. Some of the energy is lost on impact as it produces sound and generate heat as it hits the floor When the ball bounces back, it may not return to its starting height. If your hand is there to put more energy into the ball by pushing it down again , the ball can continue to bounce up and down and the energy will shift back and forth between potential and kinetic energy. Potential energy to kinetic energy to potential energy. Appliances whose working rely on energy transformation. Bulb electrical energy -light energy. Solar panels-solar energy to electrical energy. Hammer-potential energy to kinetic energy. Diodes-electrical energy to light energy. Moving coil microphone-electrical energy to sound energy. Electrical heater-electrical energy to heat energy. Dynamo-mechanical energy to electrical energy. Motor-electrical energy to mechanical energy. Safety measures associated with energy transformation. Road accidents. In case an accident, a moving vehicle has kinetic energy that is transformed into other forms incase of head-on collision with another vehicle or a stationery object. Most of kinetic energy is converted to other forms of energy as the vehicle undergoes permanent deformation that causes it to bend and twist. This is a destructive mechanical energy. Some kinetic energy is converted to heat energy and sound energy. Accidents caused by fire. Heat is produced during energy transformation from one form to another. Heat can cause fire accidents, especially when electrical energy is transformed to thermal energy through the use of various appliances. Accidental fires can also be caused by lighting when electrical energy is transformed into heat energy. We should take precaution when handling electrical appliances. We should also observe safety measures during a thunderstorm. Accident associated with the use of electricity. At home various appliances that transform electrical energy into other forms of energy such as light, sound and heat. These appliances include:Electrical heater. Television sets. Iron boxes etc. Risks or accidents associated with use of electricity include electrical shocks, electrical burns and electric fires.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.925101965146459, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2697, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.4607747}
{"text": "Television sets. Iron boxes etc. Risks or accidents associated with use of electricity include electrical shocks, electrical burns and electric fires. To reduce electricity accidents the following should be done:Move electrical appliances away from water. Repair any faulty wirings. Replace faulty appliances. Health hazard from bright light. Some energy transformation produces very bright light that can damage the eyes, for example in welding Electrical energy is transformed into heat and light energy. This produces a very bright spark of flame that is a health hazard. Welders and other people nearby should wear protective welding shield to avoid exposure to the bright light from the flame. Loud sounds. Various transformations of energy results in production of sound. For example, a motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. The mechanical rotation of the fan, blenders and other appliance produces sound. In our environment, sound can be classified into loud or soft sound. Loud sounds such as loud music and shouting or screaming are not good for the environment. Loud soud affect living things by:Causing irritation. Damaging our eardrumsTo reduce loud sounds, we should do the following:Use more efficient appliances that minimise production of loud sound. Wear hearing protection devices to protect our ears from loud sounds. Common types of hearing protection devices include: Earplugs. Earmuffs3.2 Pressure I. Meaning of pressure. Pressure is defined as the force acting normally per unit area. Normally here means at a right angle or perpendicularly. For example,If two leaners of equal mass walked on mud and the boy pus on flat-sole shoes while the girl wears sharp-high heeled shoes, which of the two would make deeper impression on the muddy ground? In the scenario above, the girl makes deeper impressions on the muddy ground than the boy. This is because the weight of the boy is spread over a large surface area than that of the girl. The greater the force weight acts on, the less the effect or impression made on the muddy surface. The sharp heel shoes of the girl have a small surface area in contact with the ground. The smaller the area the deeper the impressions or more sinking than the shoes of the boy for the same weightExample 2,If a leaner has two identical bags, but one has wider shoulder strap and the other has narrow shoulder straps. If the learner places same books with similar weight in the two bags, which bag will the learner feel the straps squeezing more into their shoulder?", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9178055020793227, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2553, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.4696581}
{"text": "The sharp heel shoes of the girl have a small surface area in contact with the ground. The smaller the area the deeper the impressions or more sinking than the shoes of the boy for the same weightExample 2,If a leaner has two identical bags, but one has wider shoulder strap and the other has narrow shoulder straps. If the learner places same books with similar weight in the two bags, which bag will the learner feel the straps squeezing more into their shoulder? In this case, the bag with narrow straps will produce more squeezing effect than that one with wider straps for the same force weight of books carried. This is because, pressure is high when the surface area is small, and it is low when the surface area is large. Therefore, pressure is the force acting normally per unit area. Pressure in liquids. Pressure is represented by a symbol P It is defined as force acting normally per unit area applied to the surface of an object. Pressure increases as the force increases. In mathematical terms, pressure can be expressed as:Pressure ForceAreaSI unit for Force is measured in Newtons N SI unit for Area is measured in m2. ThereforePressure Force F N Area A m2 Form the equation, we obtain unit of pressure as N m2 Pressure can also be measured in Pascal Pa where1N m2 1 Pascal Pa Experiment to demonstrate pressure in solids. Use two different knives. One that is sharp and one that is blunt to cut an orange. Make an observation of the process. From the observation, It is easier to cut an orange with a sharp knife than with a blunt knife. This is because, while cutting, the sharp knife has very small area of contact with the orange. When using the blunt edge of the knife, the force requires to apply for cutting the orange is over a large area. The sharp knife has a smaller area that produces a greater cutting effect. The blunt knife has a large area that produces a lesser cutting effect. The cutting effect is equivalent to pressure. For the same applied force, pressure is higher with a smaller area and it is less with a large area. It is easier to cut with a sharp knife, axe, panga than trying to cut with a blunt knife, axe or panga. A farm tractor has wide wheels that prevent it from sinking into the soil because pressure is distributed over a large area of the wide wheels.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9026424517912134, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2337, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.563645}
{"text": "For the same applied force, pressure is higher with a smaller area and it is less with a large area. It is easier to cut with a sharp knife, axe, panga than trying to cut with a blunt knife, axe or panga. A farm tractor has wide wheels that prevent it from sinking into the soil because pressure is distributed over a large area of the wide wheels. A trailer or trailers are fitted with many wheels to reduce pressure exerted on the road since the wheels increase surface area. Demonstrating pressure exerted by objects of different cross-sectional area. The block below has a weight of 20kg. Use it to:Determine maximum pressure it exerts in a surface. Determine the minimum pressure it exerts on a surface. G 10N Kg1m1.5m2mPressure is calculated by dividing Force over Area F A From the block above Force, F is given as 20kg. Change 20k into Newtons N this is done by multiplying the weight given in Kg by the gravitational force g 10N kg Therefore, F 20 x 10N kg 200 N. To calculate the maximum m pressure the block exerts on the surface. To calculate minimum pressure the block exerts on the surface. Use the force provided divided by the largest area of the block. If a force is exerted on a small area of contact, it will exert higher or more pressure than if the same force is exerted over a large area. Since weight of force of a brick is constant does not change , a higher pressure is exerted on the sand when the brick lands on narrow face than when it lands on the wide face. The narrow face therefore, produces a deeper depression on the sand than the wide face. Example 2. Suppose the mass of a learner is 40kg and the total area of her feet is 500cm2. What pressure does the girl exert when standing on one of her feet? Assume het feet have equal area. G 10g Kg Solution. Pressure F A. Force the student exerts on the ground is her weight, which is 40kg x 10N Kg. 400 N. Area 500cm2 2 250 cm2. Change area form cm2 to m2. 1m2 10000cm2. ?", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8647529238738423, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1978, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.5558908}
{"text": "Change area form cm2 to m2. 1m2 10000cm2. ? 250cm2 250 10000 0.025m2Substitute the values into the formula. Pressure Force Area 400N 0.025m216,000N m2Example 3. A mass of 50kg exerts a pressure of 2000N m2. What area is in contact with the ground? Pressure Force Area Pressure 2000N m2. Area? To be determined. 2000N m2 50kg x 10N kgAreaTherefore, area Force Pressure. Force 500N. Pressure is given as 2000N m2 Area 500N 2000N m2. 0.25m2. Pressure in liquids. Demonstrating that a liquid exerts equal pressure at the same depth. Use an empty bottle or cylindrical container. Drill holes all round near the bottom of the bottle at the same height from the bottom of the bottle. Close the holes using cellotape and fill the bottle with water, remove the cellotape at once. Explain your observation. Observation and explanation. If you observe the jest coming of the bottle, you will notice that they fall at equal distances on all sides of the bottle only if the pressure of water at the depth of the holes in the bottle is the same. Therefore, we conclude that:A liquid exerts pressure on the walls of its container. A liquid exerts pressure at the same depth. The formation of fountains of water from the leaking pipes of water supply tells is that water exerts pressure on the walls of its container. Demonstrating that pressure in liquids increases with depth. ABCIf a bottle is filled with water and equal size holes made from the bottom to the tops as show above. You will observe that after opening all the holes, water jet fall in different horizontal distances depending on the depth they are on the bottle. For example, in the diagram above. The water jet C is observed to move the farthest horizontally. As the depth from the surface decreases like in hole A and B, the distance from the container to where the jet strikes decrease, indicating a lower pressure by the water. The weight of the liquid acts downwards. The more the depth, the more the liquid is above the point.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8546087993573162, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2018, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.5471494}
{"text": "As the depth from the surface decreases like in hole A and B, the distance from the container to where the jet strikes decrease, indicating a lower pressure by the water. The weight of the liquid acts downwards. The more the depth, the more the liquid is above the point. This increases the weight causing more pressure at that level. The pressure at this level acts on the container, on any object in water and on the liquid below this level. Determining pressure in liquids. The pressure exerted by a liquid at a particular point is determined by the following:Depth. Density of the liquid. Acceleration due to gravity g 10N Kg Formular for pressure at appoint in liquidsPressure Force Area F A Pressure exerted at the bottom of the cylinder F A Volume of the liquid base are x height Ah. Mass of the liquid; m volume x density Ah x p. Weight of the liquid mass x gravitational field strength force exerted. Weight of the liquid; W F mg Ah g. Therefore pressure Ah gAP h g. From the formula, pressure at a given point in liquids depends on the following:Depth or height of the liquid. Density of the liquid. Acceleration due to gravity g 10N kg Applications of pressure in solids and liquids in day-to-day life. Applications of pressure in solids. Animals such as elephants and camels have broad feet to reduce the pressure exerted on the ground when walking. Cutting tool- cutting tools like a panga, saw and knives have very small surface area of contact at their cutting edges. When a force is applied to cut an object, the small surface area results in high pressure which makes cutting easier. Wooden plank- when a wooden plank is placed on a soft ground surface it increases the surface area in contact between the wheel barrow and the ground. As a result, the pressure exerted on the ground by the wheel barrow is reduced. Digging-edge of a jembe is sharp to reduce surface area when jembe is driven into the ground. This exerts high pressure making digging easier. Football boots-they have studs that are sharp to reduce area of contact and increase pressure on the football pitch. This provides a player with a better grip on the ground. School bag shoulder pads- they are made wide so that they reduce the pressure applied on the shoulder.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9091309130913092, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2277, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.5996091}
{"text": "Football boots-they have studs that are sharp to reduce area of contact and increase pressure on the football pitch. This provides a player with a better grip on the ground. School bag shoulder pads- they are made wide so that they reduce the pressure applied on the shoulder. This makes one comfortable as narrow strap increase pressure on the shoulders causing pain. Application of pressure in liquids. Construction of dams-walls of a dam have thicker bottom to help withstand high pressure of water due to depth. Water supply-water tanks are erected high or elevated on high grounds so that water has enough pressure to flow to a house. Intravenous transfusion IV -this a is method of putting fluids, for example blood, into the bloodstream of a patient. In this method, a bottle is hung at high position to ensure that the fluid in the IV bottle have enough pressure to flow into the vein of the patient.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-8-INTEGRATED-SCIENCE-NOTES2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9164667393675028, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 917, "token_count": 180}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.6137795}
{"text": "GRADE 7 TERM 1COMPUTER SCIENCE LESSON NOTESFOUNDATION OF COMPUTER SCIENCEComputer conceptsDefinitionComputerAn electronic device that accepts data from a user, Processes the data using given instructions, stores it and presents it in a desired formatDataRaw facts which include numbers, texts, images, audios or videos that input into a computerInformationData that has been processed and made meaningful to the userExamples of computersNotebooksSmartphonesMacbookPDADesktop computerLaptopIpadTabletSmartwatchServerEach examples of computers have different features that enable them to serve differentCharacteristics of a computerSpeedA computer works at a higher speed than human beingsStorageComputers have storage space that can hold large amounts of data and informationMultitaskingComputers can perform more than one tasks at the same timeAccuracyComputers give information without errors if given the correct data and instructionsUser dependantComputer cannot work without instructions from the userVersatilityComputers have ability to perform a variety of task complex and simple ReliabilityThe electronic components in modern computer have very low failure rate. The modern computer can perform very complicated calculations without creating any problem and produces consistent reliable results. DiligenceComputers, unlike frail human beings, do not become bored or tired or lose concentration when performing highly repetitive work. If a computer has to perform a certain calculation on a million numbers, it will calculate the first and the last with equal diligence. This enables trust to be placed in the results generated by computers, and confidence to be replaced in their ability neither of which can always be replaced in humans! Function of a computerStores data and informationProcess data into information using given instructionsAccepts data from the userA computer gives out information to the userUses of computers to perform daily activitiesAccessing internetPaying online billsHome school tutoringStock takingStages of computer processing cycleComputer processing cycle is the stage or events that takes place from the time data is entered into the computer to the time is given to the user.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9301203974518211, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2269, "token_count": 455}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.6564615}
{"text": "If a computer has to perform a certain calculation on a million numbers, it will calculate the first and the last with equal diligence. This enables trust to be placed in the results generated by computers, and confidence to be replaced in their ability neither of which can always be replaced in humans! Function of a computerStores data and informationProcess data into information using given instructionsAccepts data from the userA computer gives out information to the userUses of computers to perform daily activitiesAccessing internetPaying online billsHome school tutoringStock takingStages of computer processing cycleComputer processing cycle is the stage or events that takes place from the time data is entered into the computer to the time is given to the user. Model of a computerAdvantages of using a computerComputer process data faster than human beingsComputers keep data and information secureComputers can store a lot of data in a small physical spaceComputer can do the same repeatedly without getting tires or boredComputer are able to perform different types of jobs at the same timeA computer is reliable because it consistently does what it is supposed to do. Computers have a very big storage capacity and can store data and information for a very long timeInformation given by computers after processing has no error because they work under instructions and are always accurateDisadvantages of using a computerUse of computer has caused people to lose jobs because computers process data within a shorter timeUse of computers for long hours leads to health problem like headaches, eye strainsComputer lack intelligence. They cannot determine what is wrong or right. If given wrong data, they give out wrong informationPeople sometimes become too dependent on computers.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9296377607025248, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1822, "token_count": 348}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.63648}
{"text": "Computers have a very big storage capacity and can store data and information for a very long timeInformation given by computers after processing has no error because they work under instructions and are always accurateDisadvantages of using a computerUse of computer has caused people to lose jobs because computers process data within a shorter timeUse of computers for long hours leads to health problem like headaches, eye strainsComputer lack intelligence. They cannot determine what is wrong or right. If given wrong data, they give out wrong informationPeople sometimes become too dependent on computers. This affects their creativity and ability to do simple tasksInformation and data stored in computers is at risk of theft and misusePeople use the internet to perform online crimes and fraudOnline threats such as cyber bulling are on the increase with the increased use of computers and the internetElectronic waste from computers contains chemicals that destroy the environmentApplication areas of computersEducationFor online readingTo maintain class notes and registersFor research and to do assignmentsBusinessTo make paymentsTo keep recordsTo order for goodsTo sell goods and services onlineBankingTo facilitate online and internet bankingTo operate ATM machinesFor money transfer from one bank to anotherTo keep account and customer informationHealth careTo conduct researchTo store patient dataManufacturingTo model and design products for example airplaneTo test functionality of machines they are manufacturedTo automatic process in manufacturing companiesGovernmentTo offer government services online through platforms such as Nemis and ecitizenTo store data and informationCommunicationTo send and receive messagesFor making video and voice callsEngineering designTo design houses, roads and buildings.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9350858369098713, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1864, "token_count": 348}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.6837482}
{"text": "They cannot determine what is wrong or right. If given wrong data, they give out wrong informationPeople sometimes become too dependent on computers. This affects their creativity and ability to do simple tasksInformation and data stored in computers is at risk of theft and misusePeople use the internet to perform online crimes and fraudOnline threats such as cyber bulling are on the increase with the increased use of computers and the internetElectronic waste from computers contains chemicals that destroy the environmentApplication areas of computersEducationFor online readingTo maintain class notes and registersFor research and to do assignmentsBusinessTo make paymentsTo keep recordsTo order for goodsTo sell goods and services onlineBankingTo facilitate online and internet bankingTo operate ATM machinesFor money transfer from one bank to anotherTo keep account and customer informationHealth careTo conduct researchTo store patient dataManufacturingTo model and design products for example airplaneTo test functionality of machines they are manufacturedTo automatic process in manufacturing companiesGovernmentTo offer government services online through platforms such as Nemis and ecitizenTo store data and informationCommunicationTo send and receive messagesFor making video and voice callsEngineering designTo design houses, roads and buildings. Engineers and designers use programmes like computer aided design for designingMarketingMarketing of goods and servicesTo design and create marketing contentInsuranceComputers are used to keep records about customersComputers are used to manage money transactionsHomeFor entertainment like watching moviesFor security purpose like storing and displaying data from CCTV camerasEvolution of computersEvolution stages of computersComputers have evolved from the abacus to digital devicesThe AbacusIt is believed to have been invented 4000years agoIt was made of a wooden frame with rods fitted across, with round beeads that slide along the rodMechanical devicesNapier s bones 1617Pascaline or pascal s calculator 1642Stepped reckoer 1671-1674Jacquard loom 1801-1804Difference engine 1820-1822Analytical engine 1834-1838Electromechanical devicesTabulating machine 1880-1888Atanasoff berry computer ABC 1937-1942Mark 1 1937 1944Electronic digital computersDigital computers are now classified into five generations with each having improved from the previous oneTasks performed by computers at different evolution stagesDifference engine and analytical engineThe difference engine and the analytical engine were designed by Charles Babbage.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9074558218349069, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2673, "token_count": 555}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.7445133}
{"text": "If given wrong data, they give out wrong informationPeople sometimes become too dependent on computers. This affects their creativity and ability to do simple tasksInformation and data stored in computers is at risk of theft and misusePeople use the internet to perform online crimes and fraudOnline threats such as cyber bulling are on the increase with the increased use of computers and the internetElectronic waste from computers contains chemicals that destroy the environmentApplication areas of computersEducationFor online readingTo maintain class notes and registersFor research and to do assignmentsBusinessTo make paymentsTo keep recordsTo order for goodsTo sell goods and services onlineBankingTo facilitate online and internet bankingTo operate ATM machinesFor money transfer from one bank to anotherTo keep account and customer informationHealth careTo conduct researchTo store patient dataManufacturingTo model and design products for example airplaneTo test functionality of machines they are manufacturedTo automatic process in manufacturing companiesGovernmentTo offer government services online through platforms such as Nemis and ecitizenTo store data and informationCommunicationTo send and receive messagesFor making video and voice callsEngineering designTo design houses, roads and buildings. Engineers and designers use programmes like computer aided design for designingMarketingMarketing of goods and servicesTo design and create marketing contentInsuranceComputers are used to keep records about customersComputers are used to manage money transactionsHomeFor entertainment like watching moviesFor security purpose like storing and displaying data from CCTV camerasEvolution of computersEvolution stages of computersComputers have evolved from the abacus to digital devicesThe AbacusIt is believed to have been invented 4000years agoIt was made of a wooden frame with rods fitted across, with round beeads that slide along the rodMechanical devicesNapier s bones 1617Pascaline or pascal s calculator 1642Stepped reckoer 1671-1674Jacquard loom 1801-1804Difference engine 1820-1822Analytical engine 1834-1838Electromechanical devicesTabulating machine 1880-1888Atanasoff berry computer ABC 1937-1942Mark 1 1937 1944Electronic digital computersDigital computers are now classified into five generations with each having improved from the previous oneTasks performed by computers at different evolution stagesDifference engine and analytical engineThe difference engine and the analytical engine were designed by Charles Babbage. The difference engine was a simple calculatorWhen he was unable to complete the difference engine, he started on the analytical engine which was advancement of the difference engineDifference between the difference engine and the analytical engineUsing computer that existed at different evolution stagesPupil s activityPage 17Contemporary technology and sustained development of computersGeneration of computersComputer technology has been advancing in many ways since the invention of the first electronic digital computerIdentifying generations of computers1ST generation 1940-19562nd generation 1956-19633rd generation 1964-19714th generation 1971-19805th generation 1980 present and beyondCharacteristics of different computer generationsCharacteristics of 1ST generation computers 1940-1956Entered data using punched cards, paper tape and magnetic tapeProduced information in form of print outsWere very expensiveWere very large in sizeUsed alot of powerProduced a lot of heatWere very slowExamplesENIAEDVACUNIVACIBM 7011BM 750Characteristics of 2ND generation computersIncreased data processing speedWere very expensive to buyWere more reliable as compared to the first generationConsumed less powerWere smaller in size compared to the first generationUsed punched cards to enter dataExamplesIBM 1620IBM 7094CDC 1604CDC 3600UNIVAC 1108Characteristics of 3RD generation computersHad faster processing speed than the previous generationConsumed less power and emitted less heat as compared to the other generationBecame relatively cheaper and therefore available for commercial useWere smaller in size than the second generationHad larger storage for dataUsed a mouse and keyboard to enter dataWere more accurateExampleIB 360 SERIESPDPIBM 370 SERIESCharacteristics of 4TH generation computersWere vry fast and more reliableWere cheap and more easily availableWere much smaller in size and therefore portableIntroduced the use of personal computersWere able to connect to the internetHad very to large storage up to several hundred megabytesUsed a keyboard and a mouse to enter dataUsed screens and printers to five informationProduced less heat and could be cooled using a fanExamplesIBM 308 AND 4300 SERIES, STAR 1000, APPLE II CRAYCharacteristics of 5TH generation computersHave very large storage capacityCan use more than one processor at the same timeCan perform more than one task at the same timeAre cheaper and readily available even for personal useAre much faster than other generation computersLed to development of AI artificial intelligenceAre easier to useExamplesDesktopLaptopTabletsApplying technologies of different computer generations in daily lifeClassification of computersTypes of computersThere are different types of computers used different purposeMini computersMainframe computersAnalogue computersHybrid computersSpecial purpose computersMicro computersSuper computersDigital computersGeneral purpose computersAnalogue Computers:The word \"Analogue\" means continuously varying in quantity.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9000950564323367, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 5743, "token_count": 1220}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.8716524}
{"text": "This affects their creativity and ability to do simple tasksInformation and data stored in computers is at risk of theft and misusePeople use the internet to perform online crimes and fraudOnline threats such as cyber bulling are on the increase with the increased use of computers and the internetElectronic waste from computers contains chemicals that destroy the environmentApplication areas of computersEducationFor online readingTo maintain class notes and registersFor research and to do assignmentsBusinessTo make paymentsTo keep recordsTo order for goodsTo sell goods and services onlineBankingTo facilitate online and internet bankingTo operate ATM machinesFor money transfer from one bank to anotherTo keep account and customer informationHealth careTo conduct researchTo store patient dataManufacturingTo model and design products for example airplaneTo test functionality of machines they are manufacturedTo automatic process in manufacturing companiesGovernmentTo offer government services online through platforms such as Nemis and ecitizenTo store data and informationCommunicationTo send and receive messagesFor making video and voice callsEngineering designTo design houses, roads and buildings. Engineers and designers use programmes like computer aided design for designingMarketingMarketing of goods and servicesTo design and create marketing contentInsuranceComputers are used to keep records about customersComputers are used to manage money transactionsHomeFor entertainment like watching moviesFor security purpose like storing and displaying data from CCTV camerasEvolution of computersEvolution stages of computersComputers have evolved from the abacus to digital devicesThe AbacusIt is believed to have been invented 4000years agoIt was made of a wooden frame with rods fitted across, with round beeads that slide along the rodMechanical devicesNapier s bones 1617Pascaline or pascal s calculator 1642Stepped reckoer 1671-1674Jacquard loom 1801-1804Difference engine 1820-1822Analytical engine 1834-1838Electromechanical devicesTabulating machine 1880-1888Atanasoff berry computer ABC 1937-1942Mark 1 1937 1944Electronic digital computersDigital computers are now classified into five generations with each having improved from the previous oneTasks performed by computers at different evolution stagesDifference engine and analytical engineThe difference engine and the analytical engine were designed by Charles Babbage. The difference engine was a simple calculatorWhen he was unable to complete the difference engine, he started on the analytical engine which was advancement of the difference engineDifference between the difference engine and the analytical engineUsing computer that existed at different evolution stagesPupil s activityPage 17Contemporary technology and sustained development of computersGeneration of computersComputer technology has been advancing in many ways since the invention of the first electronic digital computerIdentifying generations of computers1ST generation 1940-19562nd generation 1956-19633rd generation 1964-19714th generation 1971-19805th generation 1980 present and beyondCharacteristics of different computer generationsCharacteristics of 1ST generation computers 1940-1956Entered data using punched cards, paper tape and magnetic tapeProduced information in form of print outsWere very expensiveWere very large in sizeUsed alot of powerProduced a lot of heatWere very slowExamplesENIAEDVACUNIVACIBM 7011BM 750Characteristics of 2ND generation computersIncreased data processing speedWere very expensive to buyWere more reliable as compared to the first generationConsumed less powerWere smaller in size compared to the first generationUsed punched cards to enter dataExamplesIBM 1620IBM 7094CDC 1604CDC 3600UNIVAC 1108Characteristics of 3RD generation computersHad faster processing speed than the previous generationConsumed less power and emitted less heat as compared to the other generationBecame relatively cheaper and therefore available for commercial useWere smaller in size than the second generationHad larger storage for dataUsed a mouse and keyboard to enter dataWere more accurateExampleIB 360 SERIESPDPIBM 370 SERIESCharacteristics of 4TH generation computersWere vry fast and more reliableWere cheap and more easily availableWere much smaller in size and therefore portableIntroduced the use of personal computersWere able to connect to the internetHad very to large storage up to several hundred megabytesUsed a keyboard and a mouse to enter dataUsed screens and printers to five informationProduced less heat and could be cooled using a fanExamplesIBM 308 AND 4300 SERIES, STAR 1000, APPLE II CRAYCharacteristics of 5TH generation computersHave very large storage capacityCan use more than one processor at the same timeCan perform more than one task at the same timeAre cheaper and readily available even for personal useAre much faster than other generation computersLed to development of AI artificial intelligenceAre easier to useExamplesDesktopLaptopTabletsApplying technologies of different computer generations in daily lifeClassification of computersTypes of computersThere are different types of computers used different purposeMini computersMainframe computersAnalogue computersHybrid computersSpecial purpose computersMicro computersSuper computersDigital computersGeneral purpose computersAnalogue Computers:The word \"Analogue\" means continuously varying in quantity. The analogue computers accept input data in continuous form and output is obtained in the form of graphs.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9001280642247614, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 5744, "token_count": 1220}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.9334269}
{"text": "Engineers and designers use programmes like computer aided design for designingMarketingMarketing of goods and servicesTo design and create marketing contentInsuranceComputers are used to keep records about customersComputers are used to manage money transactionsHomeFor entertainment like watching moviesFor security purpose like storing and displaying data from CCTV camerasEvolution of computersEvolution stages of computersComputers have evolved from the abacus to digital devicesThe AbacusIt is believed to have been invented 4000years agoIt was made of a wooden frame with rods fitted across, with round beeads that slide along the rodMechanical devicesNapier s bones 1617Pascaline or pascal s calculator 1642Stepped reckoer 1671-1674Jacquard loom 1801-1804Difference engine 1820-1822Analytical engine 1834-1838Electromechanical devicesTabulating machine 1880-1888Atanasoff berry computer ABC 1937-1942Mark 1 1937 1944Electronic digital computersDigital computers are now classified into five generations with each having improved from the previous oneTasks performed by computers at different evolution stagesDifference engine and analytical engineThe difference engine and the analytical engine were designed by Charles Babbage. The difference engine was a simple calculatorWhen he was unable to complete the difference engine, he started on the analytical engine which was advancement of the difference engineDifference between the difference engine and the analytical engineUsing computer that existed at different evolution stagesPupil s activityPage 17Contemporary technology and sustained development of computersGeneration of computersComputer technology has been advancing in many ways since the invention of the first electronic digital computerIdentifying generations of computers1ST generation 1940-19562nd generation 1956-19633rd generation 1964-19714th generation 1971-19805th generation 1980 present and beyondCharacteristics of different computer generationsCharacteristics of 1ST generation computers 1940-1956Entered data using punched cards, paper tape and magnetic tapeProduced information in form of print outsWere very expensiveWere very large in sizeUsed alot of powerProduced a lot of heatWere very slowExamplesENIAEDVACUNIVACIBM 7011BM 750Characteristics of 2ND generation computersIncreased data processing speedWere very expensive to buyWere more reliable as compared to the first generationConsumed less powerWere smaller in size compared to the first generationUsed punched cards to enter dataExamplesIBM 1620IBM 7094CDC 1604CDC 3600UNIVAC 1108Characteristics of 3RD generation computersHad faster processing speed than the previous generationConsumed less power and emitted less heat as compared to the other generationBecame relatively cheaper and therefore available for commercial useWere smaller in size than the second generationHad larger storage for dataUsed a mouse and keyboard to enter dataWere more accurateExampleIB 360 SERIESPDPIBM 370 SERIESCharacteristics of 4TH generation computersWere vry fast and more reliableWere cheap and more easily availableWere much smaller in size and therefore portableIntroduced the use of personal computersWere able to connect to the internetHad very to large storage up to several hundred megabytesUsed a keyboard and a mouse to enter dataUsed screens and printers to five informationProduced less heat and could be cooled using a fanExamplesIBM 308 AND 4300 SERIES, STAR 1000, APPLE II CRAYCharacteristics of 5TH generation computersHave very large storage capacityCan use more than one processor at the same timeCan perform more than one task at the same timeAre cheaper and readily available even for personal useAre much faster than other generation computersLed to development of AI artificial intelligenceAre easier to useExamplesDesktopLaptopTabletsApplying technologies of different computer generations in daily lifeClassification of computersTypes of computersThere are different types of computers used different purposeMini computersMainframe computersAnalogue computersHybrid computersSpecial purpose computersMicro computersSuper computersDigital computersGeneral purpose computersAnalogue Computers:The word \"Analogue\" means continuously varying in quantity. The analogue computers accept input data in continuous form and output is obtained in the form of graphs. It means that these computers accept input and give output in the form of analogue signals.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8906098328017592, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 4589, "token_count": 1003}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.8649235}
{"text": "The difference engine was a simple calculatorWhen he was unable to complete the difference engine, he started on the analytical engine which was advancement of the difference engineDifference between the difference engine and the analytical engineUsing computer that existed at different evolution stagesPupil s activityPage 17Contemporary technology and sustained development of computersGeneration of computersComputer technology has been advancing in many ways since the invention of the first electronic digital computerIdentifying generations of computers1ST generation 1940-19562nd generation 1956-19633rd generation 1964-19714th generation 1971-19805th generation 1980 present and beyondCharacteristics of different computer generationsCharacteristics of 1ST generation computers 1940-1956Entered data using punched cards, paper tape and magnetic tapeProduced information in form of print outsWere very expensiveWere very large in sizeUsed alot of powerProduced a lot of heatWere very slowExamplesENIAEDVACUNIVACIBM 7011BM 750Characteristics of 2ND generation computersIncreased data processing speedWere very expensive to buyWere more reliable as compared to the first generationConsumed less powerWere smaller in size compared to the first generationUsed punched cards to enter dataExamplesIBM 1620IBM 7094CDC 1604CDC 3600UNIVAC 1108Characteristics of 3RD generation computersHad faster processing speed than the previous generationConsumed less power and emitted less heat as compared to the other generationBecame relatively cheaper and therefore available for commercial useWere smaller in size than the second generationHad larger storage for dataUsed a mouse and keyboard to enter dataWere more accurateExampleIB 360 SERIESPDPIBM 370 SERIESCharacteristics of 4TH generation computersWere vry fast and more reliableWere cheap and more easily availableWere much smaller in size and therefore portableIntroduced the use of personal computersWere able to connect to the internetHad very to large storage up to several hundred megabytesUsed a keyboard and a mouse to enter dataUsed screens and printers to five informationProduced less heat and could be cooled using a fanExamplesIBM 308 AND 4300 SERIES, STAR 1000, APPLE II CRAYCharacteristics of 5TH generation computersHave very large storage capacityCan use more than one processor at the same timeCan perform more than one task at the same timeAre cheaper and readily available even for personal useAre much faster than other generation computersLed to development of AI artificial intelligenceAre easier to useExamplesDesktopLaptopTabletsApplying technologies of different computer generations in daily lifeClassification of computersTypes of computersThere are different types of computers used different purposeMini computersMainframe computersAnalogue computersHybrid computersSpecial purpose computersMicro computersSuper computersDigital computersGeneral purpose computersAnalogue Computers:The word \"Analogue\" means continuously varying in quantity. The analogue computers accept input data in continuous form and output is obtained in the form of graphs. It means that these computers accept input and give output in the form of analogue signals. The output is measured on a scale.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8964260898877952, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3348, "token_count": 718}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.8924422}
{"text": "The analogue computers accept input data in continuous form and output is obtained in the form of graphs. It means that these computers accept input and give output in the form of analogue signals. The output is measured on a scale. The voltage, current, sound, speed, temperature, pressure etc. Values are examples of analogue data. These values continuously increase and decrease. The analogue computers are used to measure the continuous values. The thermometer is an example of analogue device because it measures continuously the length of a mercury column. Digital Computers:The word \"Digital\" means discrete. It refers to binary system, which consists of only two digits, i.e. 0 and 1. Digital data consists of binary data represented by OFF low and ON high electrical pulses. These pulses are increased and decreased in discontinuous form rather than in continuous form. Hybrid Computers:The hybrid computers have best features of both analogue and digital computers. These computers contain both the digital and analogue components. In hybrid computers, the users can process both the continuous analogue and discrete digital data. These are special purpose computers. These are very fast and accurate. These are used in scientific fields. Inhospitals, these are used to watch patient's health condition in ICU Intensive Care Unit . These are also used in telemetry, spaceships, missiles etc. SupercomputerIs the most powerful and fastest, and also very expensiveMainframe computerAre large-scale computers but supercomputers are larger than mainframe.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9158837480236333, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1576, "token_count": 308}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.9839208}
{"text": "Inhospitals, these are used to watch patient's health condition in ICU Intensive Care Unit . These are also used in telemetry, spaceships, missiles etc. SupercomputerIs the most powerful and fastest, and also very expensiveMainframe computerAre large-scale computers but supercomputers are larger than mainframe. Mini computerAre smaller in size, have lower processing speed and also have lower cost than mainframeMicrocomputersAre known as personal computers or simply PCsAre meant for personal use by single users eg laptop, PDASpecial purpose computerComputers designed to carry out specific tasks eg ATMGeneral purpose computerComputers that can perform most common tasks eg word processingCriteria used to classify computersAppropriate computers to use in different situationsPupil s activityPage 33Use of embedded computers in daily lifeAn embedded computer is a computer designed to perform a specific functionEmbedded computers are used in different devices for exampleATM machines have a computer that facilitates withdrawal of money, cash deposit and checking bank balanceCars have computer system to control the realises of airbags when a sensor detects an accidentEmbedded computers also sense when one applies emergency brakes and prevent the wheels of the vehicle from locking and skidding through antilock braking systemMicrowaves have a computer that commands the heating element to turn on and off. It calculates time, display time and rotates the plateMp3 and DVD players are able to store, read data and play music and videosDrones have computers that enable user to control them.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9266223017292784, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1625, "token_count": 326}, "cleaned_at": 1750360558.9578712}
{"text": "SupercomputerIs the most powerful and fastest, and also very expensiveMainframe computerAre large-scale computers but supercomputers are larger than mainframe. Mini computerAre smaller in size, have lower processing speed and also have lower cost than mainframeMicrocomputersAre known as personal computers or simply PCsAre meant for personal use by single users eg laptop, PDASpecial purpose computerComputers designed to carry out specific tasks eg ATMGeneral purpose computerComputers that can perform most common tasks eg word processingCriteria used to classify computersAppropriate computers to use in different situationsPupil s activityPage 33Use of embedded computers in daily lifeAn embedded computer is a computer designed to perform a specific functionEmbedded computers are used in different devices for exampleATM machines have a computer that facilitates withdrawal of money, cash deposit and checking bank balanceCars have computer system to control the realises of airbags when a sensor detects an accidentEmbedded computers also sense when one applies emergency brakes and prevent the wheels of the vehicle from locking and skidding through antilock braking systemMicrowaves have a computer that commands the heating element to turn on and off. It calculates time, display time and rotates the plateMp3 and DVD players are able to store, read data and play music and videosDrones have computers that enable user to control them. The computers in drones enable them to capture images and videos and transmit them to the usersDigital watches have computers to display time in numbers and set an alarm clockUsing different types of computers in performing tasksPupil s activityPage 35-6Computer user environmentComputer user environment is an area equipped with devices, facilities and other components that provide suitable conditions for the use of computersExamples are cyber cafe and computer laboratoriesFactors to consider when setting up a computer user environmentAccessibilityComputer user environment should be set up in a place where the intended user can easily reachGood lightingThe room should be well itVentilationThe environment should be well ventilated, have free circulation of air and be free from heat, dust and moisture which can damage a computer systemPower sourceA computer user environment should have a reliable source of power to prevent loss of data and damage of computersSpaceThe floor space should allow free movement of people using the computer user environmentSecurityA computer user environment should be secure with strong doors and windows.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.92817667642571, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2637, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.0524235}
{"text": "Mini computerAre smaller in size, have lower processing speed and also have lower cost than mainframeMicrocomputersAre known as personal computers or simply PCsAre meant for personal use by single users eg laptop, PDASpecial purpose computerComputers designed to carry out specific tasks eg ATMGeneral purpose computerComputers that can perform most common tasks eg word processingCriteria used to classify computersAppropriate computers to use in different situationsPupil s activityPage 33Use of embedded computers in daily lifeAn embedded computer is a computer designed to perform a specific functionEmbedded computers are used in different devices for exampleATM machines have a computer that facilitates withdrawal of money, cash deposit and checking bank balanceCars have computer system to control the realises of airbags when a sensor detects an accidentEmbedded computers also sense when one applies emergency brakes and prevent the wheels of the vehicle from locking and skidding through antilock braking systemMicrowaves have a computer that commands the heating element to turn on and off. It calculates time, display time and rotates the plateMp3 and DVD players are able to store, read data and play music and videosDrones have computers that enable user to control them. The computers in drones enable them to capture images and videos and transmit them to the usersDigital watches have computers to display time in numbers and set an alarm clockUsing different types of computers in performing tasksPupil s activityPage 35-6Computer user environmentComputer user environment is an area equipped with devices, facilities and other components that provide suitable conditions for the use of computersExamples are cyber cafe and computer laboratoriesFactors to consider when setting up a computer user environmentAccessibilityComputer user environment should be set up in a place where the intended user can easily reachGood lightingThe room should be well itVentilationThe environment should be well ventilated, have free circulation of air and be free from heat, dust and moisture which can damage a computer systemPower sourceA computer user environment should have a reliable source of power to prevent loss of data and damage of computersSpaceThe floor space should allow free movement of people using the computer user environmentSecurityA computer user environment should be secure with strong doors and windows. It should also have system in place to prevent unauthorised accessFire fighting equipmentShould be available at all times in case of a fireUser friendlyThe computer user environment should be made user friendly by ensuring there is comfortable furnitureProper cablingShould be done from the power sources to the devicesThe cable must be insulated and laid away from busy areas of the room to prevent people from getting electrocuted or trippingResources for setting up a computer user environmentWhen setting up a computer user environment, you needDesks and chairsComputer systemExtension cards and electrical cablesGood lightingPrintersScannerProjectorUPSSafety precautions and practise in the computer user environmentDo not eat or drink in a computer user environmentDo not touch naked wiresOnly allow authorised people.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9293040819996403, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3320, "token_count": 645}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.0806704}
{"text": "It calculates time, display time and rotates the plateMp3 and DVD players are able to store, read data and play music and videosDrones have computers that enable user to control them. The computers in drones enable them to capture images and videos and transmit them to the usersDigital watches have computers to display time in numbers and set an alarm clockUsing different types of computers in performing tasksPupil s activityPage 35-6Computer user environmentComputer user environment is an area equipped with devices, facilities and other components that provide suitable conditions for the use of computersExamples are cyber cafe and computer laboratoriesFactors to consider when setting up a computer user environmentAccessibilityComputer user environment should be set up in a place where the intended user can easily reachGood lightingThe room should be well itVentilationThe environment should be well ventilated, have free circulation of air and be free from heat, dust and moisture which can damage a computer systemPower sourceA computer user environment should have a reliable source of power to prevent loss of data and damage of computersSpaceThe floor space should allow free movement of people using the computer user environmentSecurityA computer user environment should be secure with strong doors and windows. It should also have system in place to prevent unauthorised accessFire fighting equipmentShould be available at all times in case of a fireUser friendlyThe computer user environment should be made user friendly by ensuring there is comfortable furnitureProper cablingShould be done from the power sources to the devicesThe cable must be insulated and laid away from busy areas of the room to prevent people from getting electrocuted or trippingResources for setting up a computer user environmentWhen setting up a computer user environment, you needDesks and chairsComputer systemExtension cards and electrical cablesGood lightingPrintersScannerProjectorUPSSafety precautions and practise in the computer user environmentDo not eat or drink in a computer user environmentDo not touch naked wiresOnly allow authorised people. Avoid welcoming strangersOrganise your desks before leavingEnter and exit quietly from the computer user environmentDo not rush or push each otherAvoid carrying pointed objects near computersRemove shoes entry to minimise dustAlways follow the proper procedure for starring and shutting down the computer to avoid loss of dataEmerging trends in computer user environmentIntroduction of smartphones and small portable computers has made it easier for people to access computer servicesThis means that the computer user environment is no longer confined within walls.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9299575627221679, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2773, "token_count": 529}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.0898528}
{"text": "The computers in drones enable them to capture images and videos and transmit them to the usersDigital watches have computers to display time in numbers and set an alarm clockUsing different types of computers in performing tasksPupil s activityPage 35-6Computer user environmentComputer user environment is an area equipped with devices, facilities and other components that provide suitable conditions for the use of computersExamples are cyber cafe and computer laboratoriesFactors to consider when setting up a computer user environmentAccessibilityComputer user environment should be set up in a place where the intended user can easily reachGood lightingThe room should be well itVentilationThe environment should be well ventilated, have free circulation of air and be free from heat, dust and moisture which can damage a computer systemPower sourceA computer user environment should have a reliable source of power to prevent loss of data and damage of computersSpaceThe floor space should allow free movement of people using the computer user environmentSecurityA computer user environment should be secure with strong doors and windows. It should also have system in place to prevent unauthorised accessFire fighting equipmentShould be available at all times in case of a fireUser friendlyThe computer user environment should be made user friendly by ensuring there is comfortable furnitureProper cablingShould be done from the power sources to the devicesThe cable must be insulated and laid away from busy areas of the room to prevent people from getting electrocuted or trippingResources for setting up a computer user environmentWhen setting up a computer user environment, you needDesks and chairsComputer systemExtension cards and electrical cablesGood lightingPrintersScannerProjectorUPSSafety precautions and practise in the computer user environmentDo not eat or drink in a computer user environmentDo not touch naked wiresOnly allow authorised people. Avoid welcoming strangersOrganise your desks before leavingEnter and exit quietly from the computer user environmentDo not rush or push each otherAvoid carrying pointed objects near computersRemove shoes entry to minimise dustAlways follow the proper procedure for starring and shutting down the computer to avoid loss of dataEmerging trends in computer user environmentIntroduction of smartphones and small portable computers has made it easier for people to access computer servicesThis means that the computer user environment is no longer confined within walls. It goes where a person has access to a computing device goesMobile phone companies have made connectivity easy by availing network services to the people.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9316894044043673, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2743, "token_count": 518}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.1018114}
{"text": "It should also have system in place to prevent unauthorised accessFire fighting equipmentShould be available at all times in case of a fireUser friendlyThe computer user environment should be made user friendly by ensuring there is comfortable furnitureProper cablingShould be done from the power sources to the devicesThe cable must be insulated and laid away from busy areas of the room to prevent people from getting electrocuted or trippingResources for setting up a computer user environmentWhen setting up a computer user environment, you needDesks and chairsComputer systemExtension cards and electrical cablesGood lightingPrintersScannerProjectorUPSSafety precautions and practise in the computer user environmentDo not eat or drink in a computer user environmentDo not touch naked wiresOnly allow authorised people. Avoid welcoming strangersOrganise your desks before leavingEnter and exit quietly from the computer user environmentDo not rush or push each otherAvoid carrying pointed objects near computersRemove shoes entry to minimise dustAlways follow the proper procedure for starring and shutting down the computer to avoid loss of dataEmerging trends in computer user environmentIntroduction of smartphones and small portable computers has made it easier for people to access computer servicesThis means that the computer user environment is no longer confined within walls. It goes where a person has access to a computing device goesMobile phone companies have made connectivity easy by availing network services to the people. This made it easy to access computer services anywhere at any timePhysical parts of a computerWhat are the physical parts of a computer?", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9338775510204081, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1715, "token_count": 328}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.1177707}
{"text": "Avoid welcoming strangersOrganise your desks before leavingEnter and exit quietly from the computer user environmentDo not rush or push each otherAvoid carrying pointed objects near computersRemove shoes entry to minimise dustAlways follow the proper procedure for starring and shutting down the computer to avoid loss of dataEmerging trends in computer user environmentIntroduction of smartphones and small portable computers has made it easier for people to access computer servicesThis means that the computer user environment is no longer confined within walls. It goes where a person has access to a computing device goesMobile phone companies have made connectivity easy by availing network services to the people. This made it easy to access computer services anywhere at any timePhysical parts of a computerWhat are the physical parts of a computer? Functions of the physical part of a computerMonitorUsed to displaying information for example pictures and textKeyboardUsed for typing and giving instructions to the computerThe system unitContains the devices oof a computer that Process data and gives information such as CPUSpeakers and headphonesAre used for listening to music and audio filesPrinterIs used for printing text on paperMouseIs used for selecting items and giving instructions to the computer by clickingFlash disksIs used for storing and transferring informationScannerIs used to take images of paper documents and displaying them on a computerCablesAre used to connect different parts of a computerConnecting the physical parts of the computerPupil s activityPage 45-46How to minimise wastage in computer usageWe can reuse or recycle the physical parts of a computerFor exampleIf a device is in good working condition but longer in use it can be sold for some money to someone who will reuse itSuch devices can also be donated to people who need themA computer monitor can also be used as a television screen with little modificationWe can transform a system unit to a lockable cabinet by removing the inside components and installing a lock. Physical parts of a computer can be used to make art for example the keys of the keyboardThe physical parts of a computer can be sent to the manufacturer or sent to a recycling centre where they are taken apart, their components sorted and recycled.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9276709671979089, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2360, "token_count": 460}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.209735}
{"text": "This made it easy to access computer services anywhere at any timePhysical parts of a computerWhat are the physical parts of a computer? Functions of the physical part of a computerMonitorUsed to displaying information for example pictures and textKeyboardUsed for typing and giving instructions to the computerThe system unitContains the devices oof a computer that Process data and gives information such as CPUSpeakers and headphonesAre used for listening to music and audio filesPrinterIs used for printing text on paperMouseIs used for selecting items and giving instructions to the computer by clickingFlash disksIs used for storing and transferring informationScannerIs used to take images of paper documents and displaying them on a computerCablesAre used to connect different parts of a computerConnecting the physical parts of the computerPupil s activityPage 45-46How to minimise wastage in computer usageWe can reuse or recycle the physical parts of a computerFor exampleIf a device is in good working condition but longer in use it can be sold for some money to someone who will reuse itSuch devices can also be donated to people who need themA computer monitor can also be used as a television screen with little modificationWe can transform a system unit to a lockable cabinet by removing the inside components and installing a lock. Physical parts of a computer can be used to make art for example the keys of the keyboardThe physical parts of a computer can be sent to the manufacturer or sent to a recycling centre where they are taken apart, their components sorted and recycled. Interacting with physical parts of a computerPupil s activityPage 48-49Hands on skills conceptsStarting a computerSwitch on the power sourcePress the power button of the monitor then press the power button of the system unit to start your computerWait for the computer to finish the booting processClick on your user account. Type your username, enter your password and press enter to sign in to the computerShutting down a computerClose all the programs that may still be runningClick on the start button and select the power buttonClick the power button. A window showing power option will appearClick shut down for the computer to undergo the shut down processFunction of the keys on a computer keyboardDelete Del key. It is used to erase characters to the right of the cursor, i.e., from left to right .", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9198333302191745, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2455, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.1820483}
{"text": "Type your username, enter your password and press enter to sign in to the computerShutting down a computerClose all the programs that may still be runningClick on the start button and select the power buttonClick the power button. A window showing power option will appearClick shut down for the computer to undergo the shut down processFunction of the keys on a computer keyboardDelete Del key. It is used to erase characters to the right of the cursor, i.e., from left to right . EscHomePg upPg dnEndBackspace key - It has a backward arrow marked on it. Used to erase characters to the left of the cursor i.e., from right to left on the same line . When pressed, it makes the cursor move one space backwards and the immediate letter or number to the left is erased. CrtlTabCaps lockEnterShiftA Cursor is a blinking underscore or a vertical beam I that shows where the next character to be typed will appear. Categories of keys of a computer keyboardAlphanumeric keysKeys are labeled with alphabetic letters A-Z, numbers arranged in a line 1,2, ..0 respectively and symbols like:?, ,. Etc. This group also includes the following keys: cap lock, enter tab. Space bar and backspace. Caps lock key: Pressing this key let's the user type in upper case-letters, capitals To switch back to lower case letters simply press the same key again. Enter key return key : Pressing this key forces the text cursor to move to the beginning of the next line. A cursor is a blinking underscore - or a vertical beam I that shows where, the next character to be typed will appear. The enter key is also used to instruct .the computer to execute a command that has been selected on the screen. Tab key: This key is used to move the text cursor at set intervals on the same line e.g. 10 mm, 20 mm etc. The space bar: This bar creates a space between words during typing. The backspace key: This key deletes characters from right to left on the same line. Function keysFunction keys are usually located along the top of the keyboard. They are labeled FI, F2 up to FI2. They are used for tasks that occur frequently in various programs.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8937174308173617, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2162, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.236273}
{"text": "A click often selects an object. Double clicking: This means pressing the left button twice in quick succession. Double clicking usually opens a file or starts a programRight clicking: Pressing the right hand side mouse button once displays a list of commands from which the user can make a selection. This list of commands is called a shortcut menu or context sensitive menu. It is called a context sensitive menu because the commands on it apply to the right clicked item. Drag and drop: This is whereby the user drags an item from one location on the screen to another. The procedure to accomplish this operation is as follows:1. Point to the item you want to drag. 2. Press the left hand side mouse button and hold it down3. Slide the mouse until the pointer reaches the desired position on the screen. 4. Finally release the mouse button and the item will be dropped in the new location. Scrolling the sliding movement of images, videos or text across a display screen either vertically or horizontallyInteracting with the keyboard and pointing devices of a computerPupil s activityPage 58-60Computer system overviewA system is a set of things working together to achieve a common goal or objectiveA computer system is a collection of parts that work together to receive, process, manage and present data and informationIdentification of computer system componentsThe computer system consist of 3 componentshardwareThese are physical components of a computer system that you can touchExamples: keyboard, mouse, monitor, CPUsoftwareThese are a set of instructions that direct a computer on what to do during processing.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9087841945288755, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1645, "token_count": 333}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.2292805}
{"text": "4. Finally release the mouse button and the item will be dropped in the new location. Scrolling the sliding movement of images, videos or text across a display screen either vertically or horizontallyInteracting with the keyboard and pointing devices of a computerPupil s activityPage 58-60Computer system overviewA system is a set of things working together to achieve a common goal or objectiveA computer system is a collection of parts that work together to receive, process, manage and present data and informationIdentification of computer system componentsThe computer system consist of 3 componentshardwareThese are physical components of a computer system that you can touchExamples: keyboard, mouse, monitor, CPUsoftwareThese are a set of instructions that direct a computer on what to do during processing. They include operating system and programs like MS WORD, MS EXCELliveware of peoplewareThese are the users who command or direct computers to perform given taskThis term also refers to the people that develop the software and hardware components of a computerFunctions of a computer componentscomputer hardwareaccepts data and instructionsprocess datastores dataproduces informationcommunicates with devices and userscomputer softwaremanages computer resourcesprovides computer interfacestores and retrieves data and instructionsdoes mathematical calculationlivewaredesigns and develops software and hardwareoperates a computer systementers datacontrols computer environmentUsing computer system componentsPUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 63Linkage among components of a computer systemThe liverware uses hardware components to input data and give instructions to softwareThe software in turn process the data and executes the instructions then gives the information through hardware. The information is then used by the liveware for decision making or fed back into the computer as dataImportance of computer systems in the societyBusinessComputer systems have enabled efficiency in record keeping, allowing long process to take a shorter time through automation.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.925447476472512, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2117, "token_count": 410}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.2996423}
{"text": "Scrolling the sliding movement of images, videos or text across a display screen either vertically or horizontallyInteracting with the keyboard and pointing devices of a computerPupil s activityPage 58-60Computer system overviewA system is a set of things working together to achieve a common goal or objectiveA computer system is a collection of parts that work together to receive, process, manage and present data and informationIdentification of computer system componentsThe computer system consist of 3 componentshardwareThese are physical components of a computer system that you can touchExamples: keyboard, mouse, monitor, CPUsoftwareThese are a set of instructions that direct a computer on what to do during processing. They include operating system and programs like MS WORD, MS EXCELliveware of peoplewareThese are the users who command or direct computers to perform given taskThis term also refers to the people that develop the software and hardware components of a computerFunctions of a computer componentscomputer hardwareaccepts data and instructionsprocess datastores dataproduces informationcommunicates with devices and userscomputer softwaremanages computer resourcesprovides computer interfacestores and retrieves data and instructionsdoes mathematical calculationlivewaredesigns and develops software and hardwareoperates a computer systementers datacontrols computer environmentUsing computer system componentsPUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 63Linkage among components of a computer systemThe liverware uses hardware components to input data and give instructions to softwareThe software in turn process the data and executes the instructions then gives the information through hardware. The information is then used by the liveware for decision making or fed back into the computer as dataImportance of computer systems in the societyBusinessComputer systems have enabled efficiency in record keeping, allowing long process to take a shorter time through automation. They have also brought about online advertisement and sales using the internetCommunicationComputers are connected through networks allowing for faster cheaper and safer communication across the globeShoppingPeople today can shop online for goods and services and pay for them using online channels enabled by computer systemsSocialisingComputer systems have made it possible for people to socialise and conduct viral meetings through various social media platformsEmploymentComputer systems have provided employment opportunitiesEg software development and designEntertainmentPeople can access a variety of music, films and computer games on their computersEducationThe internet is a huge information resources that is easily accessible compared to textbooks.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9311637382225618, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2805, "token_count": 524}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.2879615}
{"text": "They include operating system and programs like MS WORD, MS EXCELliveware of peoplewareThese are the users who command or direct computers to perform given taskThis term also refers to the people that develop the software and hardware components of a computerFunctions of a computer componentscomputer hardwareaccepts data and instructionsprocess datastores dataproduces informationcommunicates with devices and userscomputer softwaremanages computer resourcesprovides computer interfacestores and retrieves data and instructionsdoes mathematical calculationlivewaredesigns and develops software and hardwareoperates a computer systementers datacontrols computer environmentUsing computer system componentsPUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 63Linkage among components of a computer systemThe liverware uses hardware components to input data and give instructions to softwareThe software in turn process the data and executes the instructions then gives the information through hardware. The information is then used by the liveware for decision making or fed back into the computer as dataImportance of computer systems in the societyBusinessComputer systems have enabled efficiency in record keeping, allowing long process to take a shorter time through automation. They have also brought about online advertisement and sales using the internetCommunicationComputers are connected through networks allowing for faster cheaper and safer communication across the globeShoppingPeople today can shop online for goods and services and pay for them using online channels enabled by computer systemsSocialisingComputer systems have made it possible for people to socialise and conduct viral meetings through various social media platformsEmploymentComputer systems have provided employment opportunitiesEg software development and designEntertainmentPeople can access a variety of music, films and computer games on their computersEducationThe internet is a huge information resources that is easily accessible compared to textbooks. Learners are also able to learn online without the need to attend classes physicallyComputer hardware conceptsCategories of hardware in a computer systemComputer hardware components are classified asInput devicesOutput devicesCPUStorage devicesFunctions of computer hardware categoriesInput devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphoneCPUProcess the data entered into a computer according to the instructionsOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example text, sound and picturesExamples of output devices: monitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphonesStorage devicesSaves data, information, computer software and running operationsExamples: hard disk, memory card, flash diskSelecting appropriate hardware for different situationsConsiderReliabilityCostUsing different elements of computer hardwarePupil s activityPage 71-73Input devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itInput devices in a computer systemExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphone, barcode scanner, digital camera, capacitive and infra-red touch screens, 2D and 3D scannersCategories of input devicesSelecting appropriate input devices for different situationsWhen selecting input devices you can consider the following factorsUser needsThe device should meet the need of the userCostThe device should be affordable according to user s budgetFunctionalityDevices should serve the purpose it was intendedUser friendlinessThe device should be easy to useCompatibility with hardwareDevices selected should be able to connect and work together with other available devices in the computerLevel of expertiseDevices selected should meet the technical skills of the user.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9314452346166703, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 4009, "token_count": 758}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.3608305}
{"text": "The information is then used by the liveware for decision making or fed back into the computer as dataImportance of computer systems in the societyBusinessComputer systems have enabled efficiency in record keeping, allowing long process to take a shorter time through automation. They have also brought about online advertisement and sales using the internetCommunicationComputers are connected through networks allowing for faster cheaper and safer communication across the globeShoppingPeople today can shop online for goods and services and pay for them using online channels enabled by computer systemsSocialisingComputer systems have made it possible for people to socialise and conduct viral meetings through various social media platformsEmploymentComputer systems have provided employment opportunitiesEg software development and designEntertainmentPeople can access a variety of music, films and computer games on their computersEducationThe internet is a huge information resources that is easily accessible compared to textbooks. Learners are also able to learn online without the need to attend classes physicallyComputer hardware conceptsCategories of hardware in a computer systemComputer hardware components are classified asInput devicesOutput devicesCPUStorage devicesFunctions of computer hardware categoriesInput devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphoneCPUProcess the data entered into a computer according to the instructionsOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example text, sound and picturesExamples of output devices: monitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphonesStorage devicesSaves data, information, computer software and running operationsExamples: hard disk, memory card, flash diskSelecting appropriate hardware for different situationsConsiderReliabilityCostUsing different elements of computer hardwarePupil s activityPage 71-73Input devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itInput devices in a computer systemExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphone, barcode scanner, digital camera, capacitive and infra-red touch screens, 2D and 3D scannersCategories of input devicesSelecting appropriate input devices for different situationsWhen selecting input devices you can consider the following factorsUser needsThe device should meet the need of the userCostThe device should be affordable according to user s budgetFunctionalityDevices should serve the purpose it was intendedUser friendlinessThe device should be easy to useCompatibility with hardwareDevices selected should be able to connect and work together with other available devices in the computerLevel of expertiseDevices selected should meet the technical skills of the user. Using input devices to perform tasksPupil s activityPage 77Reusing input devices to minimise wastageInput devices which are still functional can be used in the following waysOld and functional keyboards can be sold or donated to be reused with other compatible computer systemInput devices which are in good condition and not in use can be donated to people who need them in the communityFunctional computer inputs can be used to set up other computersObsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9288341440049998, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3595, "token_count": 680}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.4031181}
{"text": "They have also brought about online advertisement and sales using the internetCommunicationComputers are connected through networks allowing for faster cheaper and safer communication across the globeShoppingPeople today can shop online for goods and services and pay for them using online channels enabled by computer systemsSocialisingComputer systems have made it possible for people to socialise and conduct viral meetings through various social media platformsEmploymentComputer systems have provided employment opportunitiesEg software development and designEntertainmentPeople can access a variety of music, films and computer games on their computersEducationThe internet is a huge information resources that is easily accessible compared to textbooks. Learners are also able to learn online without the need to attend classes physicallyComputer hardware conceptsCategories of hardware in a computer systemComputer hardware components are classified asInput devicesOutput devicesCPUStorage devicesFunctions of computer hardware categoriesInput devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphoneCPUProcess the data entered into a computer according to the instructionsOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example text, sound and picturesExamples of output devices: monitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphonesStorage devicesSaves data, information, computer software and running operationsExamples: hard disk, memory card, flash diskSelecting appropriate hardware for different situationsConsiderReliabilityCostUsing different elements of computer hardwarePupil s activityPage 71-73Input devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itInput devices in a computer systemExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphone, barcode scanner, digital camera, capacitive and infra-red touch screens, 2D and 3D scannersCategories of input devicesSelecting appropriate input devices for different situationsWhen selecting input devices you can consider the following factorsUser needsThe device should meet the need of the userCostThe device should be affordable according to user s budgetFunctionalityDevices should serve the purpose it was intendedUser friendlinessThe device should be easy to useCompatibility with hardwareDevices selected should be able to connect and work together with other available devices in the computerLevel of expertiseDevices selected should meet the technical skills of the user. Using input devices to perform tasksPupil s activityPage 77Reusing input devices to minimise wastageInput devices which are still functional can be used in the following waysOld and functional keyboards can be sold or donated to be reused with other compatible computer systemInput devices which are in good condition and not in use can be donated to people who need them in the communityFunctional computer inputs can be used to set up other computersObsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products. Central processing unitThe CPU is the part of a computer that process dataLocating the CPU in a computer systemPupil s activityPage 80-81NBMotherboard is a frame which holds and allows communication between the components of the computer systemThe CPU is located on the motherboardFunctional elements of the CPU in a computer systemThe CPU performs all types of data processing operations in a computer systemCPU has 3 componentsControl unitArithmetic logic unitSpecial memoryArithmetic and logic unit ALUPerforms calculations like addition and subtractionIt also performs logical operations which mainly involve comparison of dataControl unitCoordinates movement of data between the processor and the memorySpecial memoryStores data and information required during processing.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9272243579766537, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 4112, "token_count": 787}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.5126312}
{"text": "Learners are also able to learn online without the need to attend classes physicallyComputer hardware conceptsCategories of hardware in a computer systemComputer hardware components are classified asInput devicesOutput devicesCPUStorage devicesFunctions of computer hardware categoriesInput devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphoneCPUProcess the data entered into a computer according to the instructionsOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example text, sound and picturesExamples of output devices: monitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphonesStorage devicesSaves data, information, computer software and running operationsExamples: hard disk, memory card, flash diskSelecting appropriate hardware for different situationsConsiderReliabilityCostUsing different elements of computer hardwarePupil s activityPage 71-73Input devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itInput devices in a computer systemExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphone, barcode scanner, digital camera, capacitive and infra-red touch screens, 2D and 3D scannersCategories of input devicesSelecting appropriate input devices for different situationsWhen selecting input devices you can consider the following factorsUser needsThe device should meet the need of the userCostThe device should be affordable according to user s budgetFunctionalityDevices should serve the purpose it was intendedUser friendlinessThe device should be easy to useCompatibility with hardwareDevices selected should be able to connect and work together with other available devices in the computerLevel of expertiseDevices selected should meet the technical skills of the user. Using input devices to perform tasksPupil s activityPage 77Reusing input devices to minimise wastageInput devices which are still functional can be used in the following waysOld and functional keyboards can be sold or donated to be reused with other compatible computer systemInput devices which are in good condition and not in use can be donated to people who need them in the communityFunctional computer inputs can be used to set up other computersObsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products. Central processing unitThe CPU is the part of a computer that process dataLocating the CPU in a computer systemPupil s activityPage 80-81NBMotherboard is a frame which holds and allows communication between the components of the computer systemThe CPU is located on the motherboardFunctional elements of the CPU in a computer systemThe CPU performs all types of data processing operations in a computer systemCPU has 3 componentsControl unitArithmetic logic unitSpecial memoryArithmetic and logic unit ALUPerforms calculations like addition and subtractionIt also performs logical operations which mainly involve comparison of dataControl unitCoordinates movement of data between the processor and the memorySpecial memoryStores data and information required during processing. Most of the CPU operations are performed by the ALUThe control unit moves data between the ALU and the special memory and also tell the ALU what to do.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9238798928336732, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3491, "token_count": 691}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.4459848}
{"text": "Using input devices to perform tasksPupil s activityPage 77Reusing input devices to minimise wastageInput devices which are still functional can be used in the following waysOld and functional keyboards can be sold or donated to be reused with other compatible computer systemInput devices which are in good condition and not in use can be donated to people who need them in the communityFunctional computer inputs can be used to set up other computersObsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products. Central processing unitThe CPU is the part of a computer that process dataLocating the CPU in a computer systemPupil s activityPage 80-81NBMotherboard is a frame which holds and allows communication between the components of the computer systemThe CPU is located on the motherboardFunctional elements of the CPU in a computer systemThe CPU performs all types of data processing operations in a computer systemCPU has 3 componentsControl unitArithmetic logic unitSpecial memoryArithmetic and logic unit ALUPerforms calculations like addition and subtractionIt also performs logical operations which mainly involve comparison of dataControl unitCoordinates movement of data between the processor and the memorySpecial memoryStores data and information required during processing. Most of the CPU operations are performed by the ALUThe control unit moves data between the ALU and the special memory and also tell the ALU what to do. The ALU then process data and store the result in a special memoryTypes of processors in computing devicesThere are 6 types of CPUCPUs are classified according to the number of cores they haveThe core of a CPU receives instructions and perform calculations, or operations to satisfy the received instructionsPerforming tasks using computers with different processorsPupil s activityPage 84-85Processors receive input data, process it and generates results. It computes data and receives instructions in almost all actins carried out in a computer.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9205500426149468, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2093, "token_count": 418}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.4610476}
{"text": "Most of the CPU operations are performed by the ALUThe control unit moves data between the ALU and the special memory and also tell the ALU what to do. The ALU then process data and store the result in a special memoryTypes of processors in computing devicesThere are 6 types of CPUCPUs are classified according to the number of cores they haveThe core of a CPU receives instructions and perform calculations, or operations to satisfy the received instructionsPerforming tasks using computers with different processorsPupil s activityPage 84-85Processors receive input data, process it and generates results. It computes data and receives instructions in almost all actins carried out in a computer. Processors determines the speed with which a computing device processes informationComputers with fast processors have high processing power and often give information fasterOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example graphics, tactile or text, sound audio , video and picturesOutput devices of a computer systemMonitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphones, Braille embosserFunctions of output devices in a computer systemMonitorDisplay data in text and graphicsSpeakersGives information in form of soundHeadphonesProduce audio informationPrintersProduce text or picture information on a paperProjectorsGives visual information by projecting it on a flat smooth surface like a wall or white boardPlottersProduces digital created graphics and drawingsPlotters use a pen to draw lines on paperActuatorA part of a device or machine that helps to create physical movement using signals from a computerBraille embosserA device that presses dots onto paper for people with visual impairment to read using their fingersCategories of computer output devicesNBHardcopy refers to data printed out on paperIt could be text, photographs, illustrations or any data that can be printedSoft copy is information stored and displayed in a computerSelecting appropriate out devicesFactors that you consider when selecting output devices areOutput qualityUser friendlinessUser needsSuitability to the function it is supposed to carry outCompatibility with the available devicesThe cost of purchasing and maintaining the output devicesUses of output devicesWe care and use output devices safely byKeeping the devices away from water and dustAvoiding exposure to foods and fluidsAlways powering off the devices after useConnecting only with compatible devicesCleaning and servicing the devices regularlyEnsuring secure connection of the devices before useTechnological trends in development of output devicesOutput devices have constantly been replace with new devices due to improved technology from innovatorsTechnological trends enables fast evolution of output devices which suit user needs better, are cost effective, friendly to the environment, secure and able to multitaskComputer displays which are used to create clear, high quality, digital displaysWireless speakers and headphones which are more portable, have noise cancelling capability and produce better sound qualityBetter Braille embossers that give better quality Braille while producing very little noise.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9303600684194953, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3273, "token_count": 640}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.5801284}
{"text": "The ALU then process data and store the result in a special memoryTypes of processors in computing devicesThere are 6 types of CPUCPUs are classified according to the number of cores they haveThe core of a CPU receives instructions and perform calculations, or operations to satisfy the received instructionsPerforming tasks using computers with different processorsPupil s activityPage 84-85Processors receive input data, process it and generates results. It computes data and receives instructions in almost all actins carried out in a computer. Processors determines the speed with which a computing device processes informationComputers with fast processors have high processing power and often give information fasterOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example graphics, tactile or text, sound audio , video and picturesOutput devices of a computer systemMonitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphones, Braille embosserFunctions of output devices in a computer systemMonitorDisplay data in text and graphicsSpeakersGives information in form of soundHeadphonesProduce audio informationPrintersProduce text or picture information on a paperProjectorsGives visual information by projecting it on a flat smooth surface like a wall or white boardPlottersProduces digital created graphics and drawingsPlotters use a pen to draw lines on paperActuatorA part of a device or machine that helps to create physical movement using signals from a computerBraille embosserA device that presses dots onto paper for people with visual impairment to read using their fingersCategories of computer output devicesNBHardcopy refers to data printed out on paperIt could be text, photographs, illustrations or any data that can be printedSoft copy is information stored and displayed in a computerSelecting appropriate out devicesFactors that you consider when selecting output devices areOutput qualityUser friendlinessUser needsSuitability to the function it is supposed to carry outCompatibility with the available devicesThe cost of purchasing and maintaining the output devicesUses of output devicesWe care and use output devices safely byKeeping the devices away from water and dustAvoiding exposure to foods and fluidsAlways powering off the devices after useConnecting only with compatible devicesCleaning and servicing the devices regularlyEnsuring secure connection of the devices before useTechnological trends in development of output devicesOutput devices have constantly been replace with new devices due to improved technology from innovatorsTechnological trends enables fast evolution of output devices which suit user needs better, are cost effective, friendly to the environment, secure and able to multitaskComputer displays which are used to create clear, high quality, digital displaysWireless speakers and headphones which are more portable, have noise cancelling capability and produce better sound qualityBetter Braille embossers that give better quality Braille while producing very little noise. They also recognise speech and give speech feedback, making them user friendlyPrinters which produce better quality hardcopies, can be secured using passwords, are compact, cost effective and easy to usePorts and cablesPortA physical slot of a computer through which peripheral devices are connected.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9307361835245047, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3425, "token_count": 663}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.6109343}
{"text": "It computes data and receives instructions in almost all actins carried out in a computer. Processors determines the speed with which a computing device processes informationComputers with fast processors have high processing power and often give information fasterOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example graphics, tactile or text, sound audio , video and picturesOutput devices of a computer systemMonitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphones, Braille embosserFunctions of output devices in a computer systemMonitorDisplay data in text and graphicsSpeakersGives information in form of soundHeadphonesProduce audio informationPrintersProduce text or picture information on a paperProjectorsGives visual information by projecting it on a flat smooth surface like a wall or white boardPlottersProduces digital created graphics and drawingsPlotters use a pen to draw lines on paperActuatorA part of a device or machine that helps to create physical movement using signals from a computerBraille embosserA device that presses dots onto paper for people with visual impairment to read using their fingersCategories of computer output devicesNBHardcopy refers to data printed out on paperIt could be text, photographs, illustrations or any data that can be printedSoft copy is information stored and displayed in a computerSelecting appropriate out devicesFactors that you consider when selecting output devices areOutput qualityUser friendlinessUser needsSuitability to the function it is supposed to carry outCompatibility with the available devicesThe cost of purchasing and maintaining the output devicesUses of output devicesWe care and use output devices safely byKeeping the devices away from water and dustAvoiding exposure to foods and fluidsAlways powering off the devices after useConnecting only with compatible devicesCleaning and servicing the devices regularlyEnsuring secure connection of the devices before useTechnological trends in development of output devicesOutput devices have constantly been replace with new devices due to improved technology from innovatorsTechnological trends enables fast evolution of output devices which suit user needs better, are cost effective, friendly to the environment, secure and able to multitaskComputer displays which are used to create clear, high quality, digital displaysWireless speakers and headphones which are more portable, have noise cancelling capability and produce better sound qualityBetter Braille embossers that give better quality Braille while producing very little noise. They also recognise speech and give speech feedback, making them user friendlyPrinters which produce better quality hardcopies, can be secured using passwords, are compact, cost effective and easy to usePorts and cablesPortA physical slot of a computer through which peripheral devices are connected. All input and output devices of a computer are connected on the portsCableA chord that connects and enables transfer of data or power from one device to anotherA computing system has ports and cables that enable communication between the differebt components of a computerIdentifying cables and portsPupil s activityPage 97Types of cables and ports used in a computerThere are 2 types of cablesPower cablesThese allow for power transmission and distribution from the source to all computer hardware componentsData cablesThese carry data and allows for communication between devices in a computing systemRelate cables to their corresponding ports in a computerPupil s activityPage 100Connecting cables to their corresponding portsPupil s activityPage 101-102NBPorts enable the connection of output and input devices to aPorts allow computers to connect to networksComputer setupSetting up a computer is connecting all the hardware devices and preparing software programmes for a computer to function properly.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9292892236085074, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 3992, "token_count": 776}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.6449907}
{"text": "Processors determines the speed with which a computing device processes informationComputers with fast processors have high processing power and often give information fasterOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example graphics, tactile or text, sound audio , video and picturesOutput devices of a computer systemMonitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphones, Braille embosserFunctions of output devices in a computer systemMonitorDisplay data in text and graphicsSpeakersGives information in form of soundHeadphonesProduce audio informationPrintersProduce text or picture information on a paperProjectorsGives visual information by projecting it on a flat smooth surface like a wall or white boardPlottersProduces digital created graphics and drawingsPlotters use a pen to draw lines on paperActuatorA part of a device or machine that helps to create physical movement using signals from a computerBraille embosserA device that presses dots onto paper for people with visual impairment to read using their fingersCategories of computer output devicesNBHardcopy refers to data printed out on paperIt could be text, photographs, illustrations or any data that can be printedSoft copy is information stored and displayed in a computerSelecting appropriate out devicesFactors that you consider when selecting output devices areOutput qualityUser friendlinessUser needsSuitability to the function it is supposed to carry outCompatibility with the available devicesThe cost of purchasing and maintaining the output devicesUses of output devicesWe care and use output devices safely byKeeping the devices away from water and dustAvoiding exposure to foods and fluidsAlways powering off the devices after useConnecting only with compatible devicesCleaning and servicing the devices regularlyEnsuring secure connection of the devices before useTechnological trends in development of output devicesOutput devices have constantly been replace with new devices due to improved technology from innovatorsTechnological trends enables fast evolution of output devices which suit user needs better, are cost effective, friendly to the environment, secure and able to multitaskComputer displays which are used to create clear, high quality, digital displaysWireless speakers and headphones which are more portable, have noise cancelling capability and produce better sound qualityBetter Braille embossers that give better quality Braille while producing very little noise. They also recognise speech and give speech feedback, making them user friendlyPrinters which produce better quality hardcopies, can be secured using passwords, are compact, cost effective and easy to usePorts and cablesPortA physical slot of a computer through which peripheral devices are connected. All input and output devices of a computer are connected on the portsCableA chord that connects and enables transfer of data or power from one device to anotherA computing system has ports and cables that enable communication between the differebt components of a computerIdentifying cables and portsPupil s activityPage 97Types of cables and ports used in a computerThere are 2 types of cablesPower cablesThese allow for power transmission and distribution from the source to all computer hardware componentsData cablesThese carry data and allows for communication between devices in a computing systemRelate cables to their corresponding ports in a computerPupil s activityPage 100Connecting cables to their corresponding portsPupil s activityPage 101-102NBPorts enable the connection of output and input devices to aPorts allow computers to connect to networksComputer setupSetting up a computer is connecting all the hardware devices and preparing software programmes for a computer to function properly. Problems experienced when setting up computerslack of skills in setting up computersdifficulty matching cables to their respective portsinability to identify and correct failed connectionslack of skills in installing operating systemslack of reliable power source to power devicesdamaged or broken cable pins due to improper fixingeg forcing a cable to a wrong portdamaged hardware devices that do not workcomputer and monitor not turning on due to faulty power cables or improper fixing of cables to the power supplyHow to set up a computersetting up a new computersetting up a laptopPupil s activityPage 104-106Setting up computersThe following are tools and equipments need for computer set upsystem unitMonitorScrewdriverSpeakersCablesUPSKeyboardPower testerSurge protectorMousePower extension cablesSome ways of ensuring safety when setting up computers includeEnsure there is a stable power supply that can power on a computer before the connectionUse a UPS or surge protector for power connection to the CPU and monitorMake sure your hands are completely dry to avoid electric shock and damaging any computer parts with moistureHandle all the parts of a computer with care.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9285295509599911, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 5114, "token_count": 1010}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.666223}
{"text": "They also recognise speech and give speech feedback, making them user friendlyPrinters which produce better quality hardcopies, can be secured using passwords, are compact, cost effective and easy to usePorts and cablesPortA physical slot of a computer through which peripheral devices are connected. All input and output devices of a computer are connected on the portsCableA chord that connects and enables transfer of data or power from one device to anotherA computing system has ports and cables that enable communication between the differebt components of a computerIdentifying cables and portsPupil s activityPage 97Types of cables and ports used in a computerThere are 2 types of cablesPower cablesThese allow for power transmission and distribution from the source to all computer hardware componentsData cablesThese carry data and allows for communication between devices in a computing systemRelate cables to their corresponding ports in a computerPupil s activityPage 100Connecting cables to their corresponding portsPupil s activityPage 101-102NBPorts enable the connection of output and input devices to aPorts allow computers to connect to networksComputer setupSetting up a computer is connecting all the hardware devices and preparing software programmes for a computer to function properly. Problems experienced when setting up computerslack of skills in setting up computersdifficulty matching cables to their respective portsinability to identify and correct failed connectionslack of skills in installing operating systemslack of reliable power source to power devicesdamaged or broken cable pins due to improper fixingeg forcing a cable to a wrong portdamaged hardware devices that do not workcomputer and monitor not turning on due to faulty power cables or improper fixing of cables to the power supplyHow to set up a computersetting up a new computersetting up a laptopPupil s activityPage 104-106Setting up computersThe following are tools and equipments need for computer set upsystem unitMonitorScrewdriverSpeakersCablesUPSKeyboardPower testerSurge protectorMousePower extension cablesSome ways of ensuring safety when setting up computers includeEnsure there is a stable power supply that can power on a computer before the connectionUse a UPS or surge protector for power connection to the CPU and monitorMake sure your hands are completely dry to avoid electric shock and damaging any computer parts with moistureHandle all the parts of a computer with care. Place each component carefully on a hard flat surface.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9225206301575395, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2604, "token_count": 526}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.6816242}
{"text": "All input and output devices of a computer are connected on the portsCableA chord that connects and enables transfer of data or power from one device to anotherA computing system has ports and cables that enable communication between the differebt components of a computerIdentifying cables and portsPupil s activityPage 97Types of cables and ports used in a computerThere are 2 types of cablesPower cablesThese allow for power transmission and distribution from the source to all computer hardware componentsData cablesThese carry data and allows for communication between devices in a computing systemRelate cables to their corresponding ports in a computerPupil s activityPage 100Connecting cables to their corresponding portsPupil s activityPage 101-102NBPorts enable the connection of output and input devices to aPorts allow computers to connect to networksComputer setupSetting up a computer is connecting all the hardware devices and preparing software programmes for a computer to function properly. Problems experienced when setting up computerslack of skills in setting up computersdifficulty matching cables to their respective portsinability to identify and correct failed connectionslack of skills in installing operating systemslack of reliable power source to power devicesdamaged or broken cable pins due to improper fixingeg forcing a cable to a wrong portdamaged hardware devices that do not workcomputer and monitor not turning on due to faulty power cables or improper fixing of cables to the power supplyHow to set up a computersetting up a new computersetting up a laptopPupil s activityPage 104-106Setting up computersThe following are tools and equipments need for computer set upsystem unitMonitorScrewdriverSpeakersCablesUPSKeyboardPower testerSurge protectorMousePower extension cablesSome ways of ensuring safety when setting up computers includeEnsure there is a stable power supply that can power on a computer before the connectionUse a UPS or surge protector for power connection to the CPU and monitorMake sure your hands are completely dry to avoid electric shock and damaging any computer parts with moistureHandle all the parts of a computer with care. Place each component carefully on a hard flat surface. Be careful not to drop any partsEnsure your computer has enough room to allow for proper ventilation. If there is no free flow of air the computer can be damaged or cause fire.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9215049922113178, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2477, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.697854}
{"text": "Place each component carefully on a hard flat surface. Be careful not to drop any partsEnsure your computer has enough room to allow for proper ventilation. If there is no free flow of air the computer can be damaged or cause fire. Be sure to connect all cables to the appropriate portsIf a cable does not connect easily to a port, don t forcefully push it in to avoid damaging it. Check that you are connecting it to the right port and that the pins and holes alignManage cables properly when setting up a computer. Ensure nothing is pressing on them and that they are not located in a place where they can be stepped on or tripped overDo not spill foods or liquids on the computerAlways switch on the monitor before the CPU to display any errors or messages while bootingSetting up computers for usePupil s activityPage 109Overcoming challenges experienced when setting up a computerResearching and learning how to set up a computer properlyResearching and learning how to match cables to their respective parts checking that all connections are properly madeReplacing or repairing damaged partsEnsuring that there is a reliable source of powerObserving safety precautions when setting up a computerPractising booting computersTo tell that a computer is properly setup, we must switch it on and see if all the components are working well. This process is called booting up a computerThe steps of booting a computer are as followsSwitch on the main power supply on the socketIf the computer is connected to the UPS, switch its power button on. Switch on the monitor by pressing the power buttonSwitch on the system unit by pressing the power buttonUpon switching the system unit on , the computer performs a power on self test where the computer checks hat al components are connected and functioning wellThe computer then displays the name of the operating system followed by a display of icons on the computer monitor.", "metadata": {"source": "COMPUTER-SCIENCE-GRADE-7-TERM-1-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9225929814931926, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1949, "token_count": 391}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.740437}
{"text": "JUNIOR SECONDARYCHRISTIAN RELIGIONS EDUCATION NOTES TERM 1,2,3COMPETENCE BASED CURRICULUMSTRAND COVEREDSTRAND 1- INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION. STRAND 2- CREATION. STRAND 3- THE BIBLE. STRAND 4- THE LIFE MINISTRY OF JESUS CHRIST. STRAND 5- THE CHURCH. STRAND 6- CHRISTIAN LIVING TODAYStrand 1 INTRODUCTION TO CRECRE involves the study of religious beliefs and practices of Christians. Christian Religious Education is a subject that deals with God and how he reveals Himself to human beings. It is the study of how human beings depend on God and how God intervenes to save human beings. CRE is a subject studied in Kenyan schools to develop the mind, behaviour and character of the learners. It is also a subject that shows God s relationship with man. Studying CRE is important because:It makes one understand that God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit operate as one. It helps one dispute knowledge and attitude s to make the right decisions in life. Enables one think critically and make moral decisions on challenges affecting one s life and the societyOne becomes exposed to cultural heritage, enhancing national unity through respect for each community. One develops as a whole person, body, soul and spiritOne becomes courageous in the study of creation one is empowered to utilise the ability to control God s creationIt helps you relate with each other well through care and hospitalityThe moral values you acquire helps you to take care of the environmentOne acquires respect for oneself and hence living a productive lifeOne acquires the principle of sharing and social justice, enabling them to coexist with othersOne acquires the skills that enable him or her promote economic development 12.It enables one to acquire ICT skills as they search for more knowledgeOne develops communication skills through discussion and debate with other learners. NBIt provides answers to life mysteries e.g. the question of life after death, the origin of mankind, etc. It enables students to develop vivid awareness of God and how God reveals himself. It is a career subject, whose learners major in Law and theological training. It instils respect, protection and conservation of God s creation. It highly promotes human dignity. It helps students to appreciate their culture as well.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9093070199112726, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2323, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.7232535}
{"text": "It instils respect, protection and conservation of God s creation. It highly promotes human dignity. It helps students to appreciate their culture as well. It equips the youth with life skills such as critical thinking, which enables them to face challenges wisely. With regard to national goals of education, it promotes national development by instilling a positive attitude towards work. It equips learners with values that promote economic development. It helps learners to understand themselves better. It enables students to see the power of God controlling their own lives. It enables students to respond adequately to God s teachings and to relate well to others. It is a service of natural guidance. It promotes cultural integration. It promotes social equality and justice. How CRE helps us to relate well with othersIt has helped developed skills as ability to listenIt helps acquire values such as respect for self and othersIt helps someone to make moral decisions. This helps people to associate with the right peopleObedience to God s command of loving our neighbours teaches us to care about others. 5. Moral and religious values acquired from studying of CREHumilityRespectHard workDisciplineHonestyIntegrityResponsibilityUnityLove 10.HospitalityStrand 2CREATIONFirst accountSecond accountThe first biblical account of creationGenesis 1:131, 2:1-4It gives record on what was created within the first 6 days. Humans beings were created last. From the first account of creation, we learn God is all powerful because He created the universe with one command. He is a God or order. He created the universe and everything in it in an orderly manner. God is the provider. He provides for human beings to meet their needs. Leisure time was instituted. The second Biblical account of creation Genesis 2;4-25In the second account of creation, there was no one to cultivate the land when God created the universe. God took soil from the ground and formed man. God breathed life into himHuman beings were created first. Man was created out of dustGod breathed life into man s nostrilsMan was put into the Garden of Eden. The tree of knowledge and life giving stood in the middle of the garden. Men was commanded to use everything in the garden except tree of knowledge of good and evilThe forbidden fruit from the tree was not supposed to be eaten. Eating from the tree would result to death.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9075968825327329, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2423, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.7617383}
{"text": "The tree of knowledge and life giving stood in the middle of the garden. Men was commanded to use everything in the garden except tree of knowledge of good and evilThe forbidden fruit from the tree was not supposed to be eaten. Eating from the tree would result to death. God gave man the responsibility to take care of the environmentGod created all birds and all animalsMan was given the responsibility of naming all the creaturesHe named all the birds and animals, but none was suitable helper for himAdam became lonely. A woman was created out of Adam s rib for companionship and a helper. Attributes nature of God from the Genesis stories of creationGod is omnipotent all powerfulGod is orderly and perfectGod is omnipresent everywhereGod is transcendentGod is the sustainer providerGod is the sole creatorHe is a moral GodHe is a loving GodHe is a spiritHe is everlasting self-existenceGod is source of goodnessGod is HolyGod is a workerThere is only one GodThe sole giver of life. Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9199192462987887, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1486, "token_count": 326}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.752175}
{"text": "A woman was created out of Adam s rib for companionship and a helper. Attributes nature of God from the Genesis stories of creationGod is omnipotent all powerfulGod is orderly and perfectGod is omnipresent everywhereGod is transcendentGod is the sustainer providerGod is the sole creatorHe is a moral GodHe is a loving GodHe is a spiritHe is everlasting self-existenceGod is source of goodnessGod is HolyGod is a workerThere is only one GodThe sole giver of life. Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things. P a g eDifferences in the two biblical accounts of creationNBThere is a chronological order of events in the first account of creation as opposed to the secondIn the first account, male and female are created at the same time whereas in the second account man is created first then woman is out of his ribsIn the first account, creation is out of the command let there be , yet, in the second, man is made out of dustIn the first account, man names what he creates as opposed to the second where man is given the opportunity to name the animalsA Sabbath day allocated for rest appears on the first while in the second account it wasn t mentionedThe Garden of Eden mentioned in the second account wasn t in the firstIn the second creation account are four rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon and Pishon , which were not mentioned in the firstMan was given a responsibility to till the land in the second but not in the firstIn the second account, the forbidden tree appears but this misses in the first accountIn the first account, God created human beings for procreation while in the second account they were created for companionshipThe second account of creation is human centered while the first does not shore this.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9181195801004107, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2191, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.789639}
{"text": "Attributes nature of God from the Genesis stories of creationGod is omnipotent all powerfulGod is orderly and perfectGod is omnipresent everywhereGod is transcendentGod is the sustainer providerGod is the sole creatorHe is a moral GodHe is a loving GodHe is a spiritHe is everlasting self-existenceGod is source of goodnessGod is HolyGod is a workerThere is only one GodThe sole giver of life. Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things. P a g eDifferences in the two biblical accounts of creationNBThere is a chronological order of events in the first account of creation as opposed to the secondIn the first account, male and female are created at the same time whereas in the second account man is created first then woman is out of his ribsIn the first account, creation is out of the command let there be , yet, in the second, man is made out of dustIn the first account, man names what he creates as opposed to the second where man is given the opportunity to name the animalsA Sabbath day allocated for rest appears on the first while in the second account it wasn t mentionedThe Garden of Eden mentioned in the second account wasn t in the firstIn the second creation account are four rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon and Pishon , which were not mentioned in the firstMan was given a responsibility to till the land in the second but not in the firstIn the second account, the forbidden tree appears but this misses in the first accountIn the first account, God created human beings for procreation while in the second account they were created for companionshipThe second account of creation is human centered while the first does not shore this. It is man centeredIn the first account God created in union with the spirit Holy Trinity while in the second account God is aloneIn the first account human beings were created last while in the second they came firstThe first account takes six days to be complete unlike the second where days were not mentionedIn the first account, God appreciates everything he creates.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9190876350540216, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2499, "token_count": 547}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.8116214}
{"text": "Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things. P a g eDifferences in the two biblical accounts of creationNBThere is a chronological order of events in the first account of creation as opposed to the secondIn the first account, male and female are created at the same time whereas in the second account man is created first then woman is out of his ribsIn the first account, creation is out of the command let there be , yet, in the second, man is made out of dustIn the first account, man names what he creates as opposed to the second where man is given the opportunity to name the animalsA Sabbath day allocated for rest appears on the first while in the second account it wasn t mentionedThe Garden of Eden mentioned in the second account wasn t in the firstIn the second creation account are four rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon and Pishon , which were not mentioned in the firstMan was given a responsibility to till the land in the second but not in the firstIn the second account, the forbidden tree appears but this misses in the first accountIn the first account, God created human beings for procreation while in the second account they were created for companionshipThe second account of creation is human centered while the first does not shore this. It is man centeredIn the first account God created in union with the spirit Holy Trinity while in the second account God is aloneIn the first account human beings were created last while in the second they came firstThe first account takes six days to be complete unlike the second where days were not mentionedIn the first account, God appreciates everything he creates. We are not told this in the second. Importance of learning about creationHelps us to know and understand God s creation work. Helps to appreciate God s great workHelps us to know how the first account differs from the second one 4.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.918108327911516, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2320, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.8625324}
{"text": "We are not told this in the second. Importance of learning about creationHelps us to know and understand God s creation work. Helps to appreciate God s great workHelps us to know how the first account differs from the second one 4. Similarities and differences between the biblical account and African creation stories Africans view creationAfricans believe that creation originated from God the creator. Each community has a myth that explains its originAfricans see God as mysterious in his deeds, for they fail to explain how he created the earth. Africans see human beings as special and that God creates everything for them. God provided the first human beings with all the necessities of life. The first people lived happily with God and lacked nothing. Marriage was mainly for procreation. Similarities biblical account and African creation storiesIn both, God is the sole creator. Man is the climax of creation. God is supreme. In both, man was given a wife for company. God is portrayed as a potter. God is the providerCreation of human took place at the end of the creation of things. Between the biblical account and African creation storiesIn biblical view, the order of creation is given, while the order of creation in the traditional view is not mentionedIn biblical view, everything was created to benefit human beings, some communities believe that god gave specific things to specific communities3. 4. 5. Christian responsibility over animals, fish and birdsBiblical teaching on responsibility given to human beings over animal s birds and fishChristians have stewardship over Gods creation and they should care for everything in it. God created human beings and gave them responsibilities over living creatures. Our responsibility is to take care of these creations and use them for our benefits but in a responsibly way. The bible teaches that God gave human beings the responsibility of taking care of all wild and domestic animals, fish and birdsWays in which Christians apply biblical teachings to protect animals, fish and birdsAccording to Genesis 2:15-20 the bible teaches us that God placed man in the Garden of Eden to cultivate and guard it. God formed animals from the soil and brought them to man who was asked to give them names. God expected human beings to take responsibility over animals, fish and birds found in the Garden of Eden. In James 3:7, the Bible teaches that human beings have the ability to tame all creatures such as wild animals, birds, reptiles and fish.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9119062453641894, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2520, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.8278556}
{"text": "God formed animals from the soil and brought them to man who was asked to give them names. God expected human beings to take responsibility over animals, fish and birds found in the Garden of Eden. In James 3:7, the Bible teaches that human beings have the ability to tame all creatures such as wild animals, birds, reptiles and fish. The bile gives human beings the responsibility and authority over God s creation. Taming animals is a show of authority over them. Ways in which Christians protect and care of animals, fish and birdsConstructing good houses for domestic animalsFencing our farms well to keep away wild animals. Feeding animals, fish and birds. Providing clean water for them to drink or taking them to rivers and streams to drink water. Protecting wild and domestic animals, fish and birds from bad people who kill them. Ensuring that domestic animals are comfortable in places where they stay, eat and sleep. Treating animals when they get sick. Creating orphanage, game parks, game reserves and national parks for wild animals. Lobbying the government to make and implement laws that protect animals, fish and birds. Creating sanctuaries for different types of birds. Educating citizens on the importance of protecting animals, fish and birds. Reasons why Christians take care of animals, fish and birds. To obey God s commands of taking responsibility over animals, fish and birds. To preserve God s living creatures on land, sea and air. To set a good example to other citizens on the need to take care of living creatures. To ensure the preservation of animals, fish and birds so that they do not become extinct. To ensure that animals, fish and birds are available as sources of food for human beings. To ensure that they continue with the responsibility of being co-creators with God by conserving the environment. Reducing conflicts between human beings and wild animalsThe Kenya constitution protects animals from violence, overworking them when they are unwell, starvation, denial of water, abandonment, poisoning, careless surgery procedures, hunting and killing them. Importance of protecting animals, fish and birdsThey provide food, clothing and income. Some animals provide manure for farming. Animals are companions and help us to workTheir products support dairy industries, wool industries, leather and fishing industries. These sectors employ many peopleBirds help in the pollination of plants. As a result, human beings, animals and birds also get food.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9184941141192091, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2497, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.8545172}
{"text": "Animals are companions and help us to workTheir products support dairy industries, wool industries, leather and fishing industries. These sectors employ many peopleBirds help in the pollination of plants. As a result, human beings, animals and birds also get food. Practising good stewardship by taking care of animals, fish and birds. A steward is someone who manages property on behalf of others. Good stewardship refers to the careful and responsible ways of taking care of something or different situations. Good stewardship is important as it helps in taking care of God s creation and conserving the environment. Christians are called to be good stewards of God s creation. Christian responsibility over plantsDifferent plants found in the environmentResponsibilities given to human beings over plantsGenesis 1:29, Genesis 2:15, Psalms 104:14The bible teaches that God provided all kinds of grain and all kinds of fruits for food for human beings. He also provided grass and leafy plants as food for wild animals and birds. The bible also teaches that God gave human beings the Garden of Eden to cultivate and guard. God makes grass for cattle and plants for human beings to use. He expects human beings to grow their own crops for food. The responsibilities were:They were to be in charge of the Garden of EdenTo eat from the fruits of the gardenTo take care of God s creation. God has provided us with plants. Human being has been given the responsibility to take care of the plants to benefitthemselves and animals. We care for plants by applying manure, weeding, watering and spraying pesticides. We also take care protecting them from animals that feed themApplying Biblical teachings on the Care for Plants to conserve the environment. Plants are important as they contribute to the wellbeing of people. There are different ways of taking care of plants such as:Planting tree seedlings every rainy season. Watering plants during the dry season. Weeding around crops in farms and gardens. Pruning trees so that they grow in a healthy way. Mulching around crops so that they can keep moisture for a long time. Avoiding cutting trees carelessly. Planting tree seedlings to replace trees that are cut. Reasons why Christians take care of trees plants and animals. To conserve the environment. They were sources of food. Trees provide grain, fruits and other foods for people. Plants provide shade for people and a good environment for birds.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9143514636114883, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2460, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.8856888}
{"text": "They were sources of food. Trees provide grain, fruits and other foods for people. Plants provide shade for people and a good environment for birds. Plants give us fresh air. Some plants like coffee, tea and sugarcane are grown for economical use. Some plants are used to make medicine for human beings and animals. Other plants provided wood for construction of houses and making utensils. Wood was used as a source of energyPlants and animals provided materials for making musical instruments like kayambaAnimals provided skins and hides for making clothesSome animals like dogs provide security to man. Other were used as pack animals and others were used for transport. Example donkeyAnimal horns were used for horn blowing which was means of communication. Contribution of Responsible Use of Plants to economic growth. Economic growth is the process of acquiring money and other resources progressively on a continuous basis. Responsible use of plants contributes to growth of the economy in the following ways:Cash crops like coffee, tea and sugarcane are grown and sold for money. Food crops like maize, bananas and cassava provide food for families. The surplus excess is sold to bring income to individuals and families. Fruit plants like oranges, mangoes and apples provide fruits that are important for our health. They can also be sold for money. Some plants give us timber that is used for building and making furniture. Plants like palms and sunflower give us oil for cooking and for industrial use. Some plants such as neem and aloe vera are used in the making of medicine that is used to treat sick people. Napier grass, shrubs and ordinary grass are used to fee domestic animalsUse and Misuse of natural resources as God s creation. Natural resources are material available in the universe that can be used to meet the needs of people. Natural resources are created by God. Natural resources include:Forests. Rivers. Soil. Sun. Animals and plants. Different natural resources are found in different places where communities live. People use some of the resources in the following ways. How does Human beings benefit from Natural resources? Air is important to human beings, plants and animals as without it there is no life. Soil provides nutrients for plants to grow. Sunlight provides us with warmth and it is a source of Vitamin D. Plants also need sunlight to grow healthy. Wildlife attracts tourists who bring money and contribute to the economy of the country. Minerals provide raw material for industries.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9225374310480694, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2538, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.9083815}
{"text": "Plants also need sunlight to grow healthy. Wildlife attracts tourists who bring money and contribute to the economy of the country. Minerals provide raw material for industries. Forests attract rainfall and clean the air we breathe. Forests act as catchment areas for rainwater and a good source of rivers and springs. Water is important for survival of human beings, animals and plants. Some natural resources like coal and oil provide fuel or energy to run vehicles or factories. How People Misuse Natural resources. Deforestation-cutting down of trees and not planting new ones. Putting heaps of garbage that spoil the environment. Garbage heaps are breeding grounds for flies and other insects. Overgrazing-keeping many animals that eat everything in an environment leasing to wind erosion and death of some animals due to droughts. Soil erosion due to poor farming methods. Burning bushes and agricultural waste. The smoke pollutes the air that we breathe. Effects of Misusing Natural resources. Leads to soil degradation. This means overusing the soil making it lose its nutrients hence leading to the growing crops being unproductive. Leads to deforestation. This is where forests are destroyed through cutting down trees without replacing them. Damages the ecosystem. This refers to damage of the way plants, animals and other organisms work together to keep life going. Leads to Water shortage. It leads to water shortage in rivers and streams dry up due to careless cutting down of trees, thus destroying water catchment areas. Leads to pollution of air and water. This is through irresponsible human activities such as disposing waste into water bodies and smoke from industries. Biblical Teaching on good use of Gods creation. The bible teaches us on good use of God s creation, for example:Genesis 2:15 teaches us to cultivate land in a good way and take care of it. Exodus 23:10-11 teaches that we need to give land a period of rest after cultivating it for a period of time. During the time the land is resting, the poor people and animals should be allowed to eat whatever plants grow on it. Deuteronomy 20:19 teaches that we should no t cur down or destroy fruit trees but to eat fruitsWays in which Africans promoted care and conservation of all types of plantsThe Africans protected plants by weeding, pruning, mulching, shading, trapping and scaring away animals that fed on the plants.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9134997490752961, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2409, "token_count": 478}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.9349477}
{"text": "Exodus 23:10-11 teaches that we need to give land a period of rest after cultivating it for a period of time. During the time the land is resting, the poor people and animals should be allowed to eat whatever plants grow on it. Deuteronomy 20:19 teaches that we should no t cur down or destroy fruit trees but to eat fruitsWays in which Africans promoted care and conservation of all types of plantsThe Africans protected plants by weeding, pruning, mulching, shading, trapping and scaring away animals that fed on the plants. They also preserved seeds of the plants to last longer during dry periods and to protect them from small such as rats and weevils. This conservation ensured that Africans had seeds to plants during the rainy seasons. Preserved seeds and plants served as source of food during drought. Africans used fire to make plants sprout out more serving as food for the animals. How Africans promoted health of animalsAfricans cared for and protected domestic animals against wild animals by fencing their compounds and sleeping in the same place with the animals. They scared away wild animals that predated on their domestic animals by using different methods. Eg use of scarecrows, fire, noise. In the events of disease. Africans treated their animals using selected plants such asAloevera while making them healthier by providing lick stones with mineral salts. They knew how to take care of animals during birth which ensured the growth in population. Animal products such as meat were preserved to last long for use during drought. Preservation was a way of ensuring food was not wasted. Young animals were left to suckle up to a time when they could eat grass and other types of vegetation. Strand 3THE BIBLEFUNCTION OF THE BIBLEThe Bible is the inspired word of God. How the Bible is used in different places and occasionsThe Bible is used when taking oaths in courts of law. It is used in schools and colleges for learning, during graduation ceremonies, prayers and research. It is used in statehouse or during state functions, during the swearing in ceremonies and prayers. It is used in churches and during crusades for preaching.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9140659471707114, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2164, "token_count": 442}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.9446247}
{"text": "It is used in schools and colleges for learning, during graduation ceremonies, prayers and research. It is used in statehouse or during state functions, during the swearing in ceremonies and prayers. It is used in churches and during crusades for preaching. It is used at home for personal use during prayer time and home studyIn hospitals when praying for the sickSome Christians use the Bible before travelling to pray for journey merciesJohn 1:1-2, Proverbs 30:5-6It contains the word of GodIt gives hope to ChristiansIt helps us to understand biblical truthsThe Bible helps a person to discover the will of GodGod speaks to people through the scripturesThe Bible corrects people when they are wrong and teaches them to do right. Christians should live exemplary lives. God protects those whose seek his protection and rebukes liarsThe Bible is the word of God and it was written by people who inspired by the spirit of God. The Bible unites people of God, strengthens the faith of the believers and outlines values for quality Christian living. The Bible is used in spreading the word of God in the following ways:Christians songs are composed using Bible messagesThe Bible is distributed to individuals to read the word of GodIt is used for instructing and teaching new converts of Christian doctrineIt is used to take oaths therefore, increasing the faith of those who participateChristians translate the Bible to vernacular so that many people can read and understand. Holistic growth involves physical, emotional, social, moral, intellectual and spiritual growth and development in all aspects of a person s life. The Bible helps Christians to grow holistically for example: The Bible promotes spiritual growth when we read and meditate on the Word of God, worship with others and pray. The bible promotes moral growth by teaching us right from wrong and good from evil such as obeying our parents or guardians and other authorities an avoiding sin and its consequences. On social growth, the bible teaches us how to relate well with one another through observing values such as love, respect, humility and peace. Emotionally, the bible teaches us to uphold positive emotions such as joy, love and happiness. We also learn to manage negative emotions such as anger, fear, jealousy, envy and greed. In physical growth, the bible teaches us that God created us in His own image and likeness.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9136486103660486, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2422, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.9852307}
{"text": "Emotionally, the bible teaches us to uphold positive emotions such as joy, love and happiness. We also learn to manage negative emotions such as anger, fear, jealousy, envy and greed. In physical growth, the bible teaches us that God created us in His own image and likeness. It also teaches that we should maintain our bodies holy because they are the temples of Holy Spirit. It teaches us to avoid sins like sexual immorality, drunkenness and greed which can destroy our bodies. Spiritual growth includesIncreasing your knowledge and understanding of the word of GodIncrease in faith and trust in GodDeveloping Christ-like qualitiesChristian service is demonstration of who we are in Christ. The Bible teaches people to love God and humankind. Helping the needy in the society improves a person s relationship with God. Service offered to others is part of Christian living and makes the world a better place to live. Serving others makes one happy and enriches other people s lives. The word of God has inspired different services among Christians. For example, Christians visit the orphans, give them food, clothes and even take them to school. Christians donate food, money and medicine to help people suffering when disasters like floods, accidents earthquakes, drought and famine occurChristians support refugees by counselling, educating and giving medical care. They also offer shelter, food and sometimes employment. For people who are unable to attend church service, the gospel is taken to them through crusades and public rallies. Offering guidance and counselling to the youth. Taking care of the environment as part of God s creation. The Bible has 2 divisionsOld testaments 39 booksNew testaments 27 booksThe two divisions were written at different times in human historyThe two divisions were addressed to different people and individualsThe messages contained in the two testaments address different issues that were of specific concern to the people addressed. It makes it possible to identify the order of the books. It makes referencing easy. It makes it possible to relate a Biblical theme with the book in which it is found, for example, the theme of creation is found in the book of Genesis. The old testaments talk about how the world was created, the Exodus of Israelites and Ten Commandments given to Moses by God. The testaments also include real life stories. The function of this testament is to teach Christians through the experiences of other people throughout history.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9187610976594028, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2520, "token_count": 495}, "cleaned_at": 1750360559.9991786}
{"text": "The old testaments talk about how the world was created, the Exodus of Israelites and Ten Commandments given to Moses by God. The testaments also include real life stories. The function of this testament is to teach Christians through the experiences of other people throughout history. Several books also foretell the arrival of the Messiah and the end of the world. The New Testament focuses more on the life and teachings of Jesus and the early church. The stories are narrated through gospels and emphasise the importance of the sacrifices of Jesus. The function of the New testaments is to lead people to follow the example of Jesus more closely. The other books, written by various authors also talk about the end of the world. It was originally written in Hebrew. It was written before Jesus Christ came to exist physically. It was later translated to Greek and other languages. The following are groups of books in the Old Testament respective of their appearance. Torah Pentateuch law mosaic. Historical books. Major Prophets Books. Minor prophet books. Torah Pentateuch law They were written by Moses. Genesis means origin or beginningExodus means coming out or departureNumbers means censusLeviticus explains rules and regulation of priests. The Ten Commandments Decalogue are found in the book of exodus and Deuteronomy. Historical books. Contains the history of what happened to the Israelites and its neighbours. They are 12 books in this group written by different authorsPoetic wisdom booksThey are also known as the writings or the wisdom books. There are five in number. Prophetic booksThey are 17 in number. They are subdivided into major prophets books and minor prophets. The terms major and minor are used to refer to the amount of content in the books. Therefore, major prophetic books have more content than the minor prophet booksMinor prophetic booksNB: Genesis is the first book of the Bible and the Old Testament. Malachi is the last book of the Old Testament. The books of the New testaments according to classification The New Testament is the period after Christ is born, it is the fulfilment of tthe old testament prophecies of Jesus. NEW TESTAMENTIt was originally written in Greek. Written after Christ. The 27 books in the new testament are classified into four groups: The Gospels.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9167189409278793, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2337, "token_count": 509}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.0143661}
{"text": "NEW TESTAMENTIt was originally written in Greek. Written after Christ. The 27 books in the new testament are classified into four groups: The Gospels. Historical books. The Epistles. Prophetic books. They explain the events in life of Jesus from birth to his ascension in Bethany. Gospel books are divided into two groups:Synoptic booksNon- synoptic book. Synoptic BooksThey explain full life history of Jesus They are:Matthew. MarkLuke. Non- Synoptic Book. It does not explain full history of Jesus. It is the book of John. Acts of apostleThe writer of acts of apostle was St. Luke. The book of Acts explains the life of believers in the early church. These are letters which were written by Paul while he was in prison. It comprises of 21 books. 13 of which were written by Paul while other were written by different authors. Prophetic booksAn example is the book of Revelation. It is also called Apocalypse of John meaning revelation to John. It was written by John after having a vision on Patmos Island. Revelation contains the writings about the last days. NB;Matthew is the first book of the New Testament. Revelation is the last book of the Bible and the New Testament. Bible translationTo translate means to express spoken or written words in a language that is different from one that was initially used. It also means the process of changing written or spoken information from one language to another. A version refers to the style of the language used in the translation of Bible text. Old testament was translated from the original Hebrew language into Greek in the 3rd century BCE Before Christ Era . This translation is called septuagint because it was translated by 70 scholars. Later in the 4th century, the Old testament was translated into Latin. This translation was called Vulgate. In the 16th century, the Bible was translated into different European languages for example the Germain Lutheran Bible and the English King James version. During the missionaries period in Africa, the Bible was further translated into many African languages, for example Johan Ludwig Krapf translated parts of the Old testament and New Testament into Kiswahili. During the 20th century the Bible was translated into many Kenyan languages such as:a. kikuyu-1951 b. kikamba-1956.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9032282740016965, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2303, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.0440745}
{"text": "In the 16th century, the Bible was translated into different European languages for example the Germain Lutheran Bible and the English King James version. During the missionaries period in Africa, the Bible was further translated into many African languages, for example Johan Ludwig Krapf translated parts of the Old testament and New Testament into Kiswahili. During the 20th century the Bible was translated into many Kenyan languages such as:a. kikuyu-1951 b. kikamba-1956. C. Dholuo-1963. D. Kimeru-1964. E. Kalenjin-1969. F. Pokomo-2005. G. Rendille-2018. The Bible Society of Kenya BSK continues with the work of translating the Bible. CHRISTAINAS IN Kenya use different versions of the Bible. Some versions are easy to read and understand while other are difficult. The following are examples of the Bible versions;Good News Bible. Revised Standard Version RSV New International Version NIV The African Bible. The Youth Bible. New King James Version NKJV New Living Translation Bible Version. King James Bible. The Jerusalem Bible. The Gideon International Bible. The Holy Bible. The New English Bible. The Jerome Bible. The Common Bible. The New Life Version. The Authorized BibleHow people benefited from different translations of the BibleSpread of the word of God and the general growth of the church. Higher demand for formal education in Africa so as to read the Bible. It increased the number of Africans in church leadership. Unity of mankind, especially through ecumenism. It made African Christians more active than passive. Africans leaned foreign languages e.g. English. Many missionaries were able to learn African languages. African languages developed from oral to written form. Introduction of new concepts and terms into local languages. Development of African theology. Many employment opportunities. For instance, people are employed to work for the Bible Society of Kenya. Emergence of African indigenous churches. Africans rediscovered their culture and developed confidence in it. Fast growth of the printing industry. Establishment of Bible societies in Africa e.g. the Bible society of KenyaReasons that led to the translations of the Bible into local languagesTo enable the word of God to reach more people. To train local people to take leadership skills. To facilitate the expansion of the church. To indigenise Christianity.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9034577691666481, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2380, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.0516925}
{"text": "To train local people to take leadership skills. To facilitate the expansion of the church. To indigenise Christianity. To establish local translation society for example Kenya s Bible society. To enable the local people read the bible and understand it. To encourage development of local languages. The different translations of the Bible When missionaries began to evangilise in African there was a need to translate the Bible into local languages of the local people to have the scripture in a language they could understand. Today the Bible has been translated into local languages. In Kenya, the Bible society of Kenya is the main body mandated to translate the Bible. Some of the translated Bibles include Kamba, Swahili, kikuyu, Kimiiru kimeru, Somali, Samburu, Borana, Luhyia Bibles. It has enabled the spread of the word of God to local communities. People can now read the Bible in their local languages and understand it betterIt has deepened the faith of individual Christians. It has made it possible for individual Christians to be actively in church activities like teaching Sunday school and conducting Bible studies. It enabled Africans to rediscover their own cultural identity. This is because through reading the Bible, they are able to differentiate between biblical Christianity and western culture. It enhanced establishment of African independent churches and schools. It offered job opportunities for example, people are employed as Bible translators, copy typists, secretaries etc. It enabled growth of business such as bookshops and printing press. Improving the standards of living among the local people. This is made possible through employment opportunities and establishment of businesses. Improving money circulation. This happens through buying and selling of items related to Bible translation. It has led to the development of African independent churchesIt has led to the development of local languages which have been put down in written form. Africans have become leaders in their established churches as catechists, priests, pastors and deacons. Exodus 2:11-13, exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12 During the call of Moses, God told Moses that he had heard the cry of his people Israelites . God wanted to send Moses to the king of Egypt so that he could lead his people out of the countryCharacteristics of a good leader God fearing.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9123256373256373, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2376, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.0929587}
{"text": "Africans have become leaders in their established churches as catechists, priests, pastors and deacons. Exodus 2:11-13, exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12 During the call of Moses, God told Moses that he had heard the cry of his people Israelites . God wanted to send Moses to the king of Egypt so that he could lead his people out of the countryCharacteristics of a good leader God fearing. Ready to serve Hardworking Good decision maker Gentle Have respect Honest Humble Loyal Loving Peaceful Be a role model Have integrityExodus 2:11-13, Exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12In the society leaders are prepared to take up their position in different ways, for example through training. Like today leaders, God prepared Moses for leadership in different ways. Speaking from a miraculously burning bush, God says he will send Moses to lead His people from Egyptian slavery. This mission was overwhelming to Moses. He responded to Gods call with doubt. He did not see himself as the best person to free the Jews or an appropriate leader for the task. However, God often calls the most unlikely people to accomplish his greatest tasks. -God prepare Moses for leadership by making him witness the suffering of the Hebrews under the Egyptians. -God prepare Moses to solve conflicts among his people and the Israelites. -Life in the desert made Moses bold and ready to face hardship. -As a shepherd, Moses learnt to be keen and responsible in leading IsraelitesThe Roles performed by Moses during the Exodus. Moses was the prophet who led Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and brought them to the edge of the promised land. Moses played various roles during the exodus. Encouraging the Israelites not to be afraid of the Egyptians. Assuring the people of Israel that God would fight for themGuiding the Israelites through crossing the Red sea and in the desert. Responding to the needs of the people when they needed water to drink. Praying to God for help when the Israelites complained. Delegating some of the leadership responsibilities to capable men according to their abilities.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8910960153676101, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2094, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.0749137}
{"text": "Responding to the needs of the people when they needed water to drink. Praying to God for help when the Israelites complained. Delegating some of the leadership responsibilities to capable men according to their abilities. Teaching the Israelites God s commands on how to live and what to do. Preparing Joshua to succeed him as a leader of the people. Warning the Israelites on what would happen to them if they disobeyed God. Mediating between God and the Israelites. Leadership Qualities of Moses that Christians can emulate HumilityMoses showed humility because he sought God s guidance before making a decision. He also took advice from his father in-law Jethro. Christians lean that it is important to be humble in order to succeed in their responsibilities. Courage. Moses showed courage as he led the Israelites to cross the Red sea and through the wilderness. Christians should be courageous in their work. Empathetic. Moses identified himself with the problems of the people he led and sought solutions. Christians learn that it is important to show empathy to other people. Prayerful. Moses prayed to God whenever he faced problems in his leadership. Christians too should be prayerful in order to overcome the challenges that they face. Obedience. When he was called by God, Moss showed obedience. Christians learn that obeying God is important. MentorshipMoses prepared Joshua to succeed him as a leader. Christians learn that it is important to prepare other people for future leadership. Advantages of choosing good leaders in the societyA good leader, among other qualities should be God fearing, trustworthy, a team player, obedient, responsible, and humble. Good leadership promotes peace, love, unity and development of many nationsLeaders should follow the example of Moses. Strand 5THE LIFE AND MINISTRY OF JESUS CHRIST. BACKGROUND TO THE BIRTH OF JESUS CHRISTProphecies about the coming of Jesus ChristThe coming of Jesus Christ as messiah was predicted by many prophets in the Old testament such as Isaiah and Jeremiah. The word Messiah comes from the Hebrew word Meshiach which means the anointed one. A prophecy is a prediction of what will happen in the future. It is declared by a prophet who is inspired by the spirit of God.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9202839544837667, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2266, "token_count": 484}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.1439474}
{"text": "The word Messiah comes from the Hebrew word Meshiach which means the anointed one. A prophecy is a prediction of what will happen in the future. It is declared by a prophet who is inspired by the spirit of God. Some of the roles played by prophets included:Communicating God s message to his people. Condemns evils in the society. Give hope to people. Anoint kings. Teach people the ways of God. Isaiah s prophecy about the coming of Jesus ChristIsaiah s prophesy acts as an announcement of the birth of Jesus Christ, his righteousness, his earthly government and His just Kingdom which would be everlasting. Isaiah 9:6-7Isaiah prophesied that The messiah shall be calledWonderful counsellor. Mighty God. Eternal father. Prince of peace. The messiah shall sit upon the throne of David and shall rule with justice and righteousness forever. The kingdom established by the prophesied King would have the following characteristic. It would be powerful and continue to grow. It would always be at peace. The king would rule well and exercise justice. It would last forever. Jeremiah prophecy about the coming of Jesus ChristJeremiah 23:5-6Jeremiah prophesied that The messiah would be a righteous king from the house of David. The messiah shall execute justice and righteous in the land. He shall guarantee security and safety in the land of Israel. He shall be called the lord of righteousness He would bring salvation upon Judah. He would reign as a king. He would rule wisely. The king would ensure that Judah is a safe from all her enemies and Israel lives in peace. Mathew 1:18-23, Jeremiah 23:5-6, Isaiah 9:6-7Since the birth of Jesus Christ, the title Messiah and King were used several times to refer to Him. The word Christ is a Greek word which means Messiah or savior.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8864270228687322, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 1810, "token_count": 443}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.1061544}
{"text": "The king would ensure that Judah is a safe from all her enemies and Israel lives in peace. Mathew 1:18-23, Jeremiah 23:5-6, Isaiah 9:6-7Since the birth of Jesus Christ, the title Messiah and King were used several times to refer to Him. The word Christ is a Greek word which means Messiah or savior. According to Matthew 1:18-23, the coming of Jesus Christ fulfilled the Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah in the following ways: The old testament prophecy that Messiah would be born in the lineage of David was confirmed when God sent Angel Gabriel to a young man named Joseph who was engaged to Mary the mother of Jesus Christ. Joseph came from the lineage of King David. Jesus was born of a virgin. He was conceived through the power of the Holy Spirit as prophesied by prophet Isaiah. Isaiah s prophecy that the Messiah would be named Immanuel is fulfilled in Angel Gabriel s message to joseph that Mary s son would be called Immanuel Matthew 1:23 The promise of a son was fulfilled when Mary bore a son and named Him Jesus. The title given to the promised Messiah by prophet Jeremiah which is The Lord Our Salvation id fulfilled when the promised son is given the name Jesus which means Saviour because He would save his people from sins. The annunciation and the birth of John the BaptistLuke 1:5-25To announce means to make known. The old testaments said that John the Baptist was to prepare the way for the Messiah. Angel Gabriel announced the birth of John the Baptist during the reign of king Herod the Great. In the kingdom there lived an old couple Zechariah and Elizabeth. Zechariah mean God has remembered while Elizabeth means God has sworn. They were good and God fearing but they did not have a child because Elizabeth was a barren which was shameful and humiliating situation for a woman among the Jews. Zechariah was a priest from a priestly family of the Levites called Abijah. As a priest his duty was to burn incense at the altar. As Zechariah was doing his duty Angel Gabriel appeared to him and stood at the right side of the altar. The rest of the people were outside praying. Zechariah was afraid upon seeing the angel. The angel said to him, Don t be afraid, Zechariah!", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8923670411985019, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2225, "token_count": 506}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.1659575}
{"text": "The rest of the people were outside praying. Zechariah was afraid upon seeing the angel. The angel said to him, Don t be afraid, Zechariah! God has heard your prayer, and your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son. You are to name him John, Luke 1:13 the name John means Gods is gracious . The angel informed Zechariah that John the Baptist would have the following roles:Zechariah could not believe the angel s message since he was an old man and his wifewas also old and barrenWhen he doubted the angel, he was struck dumb and he remained so until the baby was born. Meanwhile when he came out he could not speak to people who were waiting for him, they realized that he had received a vision in the temple. After sometime his wife conceived and she remained indoors for five months. Relating the birth of John the Baptist to the coming of Jesus ChristLuke 3:16, John 1:29-30The birth of john the Baptist relates to the coming of Jesus Christ as the Messiah in the following ways:a. Baptism. During his preaching, John the Baptist reminded his listeners that someone greater than him was coming whose sandals he was not worthy to untie. This person was Jesu Christ. While John baptized them with water, he said that Jesus Christ would baptize them with Holy spirit and fire. B. Repentance. John the Baptist prepared the way for Jesus Christ by preaching repentance, though repentance, the people were prepared to receive Jesus Christ. C. Recognizing Jesus as the Messiah. John the Baptist recognized that Jesus Christ was the promised Messiah and Lamb of God who takes a way the sin of the world John 1:29 this meant that John the Baptist was not the Messiah but a forerunner of the Messiah. Ways in which Christians apply the message of John the Baptist in their lives todayWhen John the Baptist started preaching, he went to the whole of Jordan and the surrounding region proclaiming the Kingdom of God. People of all walks of life came to listen to him and to undergo baptism, which was his main message. John the Baptist Message. Message to the crowd. John the Baptist urged his listeners to have a total change of heart and confess their sins so that God would forgive them. He warned them against God s judgement.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9002506563630059, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2243, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.1603777}
{"text": "Message to the crowd. John the Baptist urged his listeners to have a total change of heart and confess their sins so that God would forgive them. He warned them against God s judgement. They assumed that since they were the descendants of Abraham, God could not punish them. John emphasized that the mere factof being children of Abraham, was not sufficient for the Jews to escape Gods punishment. He urged those who have to share with those who don t have. Whatever has two shirts must give one to the man who has none, and whoever has food must share it Message to the tax collectors. He advised tax collectors not to collect more than what was required of them. Message to the solders. He advised solders not to take money from anyone by force. Not to accuse anyone falsely. To be content with their pay. How do Christian apply John the Baptists message in the modern day society? All the evils condemned by John the Baptist are still present in the current modern day society. Christians apply the message of John the Baptist in their lives today in the following ways. Christians share what they have with those who are in need. They repent their sins to God. Christians are expected to be honest in what they do and obey the laws that govern them. Christians should not take what belongs to other people by force. Christians should not accuse others falsely. Christians should be content with what they are paid. Values that Christians need to avoid evils condemned by John the Baptist. Courage- Christians should make up their minds not to engage in evils practices and stand up for what they believe even in the face of strong condemnation. Kindness- Christians should be friendly, generous and considerate of others especially in times of need and difficulties. Honesty- Christians should be truthful and sincere in their interaction with others. Social justice- Christians should promote fairness and equity across all aspects of society. Creative Thinking-Enables one to have ideas on how to avoid evil. Critical thinking- Enables one to make an informed judgement not to commit sin. Decision making -Helps us to make moral decisions that are appropriate. Self-esteem- Have a feeling of self worthAssertiveness- Express one s actions with confidence.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9174352217830479, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2277, "token_count": 474}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.186122}
{"text": "Critical thinking- Enables one to make an informed judgement not to commit sin. Decision making -Helps us to make moral decisions that are appropriate. Self-esteem- Have a feeling of self worthAssertiveness- Express one s actions with confidence. The birth and childhood of Jesus ChristEvents that took place during the annunciation and the birth of Jesus Christ Luke 1:26-38An event is something that takes place and it is of importance. The annunciation of the birth of Jesus Christ was important. During the sixth month of Elizabeth s pregnancy. Angel Gabriel was sent to a virgin. Woman named Mary, who was engaged to Joseph, a descendant of King David. Mary was troubled and he the angel told her not to be afraid for she had found favour in the Lord. The angel announced the following concerning Jesus to Mary. He shall bear a son. He shall be called Jesus. He will be great. He will be called the son of the Most High God. He will rule over the house of Jacob forever. The Lord would give Him the throne of his Father, David. His kingdom would last forever. He will be conceived through the power of the Holy Spirit. Events that took place during the Birth of Jesus Christ Luke 2:1-20a. God sends Angel Gabriel to Mary. God sent angel Gabriel to a town in Galilee called Nazareth. The angel was to deliver a message to Mary, a young woman who was engaged to Joseph. Joseph was a descendant of King David. B. The angel appeared to Mary and gave her special greeting. When the angel appeared to Mary he greeted her, peace be with you! The Lord is with you and has greatly blessed you! Luke 1:28 c. Mary was deeply troubled. Mary was greatly troubled by the angel s greetings. She wondered what is meantd. Angel Gabriel delivers God s message to Mary. The angel told Mary that she would become pregnant, give birth to a son and name him Jesus. E. Description of Mary s son. Angel Gabriel described Mary s unborn child who would be the Messiah as followsJesus was going to be great and would be called the son of the Most High. He would be given the throne of His father David. Jesus was going to be an everlasting king and his kingdom would have no end. F. The angel explains his message to Mary.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8965026726300862, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2225, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.2369835}
{"text": "He would be given the throne of His father David. Jesus was going to be an everlasting king and his kingdom would have no end. F. The angel explains his message to Mary. Mary wondered how she would conceive as she was still a virgin. The angel explained to her that she was going to conceive through the power of the Holfy spirit. To confirm that this would be possible. Angel Gabriel told Mary that her relative Elizabeth who had been barren was six months pregnantg. Mary submits to the will of God. Mary finally accepted the angel s message and submitted herself to God s will. I am the Lord s servant, said Mary; may it happen to me as you have said. Luke 1:38 The birth of Jesu Christ took place in Bethlehem, in Judea, during the rule of Emperor Augustus Caesar. Mary and Joseph travelled to Bethlehem, the birth place of Joseph, who was a descendant of King David. People were supposed to be counted from their original home areas. While in Bethlehem, the time came for Mary to have her child. There was no place available to rest for rooms in the inns were fully booked. The baby was, therefore, born where Joseph and Mary had settled in for the night. Mary wrapped him in clothes and laid him in a manger. In the countryside close by, there were shepherds who lived in the fields, an angel of the Lord appeared to them and they were afraid. The angel calmed them down and informed them the Savior had been born. The angel also gave them signs so as to identify the baby. They would find the baby wrapped in clothes and lying in a manger. Soon after this, a choir of other angels appeared singing praises to God. After the angel s message, the shepherds went to visit the baby. They found the baby lying in a manger as they had been told. They repeated what the angel had told them about the baby and all who heard it were surprised. The shepherds then returned, praising God for all they had heard and seen. Events that took place during the dedication of Jesus ChristIn obedience to the Law of Moses, Mary and Joseph took Jesus to the temple in Jerusalem to dedicate him to the Lord. They also went to offer a sacrifice if a pair of doves or two young pigeons as required by the law of the Lord.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9069594076879101, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2219, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.2514536}
{"text": "The shepherds then returned, praising God for all they had heard and seen. Events that took place during the dedication of Jesus ChristIn obedience to the Law of Moses, Mary and Joseph took Jesus to the temple in Jerusalem to dedicate him to the Lord. They also went to offer a sacrifice if a pair of doves or two young pigeons as required by the law of the Lord. A good, God fearing man named Simeon led by the Holy Spirit, went into the temple when the parents of Jesus brought him for dedication. Simeon took Jesus into his arms and gave thanks to God. Anna, an 84 years old prophetess, who never left the temple; fasting and praying also arrived and gave thanks to God. She spoke about Jesus to all who were waiting for God to set Jerusalem free. Mary and Joseph were amazed at the things Simeon said about Jesus. He blessed them. Simeon prophesied that Jesus was chosen by God for the destruction and the salvation of many in Israel. He said many people would speak against him and his mother would face some of the suffering. Importance of the dedication of Jesus. The dedication of Jesus was important in the following ways:Obedience to the Law of the Lord. The dedication of Jesus Christ was important because it was an act of obedience to the Law of the Lord. Every firstborn male is to be dedicated to the Lord! . Luke 2:23 . By doing so, Mary and Joseph fulfilled their obligation as it was the requirement of every parent to observe the Law. Jesus Christ was recognised as the promised Messiah. Jesu Christ was recognised as the promised Messiah through Prophet Simeon who was led by Holy Spirit. Prophetess Anna also affirmed that indeed Jesu Christ was the promised Messiah. A show of Humility. The parents offering of a pair of doves during the ceremony was a sign that Jesus Christ was born in a poor family. This was important because Jesus praised humility and despised the proud throughout his ministry. From the time of his birth, he was a humble king. For example. He was laid in a manger and visited by the shepherds who were considered the poorest among Israelites. Prophecy about Jesus Christ s mission. Simeon foretold that Jesus Christ had been chosen by God for the destruction and salvation of many in Israel. Prophecy about Jesus Christ s rejection.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.912841650077464, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2282, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.2360213}
{"text": "Prophecy about Jesus Christ s mission. Simeon foretold that Jesus Christ had been chosen by God for the destruction and salvation of many in Israel. Prophecy about Jesus Christ s rejection. Simeon also foretold Jesus Christ s rejection which would cause great sorrow to His mother. The Boy Jesus with Elder at the Temple. When Jesus Christ was 12 years old, He went with His parents to Jerusalem for the Passover festival. After the festival, the parents began walking back to Nazareth. When they had travelled for a day, they realized that Jesus Christ was not among them. They looked for Him among their relatives and friends and did not find Him. They went back to Jerusalem to look for Him. They found him on the third day in the temple sitting with the Jewish teachers and asking them questions. All those who heard Him were amazed by His intelligence. When Mary and Joseph saw Jesu, they were astonished. His mother asked Him why He had caused them so much anxiety. Jesus answered them: Did you not know that I must be in my Father shouse? This meant that Jesus was already aware of His unique relationship with God. He knew he was Christ whose mission was to bring salvation to human kind. Jesus Christ went back to Nazareth with His parents where He was obedient to them. He grew in wisdom and favour with God and people. Values Christians learn from the birth and childhood of Jesus. Responsibility- parents should raise children in a Godly way like parents of Jesus. Obedience- Christians should obey their parents like Jesus Christ obeyed His parents. RespectLoveIntegritysharingStrand 5THE CHURCHSelected Forms of WorshipBiblical teaching on selected forms of worship. The bible teaches about different forms of worship such as:Music. Singing. Dancing. Fasting. Prayer. For example, we learn from the Bible texts that:Miriam the prophetess, sister to Aaron and Moses, and the women of Israel took tambourines to sing and dance in celebrations of God s victory over the Egyptians through Moses. God has taken away the mourning of His people and has made their hearts to dance with joy. The Psalmist calls people of God to sing to the Lord a new song; a song that proclaims the goodness of the Lord to all. The Psalmist invites people to praise God for His greatness, strength and the mighty things He has done.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9151012934031802, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2332, "token_count": 497}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.2765858}
{"text": "God has taken away the mourning of His people and has made their hearts to dance with joy. The Psalmist calls people of God to sing to the Lord a new song; a song that proclaims the goodness of the Lord to all. The Psalmist invites people to praise God for His greatness, strength and the mighty things He has done. They are encouraged to do this with musical instruments like cymbals, trumpets, harps, lyres, flutes, drums and dancing. As we worship God, we should praise, make music, sing and dance using various musical instruments. Importance of Prayer and fasting to Christians. Prayer is talking to God requesting help or expressing gratitude for favours received. Fasting is abstaining from food or drink in order to purify oneself before God. Prayer is important in a Christians life because: It makes us to be like Jesus and reveals to us the heart and mind of God. It enables us to have an intimate relationship with God. Prayer is an act of obedience to God because God asks us to pray all the time. Fasting is an act of worship that increases our desire for God. Fasting strengthens our faith in God. Lesson Christians learn from the Bible verses on Fasting and Prayer. Jesus had returned from Jordan full of the Holy spirit and was led by THE Spirit to the desert where He fasted for forty days and forty nights. Jesus was hungry after the forty- day fasting. There were some prophets and teachers in the church at Antioch. Barnabas, Simeon called the Black , Lucius from cyrene Manaen who had been brought up with Herod the governor and Saul. While they were serving Lord and fasting, the Holy spirit asked them to set apart Barnabas and Saul for Him, to do the work that He had called them to do. The prophets and teachers fasted and prayed, placed their hands-on Barnabas and Saul and sent them off. That Jesus taught the Lords Prayer to the disciples. We should be joyful always, pray at all times and be thankful in all circumstances as this is what God requires from our lives in union with Christ Jesus. Through praying before meals. Praying during crusades. Praying with the family before going to bed. Fasting to purify ourselves before prayer. Fasting for 40 days during lent to imitate Jesus fasting in the wilderness.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9121924948035128, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2258, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.3218255}
{"text": "Praying with the family before going to bed. Fasting to purify ourselves before prayer. Fasting for 40 days during lent to imitate Jesus fasting in the wilderness. Praying in church and at home fellowships with others. Fasting when we want to defeat temptations form the devil. The Role of the Church in Education and Health. Education is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, attitudes and values through institutions of learning and from life. The church has contributed towards education in the following ways: Introduced western formal education by starting schools as a means of spreading the Gospel of Jesus Christ. The church has taught Africans literacy and numeracy. It has encouraged local communities to send their children to school. It has translated the bible into local languages. It has taught Africans vocational skills in agriculture, masonry, cookery and carpentry. It has helped to develop local languages into written forms. It has developed textbooks, dictionaries and story books and other learning materials. It has provided bursaries to needy students for learning. It has established schools, colleges and universities as institutions of learning. It has promoted social, moral and spiritual development of learners. It has provided well trained workers for the church and government. It has promoted character building in learners. Reason why the church established schools in Kenya. To spread the Good news of Jesus Christ or evangelization. To teach Christians Religious Education. To teach people how to read and write, numeracy and technical skills like carpentry, joinery, masonry, agriculture, hygiene and domestic science. The role of the church in Health. Health is the state of being free from illness or injury. It is also the state of complete well being physical, socially. Mentally and spiritually. The church plays the following roles in health:Employment of health workers. Establishment of clinics and hospital especially among the needy. Providing chaplaincy services to the sick. Training medical personnel like nurseries, midwives, doctors and laboratory technicians. Providing medical equipment and medicine. Preaching to patients through provision of healthcare. Barriers to effective church mission work in health and education. The church currently faces the following challenges in its mission works:Cultural interference. Some cultures do not support formal education and medical services. Political interference.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9210759891598916, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2500, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.306487}
{"text": "The church currently faces the following challenges in its mission works:Cultural interference. Some cultures do not support formal education and medical services. Political interference. Government agencies sometimes frustrates the church s effort to participate in education and health care. Cults and religions. Such as Kavonokya which discourages its congregants from seeking formal education and health care services. Lack of support. From some parents or guardians as key stakeholders in their children s education and wellbeing. Insufficient funds. To sponsor and cater for the majority of poor and less fortunate. Love. Social justice. Responsibility. Respect. Strand 6CHRISTIAN LIVING TODAYHuman sexuality refers not only to the physical-sexual characteristics of male andfemale; but to the whole personal development of a girls and a boy as they grow towards manhood and woman hood. Sexuality makes us human. It influences how we behave towards the opposite sex and what we feel about ourselves. Besides maturing physically, boys and girls develop inwardly in mind, feelings or emotions and in spiritual understanding. The changes that boys and girls experience are normal and they should be taken positively. Changes that boys and girls experience at adolescence. Healthy and unhealthy relationships. Relationships between boys and girls are normal especially when they reach adolescence. This is the period between 10-19 years. During this time, boys and girls grow in every way: physically, mentally, emotionally, socially and spiritually. Young people want to be in the company of the opposite sex and those with whom they share common interests. This is also a period of searching for identity or trying to understand who one is. Adolescents love socializing and pursuing interests in sports, academics and interacting with interactive media like television, video games, computer and smartphones. They also love dressing up, going to church and helping others. It is very important to be in a heathy relationship that is affirming and can help you grow. Unhealthy relationships should be avoided. What are the life skills needed to maintains healthy relationships? Assertiveness. Decision making. Critical thinking. Problem solving. Communication. Answer the following question. What circumstances leads to unhealthy relationships? Dishonesty. Controlling others. Jealousy. Avoiding sexual temptationsSexual temptation is being persuaded or seduced into engaging in sexual acts. Sexual temptation leads to sexual immorality.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9215346452235875, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2556, "token_count": 492}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.341982}
{"text": "Jealousy. Avoiding sexual temptationsSexual temptation is being persuaded or seduced into engaging in sexual acts. Sexual temptation leads to sexual immorality. As a Christian, in order to lead a godly life, it is important to avoid temptations and tempting places. Christians can avoid temptation by:Praying to God for strength to withstand any temptations. Making a decision to always do the right thing. Keeping good and supportive friends. Engaging in productive and interesting leisure activities. Remove the temptations. Listen to the guidance of the Holy spirit. Teachings from Bible verses on Sexuality. 1 Corinthians 6:9,18Children of God who have been filled with the Holy spirit should be physically and spiritually pure. They should avoid sexual immorality because the sexually immoral will not inherit the Kingdom of God. We should flee from sexual sin. Sexual immorality unlike other sins affects the bodies. Those guilty of sexual immorality sin their own bodies. We should use our bodies to glorify God. Consequences of engaging in sex before marriage. Sex before marriage is a sin. Sex before marriage decreases one s chance of getting marriage. One risk getting sexually transmitted diseases and HIV AIDS. Sex before marriage distracts one from other important areas of life like studying and pursuing a career. Christian Marriage and Family. Marriage is a union between a man and a woman who decide to have lasting relationship. Family is a special group that is made up of parents and their children,It is the basic social unit of a society. A family has its foundation in marriage. There are different types of families in Kenya as follows. Nuclear family. Single parent family. Extended family. Step family. Grandparent family. Child headed family. Biblical teachings on Marriage. Marriage was ordained by God. Marriage is for companionship, so a man and a woman will leave their parents and be joined together in marriage. Marriage is between a man and a woman. Married couples are encouraged to be faithful to each other and to jealously guard their love. Christian husbands are the leaders of families and should love their wives like Christ loves the church. Wives should respect or submit to their husbands as they would to Christ. Both husbands and wives should respect each other without being abusive. Some of the Requirements of a Christian marriage are:Loving each other unconditionally. Respecting each other. Treating each other with dignity.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.917851106639839, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2485, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.355951}
{"text": "Some of the Requirements of a Christian marriage are:Loving each other unconditionally. Respecting each other. Treating each other with dignity. Bearing and raising children in a godly way. Complementing and supporting each other. Both parties must be adult at the time of the marriage. Bible teaches that:Children should respect their parents so that God may give them long lives. Children are a gift from God and are a blessing. They offer protection to parents from enemies. Children should be taught right from wrong by their parents and look to Christ alone for their salvation. Parents should not provoke their children to anger. Instead, they should bring them up with Christian discipline and teachings. Taking them through courtship seminars. Teaching them what the Bible teaches about marriage and family. Encouraging virtues and values among young people. Teaching young people skills of resolving conflicts within marriages. Teaching young people to model good behavior to their children. Teaching them how to manage finances and investments in marriage. Why it is important for marriages and families to have harmonious relationships. God intends marriages and families to be based on love and companionship. God wants children to be raised in peaceful and harmonious marriages and families. Marriages and families should be based on respect for one another. Without peace, love and harmony, marriages and families would break up easily. Children should grow up in a nurturing environment where their emotional, mental, spiritual and social needs are met. Children learn how to treat others and solve conflicts depending on the ways they were raised. Skills young people need to contribute towards families. Be form and friendly. Make right choices or decisions. Solve problems peacefully. Think creatively before you act. Alcohol, Drugs and Substance Use. Types of Drugs commonly abused by youth in Kenya today. Alcohol refers to a chemical substance found in drinks such as beer, wine and liquor. It is made through chemical process know as fermentation that uses sugar and yeast. A drug is any substance which when taken into living organisms may alter some of their functions. Alcohol, drugs and substances use refers to the consumption of alcohol, drugs and other illegal substances. Abuse refers to wrong or inappropriate use of something. Common drugs abused in Kenya are as follows. A. Tobacco-it is usually taken in form of cigarettes or snuff. B. Khat or Miraa-this is a wild growing shrub whose leaves and stacks are chewed to induce excitement. C. Clue sniffing- this is a volatile drug that makes the consumer intoxicated.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9228797587636638, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2653, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.3803215}
{"text": "A. Tobacco-it is usually taken in form of cigarettes or snuff. B. Khat or Miraa-this is a wild growing shrub whose leaves and stacks are chewed to induce excitement. C. Clue sniffing- this is a volatile drug that makes the consumer intoxicated. D. Cocaine- this is a narcotic drug derived from coca plant leaves. E. Morphine-this is a narcotic drug obtained from opium. F. Bhang-it comes from a plant known as Indian hemp. Bhang is also known as marijuanaor cannabis sativa. G. Heroine-it is a substance made from morphine which is highly addictive. Reasons why young people abuse drugs today. People today abuse alcohol, drugs and other substances because of various reasons. Some of the reasons are:Idleness-when people have too much time for themselves with nothing constructive to do, they might experiment with alcohol and drugs to get excitement and they get addicted. Frustrations-During difficult frustrating moments, some people indulge in alcohol and other drugs in order to cope. Example of frustrating situations include family disputes and failing to do well in school. Having too much money-when young people receive more money than they need , they get tempted to buy alcohol and drugs which they abuse with time and become addicted. Financial stress- people with little or no money for their basic needs feel insufficient, troubled and miserable. Such people might get tempted to become peddlers, pushers and users of drugs so as to get money. Bad examples from adults-young people from homes and environment where parents and other people abuse drugs are likely to be influenced to use and abuse drugs. Negative peer influence-in social gatherings, a person may be sidelined if they do not do what others are doing. Young people start abusing alcohol and other drugs because they fear to appear primitive and to lose friends. Availability of Drugs in the Kenyan markets- some drugs are readily available and also affordable thus making it easy for those interested to access them. Media influence-commercial advertising and movies promote use and abuse of alcohol and drugs because they link success and power to their consumption. Parental neglect of children-some parents are not available for their children and this makes the children to feel neglected and unloved. Sometimes such children may indulge in alcohol and drugs use as a way of getting their parents attention.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9202832153269472, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2401, "token_count": 476}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.414638}
{"text": "Media influence-commercial advertising and movies promote use and abuse of alcohol and drugs because they link success and power to their consumption. Parental neglect of children-some parents are not available for their children and this makes the children to feel neglected and unloved. Sometimes such children may indulge in alcohol and drugs use as a way of getting their parents attention. Permissiveness and decline in moral values-some young people feel that they have the right to do whatever pleases them regardless of the opinions of their parents or guardians and other authorities. They go against the regulations that govern good morals in the family and society. Some of them end up becoming alcohol, drugs and substance abusers. Effects of alcohol, drugs and substance use on individual and families. A. Effects on IndividualsAlcohol, drugs and substance abuse have negative influence on individuals and families. These negative influences include the following: Poor health-many drugs users do not eat well either because they lack appetite or they buy drugs instead of food stuffs. Some consume alcohol on an empty stomach and this can affect the liver and the digestive system. Lack of concentration in school and at work-this happens because alcohol and drugs destroy brain cells. School dropouts-if the abuse of alcohol and drugs is not curbed on time, the user might eventually fail to complete their education courses. Vulnerable to risky behavior-alcohol and drugs abusers lower a person s ability to make proper moral decisions. As a result, some people engage in sexual activities and contract HIV AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Violence and unruly behavior-some people get drunk and disorderly and thus commit crimes such as robbery and violence. Imprisonment-one can be imprisoned for being a drug and substance dealer or for committing crimes from the result of using alcohol, drugs and substances. B. Effects on Families. Misuse of family resources- this affects family projects negatively as resources are spent on alcohol, drugs and substances abuse rather than on development. Financial strains-when family income is spent on alcohol, drugs and substances, the family strains financially. Family conflicts-this could be as a result of negligence, misuse of family resources and violence by alcohol, drugs and substance users. Consequently, family members are deprived of peace and harmony. Poverty and poor living standards-this can happen as a result of inability to work well or use of family resources for medication and rehabilitation of an addicted family member.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9227272727272728, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2640, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.4649029}
{"text": "Family conflicts-this could be as a result of negligence, misuse of family resources and violence by alcohol, drugs and substance users. Consequently, family members are deprived of peace and harmony. Poverty and poor living standards-this can happen as a result of inability to work well or use of family resources for medication and rehabilitation of an addicted family member. Separation and divorce-when conflicts withing the family are too much; they lead to separation of family members or divorce. Juvenile delinquency-this is a situation where young child gets involved in criminal activities. It can happen as a result of lack of proper parental guidance or disobedience from children. Young children who are alcohol and drug abusers can also get involved in the crime. This affects family stability. Biblical teachings on alcohol, drugs and substance use. Getting drunk with wine destroys a person. It is better to seek to be filled with the Holy spirit than to drink wine. Drinking too much makes one foolish and stupid. Our bodies are the temple of God and so they should not be contaminated with alcohol and drugs. God is not happy with those who destroy their bodies with alcohol, drugs and substances abuse. Alcohol, drug and substance abuse can make someone to miss the Kingdom of God. Values needed to avoid alcohol, drugs and substance use. Obedience-young people to obey instructions and guidance of their parents and authorities. Respect-people to respect themselves and othersResponsibility-it helps one to make right decisions and take the right actions to avoid alcohol and drugs. Diligence-hardworking people are not idle and they are able to earn what they need for their use hence avoid being lured into illegal practices. Perseverance- helps you to bear with hard situations. Patience-this is ability to wait for something to happen or a situation to change. It helps someone to avoid alcohol and drugs. Skills that would help to avoid alcohol, drugs and substance use. Self-awareness. Self-esteem. Self-confidence. Coping with emotions. Assertiveness. Decision making. Effective communication. Critical thinking. Gambling as a form of addiction. Gambling means taking part in any game or activity in which one risks loss pf money or valuable items in order to win money. Types of Gambling. There are three types of gambling. Commercial gambling for example lotteries and number games. Sports betting such as horse betting, poker and other card games. Electronic gambling; gambling using machines.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.921042242400316, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2533, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.4381883}
{"text": "Commercial gambling for example lotteries and number games. Sports betting such as horse betting, poker and other card games. Electronic gambling; gambling using machines. Biblical teaching on Gambling. Wealth that is easily acquired is also easily lost. Honest people are blessed by God with a happy life. However, those who are in a hurry to get rich suffer ruin. The urge to get rich leads to temptations and this leads to a disaster. Causes of Gambling in the Society. Desperation to get money easily. Curiosity to know about gambling. Desire to have a thrilling experience of winning. Urge to be a successful gambler. Using gambling as a means of coping with daily stresses and life. Drug or alcohol addiction. Media influence through advertisements by betting companies. Bad influence from adults especially parents. Effects of Gambling on individual and families. Effects of gambling on individual and families are both physical and mental. Many individual and families have trouble coping with the effects. Effects of Gambling on individuals include:Depression, for example, when an individual cannot cope with piling debts resulting in lack of sleep, ulcers, headaches and anxiety. Low self-esteem when one feels judged by others. Isolation from family and friends due to constant blaming and condemnation. Engaging in criminal behaviours like stealing to get more money for gambling. Suicide when one cannot repay debts or cope with the loss of money. Violence against the family, for example, when a child or spouse asks for money for household use. Feelings of shame, hurt, anger and fear. Loss of friends due to constant borrowing of money. Effects of Gambling on Families include:Loss of family wealth, property and other possessions. Emotional problems like shame, anger and distrust of the person concerned. Physical and emotional abuse of spouse and children. Families struggling to pay bills. Health problems among family members like depression, ulcers, lack of sleep, headaches and muscle pains. Isolation of family from other relatives and friends due to shame. Establishment of recovery and rehabilitation centres to help those who are addicted togambling. Provision of psycho-social support to those who express the desire to be cured from addiction to gambling. Provision of guiding and counselling services. Spiritual support through Bible reading and prayers. Medical help to treat mental and emotional disorders. Family therapy to enable family members cope with the situation. Awareness creation on the dangers of gambling through the school curriculums. Bible teachings on Gambling.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9239479724560061, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2614, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.4419687}
{"text": "Family therapy to enable family members cope with the situation. Awareness creation on the dangers of gambling through the school curriculums. Bible teachings on Gambling. The bible encourages us to work hard to acquire wealth instead of looking for easy ways like gambling. Love of money is a source of all types of evil. Those that are very eager to acquire money like gamblers, forget their faith and become sorrowful in the process. The bible encourages us to keep our lives free from the love of money and to be satisfied with what we have. It also affirms that God never abandons us. This means that we should avoid earning money through gambling. The bible advices us to exercise self-control over any evil that pull over our minds and body. We should be faithful and stand up for God s way. What strategies can an individual use to overcome gambling? Find activities that will distract one from the temptation to gamble. Be focused on what is important in your life. Set new goals for yourself every in order to overcome gambling urge. Find a healthier activity to replace gambling. Remind oneself that gambling results in losses not winnings. Journal one s experience and successes every day. Be thankful to God for life and support to overcome gambling. Join a support group that will support one, during difficult moments. Values of leading a free gambling life. Living a healthy life free from anxiety, depression and stress. Living a successful and peaceful family life free of violence. Experiencing financial wellbeing for an individual and the family. Having healthy interpersonal relations with family and friends. Having positive use of leisure time. Skills and values that can help a person to avoid Gambling. Self-awareness. Assertiveness. Decision making. Integrity. Responsibility. Critical thinking. Love. Respect. Social Media. Social media platforms are channels through which individuals and groups create and share information over the internet. Examples of social media platforms used by young people today. Instagram. WhatsApp. Twitter. Tiktok. Facebook. Snapchat. Messenger. Telegram. YouTube. They can pose dangers like kidnapping, raping and killings. They can introduce us to antisocial behaviours like cyber bullying. They can recruit us to criminal groups, for example terrorism. They can cause distress to our family members. They can introduce us to drug and substance use. They may convince us to drop out of school. They may introduce us to age inappropriate content online. They may introduce us to ungodly groups. They may lure us into subscribing to inappropriate sites.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9213465952563122, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2614, "token_count": 501}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.497224}
{"text": "They may introduce us to age inappropriate content online. They may introduce us to ungodly groups. They may lure us into subscribing to inappropriate sites. They may lead us to steal from our parents in order to buy more data bundles. Cyber bullying. This is sending threatening, frightening or upsetting messages through social media platforms. Stalking. This is repeatedly monitoring another person online for purpose of harassment or invading their privacy. Time depletion. A lot of time is spent online at the expense of studies or work especially where one is addicted to social media. Perpetuating criminal activities. Such as kidnapping, extortion, fraud, child pornography and terrorist activities. Trolling. This is abusing or commenting negatively on other s posts on social media platforms and causing them distress. Clout chasing. This is the desperation to gain popularity or following on social media through all means including sharing immoral contents. Spreading fake news. The spread of false and malicious information is very rampant on social media. Gossip. This is discussing or talking ill of other people. Impersonation. This is pretending to be someone else and opening pseudo accounts in their names for criminal purposes. Pornography. Some youth are introduced to sex related content through social media sites. Response or Reactions to or in case of Cyber bullying. Do not respond to cyber bullying. If you do, the bullying becomes a cycle and worsens instead of solving. Do not bully them back or retaliate. Maintain your cool nature and do not allow anger to lead you to sin. Tell a trusted adult like a teacher, parent or guardian, close relatives or friends. Tell the cyber bully that it hurts you, therefore, they should stop it. Block the cyber bully from accessing your social media platforms. Save evidence by taking screenshots of events where you are bullied. Do not take their actions to heart to prevent it from lowering your self-esteem. Christian values to apply while using different Social media platforms. Love. Respect. Humility. Responsibility. Integrity. Skills to apply while using different Social media platforms. Assertiveness-to be firm when saying no to strangers and negative social media influence. Critical thinking-analyse content and the consequences of sharing it before posting it on social media platforms. Empathy-to consider other s feelings before sharing information on social media platforms.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-7-CRE-NOTES-COMPLETE-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9149543831812773, "ocr_used": false, "chunk_length": 2521, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.5225103}
{"text": "FOARDAION,-s6iuyoay pup suonoweaypads ssaudxe 02 pauuuoyied auawenrows pasiu06.0 1 S14. 42UDq-Fivowsoy pun fipojeus wupfiys Busn spunos yoquewebub.s0 UO SIS. I8MHL a6on6upj jo sanyonb ino pu wipfiys sasn pun aBnxs uo pautiojsed utioj 29004 O 1 SIL.-Bunop ySno.up a602s D uo pawuioyied uoR 0 SI sI4j, :DUIDIG-suay Bulwwiopsay jo 521496 Buymorjoy a4p WsDay IA 2m\"9PO46 SP ULsqujog 6ujus027 19819, ;' aa eangoyd yous fig pamuosoidea 1 soup oauo6 oun fypuop pup mojaq soan2yd ayp fipnys sdnoa6 uy parinys Bupr9 Sqay Buyunsoysag Jo s24u25up sauo yay 024pu pun Besnscanerfeelings about it4, Share your ideas in class, Explore4. Use the table below to write other genres in Column B that can be combinedwith a genre in Column A. 2. Draw the chart above on paper and display it for the class to see. Importance of Performing Arts in society Getting StartedName the functions or ceremonies where you have watched performances:of songs, dances, stories, short plays and verses in your community. Learning PointsPerforming Arts genres such as drama, poetry, music and dance provide us with entertainment. ;. They can also be used to talk about things happening in society ;Most importantly, they con be used to educate young persons and society as a whole. AcaTalk it over41.", "metadata": {"source": "PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8328266889694266, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1275, "token_count": 434}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.5044796}
{"text": "Learning PointsPerforming Arts genres such as drama, poetry, music and dance provide us with entertainment. ;. They can also be used to talk about things happening in society ;Most importantly, they con be used to educate young persons and society as a whole. AcaTalk it over41. In groups, recall the performances you have watched,NOT FOR SALEBesnscanersnofi PUD sesuDUo,Jed soy isua sosue6 SuIUiqWor seM0WK ssnosiq nto ot gp nee seauoB peurquio piv sooupuiio sed ony fluo 10 S81 O9PIA yprOM sdnou6 uy 4AAA SEs09p uo id92u09 mouos poanponuyoqon 9249 pn0 smo om 90008 Bux quo s upulo 6d oi saY 11U9 Om9 2uOUO 0d aUo Uy 50:u06 wuevoyp Bus \"Vona10qo 0 96ouno2u0 cr s.ue6 sasayp auquon sonny s2ubULO Jad ay GuLinp a2uDp pups P 4010 B4a YA 3NfS D BADY UD Nofi e duiOxe 104 eouDULJOLIedPouiqulo aq uD so1ua6 wos jew ows ays ap 2IsnWY puDdjexfuoas poy ayn e2uoWojad D paysiom JoAD nofl OADpaving bua5 Suy Buywiuojieg uy sound asip 043 Buown sdiysuonDjoy SS0 ay yay sGulpuy unofi axoys -y anogo som soupwuojied yp 20 adu9sap Jataq D pup paysiom nofi sa2uDULo Iad aya Jo 2s D UMOP aLUMA pauuojiad a40 sosuo6 aussoyip oi Moy aAIOsqQ 7Fuyunuiuos anofi woyy sosuowojied pap4or04 40 941 Y 20m sdnou6 Up z a40 dx3 Beanscamer32.", "metadata": {"source": "PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.7837280627662969, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1239, "token_count": 536}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.5386212}
{"text": ";They can also be used to talk about things happening in society ;Most importantly, they con be used to educate young persons and society as a whole. AcaTalk it over41. In groups, recall the performances you have watched,NOT FOR SALEBesnscanersnofi PUD sesuDUo,Jed soy isua sosue6 SuIUiqWor seM0WK ssnosiq nto ot gp nee seauoB peurquio piv sooupuiio sed ony fluo 10 S81 O9PIA yprOM sdnou6 uy 4AAA SEs09p uo id92u09 mouos poanponuyoqon 9249 pn0 smo om 90008 Bux quo s upulo 6d oi saY 11U9 Om9 2uOUO 0d aUo Uy 50:u06 wuevoyp Bus \"Vona10qo 0 96ouno2u0 cr s.ue6 sasayp auquon sonny s2ubULO Jad ay GuLinp a2uDp pups P 4010 B4a YA 3NfS D BADY UD Nofi e duiOxe 104 eouDULJOLIedPouiqulo aq uD so1ua6 wos jew ows ays ap 2IsnWY puDdjexfuoas poy ayn e2uoWojad D paysiom JoAD nofl OADpaving bua5 Suy Buywiuojieg uy sound asip 043 Buown sdiysuonDjoy SS0 ay yay sGulpuy unofi axoys -y anogo som soupwuojied yp 20 adu9sap Jataq D pup paysiom nofi sa2uDULo Iad aya Jo 2s D UMOP aLUMA pauuojiad a40 sosuo6 aussoyip oi Moy aAIOsqQ 7Fuyunuiuos anofi woyy sosuowojied pap4or04 40 941 Y 20m sdnou6 Up z a40 dx3 Beanscamer32. Brainstorm the importance of the performances you watched in the soci,3.", "metadata": {"source": "PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.7788610235417746, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1203, "token_count": 530}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.5535202}
{"text": "AcaTalk it over41. In groups, recall the performances you have watched,NOT FOR SALEBesnscanersnofi PUD sesuDUo,Jed soy isua sosue6 SuIUiqWor seM0WK ssnosiq nto ot gp nee seauoB peurquio piv sooupuiio sed ony fluo 10 S81 O9PIA yprOM sdnou6 uy 4AAA SEs09p uo id92u09 mouos poanponuyoqon 9249 pn0 smo om 90008 Bux quo s upulo 6d oi saY 11U9 Om9 2uOUO 0d aUo Uy 50:u06 wuevoyp Bus \"Vona10qo 0 96ouno2u0 cr s.ue6 sasayp auquon sonny s2ubULO Jad ay GuLinp a2uDp pups P 4010 B4a YA 3NfS D BADY UD Nofi e duiOxe 104 eouDULJOLIedPouiqulo aq uD so1ua6 wos jew ows ays ap 2IsnWY puDdjexfuoas poy ayn e2uoWojad D paysiom JoAD nofl OADpaving bua5 Suy Buywiuojieg uy sound asip 043 Buown sdiysuonDjoy SS0 ay yay sGulpuy unofi axoys -y anogo som soupwuojied yp 20 adu9sap Jataq D pup paysiom nofi sa2uDULo Iad aya Jo 2s D UMOP aLUMA pauuojiad a40 sosuo6 aussoyip oi Moy aAIOsqQ 7Fuyunuiuos anofi woyy sosuowojied pap4or04 40 941 Y 20m sdnou6 Up z a40 dx3 Beanscamer32. Brainstorm the importance of the performances you watched in the soci,3. Discuss the importance of Performing Arts as a learning area to you, Through Performing Arts, individuals and societies are able to express thems,2.", "metadata": {"source": "PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.7764348096075918, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1202, "token_count": 525}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.5679216}
{"text": "In groups, recall the performances you have watched,NOT FOR SALEBesnscanersnofi PUD sesuDUo,Jed soy isua sosue6 SuIUiqWor seM0WK ssnosiq nto ot gp nee seauoB peurquio piv sooupuiio sed ony fluo 10 S81 O9PIA yprOM sdnou6 uy 4AAA SEs09p uo id92u09 mouos poanponuyoqon 9249 pn0 smo om 90008 Bux quo s upulo 6d oi saY 11U9 Om9 2uOUO 0d aUo Uy 50:u06 wuevoyp Bus \"Vona10qo 0 96ouno2u0 cr s.ue6 sasayp auquon sonny s2ubULO Jad ay GuLinp a2uDp pups P 4010 B4a YA 3NfS D BADY UD Nofi e duiOxe 104 eouDULJOLIedPouiqulo aq uD so1ua6 wos jew ows ays ap 2IsnWY puDdjexfuoas poy ayn e2uoWojad D paysiom JoAD nofl OADpaving bua5 Suy Buywiuojieg uy sound asip 043 Buown sdiysuonDjoy SS0 ay yay sGulpuy unofi axoys -y anogo som soupwuojied yp 20 adu9sap Jataq D pup paysiom nofi sa2uDULo Iad aya Jo 2s D UMOP aLUMA pauuojiad a40 sosuo6 aussoyip oi Moy aAIOsqQ 7Fuyunuiuos anofi woyy sosuowojied pap4or04 40 941 Y 20m sdnou6 Up z a40 dx3 Beanscamer32. Brainstorm the importance of the performances you watched in the soci,3. Discuss the importance of Performing Arts as a learning area to you, Through Performing Arts, individuals and societies are able to express thems,2. Performing Arts prepare you for future careers in entertainment, music, rag,Public speaking, television or film.", "metadata": {"source": "PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.7880964297630965, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1296, "token_count": 540}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.5842786}
{"text": "Listen to the song ! Am a Musician or any other sung or played by yourteacher or resource person.2. Sing the song as you tap the rhythms of each syllable,3, Repeat the song, replacing the word guitar with the name of anotherinstrument, for example, trumpet played as pa-ro-ra-ra, po-ra-ra-ra, pa-rara-ra,ram,pa-Fa-ra-ra,ram,pa-ra-ta-Fa, Fam, pa-ra-Fa-ta, Pa-ra-ra-Fa,pa-rara-ra,ram, po-ra-ra-ra, pa-ra-ra-ra, ram. Recite the French rhythm names equivalent to the note values in the song I am a Musician instead of the syllables of the song. NOT FORSALECB camscannermiquaver in relation to the longer note vl,This table shows the position ofthe s Taa-aa-ao-aa 1 semibreve J staoco 4 tavea 2 minims yy es ai Do of 0 ta-te tate ? A oo,; rota te-fe tafa te-fe ta-fa te-fe to-fa te-fe A semiquaver is a note that result from dividing the quaver into two. A semiquaver is represented by a filled notehead, or dot, and a sterwith 2 ais 2 ,To draw a semiquaver, draw a circle, colour in the circle then add a stem on wo tails always on the right hand. NSS In duration of one crotchet,there are two quavers,with the French rhythm names.ta and te respectively The frst quaver, ta is equivalent to two semiquavers. The French rhythm names of these semiquavers are ta and fa. The second quaver te is equivalent to another two semiquavers, The French rhythm names of these semiquavers are te and fe Property of theGovernment of Kenye 59 camscanner2.", "metadata": {"source": "PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8700638394892841, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1462, "token_count": 433}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.6108372}
{"text": "Sing the song as you tap the rhythms of each syllable,3, Repeat the song, replacing the word guitar with the name of anotherinstrument, for example, trumpet played as pa-ro-ra-ra, po-ra-ra-ra, pa-rara-ra,ram,pa-Fa-ra-ra,ram,pa-ra-ta-Fa, Fam, pa-ra-Fa-ta, Pa-ra-ra-Fa,pa-rara-ra,ram, po-ra-ra-ra, pa-ra-ra-ra, ram. Recite the French rhythm names equivalent to the note values in the song I am a Musician instead of the syllables of the song. NOT FORSALECB camscannermiquaver in relation to the longer note vl,This table shows the position ofthe s Taa-aa-ao-aa 1 semibreve J staoco 4 tavea 2 minims yy es ai Do of 0 ta-te tate ? A oo,; rota te-fe tafa te-fe ta-fa te-fe to-fa te-fe A semiquaver is a note that result from dividing the quaver into two. A semiquaver is represented by a filled notehead, or dot, and a sterwith 2 ais 2 ,To draw a semiquaver, draw a circle, colour in the circle then add a stem on wo tails always on the right hand. NSS In duration of one crotchet,there are two quavers,with the French rhythm names.ta and te respectively The frst quaver, ta is equivalent to two semiquavers. The French rhythm names of these semiquavers are ta and fa. The second quaver te is equivalent to another two semiquavers, The French rhythm names of these semiquavers are te and fe Property of theGovernment of Kenye 59 camscanner2. Clap the following patterns:JJG mebelow. In pairs, recite French rhythm names of the rhythmic patternPublish ake0 JHJ J3Ji JGJ BGR Te, UJ12Q ou12.J nd dd lif wdimeee The semiquavers in a steady crotchet beat appear as egy,IT ens ITD onong orsTalk it over41.", "metadata": {"source": "PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8666926482509199, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1624, "token_count": 499}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.638015}
{"text": "NOT FORSALECB camscannermiquaver in relation to the longer note vl,This table shows the position ofthe s Taa-aa-ao-aa 1 semibreve J staoco 4 tavea 2 minims yy es ai Do of 0 ta-te tate ? A oo,; rota te-fe tafa te-fe ta-fa te-fe to-fa te-fe A semiquaver is a note that result from dividing the quaver into two. A semiquaver is represented by a filled notehead, or dot, and a sterwith 2 ais 2 ,To draw a semiquaver, draw a circle, colour in the circle then add a stem on wo tails always on the right hand. NSS In duration of one crotchet,there are two quavers,with the French rhythm names.ta and te respectively The frst quaver, ta is equivalent to two semiquavers. The French rhythm names of these semiquavers are ta and fa. The second quaver te is equivalent to another two semiquavers, The French rhythm names of these semiquavers are te and fe Property of theGovernment of Kenye 59 camscanner2. Clap the following patterns:JJG mebelow. In pairs, recite French rhythm names of the rhythmic patternPublish ake0 JHJ J3Ji JGJ BGR Te, UJ12Q ou12.J nd dd lif wdimeee The semiquavers in a steady crotchet beat appear as egy,IT ens ITD onong orsTalk it over41. In pairs, use illustrations to discuss how the quaver beat con be suit,organised to create different metric feels.2. Share your ideas in class,41. Ina song, some syllables have longlengths. In music, the diferent lengths durations of sound are represer, symbols known os notes. The length of a given sound is therefore refer.08 note value or a note duration, 2. The semibreve has a note value or note duration of four counts. Thessrepresented by the French rhythm name toa-aa-ao-aa. The minim lat counts. Its French rhythm name is taa-aa.", "metadata": {"source": "PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8715914356533956, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1721, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.6282787}
{"text": "Thessrepresented by the French rhythm name toa-aa-ao-aa. The minim lat counts. Its French rhythm name is taa-aa. The crotchet is one count longFrench rhythm name is taa.3. Thecrotchetis further divided into two to form two quavers. The French ry: name of the first quaver is ta and that of the second quaver iste. J d Dd erowienesddtaa ta - te tate4, Aquaver lasts for half a crotchet beat - so there are two to the time of acrote:5. A semiquaver lasts for a quarter of a crotchet beat - so there are four totime of a crotchet. Pambsa 2228 onExplore41. In groups, with the help of your teacher, find words that can help in identthe semiquaver patterns equivalent to the crotchet. For example:moo llchi nja ku - ku tof ofa tee cro co le cafe srontorr tat pore Bcunscanne QtateieJDMTata tefe The semiquaver patterns in a crotchet beat to-fa te-fe, ta te-fe, to-fa te In groups, with the help of a teacher or a resource person, sing the rhymeInky Pinky Ponky. Inky Pinky Ponky,Father had a donkey,Donkey die, Father cry,Inky Pinky Ponky.4. Write down the words of the rhyme.2.. Divide these words into syllables.3. Clap the steady pulse of the rhythm as you sing.44. Clap or top each syllable os you sing the rhyme.5. What do you notice about the lengths of sound of the sylables? Learning Points Asyllable is part:words that are madky is made of two syllables.12 The steady beat isthe underlying pulse in the music.saa it anScaner of aword or a whole word that contains sound. Examples offe up of one sjlable are cry, 'e' and die . The word pin Other examples are wa-pi,ku-jpi-ta and we-ka.", "metadata": {"source": "PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.878424883910939, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1613, "token_count": 485}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.6597629}
{"text": "Learning Points Asyllable is part:words that are madky is made of two syllables.12 The steady beat isthe underlying pulse in the music.saa it anScaner of aword or a whole word that contains sound. Examples offe up of one sjlable are cry, 'e' and die . The word pin Other examples are wa-pi,ku-jpi-ta and we-ka. Aural recognition of the semiquaver Getting StartedIn groups, with the help of the teacher:Sing the song Gari la moshi. Group 1 will sing the words as they. The equivalent French rhythm names as thelap to each syllable of the vy,Group 2 will recitto these words. Interchange roles in above. Identify semiquaver patterns equivalent to a crotchGari ta Moshiyet in the music; ta tefe tafate ofa tofe tatei Ga-rila mo shi sna e-nda wa-pitatete tate tafa tefe tarfa tee' chicki cha-kano-mai-go wake? Chiki cha-kaiv. Listen to rhythmic patterns played by the teacher or resource person cidentify the rhythmic patterns of the semiquaver. Recite the French rhythm names of the following patterns in groups:1 J no 21wJ 1 OOM!Ani mmsAMM Property of theGovernment of Kenya CB camscannerLearning PointsThe semqvver ater that correspond to aerotchet beat ore dod. D dd and 69d among otherMelodies and rhythmic patterns dictated for aural recognition containthese patterns. The patterns, thus are played among other notes and restsfor recognition. Aural recognition of the music is realised by clapping back, singing back andreciting the patterns using the pattern words or the French rhythm Talk it over1. Ingroups, discuss the best ways of recognising the rhythmic patterns incorporatingthe quaver and semi quaver in a given song or rhythmic pattern,2. Present your findings in class,1. Always clap the main beat the crotchet beat in simple time before listen 4for the various notes in a rhythmic pattern. ! 2 Work on exercises reciting French rhythm names of notes as you clap.3. Rehearse with rhythmic patterns. Wite the equivalent note symbols to each French rhythm names such as:i.", "metadata": {"source": "PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8945557565221464, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2004, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.6971302}
{"text": "CamScannerLearning PointsIn order to make reading and interpretation of music easy and precise, notes re grouped into beats and bars. Metre or time signature, bar lines and beamscore important in note grouping. In order to play music, one needs to know its time signature or metre. Metrerofers to the basic beat that you respond to in the music by dancing, clapping, nodding or tapping. In music notation, metre is represented by numbers arrangedtke a fraction fr example, 4 and among others.3 These figures are the music tie signature, Hence denoted as time, time 4cor 4 time, The top figure tells the number of beats found in a bar, while the bottom number represents the value of each beat The lower figure, 4, represents the value of a crotchet quarter note 4imple time is when the beats of apiece of music can be divided into twos. Simple time signatures are described in two ways ether with the description uple, triple or quadruple, Every time signature has strong and weak beats. In time, there are two beats per bar. The first beat is a strong beat, while the second is weak. Notes are normally beamed together to make up one crotchet beat. Here are some ? Examples, ee the diagram below: Strong weak Strong weak The cener ofthe measurein tie is between beats one and two,s0 remember:do not beam over it!Again, the quarter note is equivalent to one beat, so wecan have a maximum of four quaver notes per beat and eighth semiquavernotes per beat. Beaming and grouping of notes in time Notes with less rhythmic value than a crotchet, such as an quaver or semiquaver,have tails attached to them. Connecting several notes with tails is called beaming. Beaming notes together is important because it makes shect sue gy certo rend4 In simple time, these notes are grouped relative or equal to the crotchet beat, 1.Two quavers DD axe joined by one tine as, J2.Fourseiqunes NAN rejoined by eo nes os adNOT FORSALE 15 59 camscanner.", "metadata": {"source": "PERFORMING-ARTS-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8878884891820621, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1985, "token_count": 482}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.6855}
{"text": "Based CurriculumTable of contentBusiness and Money Management.4.1. Introduction to Business Studies...Concept of Business Studie:Importance of Business Studies...Careers and opportunities related to BUAssessment Questions. Key security features of the Kenyan currency. Themes and symbols on the Kenyan currency Meaning and importance of setting personal goals for se-developmentFactors to consider when setting personal goals for self development Setting personal goals for self-developmentAssessment Questions...1.4. Talents and Abilities...Distinguishing between talents and abilities of learnersWays of nurturing talents and abilities. Demonstrating personal talents and abilities in schoo!jes to career opportunities in the world,23 Relating talents and abilEthical issues related to the use of talents and abilities in business. Assessment Question:Business and its Environment.2.4. Business ActivitiesNeeds and wants as used in Business Studies. Scarcity, choice, scale of preference and opportunity cost. Preparing a scale of preference...Need for business activities for selfand the community Trading activities in the communityAssessment Questions. Ge Pero wy kico - 2022 Beanscaoner252.6a32 Goods and Services. Types and importance of goods and services..Distinguishing between goods and services...Sources and places for buying goods and services. Assessment Questions. Economic Resources.. Meaning and types of economic resource:Characteristics of economic resources. Sustainable ways of using economic resources in Kenya. Resource mapping and classification of local economic resources...Assessment Question:Business CommunicationMeaning and importance of communication in business,Use of ICT tools in business communication. NS. Assessment QuestProduction of Goods and Services..Meaning and importance of production.. we 90Factors of production their importance, characteristics and their rewards..93,Consumer concerns to be addressed in the production of goods andservices,Assessment Questions. 102 Marketing of Goods and Services. Market, marketing and consumei soFactors to consider when selecting a suitable market for goods andservices. ,ICT platforms used for marketing goods and services. Assessment Questions. Government and Business... weet for government involvement in business in Kenya 2Aenean ent fr starting and operating simple business in Kenya 12?Questions... vs aTaxation in Kenya, iaMeani 1g Of tax and taxation..", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9045704122627201, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2442, "token_count": 471}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.7116957}
{"text": "Ge Aovroved by kico - 2022 Bcunscannejor the questions that follow.1. All learners are om holidaer tun her grocery busine pps mother F 5: He yp holiday, Tito wanted to hel id fruits at their ruhow his mother plants VeR re dstlan her a ame1 i ante pwn an els he 0 her many hysports the produce tobetotoRead the followinTito has just complete 1 Dy, arby bookshop to buy some Business,wi take in Grade Seven. He wanted to JearyTrp smother trun her Busines. Tito reap phis is what he learnt: One day, Tito decidetextbooks, a subject which heabout businesses so that he 6the components of Business Studies i Commerce This component wil help you understand how goods orproduce ar transported rom where they are produced t0 where theyare required. I Accounting This component will help you to practise keeping accuratebusiness records arising from trading activities buying and selling fordecision making. Ii Financial teracy This component will help you to apply knowledge nd skills to effectively use various financial sklls. These skills includebudgeting savings and investing. Jv Economics This component will help you to understand how humanbeings attempt to satisfy their needs and wants using the limitedresources available, Resources are the things that are required in orderto satisfy human wants and needs. Entrepreneurship This component will teach you the activities involvedin identiying a business opportunity and acquiring the necessaryresources to stort and run a busines, Questions1 Identify the activities tha1 Tito's mother hhad to2 Why did Tito want to buy Business 5 aa3 How can Tito use what he learnt tpUse whatperform for her business.tudies textbook?help his nfi Smother run her business?ponents of Business Studies, 3 learnt to explain the1C- 2m Bcunscanne23 b Business Studies fo Learning business helps us a The components of Business Stubigett Bhat pital task olable, watch theising any digital device avfink to understand the concerts and compo utp Feingurtcom badesa share what you Hearn with classmate,oR studies and any Busine You ean fitask.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8967420653296762, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2095, "token_count": 507}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.7440846}
{"text": "All learners are om holidaer tun her grocery busine pps mother F 5: He yp holiday, Tito wanted to hel id fruits at their ruhow his mother plants VeR re dstlan her a ame1 i ante pwn an els he 0 her many hysports the produce tobetotoRead the followinTito has just complete 1 Dy, arby bookshop to buy some Business,wi take in Grade Seven. He wanted to JearyTrp smother trun her Busines. Tito reap phis is what he learnt: One day, Tito decidetextbooks, a subject which heabout businesses so that he 6the components of Business Studies i Commerce This component wil help you understand how goods orproduce ar transported rom where they are produced t0 where theyare required. I Accounting This component will help you to practise keeping accuratebusiness records arising from trading activities buying and selling fordecision making. Ii Financial teracy This component will help you to apply knowledge nd skills to effectively use various financial sklls. These skills includebudgeting savings and investing. Jv Economics This component will help you to understand how humanbeings attempt to satisfy their needs and wants using the limitedresources available, Resources are the things that are required in orderto satisfy human wants and needs. Entrepreneurship This component will teach you the activities involvedin identiying a business opportunity and acquiring the necessaryresources to stort and run a busines, Questions1 Identify the activities tha1 Tito's mother hhad to2 Why did Tito want to buy Business 5 aa3 How can Tito use what he learnt tpUse whatperform for her business.tudies textbook?help his nfi Smother run her business?ponents of Business Studies, 3 learnt to explain the1C- 2m Bcunscanne23 b Business Studies fo Learning business helps us a The components of Business Stubigett Bhat pital task olable, watch theising any digital device avfink to understand the concerts and compo utp Feingurtcom badesa share what you Hearn with classmate,oR studies and any Busine You ean fitask. A uss and presentUse what you learnt Learning following terms: a Business b Business Studies ech the definition othe correct term 25 sumption Const Definition iFay The creation of goods and servicesFo The movement of goods and services fromproducer to the u the use of goods and services.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.898404935470867, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2321, "token_count": 547}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.7570698}
{"text": "He wanted to JearyTrp smother trun her Busines. Tito reap phis is what he learnt: One day, Tito decidetextbooks, a subject which heabout businesses so that he 6the components of Business Studies i Commerce This component wil help you understand how goods orproduce ar transported rom where they are produced t0 where theyare required. I Accounting This component will help you to practise keeping accuratebusiness records arising from trading activities buying and selling fordecision making. Ii Financial teracy This component will help you to apply knowledge nd skills to effectively use various financial sklls. These skills includebudgeting savings and investing. Jv Economics This component will help you to understand how humanbeings attempt to satisfy their needs and wants using the limitedresources available, Resources are the things that are required in orderto satisfy human wants and needs. Entrepreneurship This component will teach you the activities involvedin identiying a business opportunity and acquiring the necessaryresources to stort and run a busines, Questions1 Identify the activities tha1 Tito's mother hhad to2 Why did Tito want to buy Business 5 aa3 How can Tito use what he learnt tpUse whatperform for her business.tudies textbook?help his nfi Smother run her business?ponents of Business Studies, 3 learnt to explain the1C- 2m Bcunscanne23 b Business Studies fo Learning business helps us a The components of Business Stubigett Bhat pital task olable, watch theising any digital device avfink to understand the concerts and compo utp Feingurtcom badesa share what you Hearn with classmate,oR studies and any Busine You ean fitask. A uss and presentUse what you learnt Learning following terms: a Business b Business Studies ech the definition othe correct term 25 sumption Const Definition iFay The creation of goods and servicesFo The movement of goods and services fromproducer to the u the use of goods and services. Ers. Present your discussion in class.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9013944731133368, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2023, "token_count": 459}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.7871094}
{"text": "A uss and presentUse what you learnt Learning following terms: a Business b Business Studies ech the definition othe correct term 25 sumption Const Definition iFay The creation of goods and servicesFo The movement of goods and services fromproducer to the u the use of goods and services. Ers. Present your discussion in class. Tual or a group of people that Businessis carried out by an individdiols buying and selling goods and services with the aim of making profit.the study of activities carried out in and around theconsumption of goods and services.to understand how individuals or a group ofvelop goods and services to satisfy their production, distribution andpeople organise, plan and act to customers.dies include:dy of trade and aids to trade. Trade refers othe exchange of goods and services for other goods and services OFfos money. Aids of trade are human activities that assist trade to takeplace, They include communication, transport, banking, warehousing,insurance and advertising.ae Ge rproved by KID - 2022 i Commerce: This is the stu CamScanneros1 ery is refers to the systefrom ttleny activiti ii Accounting: 7business records ardecision making ii Economies: This is the study of how human beinto satisy their endless wants using available scare rengawants are unlimited, meaning endless whereas theTmited, meaning scarce in supply neFinancial literacy: This is the ability to apply knowledgeof keepin,Which str, w Savinginvesting, Me cutship: This fs the study of the process of idenopportunity and acquiring the resources needed sug person who performs these activities is nnaw an entrepreneur:iach1. Use any Business Studies related textbook or a dictionary to find out thmeaning of the following terms as used in Business Studies: a production b distribution consumption a goods and services.2. Present your findings during clubs and societies, Importance of Business Studies ekeStudy the pictures below and answer the questions that follow. An unsuccessful business Approved by KICD - 2022 aEa .9 camscannerA successful business- wha sethoaltrene between the two businejo you think one bncand knoyvtedge do you think ab better than the other?", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9031657846465244, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2206, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.7764242}
{"text": "Aids of trade are human activities that assist trade to takeplace, They include communication, transport, banking, warehousing,insurance and advertising.ae Ge rproved by KID - 2022 i Commerce: This is the stu CamScanneros1 ery is refers to the systefrom ttleny activiti ii Accounting: 7business records ardecision making ii Economies: This is the study of how human beinto satisy their endless wants using available scare rengawants are unlimited, meaning endless whereas theTmited, meaning scarce in supply neFinancial literacy: This is the ability to apply knowledgeof keepin,Which str, w Savinginvesting, Me cutship: This fs the study of the process of idenopportunity and acquiring the resources needed sug person who performs these activities is nnaw an entrepreneur:iach1. Use any Business Studies related textbook or a dictionary to find out thmeaning of the following terms as used in Business Studies: a production b distribution consumption a goods and services.2. Present your findings during clubs and societies, Importance of Business Studies ekeStudy the pictures below and answer the questions that follow. An unsuccessful business Approved by KICD - 2022 aEa .9 camscannerA successful business- wha sethoaltrene between the two businejo you think one bncand knoyvtedge do you think ab better than the other? Wwhat shill on should hie.4 person can get from Business Studies, we skills and Knowl tiyplaie teyg task nye any appropriate digital device avallable to wateh the video in the,4 Teena ink tps Ainy hem 620 tothe video to learn why Business Studies fs important,Share what you learn with your p ow ca final any Business Stules related textbook and find the information1rou ne nt dasimportance of Business Studies:piscuss and pr 1, Discuss th a tothe learner b tothe community o tothe country eonomy. . Note down your points and share them with the rest of class. Debate ALA . Use the following question to conduct a debate. Should Business Studies be a compulsory or an optional subject in school?2. Note down what you have learnt from the debate3.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8932948355071332, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2105, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.8164167}
{"text": "Note down your points and share them with the rest of class. Debate ALA . Use the following question to conduct a debate. Should Business Studies be a compulsory or an optional subject in school?2. Note down what you have learnt from the debate3. Write a short essay explaining the importance of Business Studies. A Ttequips us with the knowledge and skills needed to start and run abusiness. 0 Ithelpsusto.appreciate the importance of business activities in the provisionof goods and services. 0 Itassists individuals in acquiring skills for wise buying and selling, 0 Ithelps us understand the count Itassists individualtowards work. Y's economy.in acquiring self-discipline and a positive attitude ea Approved by KICD - 2022BesnscanerI F helps us understand the role of communication and modern techno ,business management 2 Itprovides us with the knowledge and slbusiness opportunities. H Whelps us understand and appreactivities. Helps us understand and appre society, such as the increase in prices of goods and series i eereates a foundation for further education and training in business,\"my nec sary for identifying ate the roe of vernment in busin othe baste economic issues that aj,B. Careers and opportunities related to BusinessStudies one keeneObserve the people in the following pictures and answer the questions. Questions:1. Have you ever seen such people in your school or community?2. What do you think they do to earna living?3 Which components of Business Studies can the people in the pictures apply todo their jobs? Explain,Read the following interview and discuss the questions that follow,Hellen: Hello Patrick, welcome to the interview. Patrick: Thank you. 1am happy to be here. Approved by ktco -2022 aBeanscamermeant to encourage the youth to be their own bosses. Todaellen :nllen Py share with the viewers how you started your business it all begun with a hobby. Patrick:Foes Han! Sounds good! Tell us morepavick ove nature and exploring va ous places in our county. Used to visitppeautiful places in our community. Gee, So you wanted everyone to experience the excitement and joy of allHellenPatHellen:ike Yes; exactly!", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8988374384236455, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2175, "token_count": 494}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.8389623}
{"text": "Sounds good! Tell us morepavick ove nature and exploring va ous places in our county. Used to visitppeautiful places in our community. Gee, So you wanted everyone to experience the excitement and joy of allHellenPatHellen:ike Yes; exactly! I told my friendssin the community?and family about the idea and they helped e spread the wore! About my business. Every weekend, we would ments all over the community. My youngest sister wasdeveloped and shared pictures online. Jul natural si the beau meplace adve' good with social media so sheSocial media is a very powerful tool in business: patricks Indeed, Hellen. Got many bookings for the adventure rips weHellen:uvertised. The money deposited by the people helped me to rent aehicle that was used for the first trip. The profit from the trip helped mepay my friends and family for their hard work. I also used the profit topay some of my bills. Wow! I will sign up and come to experience the trips soon. Patrick: That would be nice. Bring your friends too. Hellen:I see you used to be an accountant before starting your own business. Tellus more about that. Patrick: After the business grew, I decided to quit my job as an accountant andfocus full time on my business. Hellen: That's good. Do you still apply your skills as an accountant in yourbusiness?Patrick: Yes, do all the financial record keeping for my business. Also manage all the money that comes in and goes out of the business. What did you study in school?Patrick: I took Business Studies in secondary. I did very well and studied a degreein finance at the university level. Questions. A Patrick Start his own business?;. Wus atk slob before he started his own business?4 Using the dalogue dat u :k used to successfully run his business?5 omenlalnes ep lain what self-employment means.i tudies help Patrick start his business?HowCan self-employment help the community? Approved by KICD - 2022Besnscaner4Study the following newspajfollow.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9078581516967592, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1955, "token_count": 456}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.8497858}
{"text": "Questions. A Patrick Start his own business?;. Wus atk slob before he started his own business?4 Using the dalogue dat u :k used to successfully run his business?5 omenlalnes ep lain what self-employment means.i tudies help Patrick start his business?HowCan self-employment help the community? Approved by KICD - 2022Besnscaner4Study the following newspajfollow. Tisement and discus the qs,on Witch ulema neeuerl Ie Moonstone!RYU OM Us MODE ALL OnseteR MU Skunk ye toar cesyun!n, specialising in Business Studiesig experience.a degree in educateae Strictly 3 or more yes Must have good communication Should be a problem solver,Duties of the Business Studies Teacher Teach and deliver Business Studies lessons Beaccountable for leamer's mastery of learning outcomes, Apply technology devices to facilitate lessons to enhance leaQuestions1. Whatis the name ofthe job being advertised in the newspaper?2. Describe the acalemic qualifications forthe job.3. Discuss the duties ofthe Business Studies teacher.4. Discuss other careers related to Business Studies. Digital ask o 1. Use any appropriate digital device available to you to watch the videoprovided in the following link. Fttps: tinyurlcom vexhnt k2. Use the video to answer the following questions: a Which careers are related to Business Studies? State theres of one ofthe careers discussed in the video. ORFind a newspaper or a magazine andrelevant textbooks with career opporWrite the requirements foridentify the job advertisements otities related to Business Studies.the careersand share your findings with the clas. Approved ty KICD - 2022 a 59 camscannernn ng n that one chooses as oa job, a profession oF an occupya cere werle Acarecrhapsone earn woney orm Studying business and oth jects helps us to qualify fa anita the sins sector some these osincide: i Teacher A person c aching businesstudies at different levels of education. ShaneBookkeeper or Accountant A person who keeps records of businessnspeets and analyses financial accounts. I.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8964171557728906, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2036, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.8678098}
{"text": "Use the video to answer the following questions: a Which careers are related to Business Studies? State theres of one ofthe careers discussed in the video. ORFind a newspaper or a magazine andrelevant textbooks with career opporWrite the requirements foridentify the job advertisements otities related to Business Studies.the careersand share your findings with the clas. Approved ty KICD - 2022 a 59 camscannernn ng n that one chooses as oa job, a profession oF an occupya cere werle Acarecrhapsone earn woney orm Studying business and oth jects helps us to qualify fa anita the sins sector some these osincide: i Teacher A person c aching businesstudies at different levels of education. ShaneBookkeeper or Accountant A person who keeps records of businessnspeets and analyses financial accounts. I. Salesperson A person whose job sto sell products or services,Suitemployed people Some people utilise the skills and knowledgepent iron Business Studies to start and manage thelr businessesPiineee innersgut the roles ofthe following people in their jobs: accountant a entrepreneurlevelop a role-play to demonstrate the roles of ii transactio 1. Find a banker b marketer2, Work in groups or pairs to dthe careers you have learnt about.3, Present the role-play in class. Tip: You can use books, parents or guardians,digital devices to find the information you need.family members, newspaper oF assets GstonsWhat is Business Studies?Mention five importance of Business StuExplain the five components of Business Studies. Identity any five career opportunities related to Business studies. Approved by KICD - 2022 CamScannerTick aw inthe boxes of the progress checklist ppelow correctly.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9033371519867972, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1713, "token_count": 386}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.890496}
{"text": "Salesperson A person whose job sto sell products or services,Suitemployed people Some people utilise the skills and knowledgepent iron Business Studies to start and manage thelr businessesPiineee innersgut the roles ofthe following people in their jobs: accountant a entrepreneurlevelop a role-play to demonstrate the roles of ii transactio 1. Find a banker b marketer2, Work in groups or pairs to dthe careers you have learnt about.3, Present the role-play in class. Tip: You can use books, parents or guardians,digital devices to find the information you need.family members, newspaper oF assets GstonsWhat is Business Studies?Mention five importance of Business StuExplain the five components of Business Studies. Identity any five career opportunities related to Business studies. Approved by KICD - 2022 CamScannerTick aw inthe boxes of the progress checklist ppelow correctly. Seek guidance fro,your teacher where necessa i we fastudies in Kenya.0-4 a Lean examine the concept of Business 5 si p lean explain the importance of Business uss Studies in dlit g Hean explore career oppo should improve in the following areas: camscannerling goods and services to make profit, buyers andIn the process of biedium of exchange for goods and servilors use money asa n sellshare your experiencesfa Whatdo you use to pay for goods ors vy What do you think we shall learn in this sub strand?fies? A, Uses of moneystudy the pictures and discuss the quest ns that follow. Jo a Questions1. Describe what is happening in the pictures. Identify what the people are using to buy different goods and services3. How are the people in the pictures using money? . Using the pictures, define the term money.5.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8923506275194621, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1726, "token_count": 400}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.916789}
{"text": "Describe what is happening in the pictures. Identify what the people are using to buy different goods and services3. How are the people in the pictures using money? . Using the pictures, define the term money.5. Mention other ways we use money in our day-to-day lives.he the conversation and answer the questions that follow.fries: Good morning, Mr Niengavpn: Good morning, Mr juma,Lhope you are fine today.vehi Am well, however, I have a problem.ch What is the problem?mv Hers to withdraw some money from my savings account usingink app but it looks like the system is down. Approved by KICD - 2022BeamscannerMp Nong: Lam sorry to hear thatAtelama, Thank you! Lcatled the bank and they told ne to waThey are upelatiny until tomo,a the system, oy,nto to help?FON Mr NiengsMe fama, Thank you Schools are opening towJ my children needWed a nyos. However, Lato not have the mone Neyto pay you now, pair of shoeJat L will sell the school shoes on credit, slong as you p, Mr Njonga: It ,time. 0pte jumas Oh, ehank you. I promise to pay you tomerMe Njenga: No problem. Lnow you always do, Greet your children for me,Me Juma: Lwill greet them, See you tomorrow. Questions:1. When did Mr Juma promis2. Wdentify two uses of monWhy do you think Mr Juma saved his money in the bank? 4. Mention other places where people save money. Read the following story and answer the questions that follow. E to pay for the pair of shoes?from the conversation. Mr Kefa and his family wanted to relocateMr Keer town Mr Kefa wanted 10 lly scandtrucehis land and the house he had built beforerelocating. Mrs Kefa gave him an idea to Pice:ksH15Wfionadvertise their property for sale in thenewspaper. Calor More formation:One week later, Mr Kefa was called by alady who was interested in buying hisproperty. The lady came to see the property that was advertised. She liked the laneand the house and therefore paid Mr Kefa the full amount.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8958837552503123, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1915, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.912362}
{"text": "Calor More formation:One week later, Mr Kefa was called by alady who was interested in buying hisproperty. The lady came to see the property that was advertised. She liked the laneand the house and therefore paid Mr Kefa the full amount. Mr Kefa transferred tht ownership of the property to the lady. O7ssss9762 Questions:1. What did Mr Kefa want to sell?2. Why did Mr Kefa want to sell his property?What did the lady do before Mr Kefa transferred his property to the lady?Explain the use of money in the story.4 Approved by KICD - 2022 12 Besnscanerpiscuss and present dayhat you learnt in the previous learning tasks, discuss the following Louuses of money: Astandard of future payment. Ameasure of value. Jo tra sfer of property that cannot be moved. Your discussion with the classital task rd - OCDigi1. Use any appropriate digital device available to you to watch the video in thefollowing link:ugpss tinyurcom 2s330gyy2 c video to explain how money is used.vare what you have Feart in your class grOUPS.OR any Business Studies related textbook todo this task: Fa. Use th3 4, You can also use erally accepted as a medium of exchange foring that is geffnotes and coins.ices. Money can be in form o!din the following ways:ey is used as a means of exchange forrally acceptable by everyone:- Money can be used tohis is known as deferredle by everyone at a Money is anythgoods and servi o Money can be use i Asa medium of exchange Mon goods and services since itis gene! I Asa standard of deferred or future paymerpay for a good or a service at a later date. Thpayment. This is allowed because money is acceptablall times. Iii As a store of value savings. Money stored or iv As a measure of value goods and services. Expensive goods andthan cheap goods and services. V Asa unit of account - Money makes accounting possible because theworth of goods and services are measured in money. Different goodsnd service are eaculated and recorded according tothe money usedtoacquire them.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8940978039232403, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2005, "token_count": 498}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.9632945}
{"text": "Money stored or iv As a measure of value goods and services. Expensive goods andthan cheap goods and services. V Asa unit of account - Money makes accounting possible because theworth of goods and services are measured in money. Different goodsnd service are eaculated and recorded according tothe money usedtoacquire them. Toring wealth for example saved may retain its value for many years. Money determines the worth and value of services have a higher valueMoney is used in st EG orettytcrme CamScanneranyter of tnfui fer i innnnerste swt Aan ane fe ap tbt i H199 : Line ee ranvennmie valine, Aaaeets inve hacker a htee, wn,sunne ite dies Aibe Save ane tlie tai tue mitered Set 4ilies tov aretbonn Bie ane ens we Het net ne tin etntey ANIADiag a baie ay a allel be ifereni heeyh ynaean an oly erie tw ohare thal eapetieneernp we eri 7 tly menmure or vk your patfan tune theytah rnedtinin ab enchannee hy etantne of eter ree paneCo nit oteeanit A valvetoy otane nb allea ning, te engeonte Weltedtenn yout aetna he oe 00 your ehanearate 1 nn att yt Fear vtrity features of the Kenyan currency Key Sect acanawor the queattins that allOMWw y i QuestsJn te wens tthe plete2 Aww awe ase the toys ate petro? Taka each tenn at ant iemtity ny etals written 0 41 qWty at yan tt the tts ha the etal you ete?", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8971523804019035, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1314, "token_count": 418}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.939026}
{"text": "Expensive goods andthan cheap goods and services. V Asa unit of account - Money makes accounting possible because theworth of goods and services are measured in money. Different goodsnd service are eaculated and recorded according tothe money usedtoacquire them. Toring wealth for example saved may retain its value for many years. Money determines the worth and value of services have a higher valueMoney is used in st EG orettytcrme CamScanneranyter of tnfui fer i innnnerste swt Aan ane fe ap tbt i H199 : Line ee ranvennmie valine, Aaaeets inve hacker a htee, wn,sunne ite dies Aibe Save ane tlie tai tue mitered Set 4ilies tov aretbonn Bie ane ens we Het net ne tin etntey ANIADiag a baie ay a allel be ifereni heeyh ynaean an oly erie tw ohare thal eapetieneernp we eri 7 tly menmure or vk your patfan tune theytah rnedtinin ab enchannee hy etantne of eter ree paneCo nit oteeanit A valvetoy otane nb allea ning, te engeonte Weltedtenn yout aetna he oe 00 your ehanearate 1 nn att yt Fear vtrity features of the Kenyan currency Key Sect acanawor the queattins that allOMWw y i QuestsJn te wens tthe plete2 Aww awe ase the toys ate petro? Taka each tenn at ant iemtity ny etals written 0 41 qWty at yan tt the tts ha the etal you ete? Answer the questions that follow.1a veh ailing otinal fea the following seenMaken was traveling sebnoo ws- py the comtuctor The eaatuetor took the pe fron Maken at he light, She ava cliektng f somrettg Ht the we, THe candietor ey nl gave Maker the enna ane reaped the CamScanner vi Transfer of immovable assets An asset is anything that has curren,fiture economic value, Assets inclu a use ad \" 207Some properties like land and buildings cannot be moves Sein, nyplace to another but one can sell them and use the money Ned y,buy a land or a building ina different place. Pinasshare their experience, or any family membetlowing ways!", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9000655770782889, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1888, "token_count": 577}, "cleaned_at": 1750360560.9970312}
{"text": "Different goodsnd service are eaculated and recorded according tothe money usedtoacquire them. Toring wealth for example saved may retain its value for many years. Money determines the worth and value of services have a higher valueMoney is used in st EG orettytcrme CamScanneranyter of tnfui fer i innnnerste swt Aan ane fe ap tbt i H199 : Line ee ranvennmie valine, Aaaeets inve hacker a htee, wn,sunne ite dies Aibe Save ane tlie tai tue mitered Set 4ilies tov aretbonn Bie ane ens we Het net ne tin etntey ANIADiag a baie ay a allel be ifereni heeyh ynaean an oly erie tw ohare thal eapetieneernp we eri 7 tly menmure or vk your patfan tune theytah rnedtinin ab enchannee hy etantne of eter ree paneCo nit oteeanit A valvetoy otane nb allea ning, te engeonte Weltedtenn yout aetna he oe 00 your ehanearate 1 nn att yt Fear vtrity features of the Kenyan currency Key Sect acanawor the queattins that allOMWw y i QuestsJn te wens tthe plete2 Aww awe ase the toys ate petro? Taka each tenn at ant iemtity ny etals written 0 41 qWty at yan tt the tts ha the etal you ete? Answer the questions that follow.1a veh ailing otinal fea the following seenMaken was traveling sebnoo ws- py the comtuctor The eaatuetor took the pe fron Maken at he light, She ava cliektng f somrettg Ht the we, THe candietor ey nl gave Maker the enna ane reaped the CamScanner vi Transfer of immovable assets An asset is anything that has curren,fiture economic value, Assets inclu a use ad \" 207Some properties like land and buildings cannot be moves Sein, nyplace to another but one can sell them and use the money Ned y,buy a land or a building ina different place. Pinasshare their experience, or any family membetlowing ways! ;. He following wT measure of valuere of value 1, Ask your parent, guardian on how they use money in a medium of exchange h standard of deferred paymentJrthe uses of money tfe stosing the experiences 6 unitof account2.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8946916804348986, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1941, "token_count": 602}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.0031848}
{"text": "Toring wealth for example saved may retain its value for many years. Money determines the worth and value of services have a higher valueMoney is used in st EG orettytcrme CamScanneranyter of tnfui fer i innnnerste swt Aan ane fe ap tbt i H199 : Line ee ranvennmie valine, Aaaeets inve hacker a htee, wn,sunne ite dies Aibe Save ane tlie tai tue mitered Set 4ilies tov aretbonn Bie ane ens we Het net ne tin etntey ANIADiag a baie ay a allel be ifereni heeyh ynaean an oly erie tw ohare thal eapetieneernp we eri 7 tly menmure or vk your patfan tune theytah rnedtinin ab enchannee hy etantne of eter ree paneCo nit oteeanit A valvetoy otane nb allea ning, te engeonte Weltedtenn yout aetna he oe 00 your ehanearate 1 nn att yt Fear vtrity features of the Kenyan currency Key Sect acanawor the queattins that allOMWw y i QuestsJn te wens tthe plete2 Aww awe ase the toys ate petro? Taka each tenn at ant iemtity ny etals written 0 41 qWty at yan tt the tts ha the etal you ete? Answer the questions that follow.1a veh ailing otinal fea the following seenMaken was traveling sebnoo ws- py the comtuctor The eaatuetor took the pe fron Maken at he light, She ava cliektng f somrettg Ht the we, THe candietor ey nl gave Maker the enna ane reaped the CamScanner vi Transfer of immovable assets An asset is anything that has curren,fiture economic value, Assets inclu a use ad \" 207Some properties like land and buildings cannot be moves Sein, nyplace to another but one can sell them and use the money Ned y,buy a land or a building ina different place. Pinasshare their experience, or any family membetlowing ways! ;. He following wT measure of valuere of value 1, Ask your parent, guardian on how they use money in a medium of exchange h standard of deferred paymentJrthe uses of money tfe stosing the experiences 6 unitof account2. Write down your understandingshared,classmate.snare what you leat with YoU\"of the Kenyan currency3.B.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8926124696658577, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1948, "token_count": 609}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.0324707}
{"text": "Answer the questions that follow.1a veh ailing otinal fea the following seenMaken was traveling sebnoo ws- py the comtuctor The eaatuetor took the pe fron Maken at he light, She ava cliektng f somrettg Ht the we, THe candietor ey nl gave Maker the enna ane reaped the CamScanner vi Transfer of immovable assets An asset is anything that has curren,fiture economic value, Assets inclu a use ad \" 207Some properties like land and buildings cannot be moves Sein, nyplace to another but one can sell them and use the money Ned y,buy a land or a building ina different place. Pinasshare their experience, or any family membetlowing ways! ;. He following wT measure of valuere of value 1, Ask your parent, guardian on how they use money in a medium of exchange h standard of deferred paymentJrthe uses of money tfe stosing the experiences 6 unitof account2. Write down your understandingshared,classmate.snare what you leat with YoU\"of the Kenyan currency3.B. Key Security featuresswer the questions that follow.study the pltures and answerl wm fl \" F nmthe pictures. Identify the itemsHow do we use the items in the pictures?Look at each item again and identify any details written or printed on them. Why do you think the items have the details you identified? Ekeba the flowing scenario and answer the questions that follow.cena was travelling to school using a bus. She used a fis ili; i BBay th conductor. The conductor took the not from Makona and rand agaistlight. She was checking for something in the note.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.903671358487916, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1516, "token_count": 384}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.061788}
{"text": "She used a fis ili; i BBay th conductor. The conductor took the not from Makona and rand agaistlight. She was checking for something in the note. The conductor accepted themoney and gave Makena the remaining balance.z Ge Aoroved by KicD 2022 aBeamscannertions: What do you think the conductor wanted towhy did the conductor check the note Tit beanote?accepting i?what other ways can the conductor use to checkWek the note?piseuss other features that differentiateoe fenuite Kenyan money 4rom fheeosesate article and answer the questions that folkat follow,ormer president Uhuru Kenyatia The new noes have minJ alntane thewatermark that should be ane enong with the Central BankGovernor on thespi anced Kenya new generayonpens ha adhere 1 Me standardscatlined by the 2010 Constitution. Themores have specialised featuressel ep in distinguishing the realto fom the fakes. Three of theraed features a erent whichpe felt when touched.word Kenyaborder of the notfora ksh, SOnote, there should bersd bar, a Ksh.100 note shouldhave two, a Ksh. 200 note should havethee and Ksh. 500 and Ksh. 1000 notes dold have four and five respectively. Questions:1 Why did the former president and theKenyan notes?Using the article, what security features show you 0 IMadaraka Day of the front and the back of the nate whwe note when raised against the light,The sene security thread that was presenin the old notes was also maintainedbut enhanced with a slight difference incolour. When held at an angle or tle,the security thread should change coloarfrom red to green onal ots, The thea for Ksh, 200, Kh, 00 andKesh, 1000 notes should have aiionalhorizontal lines in rainbow colours forKh. 50 and Ksh. 100 notes they shouldremain diagonal and in green for a0authentic oe An all new golden band IaFruroduced a8 the only security Fateainigue tothe back ofall the noes.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8915502707413147, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1854, "token_count": 485}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.1081123}
{"text": "When held at an angle or tle,the security thread should change coloarfrom red to green onal ots, The thea for Ksh, 200, Kh, 00 andKesh, 1000 notes should have aiionalhorizontal lines in rainbow colours forKh. 50 and Ksh. 100 notes they shouldremain diagonal and in green for a0authentic oe An all new golden band IaFruroduced a8 the only security Fateainigue tothe back ofall the noes. Theagonal ie on a guine ate shoultsplay the value ofthe note source: piselivecoe, Jane 201 also been Central Bank Gover?wan notes have?do the new Ken:identify each Set4Use actual money that your teacher w!feature mentioned in the article.nor release newDiscuss and present Ay1. Discuss the following questions: a Do you think itis important to has b Why do you think coins have security 2. Present your discussion in class.curity features In OWT CUFFEngy eatures? The following security feKenya money from Fak The Kenyan money haKenya to differentiate re Sumpleof Keyan currency with abelted secur features-The word Kenya can be felt onal the notes. The value of each noteof each note, there can be felt.js a number of bars according to the value ot atthe edgethe currency, that is;bar Ksh. 50 A bbars - Ksh. 5002bars Ksh. 100 5 bars Ksh. 1000.3hars Ksh. 200sea watermark of perfect lion's head, the text CBK and the value of 4. Therthe bank note in each note.isheld up against the light.5, The security thread appears as a continuous line, -Thesecurity thread changes colour from red to green on all banknotes-T 200, 500 and 1000 notes have additional rainbow colours on the thread The golden band on the back of the notes show the value of each note. A watermark can only be revealed when the note CB camscannerrat betty the coins jee 1 shulting coin 5 shillings coin1. Find the following coins ro shillings coin ingsyour parent or 20st2 Youe3. Share your findings in class.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8645188729399256, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1881, "token_count": 515}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.0941963}
{"text": "Observe and study all the Kenyan notes and identify the following, infort a different types of green energy b different sectors of agriculture c different types of social services.in the2. Discuss how the themes and symbols of the Kenyan currency help ingrowth and development of different sectors of Kenya's economy:3. Present your discussion in class.mation Ga Poproved by KICD - 2022 4CB camscannerpigital taskUsing any appropriate digital device available, visit aprovided in the following link. Wetband ead the contenthetps: www.centralbankgo.ke wp-content uploads 2019Generation-Banknotes-Pamphlet pdf Zaplonds 2019 06 New- Find the description of the themes of each Kenyan note,fave learnt about the different themes of the Kenyan Note down what you hicurrency.oRYou can also use newspapers, magazines or relevant textbooks to do this task taspects of the nation which serve The Kenyan currency symbolise significantving culture and promoting the as a means of passing knowledge, consecountry s global uniqueness. The face ofall notes bear the image of Kenyatta International Convention on and known landmarks in our country.o Centre KIC , one of the most commItalso shows a photo of our first president Mzee Jomo Kenyatta. Q Allthe Kenyan currencies have symbols of Kenya's Big Five animals, such aslion, leopard, rhino, giraffe and buffalo. Symbolise a peaceful Kenya. Ave the coat of arms. The coat of arms of Kenyaholding spears and a traditionalbolise unity and defence of a Each note has a dove to c All Kenyan currencies bifeatures two lions, a symbol of protection,East African shield. The shield and spears symlfreedom. Each of the Kenyan currencies or notes symbolises various themes thatpromote different aspects of the country. For instance: i The 50 shilling note symbolises the theme of green enerBy: ii The 100 shilling note symbolises the theme of agriculture. Ii .", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9015641900324487, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1904, "token_count": 447}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.1274354}
{"text": "The coat of arms of Kenyaholding spears and a traditionalbolise unity and defence of a Each note has a dove to c All Kenyan currencies bifeatures two lions, a symbol of protection,East African shield. The shield and spears symlfreedom. Each of the Kenyan currencies or notes symbolises various themes thatpromote different aspects of the country. For instance: i The 50 shilling note symbolises the theme of green enerBy: ii The 100 shilling note symbolises the theme of agriculture. Ii . The 200 shilling note symbolises the theme of social services. Iv The 500 shilling note symbolises the theme of tourism. V The 1000 shilling note symbolises the theme of governance. G The coins continue to promote Kenya's tourism sector by promoting Kenya'sfamous animals, that is, elephant for Ksh 20 coin, lion for Ksh 10, rhino forKsh 5, and giraffe for Ksh 1 coin0 Approved by KICD - 2022 Beanssaonernotes, that i, the butfalo for ksh, 59yNote: These animals are also found on thethe lion for ksh. 500 note angleopard for ksh. 100 note, rhino for ksh, 200 noteselephant for ksh, 1000ot,theerry eens 1. With the guidance of any family a How do you use money in you Gb How does your parent or euardian 6 How does the community Use money?trovernment use money a How does the portance of money in the economy.0 run the country?2, Writea short essay to describe the 3, Present the essay tothe 25S : What do you understand by the term money?12, Explain four uses of money . Ow can we identify genuine Kenyan MOn y from fake ones? Whats the theme of Kenya's one thousand note?txplin the themes and symbols on the Kenyan currency:List the animals used in Kenya's currency. Tick inthe boxes of the progress checklist bel your teacher where necessary.low correctly. Seek guidance from Outcome Yes No1. Teanexplain the meaning of money and its uses in day-todaylife 2. Tean identify the key security features of Kenyan currency.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8654680502055035, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1932, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.1391273}
{"text": "Tick inthe boxes of the progress checklist bel your teacher where necessary.low correctly. Seek guidance from Outcome Yes No1. Teanexplain the meaning of money and its uses in day-todaylife 2. Tean identify the key security features of Kenyan currency. '. 3. Lcandescribe themes and symbols in the Kenyan currency. 1 should improve and do better in the following areas: Ge Mrroesoyteco 202 eaCB camscanner1.3 Personal Goalsor meet.while others are achieved after a long period of time. A. Meaning and importance of setting personal goalsfor self-developmentShare your experiences a What targets do you have for yourself? B When do you plan to achieve these targets? C What can you do to achieve these targets? Ruck The following is the diary ofa Grade 7 learner. Read itand answer thequestions. My Goals for This Week4. Lwill finish my homework before supper each day.2. I will practise and solve one mathematical problem everyday.3, Iwill learn a new word every day to improve myvocabulary,Questions:1. Why do you think the learner came up with the goals or targets?2. How will setting goals or targets help the learner improve himself or herself?3. Explain the meaning of a goal.eu heseRead the following story and answer the questions. Kamau had a dream and a desire to become a doctor when he grows up. He wantedtobecome a doctor so that he could help the people in his village get good healthcareservices. Approved by KICD - 2022 Besnscaner4Kamau shared his vision with his parents and his teachers Hs Pars Prom,help and support his goals The teachers guided him about the SUDICCIS Nene,to do well in order to become a doctor. His long:Kamau wrote down short-term goals that helped him achieve FTA gu,becoming a doctor. He wrote them on two pieces of paper 2 Pp em inroom and on his classroom desk. 4 and responsible wSetting goals, helped Kamau become more organised TN iden ametime He dd not spend much time watching tlevsi\" 2 ow mare content followingKamau achieved one goal after another, he became rath to achieving hig :voals created. He was on the Bayclear path that his goals created.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.883700277520814, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2115, "token_count": 508}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.1661527}
{"text": "They can be short-term or long-term goals. A shortterm goal is somethi i- in future 12asec ig you want to do in the near ii A long-term goal is somethiin the future Br rwetnnco-m ayBcunscanneifadevelopment in the following 0 Setting personal goals ts tmpartant for 8gets goals, they give him completed according, tOways iy Provides a elefor her the steps to follow simportance, ft success. When Onwo that tasks are kills. Fone knowsvehieve and the steps required to1, oF postponines short-term goal after the es agor she wants 0is tess room for dels . When weecome motivated and work eoats makes it eas!ww for one to track w ating clear jer for one tOspss Setting goals determines 2 clear pathway toTo focus on what needs to et donerts making progress towards To believe in themselves andsuccess, allowing oneconfidence, When one stagoals, one starts vi Boosts seachieving his or hbecome more confident. Micaela deanas , Find out some of the goals your parents, guardian oF family members haveset for themselves. Find out why the goals they have set are import3, Share what you find in your class groups. Ant to them. B. Factors to consider when setting personal goals forself-developmentPucks1. Read and analyse the following scenarios. Teka ad Tofu are two brothers. They are normally given pocket money of 50shillings on weekdays when they go to school. Their parents give them thismoney to help them buy break time snacks while at school. One day, whileis econ where walking home from school, they saw two nice watches.1e watches were on display in one of the electronic sho, : The watch cost 500 hundred shillings. Ps imthelocalmarkesTeka set a goal to buy one of the watches. He wai. He wanted to sav imoney every day so that he could buy the watch after only two week Toreyday, Teka saved all of his pocket money. He did not buy any break time snack.ee Approved by KICD - 2022 CamScannerhare the bungee ex He decidTokawent hanety.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.894358047618399, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1949, "token_count": 500}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.206915}
{"text": "He wai. He wanted to sav imoney every day so that he could buy the watch after only two week Toreyday, Teka saved all of his pocket money. He did not buy any break time snack.ee Approved by KICD - 2022 CamScannerhare the bungee ex He decidTokawent hanety. Nesney he had SaveTofu also wanted to ay one OEE WATSspe ta gy the wate: AEE ESwad herman af of hs packxo Bg y the wateduring break time. He 2 Answer the flowing questionska and TofuWhat personal goal did T8hho do you think achieved his Between the 100 SHDURESAse the following ators ISS the goals set by Teka ang Achievable u RealisticHint: You cam use the dictionary BS What other crs souk we consider when Seting PersPekand answer the questions that followRead the following conversationHello, Chengo. Yesterday, ight and realised that measured my Titooverweightchengo: Ieloos ike the holidays were good 10.708,Tito: Imade a goal for mysefto improve Ty health and fitness level. My goestoloose five kilograms in one month.go: How do you plan to achieve that goal? Will remove unhealthy foods from myChengo: That isa good start.also do some exercises like running, jogging and eeling,from time to time. Diot and start eating healthy Tito: TilChengo: That sounds fun. Will be joining youTito: That would be great I will also be measuring my weight even!track my progress. CChengo: lke your plan, You are sure to achieve your goal within your hin SatuniyQuestions1, Whatis Tito's goal?2. How will Tito's goal improve his health?3. What makes Tito's goal a good goal? Camscannerpiscuss and present Sd. The following are some of the factors we sh3 ersonal goals Read them out To hould considerWorkin groups and discuss each factor.discussion with the class. Use examples to help the rest of the class when setting 4.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8920930631868133, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1792, "token_count": 478}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.1806643}
{"text": "What makes Tito's goal a good goal? Camscannerpiscuss and present Sd. The following are some of the factors we sh3 ersonal goals Read them out To hould considerWorkin groups and discuss each factor.discussion with the class. Use examples to help the rest of the class when setting 4. Share yourunderstand. Digital task oe ; he link provided and learn the factors to consider whenls, hetps: tinyurl.com SfsuBt3kORFind Life Skills or CRE textbooks from the library to do this task.243, Share what you learn with your parent, guardian or a friend. Jte watch the video in t1setting personal goa 1. Read the following story. Sandra and Limo are two smartalways afraid to raise their hands and answerthe teacher gives out a group discussion,anything to contribute in their groups. Yet tand know the answers to most of the questions. Grade Seven learners. However, they arequestions in class. Wheneverthe two learners hardly sayhey always have good ideassdra and Limo an assignment. He asked themOne day, the teacher gave Sane their fear. The twoto set personal goals that will help them overcomlearners set the following long-term goal for themselves: Lwill be confident enough to speak in front of the class by the end of theschool term. 2. The following table is a list of the short-term goals set by Sandra attohelp them achieve their long-term goal Study them closely.nd Limo Personal goals The factors:S cons, Iwill raise my hand when the cherwacker ReeTeast five times ina Measurabl Te Twill raise my hand atto answer questions. Week to answer questo mes iraise Timefall the times Iraise Time e Iwill keep a record 0 omy hand in class.what Specific Twill gain more confidenc now and in public speaking.- fe Fra count the times raised my hand i Achievable fter school.class on Friday af arners considered in setting ect ecorrect factor that thele 3, Matchthgoal. A When setting personal goals,help increase the chances of achieving the goals set i Specific: The goal Should be very precise with no Foor?", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8980216159406912, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2035, "token_count": 487}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.2176828}
{"text": "The twoto set personal goals that will help them overcomlearners set the following long-term goal for themselves: Lwill be confident enough to speak in front of the class by the end of theschool term. 2. The following table is a list of the short-term goals set by Sandra attohelp them achieve their long-term goal Study them closely.nd Limo Personal goals The factors:S cons, Iwill raise my hand when the cherwacker ReeTeast five times ina Measurabl Te Twill raise my hand atto answer questions. Week to answer questo mes iraise Timefall the times Iraise Time e Iwill keep a record 0 omy hand in class.what Specific Twill gain more confidenc now and in public speaking.- fe Fra count the times raised my hand i Achievable fter school.class on Friday af arners considered in setting ect ecorrect factor that thele 3, Matchthgoal. A When setting personal goals,help increase the chances of achieving the goals set i Specific: The goal Should be very precise with no Foor? Formisinterpretationmeasurable: The progress of the goal set should be e259 fol achievable: The goal should be attainable. Set goals that accadone. Iv Relevant: The short-term goals should contribute f your bro2 u Realistic: Goals should relate to your persona strengths 21 should have a defined start andend vi Time-bound: The 20 remember these factors: SMART. B Weean use a short term to o Other factors such as resources should also be considered in setGane eed specific resources. DE achieved.tus or goals that help 4 We should set goals that are relevant tOlives and ourselves as human beings. Approved by KICD - 2022 eaCB camscanner , Setting personal goals for self-developmentPTT mauisulren below want 0 TheeTina Hetlot My nudies Teacher when I grow up. HowevTam very weak in the following subjects:Mathematics, English, Kiswahili and Businessstudies. Help me set a personal go:improve in the subjects an sal that can help me d achieve my dream. Hi, my name is Tofu. I love to draw.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8896155535384886, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2009, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.2434673}
{"text": "HowevTam very weak in the following subjects:Mathematics, English, Kiswahili and Businessstudies. Help me set a personal go:improve in the subjects an sal that can help me d achieve my dream. Hi, my name is Tofu. I love to draw. My dreamjs to become an artist when I grow up. Help me set personal goals that can help meimprove my drawing skills. Toft Hint: Use SMART to help the learners.2 Usethe following to help Tina and Tofu to set their goals. Personal goal Long-term :ee eS eesShort-term goals: Routine Review Tick Achievements Date achieved How have improved or developed myself 4, Approved by KICD - 2022 CamScannerEmeneestions that follow. Read the following story and answer the que:1 join the athletics teIt was the beginning ofa new school yea. Abel wanted :his school. He went tothe teacherin Share of the teat and asked intheTeal He went tothe eae pt prove a ia psafor only ten minutes before he started breathin psy Hs Bear 35so fast and he was dripping with sweat. Abel do son runing nd tact The teacher told Abel that he did not qualify 01\" the atl am butheacontinue training and come for trials later. Abel was disappointed but he did not give UIa month away. Therefore, Ibe asked his fatbet 0 helD tai hn e en te \"before the competitions. Abel and bis father rented aay waning sheea computer software. The software reminded him er 1c ims could ytHis father gave him his smartphone pda stpuate 30 tat Be on me Heese ant time he ran every day. THEICT devices he uset Inehis improvement and his fitness level p. The athletiecompettions were, Questions:1. What goal did Abel set for himself?2. Isthe goal a SMART goal? Give reasons for your answerWhat tools did Abel use for seting ls? How can we use ICT tools for setting goals?BYR Mind Spot 1.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8919586277739405, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1770, "token_count": 454}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.2620673}
{"text": "What goal did Abel set for himself?2. Isthe goal a SMART goal? Give reasons for your answerWhat tools did Abel use for seting ls? How can we use ICT tools for setting goals?BYR Mind Spot 1. Answer the following question a What do you want to achieve atthe end of the school term? What career oF ob do you want when you grow UP?Ue the answers tothe questions above to set SMART personal goals:Write your goals in your exercise book or record them on any appropriICT device available to you. Present your goals in class. Describe how the personal goals you have set will contribute to selfdevelopment.45. Approved by KICD - 2022 eaCB camscannerersonalefor setting P a Technology has provided tools or devices that we can Us ispoals, oe ike computers:ces li Information and Communication Technotogy CT devs can. HelP USsmartphones, and smartwatches and software ogsetting, goals to improve our lives. Jind us onalso rem! They can help us set measures to track our goals THEY SO sy eough alarmsthe times we should be doing an activity that Was platand schedules.atic ams kfind out some of the . With the help of your parent, guardian or digital devicesICT devices we can use for setting personal goals.2. Practice using the ICT devices to set personal goals:3, You canalso use your exercise book to set personal goals.4, Share what you learn with your class group. 1. What is the meaning of the term personal goals ? 2. State and explain five reasons why setting person:3, Analyse the factors to consider when setting person:al goals is important.al goals. Self-assessment Tice in the boxes ofthe progress checklist below correctly. Seek guidance fromyour teacher where necessary. Outcome Yes No1, Lean explore the meaning and importance of settingpersonal goals for self-developmer J Tean analyse the factors to consider when setting personal goals for self-development.31 ean set personal goals for self development.4 can use ICT devices or exercise books for setting personal goals for self-development. Should improve and do better in the following areas: .", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8929546936114734, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2080, "token_count": 475}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.27583}
{"text": "Seek guidance fromyour teacher where necessary. Outcome Yes No1, Lean explore the meaning and importance of settingpersonal goals for self-developmer J Tean analyse the factors to consider when setting personal goals for self-development.31 ean set personal goals for self development.4 can use ICT devices or exercise books for setting personal goals for self-development. Should improve and do better in the following areas: . BBE roetysnco 202Beanscanner1.4 Talents and Abilities We all have abilitiuse my re abies and talents that makeore car atentand a lity to mean the same. In this sub st shall learntalents and abilities. Awe sat erndifferent from each Other Maything. However, these ty!how to different A. Distinguishing between talents and abilities oflearners in schoolShare your experiences 2 What skill do you have that you we! B What skills do you have that you learnt? Describe the two skills in class. A From the skills you have mentioned i which skill isa talent? Ii which skill is an ability?pictures and discussre born with? Uss the questions that foll Approved by KICD 2 CB camscannerQuestions: Identify the skills demonstrated in the pictures. Which ofthe skills shown inthe pictures isa talent or an ability?for your answer. An ability? Give reasonsUsing your discussion, a talentMention other talents anddefine the following terms o abilityabilities that you know or have experienced, following conversation about the difference between a talent and an Read theability aa: Hello, Jul Have you prepared for the talents and abilities show for theMonday lesson?ju: Yes 1 have. Have vgritten an interesting story to read in class, Writing Is mytalent. Pia: Huh! Is that not an ability?juliz No. That is my talent. Love writing stories to entertain people.rea remember the teacher taught us that a talent isa skill that we are born with.forexample my talent is dancing, My Parents told me that I started dancing when I was j st four years: old.ju You are right. Attend writing classes every week to be taught how to writefood stories.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8984503577817533, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2080, "token_count": 478}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.2865157}
{"text": "That is my talent. Love writing stories to entertain people.rea remember the teacher taught us that a talent isa skill that we are born with.forexample my talent is dancing, My Parents told me that I started dancing when I was j st four years: old.ju You are right. Attend writing classes every week to be taught how to writefood stories. Also put in ot of effort 60 write good storiessua; also go to dancing school but not tbe taught but to improve and learn new Questions:12dance styles.ree your point. Know what talent will demonstratends always Tell me!tei el jokes to make people laugh. My talent is comedy. My fritell me that lam funny. I always say things that make them laugh. Yes! Now you have gotten it. That s your ct us practise what wewill present. True talent. L iscussed in the conversation.talents and abilities as explained in the Identify the talents and abilitiesIdentify the differences betweenconversation,How else can we differentiate between talents and abilities?RS rvestsnco- mm CamScannerDiscuss and present , 2Present ge,LDiscuss and complete the following table to distinguish betan ability. Talent a Atalentis an inborn skill. Ability requires time and ony, he developes Talents hidden and needsrecognition. D Talent requires coaching tonurture 2. Share and your understanding of each differences in your 2.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9023871206513694, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1351, "token_count": 315}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.3058877}
{"text": "L iscussed in the conversation.talents and abilities as explained in the Identify the talents and abilitiesIdentify the differences betweenconversation,How else can we differentiate between talents and abilities?RS rvestsnco- mm CamScannerDiscuss and present , 2Present ge,LDiscuss and complete the following table to distinguish betan ability. Talent a Atalentis an inborn skill. Ability requires time and ony, he developes Talents hidden and needsrecognition. D Talent requires coaching tonurture 2. Share and your understanding of each differences in your 2. Share and compare your work with a classmate, 59 camscannerAtalwithout being tadoing, like drawing, singing, 0 nabilty is the skill to doa patraining or practice. The followingare the difference Talent isan inborn special skill white abil2 person through training and experienceTalent isa God given git while ability is asktime and effort to develop. Talent is often possessed by afew people while ability can be acquiredby any person who is interested. Iy Talent requires coaching while ability requires training. X Talent ishidden and needs recoBn jon while ability requiresdevelopment. Dancing, among others.cular task that is acquired through le ss between a talent and an ability.isa skill that is acquired by o ii which you put your0 Picea nschsn or any family member: With the help of your parents, Bua\" a Identify our talents and abies, o Discuss how your talents and abilities can help you in the future. C Mentify people with special talents and abilities in your community. A . Find ut how they use thelr talents and abilities in their lives.2, Present your findings in classuring talents and abilities B. Ways of nurttstudy and discuss the following pictures. EG vrrostsrecoam CamScannerQuestions: What is happening in the pictures?Identify the taHow are the talHow can the even lents and abilities being demonstrated in nic andabilitiesofthe learnersin the pictpusinesses?abilities.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9036119581068541, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1985, "token_count": 456}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.3586783}
{"text": "Find ut how they use thelr talents and abilities in their lives.2, Present your findings in classuring talents and abilities B. Ways of nurttstudy and discuss the following pictures. EG vrrostsrecoam CamScannerQuestions: What is happening in the pictures?Identify the taHow are the talHow can the even lents and abilities being demonstrated in nic andabilitiesofthe learnersin the pictpusinesses?abilities. In the pictures promotMention some of the ways of promoting talents am\"MancheRead the following article and discuss the questions 1 organised the an,In 2020, the Turkana County government andthe 10ca oe al fs coal Diy Tourism and Cultural festival known as Tobong! Loe. The WNT Fatat showcasing the diffrent talents and abilities of the POOP a.advertised the event in all major radio and television St2UO1\" aWhen the day came, people from different parts of Kenya 2000S at TePanel rural Turkana were fully booked that some people WerH TN A tu,pe croeners from diferent schootsin the county performed ACT WadingGnas and dances, Some recited pocms and dramatised interes gs The festival was successful and the County Government paid aferent peopl iparticipated in the festival Turkana County was also showcased to the people gKenya and the world at large. At follow. Questions:1. Identify the talents and the abilities mentioned in the news article.2, Discuss the way the Turkana County government nurtured talents andabilities3, How did nurturing talents and abil ies benefit the businesses in the county?Discuss and present My1 Discuss how the following people encourage your talents and abilities: a teachers and school b parents or guardians community. Discuss on ways of nurturing talents and abilities for business purposes. Present your findings in class.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9071549159900314, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1777, "token_count": 404}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.3256552}
{"text": "At follow. Questions:1. Identify the talents and the abilities mentioned in the news article.2, Discuss the way the Turkana County government nurtured talents andabilities3, How did nurturing talents and abil ies benefit the businesses in the county?Discuss and present My1 Discuss how the following people encourage your talents and abilities: a teachers and school b parents or guardians community. Discuss on ways of nurturing talents and abilities for business purposes. Present your findings in class. ForeedbyRco-202 amBesnscanergs YO Mind Qpotout oval the fatlowstiyg tater welled skilled and be able to transfer the Wo want aut enyptayees to beccovcitoment Gooner euistomers as well Wihat ao yous think the statornent means?nya bop How MELEEalents and abilities ean help aUso the statInsite, Nurturing talents ant abilities involve offering ways to promote and oneoutage people to develop their skills and demonstrate their talents.it is important to be in environments thatww o Everyone nt, Howevehelp us discover them as early as possible,lo Once weave denied our talents and abittes, we should demo strate andinaprove thon as much as posible. Skills nee! To be practised and improvedfor them to be helpful in our lives. 0 We can nurture skills by engaginglub like drama, music anc! Journalism among othersalsa help in nurturing sports skills. E tna business environment, employees can encourage the workers totye creative and share theit skills and ideas. They can also provide skillsdlovelopment programs that help the employees to improve and acquireamore skills. 0 Nurturing talents and abi aa business motivates and encouragespeople to be more productive. This can improve different areas of thebusiness and make it profitable,Gece needWith the help of your parents, guardians or any family member: . Ind out how talents and abilities are applied in businesses,talents can help a business. Activities like talent shows, creatingSports teams can Find out how promoting and nurtuShare your finding with the class.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9124260829103997, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2041, "token_count": 458}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.3496246}
{"text": "This can improve different areas of thebusiness and make it profitable,Gece needWith the help of your parents, guardians or any family member: . Ind out how talents and abilities are applied in businesses,talents can help a business. Activities like talent shows, creatingSports teams can Find out how promoting and nurtuShare your finding with the class. Rwvevesty cco -202 Besnscaner2 7 Mind Spotfollowing statement.employees to become excited, skilled and be able tocustomers as well ote ead these want ourexcitement 0 04 or thequestions: What do you tik theUse the statement 10 fatement me sxplain how nurturing talents and abilities can hean help a offering ways to promote andlents and abilities involvesmonstrate their talents, Nurturing talpeourage people to cevelop ter skis and dejp Everyone has is important to be in environments that talent. However,help us discover them as early a8 possible. O Oncewe haveidentified our talents and abilities, we should demonstrate andimprove tem as muchas possible. Skis need to be practised and improvedforthem to be helpful in our lives. A Wecan martare skis by engaging activities like talent shows, creatingvrabs ike drama, musicand journalism amon others. Sports teams canSiso help in nurturing sports skills: e Inabasiness environment, employers encourage the workers totereative and share their skillsand ideas. They c2h also provide skillsimprove and acquiredevelopment programs t more skills 1 Nurturing talents and abilities ina business 1people to be more productive. This ean improve different abusiness and make it profitable.tinea need With help of your parents, guardians or any family member: . Find out how talents and abilities are applied in businessesFind out how promoting and nurturing talents can help a business3. Share your finding with the class. Hat help the employees totivates and encouragesreas of theC. Demonstrating personal talents and abilities In sEUG a Sc eth different ways learners L Diseusschool and the community, hoal and the community anes?2 lents ant 1. Identify one talent oF Make a costume andtalent orabillty. .", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9003744347475445, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2130, "token_count": 485}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.3989058}
{"text": "Hat help the employees totivates and encouragesreas of theC. Demonstrating personal talents and abilities In sEUG a Sc eth different ways learners L Diseusschool and the community, hoal and the community anes?2 lents ant 1. Identify one talent oF Make a costume andtalent orabillty. . Ask forassistaneeand demonstrate your sarent oF ftean abtty i any oF he Flowing fromyo 4. Practisplacesand events fe daring parent a elas uty clubs or societies 9 assemblyp. Relating talents and abilities to career opportunities; in the worldMPT eaeinthass the questions that ng pictures and di Look at the peop!follow. By Questions1. Doyou know any of the people in the pictures?2. Identify their careers and how they use their talents to 5. Discuss the talents required for the above career opportunities. J4 Mention other people you know that have used their talents or alll\" their careers. Arn income: Approved by KICD - 2022 ee dCB camscannerPheead the following story a Tina and Sandra arefor his job whilvould help hini develop andalso help him in storit Tina and Sandra wanted father to show them. Everydaughtethet They also s! Tina and Sandra's abilitytheir careers for the future.expertsListen to the resource person your teacher will invite to class. Note down everything you learn about talents, abilities and careeopportunities . Jek the resource person anything you would like fo know about careers,talents and abilities. Share what you learn with your parents or guardian. ET ecaesund answer the questions that follow:siblings. Their father bought simple desktop computer to usea home. He was a writer. He wanted to have 2 digital device that write stories as fast as possible. The computer would1g his short stories for future publishing. 9 know how the computer worked. They asked theirFriday evening and on weekends, father would teach WisShow to operate the computer. The two siblings Were quick learners.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8971545244797041, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1926, "token_count": 463}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.3885014}
{"text": "The computer would1g his short stories for future publishing. 9 know how the computer worked. They asked theirFriday evening and on weekends, father would teach WisShow to operate the computer. The two siblings Were quick learners. Byfe they wwere in Grade 12, they had become exPPrts in operating computers.ad up for Computer Studies classes and learnt coding skills.to understand how computers work helped them choose on their skills and became They continued to improvesmputer scientist. Sandra studied for an up to become a cor Tina gre' Information Technology degree. Questions:1 abilities described in the storyWhat are the talents oFabilities influenced the careers of Tina, SandraDiscuss how these talents orand their father. How do you think computer skils are related to the careers that Tina andDiscuss how talents and abilDiscuss the careers you can pursue with the talents and abilities you have. Share your discussion in class. Aa Gi revered ny cd 2002Beanscannr9 Mind Spot3 questions that follow, asuver thFras for HUFL AA MCCry are the best 1 C-CUrTgal pate Un KL BOOK in,i curricula books. However,buy the books needed. Read the following seenario andA school in Kinnoto Village ISthe talents and abilities of slactivities inthe region. The seo!", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9055303864202539, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1263, "token_count": 279}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.4148834}
{"text": "Aa Gi revered ny cd 2002Beanscannr9 Mind Spot3 questions that follow, asuver thFras for HUFL AA MCCry are the best 1 C-CUrTgal pate Un KL BOOK in,i curricula books. However,buy the books needed. Read the following seenario andA school in Kinnoto Village ISthe talents and abilities of slactivities inthe region. The seo! 9rary andl replace them with theschool does not have enon Questions: a How can the leraise money for the Hibr b Mentiontheiimportance ot muriin income.ors use thet ti ents and abilities tO Help the schygtalentsand abilitiesin generaiy it weir possible castate he flowing tants ane abilities C0 possilopportunities: : Tatents and abilities a Drawinfo Singing a ehloCompateee a Identifying our talents and developing abilities helps us to realise the caree b d we can pursue in the future. Apart from having the knowledge to do something, we should also devel?the skills required to perform various tasks. Having the right abilities to do a job is an important aspect of a person career:Having the talent to perform the task makes the job more enjoyable sitone naturally has the skill needed to perform the tasks. We can use our God given talents and al Approved by KICD - 2022 eaiia kidly member how their talents and Ask your parents, guardian or any f 1abilities helped them in choosing their careers.2. The following are some of the common abilities that almost al jobs requirea person to have: a computer skills b communication skills time management skills. With the help of your parent or guardian, find out why are these skillsimportant in careers?3, Share your work in class. E, Ethical issues related to the use of talents andabilities in businesslz:Read the following story and anskijuais naturally gifted in mathematiproblems was eto allow him to work as ahelp his uncle to run one of hisaccount for everything in the s! Goods that were sold,One day, Kijua spilled ten litres o!panicked.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8999572982341565, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1942, "token_count": 484}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.429892}
{"text": "The seo! 9rary andl replace them with theschool does not have enon Questions: a How can the leraise money for the Hibr b Mentiontheiimportance ot muriin income.ors use thet ti ents and abilities tO Help the schygtalentsand abilitiesin generaiy it weir possible castate he flowing tants ane abilities C0 possilopportunities: : Tatents and abilities a Drawinfo Singing a ehloCompateee a Identifying our talents and developing abilities helps us to realise the caree b d we can pursue in the future. Apart from having the knowledge to do something, we should also devel?the skills required to perform various tasks. Having the right abilities to do a job is an important aspect of a person career:Having the talent to perform the task makes the job more enjoyable sitone naturally has the skill needed to perform the tasks. We can use our God given talents and al Approved by KICD - 2022 eaiia kidly member how their talents and Ask your parents, guardian or any f 1abilities helped them in choosing their careers.2. The following are some of the common abilities that almost al jobs requirea person to have: a computer skills b communication skills time management skills. With the help of your parent or guardian, find out why are these skillsimportant in careers?3, Share your work in class. E, Ethical issues related to the use of talents andabilities in businesslz:Read the following story and anskijuais naturally gifted in mathematiproblems was eto allow him to work as ahelp his uncle to run one of hisaccount for everything in the s! Goods that were sold,One day, Kijua spilled ten litres o!panicked. He did not want to get into trskills in mathematics anAt the end of the month, Kijua s uncleperformance of the Kiosk. Aftedifference between the amountHe asked Kijua to explain, Kijua felt bad for what he had dswer the questions that follow:ics, He loved numbers and solving mathematicalhis uncle asked Kijua's parentshis shops. Kijua was happy tohelped his uncle toie store and theffortless for him. During the holidays, k attendant in one ofis businesses.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9077711545049676, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2085, "token_count": 511}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.5022268}
{"text": "Aftedifference between the amountHe asked Kijua to explain, Kijua felt bad for what he had dswer the questions that follow:ics, He loved numbers and solving mathematicalhis uncle asked Kijua's parentshis shops. Kijua was happy tohelped his uncle toie store and theffortless for him. During the holidays, k attendant in one ofis businesses. At the kiosk, Kijua hop. He recorded all the goods in th f cooking oil. When he realised his mistake, heouble with his uncle. Kijua decided to use hisdd wrote in the kiosk book that the cooking oil was sold out.took all the kiosk books to study the r analysing the books, he realised that there was ain the bank and the amount recorded in the books.jone. He knew itwas wrong. He had no choice but to tell his uncle the truth,Questions: What is Kijua s talent or ability?How did Kijua use his talent or ability to help his uncle at his shop?From the story, what did Kijua do that was wrong?Did Kijua use his talent or ability correctly. What was the right thing that Kijua should have done after spilling the cookingoil?Using the story, explain the term ethiEBS rrvroesyntco- 2a Besnscanerexperienced when using our 7. Suggest other ethical issues that can beand abilities in business. A . Ethies isa set of beliefs about what is moray ight and 7008. Hb The following are some of the ethical issues relating to the use of talenabilities in business: i Discrimination In a business environment, people should nc 5,hdvantaged or disadvantaged according the talents and 2b they do or do not have.i Fee ent - We should not use our talents and 2b 22 Seasavo not share the same talents and abilities unfairly, ii Unethical accounting - We should not Ot our talents and abilaren or give out false information. For example it the case of in Learning Task 11.Nepotism is when someone is given iv Nepotism and favouritism ly member.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8980927967187902, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1880, "token_count": 480}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.4725742}
{"text": "A . Ethies isa set of beliefs about what is moray ight and 7008. Hb The following are some of the ethical issues relating to the use of talenabilities in business: i Discrimination In a business environment, people should nc 5,hdvantaged or disadvantaged according the talents and 2b they do or do not have.i Fee ent - We should not use our talents and 2b 22 Seasavo not share the same talents and abilities unfairly, ii Unethical accounting - We should not Ot our talents and abilaren or give out false information. For example it the case of in Learning Task 11.Nepotism is when someone is given iv Nepotism and favouritism ly member. Favouritism occurs whe:advantage for being a familperson is treated better than others because of one reason or hetGinter keeneguardian or any family member:ed to the use of talents and With the help ofa parent,1. A . Describe the following ethical issues relatabilities in a business environment. I nepotism b Find out how it can affect a business environment. A favouritism2, Present your findings in class. Define the following terms: a atalent b anability. State four differences between talents and abilities. Give four examples of talents and abilities. What are some of the ways the school can nurture talents and abilities?State three importance of nurturing talents and abilities in business. Approved by KICD - 2022 aBeanssaoner6. What career opportunities are related to talents and abilities?7. List some of the ethical issues related to eList som to the use of talents and abilities inssment Self-assi Tick in the boxes of the progress checklist below correctly. Seek guidance froyour teacher where necessary. M Outcome T es NoGstinguish between talents and abilities of learners feanin school. T can identify ways of nurturing talents and abilities for business purpose. Tcan demonstrate personal talents and abil 1 can relate talents and abilities to career 0 the world. T ean identify ethical Issues related to use of talents andabilities in business. Should improve and do better in the following are2.ities in school.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8882481422178429, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2118, "token_count": 492}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.5177038}
{"text": "Seek guidance froyour teacher where necessary. M Outcome T es NoGstinguish between talents and abilities of learners feanin school. T can identify ways of nurturing talents and abilities for business purpose. Tcan demonstrate personal talents and abil 1 can relate talents and abilities to career 0 the world. T ean identify ethical Issues related to use of talents andabilities in business. Should improve and do better in the following are2.ities in school. Ypportunities in Ga Prvrord by kicD 202BeanssaonerBusiness and its Environmey,2.1 Business Activitiessearnt what a business is andits primary goal A busines2s so that it can make profit. One of these activities invok nt consumers require. As a business person, one, and find out what the customer needs beforay lead to losses and eventually the cos Instrand 1, wevarious activitiegoods and services tharket for their businesssilable. Failure to do so m: thethebusiness. A. Needs and wants as used in Business StudiesShare your experiencesWhat are some of the things you think a human being must have in orderStudy the following pictures and discuss the questions that follow: bappening in the pictures? What things must we h wa hing to live?things can we live without?CB camscanner4, Use your answers in Question 2 to complete the followin our Needs Our watFoo house or shelter h Atel Ime ksaid ead the following story and answer the questions that follow. For long time, Mr Dalmas and his wife have struggled to provide for their family.ages from Mr Dalmas humble obs can only manage V0 afford the family what theyWad to survive. Mr Dalmas always uses the litle money he makes to buy food, payfor rent, buy some simple clothes and pay school fees for his children. However, Mrpatmas sil believes in his dream of making the lives of his family better and morefomfortable. He, therefore, works very hard. Next to Mr Dalmas home lives Mr Havi and his family. New ford his family s needs and desire. Justa fev weeks 280, he bought expensivetoys and clothes for his children. He also transferred them to an expensive privateseal in the outskirts of the town.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.89833136993115, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2140, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.4935284}
{"text": "A Abusiness should provide things that people need and want to makea prof b Anced is a good ora service that a person must have to live, As humans,have basic needs such as shelter, food and clothing. Without these needs, we can fall sick, causing us to require products lttmedicine and services like healthcare. Extended lack of basic needs can eattodeath, a Awant is a good or a service that a person would like to have but not\"survival. Therefore, we can live without wants, Wants are unlimited. This means that human beings cannot get enoughtheir wants. 9 Approved by KICD - 2022 geXNBeanssaonerlife. On the other 0 Wants keep on chan h We should learn to diferent and wants to live efficiently andwithin our means. Abvusiness develops nd provides products and services to satity Itscustomers needs andsean that wants are les valuable in our lives. . With the help of your parent, guardian or any family member: a listsome items that you commonly buy at home and for school. B group each ofthe tems in your lista either a need or isntse items listed.recent you table h class and explain why youneed orsvant theB. Scarcity, choice, scale of preference and opportunitycostenedRead the following story and answer the questions that follow. Mike is in Grade 5 at Kuleta Primary school. He askedPenshis parents for Ksh 200 to buy some school supplies. He wrote list ofall the items he wanted to buy and walked Exercise Books toanearby kiosk. EraserMike read his shopping list as the kiosk attendant RulerWatchbrought the items. Those will cost you Ksh 400. Ksh 70 for the books,XKsh 40 for the eraser, Ksh 90 for the ruler and Ksh 200forthe watch the kiosk attendant said.acta neue down The mone head was onl hal. Of the money hefor the items on his lst. Mike decided attere pyr the ens ons ded to pick only the items that heQuestions:1. What items did Mike want to buy?2: ou Mike buy all the items in his list? Explain,you were Mike, what items would you choose to buy?", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8915509169780527, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1990, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.5655146}
{"text": "Mike decided attere pyr the ens ons ded to pick only the items that heQuestions:1. What items did Mike want to buy?2: ou Mike buy all the items in his list? Explain,you were Mike, what items would you choose to buy? Explain why. Approved by KICD - 2022, Beanscaner4 js: Make alist of the items you would choose to buy from the lisHow would the list help Mike make a choice?Discuss and present adass the following tern,1, Use the answers you gave in Learning task 3 to disc a scarcity b choice. 72. How do the concepts above affect the ability of a consumer 0 satisty 1h,needs and wants?3. Present your discussion to the class. EauekesnesRead the following conversation an The employees at Carpenters Unitedactivities ofthe day.eds. Lately,Carpenter 1:Carpenter 2: Carpenter 1Carpenter 2:Carpenter 1Carpenter 2:Carpenter I:Carpenter 2:Carpenter 1Carpenter 2:Questions:cestions that follow.answer the auhave a meeting to d scuss and Organ tiWe should start making b many customers have beeasking for beds. We will mal we satisly the needof our customers.agree, However, wehaveahugeorder from Kongole Junior Secondaryterre to make desks and chairs. We should Focus the resources wehave on making desks.bet we can make more profit of over Ksh 200,000 by selling bna ves I think we can divide the timber into two piles, ne er making beds and the other for desks. Thatis a good idea. We will make money from both. However, if we divide the timber, we will not be able to make theke a lot of money if required number of desks, Also, we do not have enough tlie an money. Qur resources are limited. I did not think of that. Let us just stick to making desks. We will have to forego the profits we would have made from the beds.understand, wish we had enough resources. We would have matlot of profit from our furniture. True, but remember, resources are always limited. Therefore, \"eshould use the resources available to do the things that are moreimportant first.1.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8797910295616718, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1962, "token_count": 504}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.5771742}
{"text": "We will have to forego the profits we would have made from the beds.understand, wish we had enough resources. We would have matlot of profit from our furniture. True, but remember, resources are always limited. Therefore, \"eshould use the resources available to do the things that are moreimportant first.1. Why did the carpenters choose to make desks instead of beds? Approved by KICD - 2022 eeCB camscanner2, What did the carpenters forego by choosing to make d3, What isthe meaning of limited resources?4 Identify the limited resources mentioned inthe comat you understand by Opportunitynd a scale of prefere Describe W work hand-in-hand 6. Explain how limited resourcesBBD Mind spotstudy the following pictures and describechoices people make. Individual Business Governmentow limited resources influence the MACHINE AMACHINE B? R Digital task 1. Using any digital device available to you, search and find more informationabout the following terms. A scarcity b choice 0 scale of preference a opportunity cost. 2 Provide an example of a business-related situation where you can use the terms above OR3, You can also use Business Studies textbooks in your school or communitylibrary to do your research. 4. Present your findings in clas. Jquite goods and Srvie; a Se ara is the lack of enough resources t0 asatisfy a consumer's needs or wants:nat one can afford ay,For example, searcty of money can limit 90wurces available yiettparticular time. Therefore, we must use whane er resol Me Wise,by b Choice is the ability of a buyer 0buy from a range of possible options consumer canbe forced to choose peewee? OF amongst competing neg,oor wants. This is due to scarcity of fesoureesodsandservices if theirorde ofimpern,ihe supermarket, you canto the consumer. For examples tot i, ligthe goods you want to buy, stating with MSE to the least important. Customer can make and use a ist of 00S OF services that they requiremake a choice. A When a customer picks oneof the unchosen item.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8917976272236363, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2007, "token_count": 479}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.5868473}
{"text": "OF amongst competing neg,oor wants. This is due to scarcity of fesoureesodsandservices if theirorde ofimpern,ihe supermarket, you canto the consumer. For examples tot i, ligthe goods you want to buy, stating with MSE to the least important. Customer can make and use a ist of 00S OF services that they requiremake a choice. A When a customer picks oneof the unchosen item. This is knOpportunity cost isthe next best fore p00d or service. Notes Sear, choice a sale of preference, and opportunity cost areimportant in making economic or financial decisions. I Scarcity, chotce, a scale of preference and opportunity cost are allrelated to one economic fact that resources are limited not enough while human wants are unlimited.:. Idee hersIn your class groups:1, Use what you have leUs what you ae arnt about opportunity cost and limited resources 2. Present the role-play in your clubs and societies, se or coose te BOOMS OF SEV, 6 Ascaleofpreferenceisalistof item instead of another, they forego the valeown as the opportunity cost. Therefor,sgone alternative after choosing anothe: Gi Merron by K1cD 2CB camscanner , Preparing a scale of preferencecali:the parents in the following pleture are doling wat 6100 1 Nea emo We onty have 5,000 sitihy tothe 8900 J 5 setter eraNee e10 few watch 1500 stiots buy all the items on their list? Give a reason.an the pareting the parent's lst, what tems or bills do you think ae the most importato spend on? Explain why.he list help the parents satisfy their needs?king the list?How can t What do you think the parents considered when mal4na.ge below and answer the questions that follow.sookSmars junior Secondary Schoolisanewlyuiltschoolin the community.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8854735804601096, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1711, "token_count": 439}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.5596302}
{"text": "Therefor,sgone alternative after choosing anothe: Gi Merron by K1cD 2CB camscanner , Preparing a scale of preferencecali:the parents in the following pleture are doling wat 6100 1 Nea emo We onty have 5,000 sitihy tothe 8900 J 5 setter eraNee e10 few watch 1500 stiots buy all the items on their list? Give a reason.an the pareting the parent's lst, what tems or bills do you think ae the most importato spend on? Explain why.he list help the parents satisfy their needs?king the list?How can t What do you think the parents considered when mal4na.ge below and answer the questions that follow.sookSmars junior Secondary Schoolisanewlyuiltschoolin the community. Beforessmiting learners, the owners and administrators needed to buy some items fordhe achool The administrators came up with alist of few things the school needed. They were as follows: furniture atthe cost of Ksh 400,000, kitchen equipment atthe cost of Ksh 200,000, laboratory equipment at the cost of Ksh 100,000, librarybooks atthe cost of Ksh 300,000, and a school bus at the cost of Ksh 1,500,000. BookSmarts School owners had only Ksh 1,000,000 left in the project fund. ARead the short passaj questions . Imagine you are part of Book Smarts Junior Secondary School'sadministration, make a scale of preference list of items the new schoolshould buy. Include the prices as well2 Which items did the school fail to purchase? Give a reason.:. Hu psotbusineses ented rm Book Smart anor Secondary Scho?xplain the importance of a scale of preference for the following people: consumer b producer. BS TS Mind SpotAsa learner, you have personal needs and wants. Lst themPrepare a scale of preference using your personal needs and wantsGive reasons for the order of the items. Share the list you make with your classmate. 1g wants in th a Preparing a scale of preference involves arrani orderimportance.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8681113935131533, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1879, "token_count": 478}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.622895}
{"text": "BS TS Mind SpotAsa learner, you have personal needs and wants. Lst themPrepare a scale of preference using your personal needs and wantsGive reasons for the order of the items. Share the list you make with your classmate. 1g wants in th a Preparing a scale of preference involves arrani orderimportance. :. When preparing a scale of preference, on should know the resourcesavailable and the wants and needs required. C Makinga scale of preference helps person fo: i decide which goods to buy according to thelr Importance or Pris and resources available i manage their finances well by buying only the most Important things iii . Efficiently use available resources iv make reasonable choices when buying goods iv maximise the satisfaction of needs and wants using limited resoures a Ascaleofpreferencecanbeusedby both theconsumer and thebusinesspers:to make decisions. For instance, if there is a demand for a particular goot a businessperson can use a scale of preference and compare the scarcity!resources against the demand for the good. Note: When making a scale of preference, needs should come before wants. D. Need for business activities for self and the community EET nceStudy the pictures and answer the questions that follow. Gj Proroved by kico - 2022 ee 59 camscannertions Fenty the aces ng place in the pictures.fens the pictures benefit a business?3 doyoutinkteal jesin the picturesareknownas'hnon rreimportance of the business activites in th ore netoan individual toacommunity.aiseuss the Follow business activities. Vehicle distributing tea leaves. Acustomer buying tealeaves. In ee L the pictures to discuss te following business activities: eatraction b processingi distribution a trading.be theaetivtes above help a community and its members?nt your discussion in class. Ee oomDiscuss and present 1 71Manufacturing is one of the bu!products below. Res involved iN prod, sss activiti page oO iscuss the questions below: a What is manufacturing? B What is the difference betmanufacturing and processing?through manufacturing?ed to produce the produween Nlproduced Which other products are2.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9014427668951187, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2157, "token_count": 502}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.6467476}
{"text": "In ee L the pictures to discuss te following business activities: eatraction b processingi distribution a trading.be theaetivtes above help a community and its members?nt your discussion in class. Ee oomDiscuss and present 1 71Manufacturing is one of the bu!products below. Res involved iN prod, sss activiti page oO iscuss the questions below: a What is manufacturing? B What is the difference betmanufacturing and processing?through manufacturing?ed to produce the produween Nlproduced Which other products are2. Mention ather business activites Perrand get them to the customer4. White a short report discussing the need for each activity YOU ment,the community. Iuction and sale of goods and seri, ess activities involves the prodB with the aim of making profit.ble for a business to provide and satis.s make it possi y the consumers and the community.activities include: This involves obtaining b Business activitiesneeds and wants of Themain businessor removing goods from i Extraction ature setting, such as fishing, farming, mining, quarrying lumbering. Il Processing This involves converting raw materials into mtining other materials, suchaseristproducts withoutadding or com! Wheat into wheat flour Manufacturing - This involves combiningdevelop a final product. For example, a b wood, glue, nails and varnish. Iv Dison and transportation - This involves moving pro where they were produced to where they areneeded. Thisdistributors such as wholesalers. Yarenceded 0 Construction This involves building structures such as stall iden or buildings.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8988470294484835, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1602, "token_count": 369}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.6353884}
{"text": "Mention any other roles of retailers that you know. Approved by KICD - 2022 a CB camscannerpropriate digital devices or Huws Stesscan be elassiled Give enamulee t ean actly Ua faves yng a eli, ods andgoorls and servicesjm of making profinvolved intsia,with tewhoanclude ptbuys goods frotly hln two main groups,le retaile called traders. E ding activitiesamples ofmtjacers, wholesalers and retalers1m producers or wholesalers andrsa and sells therner price in order to make profit, athe large scale retailers such as thesuch as canteens and kiosks. Us for use, not for reselling. People exist ineetsand small saln who buys goodretailer toa customer include: the link between consumers andl producers smaller quantities for consumers to buy. Superperso consti Ww They break goods into: They package and grade goods.the consumer with manyfv Theyprovidethane tat best satisfies thelr needs. The retailer may provide after sale serviofgoods for the consumer uy Arete at times sells goods to the consumer on credit therebyproviding credit facilitiesconsumers buy goods from retail business. Tetailers are divided into two: i small scale retailers - Thestperson. They deal with smaland foodstuffs, Small scale ret Small scale retailers with shops such as singlestmobile shops, kiosks and market stalls. Small scale retailers without shops suc! Machines, itinerant traders, open air markesellers.products o that they can choose ices like delivery and installation0 lers hence enabling them to make thelr ran and owned by onegoods like detergentsed into two:hops, tied shops,ty are commonlyII and fast movingtailers are further dividhas automatic vendingcet traders and roadside E ronnc CamScannery i Large scale retailers deal in a variety of goods and mainly,in urban centres. They include supermarkets, debartmenhypermarkets, chain stores, mail order stores: wholesaler isa trader who buys goods in Farge quantities from py,and then sells them to retailers.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9197875347805701, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1961, "token_count": 472}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.6807592}
{"text": "Superperso consti Ww They break goods into: They package and grade goods.the consumer with manyfv Theyprovidethane tat best satisfies thelr needs. The retailer may provide after sale serviofgoods for the consumer uy Arete at times sells goods to the consumer on credit therebyproviding credit facilitiesconsumers buy goods from retail business. Tetailers are divided into two: i small scale retailers - Thestperson. They deal with smaland foodstuffs, Small scale ret Small scale retailers with shops such as singlestmobile shops, kiosks and market stalls. Small scale retailers without shops suc! Machines, itinerant traders, open air markesellers.products o that they can choose ices like delivery and installation0 lers hence enabling them to make thelr ran and owned by onegoods like detergentsed into two:hops, tied shops,ty are commonlyII and fast movingtailers are further dividhas automatic vendingcet traders and roadside E ronnc CamScannery i Large scale retailers deal in a variety of goods and mainly,in urban centres. They include supermarkets, debartmenhypermarkets, chain stores, mail order stores: wholesaler isa trader who buys goods in Farge quantities from py,and then sells them to retailers. I The services to wholesalers to prot i They relieve producers some eosts uchbulk. I They ducers include:15 storage by buyinglucers to retailers. Tii They seadve rd promotion 0 behalf producers. Iv They pass feedback from retailers 0 the me cers a v They finance the producers by paying for the orders Whey mal The services of wholesalers to retailers include: ; i Breaking bulk of the goods and selling tO retailers install quay. Ii Transporting and then distributing goods '0 retailers prinoperation. Ii Avallinga wide varity of goods from different producers. Iv Offering discount facilities to the retailers. V Passing information from producers to the retailers. Vi Packing, blending sorting and grading goods on behalf of retails i. With the help of a classmate, analyse the trading activities that take picthe following environments: school il community2, Identify the importance of trading,3.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.9074166425714768, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2143, "token_count": 491}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.6939645}
{"text": "They include supermarkets, debartmenhypermarkets, chain stores, mail order stores: wholesaler isa trader who buys goods in Farge quantities from py,and then sells them to retailers. I The services to wholesalers to prot i They relieve producers some eosts uchbulk. I They ducers include:15 storage by buyinglucers to retailers. Tii They seadve rd promotion 0 behalf producers. Iv They pass feedback from retailers 0 the me cers a v They finance the producers by paying for the orders Whey mal The services of wholesalers to retailers include: ; i Breaking bulk of the goods and selling tO retailers install quay. Ii Transporting and then distributing goods '0 retailers prinoperation. Ii Avallinga wide varity of goods from different producers. Iv Offering discount facilities to the retailers. V Passing information from producers to the retailers. Vi Packing, blending sorting and grading goods on behalf of retails i. With the help of a classmate, analyse the trading activities that take picthe following environments: school il community2, Identify the importance of trading,3. Share what you learn with your parent, guardian or classmate.1, State the meaning of needs and wants,2. Distinguish between needs and wants.3. Explain the meaning of the follo ig terms as used in Business Studiesa Choi3 Sony b Scale of preferenceit Opportunity cost4. What is theiWhat isthe importance of a scale of preference in satisfying persoml Approved by KICD - 2022 ee CamScanneryrgelf-assesin the boxes ofList six t PGive puteomeea3 beanneeds and wants. Na fy the need for business activities for self and 77 Lean justi the community. Tean analyse trading activities In community.in the following areas:Ishotld improve and do better i,7 can distinguish between ne Business Studies. Nee the meaning o can define the mea scale of preference athe satisfayes of business activities.veasons that make business activites important inthe community.sment 1 where necessary. Te ning of the terms scarcity, choice,ind opportunity cost in relation 0the progress chechlist below correctly. Seek guidSeek guidance from of consumer needs and wants.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8882124220206694, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2169, "token_count": 503}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.7102213}
{"text": "Na fy the need for business activities for self and 77 Lean justi the community. Tean analyse trading activities In community.in the following areas:Ishotld improve and do better i,7 can distinguish between ne Business Studies. Nee the meaning o can define the mea scale of preference athe satisfayes of business activities.veasons that make business activites important inthe community.sment 1 where necessary. Te ning of the terms scarcity, choice,ind opportunity cost in relation 0the progress chechlist below correctly. Seek guidSeek guidance from of consumer needs and wants. Prepare a scale of preference satisfy personal a Approved by KICD - 2022CB camscanner2.2 Goods and ServicesWe have learnt how business activities help in 1\" and wants, These needs and wants can be inthe orfoods and servicesthe satisfaction of consy,n of goods OF Servicg,A. Types and importance of 9 ekeStudy the following pictures and discuss the0 questions. Questions:i. What is happening in the pictures?What are the people in the pictures buying and selling?3. Explain the differences between the things being bought and sold in pictures. 4... Mention some of the things you buy in your day-to-day life. Discuss and present day 1. Use what you have learnt in Learning Task 1 to discuss the following: a meaning of a goodj b meaning ofa service c examples of goods and servi2. Present your discussion in class. Be verve by kico 2022 Ps BesnscanerYoon me Business Studies teacher gave Grade Seven tearFee arya research task. The task reaied them reat Makin juniorsectyoks ad computers to search for information about yan ey and seveces. Here is what they foun pes of gos and Types of goodsProducer goods and consumer goods 0 reducer goods are those goods used in the production of othergoods. They include equipment, machines and tools. Consumergoods are goods that are ready to satisy the needs and wants ofconsumers. They include food, clothes, utensils, medicine amongothers. Economic goods and non-economic goods omic goods are goods with a price and are generally limited in supply. People must pay a price co obtain them. Nomeconomic goods are free goods with no price.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8914010948664841, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2188, "token_count": 505}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.7282863}
{"text": "Use any appropriate digitfollowing types of goods: a perishable goods and d b publicand private good material goods and non-material goods. Present your findingformation about thetal device to find out in durable goodsclass. ORtextbook to search for the information you need . Vsea Busines Sue a Goods are things that we can touch, b Services refer to the activities that people or organisations do or provide get paid to satisfy the needs or wants of a consumer. There are various ways to classify goods and services. For example, wecategorise them based on who uses them, on the stage of production andi economic life.i d The importance of goods and services includ Goods and services help to satisfy consumer needs and wants.tin oe make money by producing and selling goods and servicesjoods and serviceLees raion ensure the continuity of businesses. Be and services is a source of income. GQ rrr oy xc0 -2072 onCB camscannerme Further earning tankmily member o help of any swith the: Make a table using the types of onus anil serve1 have loroAn yOue COM ay i y goods and servine your table in class: ishing between goods and spistingu!:3 of Goods and services ket place. Ppeussthe services and goods we can Duy 21ee neaead following conversation and answer te westions that folloPend Good afternoon, Mama JuniorManofanior: Good afternoon, Pendo. How areyou today?Pendo: Am well, I have come to buy somecabbages, tomatoes and fruits, hope you have them.lajunior: Yes, Thave them. You can check whichtes ones you prefer:Okay, last time I bought tomatoesworth Ksh 300. Unfortunately, myridge got spoiled the same day, 0 ceded up sharing the tomatoes ithi neighbours, so today I need more tomatoes. Ea GE mvevests co m2 CamScannerMama junior:Pendo:Mama JuniorPendo:Mama Junior:Pendo: Mama Junior:Questions: What goods did PendoIdentify the type of serviIdentify the characteristics 0Using the conversation, how can Mention any business that proviayut the tomatoes to yourxr to throw them aywithout spoiling.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8921734450005705, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 2047, "token_count": 510}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.7504072}
{"text": "You can check whichtes ones you prefer:Okay, last time I bought tomatoesworth Ksh 300. Unfortunately, myridge got spoiled the same day, 0 ceded up sharing the tomatoes ithi neighbours, so today I need more tomatoes. Ea GE mvevests co m2 CamScannerMama junior:Pendo:Mama JuniorPendo:Mama Junior:Pendo: Mama Junior:Questions: What goods did PendoIdentify the type of serviIdentify the characteristics 0Using the conversation, how can Mention any business that proviayut the tomatoes to yourxr to throw them aywithout spoiling. T, you did well by giving 0neighbours. Some people could pre!because tomatoes cannot stay 101 That's true, Mama Junior: think! Have what I came for, King,me how much should pay. 500. Y Those goods will cost you Ksh Here you go. Do you know someone me these shopping bags? My ae ee traYe Lt call Mr Mui He swell KNOW TTY anspn,andl delivery services. He has just finisl me hs,and pineapples to a local hotel. Thank you so much. Thanks, Pendo. Kindly be alittle patient as we wait forMr yy,want to buy from Mama Junior?ces described in the passage:the goods mentioned in the conversationyou distinguish services from goods,ides goods or services in your communitynekstudy the following picture and discuss the questions that follow. Questions:1 What service is being provided in the picture?2. Discuss the following: a can the service be seen or touched? Qe Pevrondtykico. 2022 eaeBeanscannerwd?the future? One of the ths a Ur Parents5 education transportation communication Services differences between goods and services.pitethefoowingtable isd om ne joes Services Goods ean be touched. Thats they are tangible. Po b Servies cannot be seem. 0 Goods can be separated from iG theseller or producer. A The quality of services cannot J be the same. Goods can be stored.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8698604358051707, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1859, "token_count": 493}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.7648327}
{"text": "0 Goods can be separated from iG theseller or producer. A The quality of services cannot J be the same. Goods can be stored. E lo i Services donot change!\". Value cover time.royed by KICD - 2022 camscannerJen she did er monty,he decided t0 20 online 1 ,okinggoil After yaywe living room door.fy 4.5\"id for the delivery. My. Is.2.Read the followingplMrs Kayai forgot to buy cookinat the community superar ahecsupermarket s websiteto \"4minutes, Mrs Kayai heard: solrman delivering her COOKIE or anvery happy and went an 0.600What did Mrs Kayai pay f0 3.Share your work with other classi wa a service or agood?ates: eescan be used to distinguish or dy The characteristics of goodsand services oods and services. Characteristics of goods include: a Goods are tangible. This means that goods can be touched, b Goods can be separated from the seller. 0 Ownership of goods can be transferred from the seller to the bydone through trade. Goods can be stored for future use. Goods can be quantified in various shapes and si The quality of goods can be standardised. This means that goods cemade uniform in terms of size and qualityGoods can change in quality over time. For example furniture and wie may lose value over time. Other goods such as land increase value. D te G x h Goods can be seen. Characteristics of services include: a Services are intangible, that is, they cannot be touched nor felt. 0 Services cannot be separated from the service provider. Service cannot be transferred from the provider to the consumer. 4 Services cannot be stored for future use. Ser ices cannot be quantified, 1 The quality of a service'y ofa service cannot be standa: 2 Services cannot be seen Mises Ge Mente 2n camscanner.", "metadata": {"source": "BUSINESS-SPOTLIGGHT-NOTES-2024-TEACHER.CO_.KE_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "quality_score": 0.8511679447949329, "ocr_used": true, "chunk_length": 1799, "token_count": 465}, "cleaned_at": 1750360561.7585962}