The 4th from the sunSlightly smaller than the earthApproximately 228m km from the sunTakes 687 earth days to revolve around the sunBetween Mass and Jupiter there are small celestial bodies called planetoids. Has no satellite. Jupiter5th planet from the sunApproximately 778m km from the sunLargest in the universeRotates on its own axis at very fast speedHas flattened poles due to its fast speed of rotationHas very thick layers of ice on its surfacetakes 12 earth years to revolve around the sunHas 16 satellitesSaturn6th planet from the sunSecond largest planetApproximately 1427m km from the sunTakes 29 earth years to revolve around the sunHas a ring around itHas 18 satellitesUranus7th planet from the sunAbout 4 times bigger than the earthApproximately 2870m km from the sunAlso rotates very fastAlso has flattened poles due to fast speed of rotationIt appears greenish foe being surrounded by methane gasHas 8 satellitesTakes 84 earth years to revolve around the sunNeptuneOne of the farthest from the sun8th planet from the sunApproximately 4497m km from the sunHas 8 satellitesTakes 165 earth years to revolve around the sunVery similar in size, colour and character with UranusThe shape of the earthThe shape of the earth is called geoid ovoid oblate spheroid due to being an imperfect sphere by being wide at the equator and flat at the poles. The position of the earth in the solar systemThe 3rd planet from the sunThe earth and the heavenly bodies make the universeThe only planet that supports lifeThe home of manApproximately 149m km from the sunTakes 365 days to revolve around the sunHas one satellite, the moonRotation of the earthMovement of the earth on its own axis imaginary line through the centre from N pole to S poleRotates through 360 Takes 24 hours day to complete 1 rotationRotates in an anticlockwise direction west to east Effects of Rotation of the EarthCreates day and night because at any one time one side of the earth faces the sun day and the other remains in darkness night .


Has no satellite. Jupiter5th planet from the sunApproximately 778m km from the sunLargest in the universeRotates on its own axis at very fast speedHas flattened poles due to its fast speed of rotationHas very thick layers of ice on its surfacetakes 12 earth years to revolve around the sunHas 16 satellitesSaturn6th planet from the sunSecond largest planetApproximately 1427m km from the sunTakes 29 earth years to revolve around the sunHas a ring around itHas 18 satellitesUranus7th planet from the sunAbout 4 times bigger than the earthApproximately 2870m km from the sunAlso rotates very fastAlso has flattened poles due to fast speed of rotationIt appears greenish foe being surrounded by methane gasHas 8 satellitesTakes 84 earth years to revolve around the sunNeptuneOne of the farthest from the sun8th planet from the sunApproximately 4497m km from the sunHas 8 satellitesTakes 165 earth years to revolve around the sunVery similar in size, colour and character with UranusThe shape of the earthThe shape of the earth is called geoid ovoid oblate spheroid due to being an imperfect sphere by being wide at the equator and flat at the poles. The position of the earth in the solar systemThe 3rd planet from the sunThe earth and the heavenly bodies make the universeThe only planet that supports lifeThe home of manApproximately 149m km from the sunTakes 365 days to revolve around the sunHas one satellite, the moonRotation of the earthMovement of the earth on its own axis imaginary line through the centre from N pole to S poleRotates through 360 Takes 24 hours day to complete 1 rotationRotates in an anticlockwise direction west to east Effects of Rotation of the EarthCreates day and night because at any one time one side of the earth faces the sun day and the other remains in darkness night . Causes deflection of winds and ocean currents in the N hemisphere to the left and in the S hemisphere to the right.


Jupiter5th planet from the sunApproximately 778m km from the sunLargest in the universeRotates on its own axis at very fast speedHas flattened poles due to its fast speed of rotationHas very thick layers of ice on its surfacetakes 12 earth years to revolve around the sunHas 16 satellitesSaturn6th planet from the sunSecond largest planetApproximately 1427m km from the sunTakes 29 earth years to revolve around the sunHas a ring around itHas 18 satellitesUranus7th planet from the sunAbout 4 times bigger than the earthApproximately 2870m km from the sunAlso rotates very fastAlso has flattened poles due to fast speed of rotationIt appears greenish foe being surrounded by methane gasHas 8 satellitesTakes 84 earth years to revolve around the sunNeptuneOne of the farthest from the sun8th planet from the sunApproximately 4497m km from the sunHas 8 satellitesTakes 165 earth years to revolve around the sunVery similar in size, colour and character with UranusThe shape of the earthThe shape of the earth is called geoid ovoid oblate spheroid due to being an imperfect sphere by being wide at the equator and flat at the poles. The position of the earth in the solar systemThe 3rd planet from the sunThe earth and the heavenly bodies make the universeThe only planet that supports lifeThe home of manApproximately 149m km from the sunTakes 365 days to revolve around the sunHas one satellite, the moonRotation of the earthMovement of the earth on its own axis imaginary line through the centre from N pole to S poleRotates through 360 Takes 24 hours day to complete 1 rotationRotates in an anticlockwise direction west to east Effects of Rotation of the EarthCreates day and night because at any one time one side of the earth faces the sun day and the other remains in darkness night . Causes deflection of winds and ocean currents in the N hemisphere to the left and in the S hemisphere to the right. It causes rising and falling of ocean tides.


The position of the earth in the solar systemThe 3rd planet from the sunThe earth and the heavenly bodies make the universeThe only planet that supports lifeThe home of manApproximately 149m km from the sunTakes 365 days to revolve around the sunHas one satellite, the moonRotation of the earthMovement of the earth on its own axis imaginary line through the centre from N pole to S poleRotates through 360 Takes 24 hours day to complete 1 rotationRotates in an anticlockwise direction west to east Effects of Rotation of the EarthCreates day and night because at any one time one side of the earth faces the sun day and the other remains in darkness night . Causes deflection of winds and ocean currents in the N hemisphere to the left and in the S hemisphere to the right. It causes rising and falling of ocean tides. Causes time difference between longitudesEffects of Rotation of the Earth on human activitiesRevolution of the earthMovement of the earth in its orbit around the sun. It s in anticlockwise direction. The orbit of the earth s revolution is elliptical. Takes 365 days in a year or 366 days in a leap year every 4 years . The sun moves from the tropic of cancer to the equator and then towards tropic of Capricorn and back to the tropic of cancer. 21st march and 23rd September are called equinoxes because the length of day and night is equal. The sun is vertically overhead at noon at the equator. 21st June is called summer solstice because its summer in the N hemisphere. The sun is vertically overhead at noon at the tropic of cancer. 22nd December is called winter solstice because its winter in the S. hemisphere. The sun is vertically overhead at noon at noon at the tropic of Capricorn. Solstice is the period of maximum tilting of the earth towards the sun. Effects of the Revolution of the earthCauses the four seasons summer, autumn, winter and spring due to the movement of overhead sun causing changes in the heat belt. Causes variation of day and night s lengths due to the earth s axis being inclined to the path of revolution at an angle of 60 . Equinoxes have equal lengths of day and night.


Effects of the Revolution of the earthCauses the four seasons summer, autumn, winter and spring due to the movement of overhead sun causing changes in the heat belt. Causes variation of day and night s lengths due to the earth s axis being inclined to the path of revolution at an angle of 60 . Equinoxes have equal lengths of day and night. Summers have longer days and shorter nights. Winters have longer nights and shorter days. Causes changes in the altitude of the midday sun due to the earth s orbit being elliptical. Highest altitude during equinoxLowest altitude during solsticesCauses lunar eclipse due to revolution bringing the earth in line with the sun and the moon. Effects of the Revolution of the earth on human activitiesThe internal structure of the earthA. Crust LithosphereOutermost layer of the earthMade of soils and other loose deposits of sandThe dominant rocks are granites. Extends 0-50kmHas 2 layers1. SialAlso called continental crustMade of light coloured rocksCalled sial because it s made up of silica and aluminium. 2. SimaAlso called oceanic crustMainly made of basaltic rocks which are brittle. Called sima because it is made of silica magnesium and iron. B. Mohorovicic Discontinuity Moho A definite zone of discontinuity between the crust and the mantle. Was discovered by Dr. Andrija Mohorovicic in 1909. The Mantle AsthenosphereLayer lying between the crust and the coreMade of iron and magnesiumHas two layersUpper mantleRocks are more elastic than those of sima. Temperature is about 1000 c. lower mantleRocks are like very viscous liquid. Temperature ranges between 1000 c to 3000 c. Gutenberg DiscontinuityA definite zone of discontinuity between mantle and core. Core barysphere CentrosphereThe innermost central layer of the earth. Has 2 layersOuter CoreComposed of very dense rocksMade up of nickel and ironTemperatures are up to 3700 c. Inner CoreA solid mass of mainly ironTemperatures are estimated to be 4500 c to 5000 c. F.


Has 2 layersOuter CoreComposed of very dense rocksMade up of nickel and ironTemperatures are up to 3700 c. Inner CoreA solid mass of mainly ironTemperatures are estimated to be 4500 c to 5000 c. F. The AtmosphereLayer of gases surrounding the earth. The earth revolves with it because its held onto it by gravityIt s about 330km thick. Composition of the AtmosphereGases-exist as a mixtureSmoke particlesDust particlesWater vapourG. hydrosphereOcean and seasWEATHERWeather is the daily atmospheric conditions of a place at a particular time. ELEMENTS OF WEATHERTemperatureMeasure or degree of hotness or coldness of a placeHumidityThe amount of water vapour or moisture in the atmospherePrecipitationAll forms of moisture which fall from the atmosphere to the earth s surfaceRainfall is a form of precipitation formed from clouds that in form of water dropletsAtmospheric pressureWindMoving air on the surface of the earthSunshineDirect rays of sunlight on the surface of the earthCloud coverMass of tiny droplets of water or ice formed through condensationAnalysis and interpretation of weather conditionsDiurnal daily Temperature range-Difference between the maximum and minimum temperature for any one day. Mean Daily Temperature-Average of the maximum and the minimum daily temperatures. Mean Monthly temperature-Sum of mean daily temperatures in a month divided by the number of days in that month. Mean Monthly minimum Temperature-Sum of daily minimum temperatures divided by the number of days in that month. Mean Monthly Maximum Temperature-Sum of daily maximum temperatures divided by the number of days in that month. Mean Annual Temperature-Sum of mean monthly temperatures divided by 12. Mean Annual Temperature Range-Difference between the highest and the lowest mean monthly temperatures in a year. Monthly Rainfall Total-Sum of rainfall recorded in a month. Annual Rainfall Total-Sum of monthly rainfall totals for 12 months. Mean Monthly Rainfall-Sum of rainfall totals for a particular month over several years divided by the number of the years of observation. Mean Annual Rainfall-Sum of mean monthly rainfall for 12 months of the year.


Annual Rainfall Total-Sum of monthly rainfall totals for 12 months. Mean Monthly Rainfall-Sum of rainfall totals for a particular month over several years divided by the number of the years of observation. Mean Annual Rainfall-Sum of mean monthly rainfall for 12 months of the year. Factors to consider when siting a weather stationWeather Station-A place where observation, measuring and recording of weather elements is doneFactors to Be Taken Into Account When Sitting a Weather StationOpen spaceAn open place where there is little obstruction of weather elements. Accessible placeAccessible place so that recording can be done easily. Gently sloping landA fairly level or gently sloping ground 5 so that it s easy to position weather instruments. SecurityThe place should have securityThe place should provide a wide view of the surrounding landscape and the sky. The site should be free from flooding. . Constructing selected instruments for measuring elements of weatherInstruments for Measuring Elements of WeatherThermometer- measures temperatureHygrometer- measures humidityRain gauge-measures rainfallBarometer-measures air pressureSunshine recorder-measures sunshine duration and intensityWind vane measures wind directionAnemometer-measures wind speedConstructing a wind stockPUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 52Materials neededA paper cupClay and plasticineA pinDrinking strawMarker penA white circular cardboardSquare and triangular paper cuttingsA pencil with a rubber headConstructing a rain gaugePUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 53Materials neededA 2-litre plastic bottleRulerA ballpoint penMasking tapeA scalpel or pair of scissorsConstructing a WindsockPUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 53-54Materials neededCylindrical bagStringA scalpelWater paintsAn empty plastic fat magarine tinMasking tape or cellotapeA pole with a pointed endPainting brushes or chewed sticksSignificance of weather to humanHelps us to be aware of natural calamities related to weather before they occur so as to take precautionary measures. Guiding tourists on when to visit national parks. Helps farmers to plan their activities such as planting, harvesting, etc. Ensures air and water transport is carried out safely.


Guiding tourists on when to visit national parks. Helps farmers to plan their activities such as planting, harvesting, etc. Ensures air and water transport is carried out safely. Helps sporting people to plan their training and competition schedules. Helps people to plan many other activities such as mining, electricity generation, holiday events, etc. Helps fishing communities to plan their activitiesHistorical informationSources of historical information in the societyMonumentsCavesHistorical picturesFolk songsOld coinsRecorded folk storiesArchaeological sitesTextbooksArticlesMythsArtefacts,FossilsPrimary and secondary sources of informationPrimary source is historical information that are created during the time period studied or were created at a later age by participant in even being practisedSecondary source is historical information that interprets or analyses a historical phenomenonWays of preserving historical informationSignificance of historical information in providing evidence of past accountsPEOPLE AND POLPULATIONHUMAN ORIGINTRADITIONAL STORIES ON HUMAN ORIGINThis is an attempt by communities of people to explain their origin. It is given through Oral Traditions, myths and legends. It mainly states that the first people were created by GodKikuyu communityAccording to the Agikuyu, God Ngai appeared and created their ancestors Gikuyu and Mumbi at Mukurwe Wa Gathanga near present day MurangaGikuyu and Mumbi gave birth to 9 daughters who later formed the nine classBukusuThe bukusu of wetern Kenya belives that the fist man was called Mwambu. He was made from mud by WELE KHAKABA God the creator at a place called Mumbo which means west. God created a wife for him. Mwambu and his wife moved from Mumbo to the foothills of Mt. Masaba-mt elgon- where their descendants grew in numbers to become the Abaluhya communityMaasaiOnce upon a time Enkai God owned all the cattle in the world. One day he opened the sky and replaced all the cattle he owned from heaven to earth using a long rope.


Mwambu and his wife moved from Mumbo to the foothills of Mt. Masaba-mt elgon- where their descendants grew in numbers to become the Abaluhya communityMaasaiOnce upon a time Enkai God owned all the cattle in the world. One day he opened the sky and replaced all the cattle he owned from heaven to earth using a long rope. Enkai created 3 communities on earthThe Torrobo also the Ogiek , the gikuyu whom God bless with seed and grain and the Maasai whom God blessed with all the cattle of the worldAkamba communityThe akamba community believes that God was called Mulungu. He created the first man MUNDU and woman KIVETI. They were then placed on top of Nzaui Hill in makueni. He blessed them with children and livestockNandi communityAccording to the Nandi, the first two people came from the knees of a giant man, which began to swell until they burst. A man came from one knee and a woman from the other. These became the ancestors of the Nandi-speaking people of Kenya. This is an example of myths in certain communities that do not directly refer to God s creation. RELIGIOUS STORIES ON HUMAN ORIGINThis presents man and everything else as having been created by God. It is contained mainly inThe Bible used by Christians God created the heaven and earth according to Genesis chapter 2The Quran used by Muslims . Islam believes that all living and non living things were created by AllahHinduThe universe was created by Brahma. He is regarded as the hindu god of creationFactors proving that Africa is the cradle of humankindAfrican Savannas were ideal for primates. The moist, warm and varied climate supported animal and plant life. Archaeological sites were discovered in the Great Lakes region of eastern Africa and along the Great Rift Valley. This confirms that hominids were living in this region by the time the rift valley was being formed. The earliest apes and various animals may have first lived around what is now Lake Victoria and the rift valley, then some went northwards into Europe and Asia. This was because, at that time, areas along the Equator especially central and west Africa were covered in thick forest.


This confirms that hominids were living in this region by the time the rift valley was being formed. The earliest apes and various animals may have first lived around what is now Lake Victoria and the rift valley, then some went northwards into Europe and Asia. This was because, at that time, areas along the Equator especially central and west Africa were covered in thick forest. Around the Great lakes of East Africa was the Savannah grassland with scattered trees and bushes . It was in this environment that man had his first home. Due to earth quakes and volcanic eruptions during the formation of the great rift valley, allot of dust was brought up, which covered places where hominids had left their weapons, tools, their own bones, and those of other animals. These became archaeological sites in east AfricaRemains found in Africa especially Eastern Africa are evidence that Africa is the cradle of mankind. Evolution is a natural process of gradual and continuous change of living organisms from a lower simpler state to a better-adapted complex and superior one. Archaeological site or prehistoric siteIs a place where human remains were foundArchaeologistsAre scientists who excavated the human remains for studyFossilsHuman remainsSTAGES OF MAN S EVOLUTIONRamapithecus also called kenyapithecusThe 15-12 million year-old remains of Ramapithecus were found by Mary and Louis Leakey at Fort Ternan near kericho and also at Samburu hills and in the Lakes Turkana and Baringo basins. Ramapithecus and other manlike creatures were also discovered in Europe, India and China. Characteristics of RamapithecusHe was manlike. He had small canines. He was quadrapedal he moved on his four limbs , though he occasionally walked on two legsAustralopithecus southern ape zinjathropusRemains of Australopithecus were found at Taung in Botswana in 1924 by Raymond Dart, at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania by Mary Leakey in 1959 and throughout eastern Africa e.g. regions around Lake Natron in Tanzania, Lake Turkana in Kenya and Omo River valley in Ethiopia. Characteristics of AustralopithecusHe was the earliest most manlike hominid.


He was quadrapedal he moved on his four limbs , though he occasionally walked on two legsAustralopithecus southern ape zinjathropusRemains of Australopithecus were found at Taung in Botswana in 1924 by Raymond Dart, at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania by Mary Leakey in 1959 and throughout eastern Africa e.g. regions around Lake Natron in Tanzania, Lake Turkana in Kenya and Omo River valley in Ethiopia. Characteristics of AustralopithecusHe was the earliest most manlike hominid. He had a pelvis and leg that were similar to modern man s. He was bipedal walked on two limbs . Could defend themselves. Could attack their enemies. Could see or sense impending danger from a distance. Could grasp objects with ease. May have been hairy, short and strong. Had a large face and low forehead. Had stereoscopic vision. Had much larger teeth, skull and jaws. His brain was smaller than modern man s, but larger than that of the most intelligent ape: the Gorilla. Homo habilis Practical man . This was the first species of the genus Homo. His two and a half to one and a half million- year old remains were found at Olduvai Gorge by Jonathan Leakey in 1964, Hadar and Omo River valley in Ethiopia and Koobi-For a in the lake Turkana area in 1972. Characteristics of HomohabilisHe was five feet tall. He had a skull similar to modern man s in shape. He was omnivorous. He could grasp objects. He made and used tools. HOMOERECTUS upright man . Homoerectus lived between two million to two hundred thousand years ago. He was five and a half feet tall. He was bipedal walked on two legs . He made and used tools, such as hand-axes, crude spears and arrowheads from stone,bone and wood. Homo sapiens Thinking Intelligent man . Homo sapien appeared between two hundred thousand and a hundred and fifty thousand years ago. Characteristics of HomosapienHe was under six feet tallHe had small teeth. He had a steep and well-rounded forehead. He had long straight legs. He made a variety of more refined tools i.e.


He had a steep and well-rounded forehead. He had long straight legs. He made a variety of more refined tools i.e. microliths. He was a fisherman and hunter-gatherer. He domesticated plants and animals. Remains of Homosapien were found at:Eliye springs near Lake Turkana,Kanjera and Kanam in Kenya,Bodo and Omo river valley in Ethiopia,Ngaloba in Tanzania. EARLY CIVILASATION IN AFRICAMeaning of state, kingdom and EmpireStateA territory is considered as an organised political community under one governmentEmpireAn extensive group of semi autonomous states ruled by one rulerKingdomA state or territory ruled by a king or queenThe ancient EgyptFactors that led to growth of Ancient Egypt CivilizationPresence of river nileIt the annual flood of river nile and the use of shadoof method of irrigation boosted agricultureEarly technologyIt ushered in the bronze stage where copper and tin were used to make simple tools such as chisels and needlesArtisans also made pots for storage and cookery purposes using potter s wheelPopulationHigh population in Ancient Egypt provided ready manpower and marketStrong military and leadershipThey ensured growth of the kingdom through conquests and assimilation of conquered neighbours into the empireUse of hieroglyphicThe formal writing helped keep reliable and accurate records in religion, government and historyUse of the calendarTracking of days and monitoring events such as annual flooding of the nile, planting and harvesting periodSpecialised workersThey worked in various institutions. They helped in keeping recods in the Egyptian empire. They recorded harvest, finances and historyThe Great ZimbabweGreat Zimbabwe was a city near Masvingo in the central part of the modern day Zimabwe, Mozambique and Botstwana. It existed between 1000BC to 1500BCZimbabwe is a shone word meaning stone houses Great Zimbabwe had a centralized government with hereditary kings.


They helped in keeping recods in the Egyptian empire. They recorded harvest, finances and historyThe Great ZimbabweGreat Zimbabwe was a city near Masvingo in the central part of the modern day Zimabwe, Mozambique and Botstwana. It existed between 1000BC to 1500BCZimbabwe is a shone word meaning stone houses Great Zimbabwe had a centralized government with hereditary kings. This system of government led to the rise and growth of the kingdomFactors that led to the growth of the Great Zimbabwe civilizationStrong agricultural economyExistence of several minerals deposits such as gold, copperTradeStrong leadershipAcquisition of firearms in exchange of goodsStrong armyReligious beliefs brought them togetherThe kingdom of KongoFactors that led to the growth of kingdom of KongoStrategic location of the kingdomFavourable climate and the kingdom its closeness to congo river which supported agriculture throughout the yearArrival of PortugueseReligionTradeChristianityLocating ancient kingdoms on a map of AfricaPupil s activityPage 77-78Contributions of early African civilisation to the modern worldModern civilisation owes ts current development to the ancient civilization. Ancient Egypt was the beginning of building designs and construction of permanent buildings we have today. The hieroglyphics form of writing in Egypt used to keep records developed into the modern writing and educationThe knowledge of planning and prediction of seasons based on calendar started in the early civilisation. Today it is has been developed further to include weather forecasting in predicting accurate changes. The industrial development in the ancient kingdoms was based on simple skill. Copper and tin were used in ancient Egypt to make items. Today most of the industries use metals and alloys to make construction and infrastructural equipment. The modern irrigation technology barrows a lot from the ancient irrigation techniques such as shadoof.


Copper and tin were used in ancient Egypt to make items. Today most of the industries use metals and alloys to make construction and infrastructural equipment. The modern irrigation technology barrows a lot from the ancient irrigation techniques such as shadoof. This has been applied in the agricultural sectorTools such as jembes hoes used in farming today were developed in the ancient civilisationThe political structure of modern government resembles the early civilisation govermentSocial organisation of selected African communities up to 1900Locating areas by the Ogiek, Zulu and Asante communities in AfricaPUPILS ACTIVITYPAGE 81Social organisation of the Ogiek community up to 1900Ogiek are southern nilotic speakersMost of them live in the county of nakuru, mau and mt elgon forestsFamily was the basic unit among the ogiek communityThe lineage was responsible for enforcing traditional law and orderFather was head of the familyThe ogiek were polygamousThere was division of labour among the ogiek communityMen provide for the family needs, provide leadership and securityWomen worked in homestead, bear children and do household choresChildren helped with household chores, cultivating in farms and artisanshipThe ogiek were a patriarchal society- men owned property and passed it to their sonsThe ogiek believed in one supreme being called TororetThey believed also in the existence of ancestral spirits called OiikThey had diviners who could foretell the future using supernatural powersBoth boys and girls were initiatedBoys ceremony was called tumdo op wentGirls ceremony was called tumbo op tiipikIntiated boys of the same age group sets known as ipindaThe ogiek used plants and herbs from forest for treating diseasesSocial organisation of the Zulu community up to 1900Zulu are Ngni people, bantu speakingThey occupy Kwazulu natal province in South africaIn the Ngumi languages izulu means heaven or weatherThe zulu clans referred to as the isizweThe zulu society was organised into parilineal sibs. The sibs were further divide into lineages which were composed of descendants of a common ancestorMost households comprised extended families who lived in one household called kraalMen inherited everything. Inheritance was patrilinealThe zulu people were polygamous.


This has been applied in the agricultural sectorTools such as jembes hoes used in farming today were developed in the ancient civilisationThe political structure of modern government resembles the early civilisation govermentSocial organisation of selected African communities up to 1900Locating areas by the Ogiek, Zulu and Asante communities in AfricaPUPILS ACTIVITYPAGE 81Social organisation of the Ogiek community up to 1900Ogiek are southern nilotic speakersMost of them live in the county of nakuru, mau and mt elgon forestsFamily was the basic unit among the ogiek communityThe lineage was responsible for enforcing traditional law and orderFather was head of the familyThe ogiek were polygamousThere was division of labour among the ogiek communityMen provide for the family needs, provide leadership and securityWomen worked in homestead, bear children and do household choresChildren helped with household chores, cultivating in farms and artisanshipThe ogiek were a patriarchal society- men owned property and passed it to their sonsThe ogiek believed in one supreme being called TororetThey believed also in the existence of ancestral spirits called OiikThey had diviners who could foretell the future using supernatural powersBoth boys and girls were initiatedBoys ceremony was called tumdo op wentGirls ceremony was called tumbo op tiipikIntiated boys of the same age group sets known as ipindaThe ogiek used plants and herbs from forest for treating diseasesSocial organisation of the Zulu community up to 1900Zulu are Ngni people, bantu speakingThey occupy Kwazulu natal province in South africaIn the Ngumi languages izulu means heaven or weatherThe zulu clans referred to as the isizweThe zulu society was organised into parilineal sibs. The sibs were further divide into lineages which were composed of descendants of a common ancestorMost households comprised extended families who lived in one household called kraalMen inherited everything. Inheritance was patrilinealThe zulu people were polygamous. Men married many wives and lived with them with the extended family in the kraal.


The sibs were further divide into lineages which were composed of descendants of a common ancestorMost households comprised extended families who lived in one household called kraalMen inherited everything. Inheritance was patrilinealThe zulu people were polygamous. Men married many wives and lived with them with the extended family in the kraal. Men paid dowry in terms of cows and gifts during the weeding day umaboThe zulu community believed in Umhlanga or reeds dance ceremonyBeadwork was a prominent wttire that worn at the UmahlangaBeadworks was a sign of communicationIt also symbolised wealth status of a personZulu believed in one God called uNkulunkuluThe controlled day to day human life of the Zulu communityThe zulu had traditional mediceine men who treated the sickSocial organisation of the Asante community up to 1900Asante are Akan speaking peopleThey live in the central part of the Modern day GhanaAre organsised into clans whch is headed by a chiefEach clan speaks its own dialect of the Aken languageThey believe in one supreme creator called NyameAncestors were believed to connect people to NyameAsante empire leader was called AsateheneHe also acted as a spiritual leaderOmamhene and chiefs were all religious leaders who presided over religious ceremoniesGolden stool was th symbol of national unity in the Aasnte empireIt symboised ones and authority from the AsanteheneIt was based in Kumasi, the capital of Asant empireOdwira festival was an annual ceremonyThey believed in the spirits of the departed rulersAsante were socially stratified into 5 main divions1st division king and those close to the kingLived in the capital of KumasiWere wealthy and lived in luxury2nd division consisted of the chiefs and top officials who assisted the king in enforcing law and order3rd division those who had acquired a lot of wealth hence respect in the society4th division comprised of ordinary farmers, traders and fishermen5th division the lowest class was for the slavesAsante families were extebded and matrilineal mother s brother was the legal guardian of her childrenAsante were experts in form of decoration, logos, arts, sculture and potteryThese were known as Adinkra symbolsComparing the social organisation of thr Ogiek, Zulu, and Asante community up to 1900Human diversity and inclusionPersonality attributes which make individuals different from othersPersonality attributes are qualities or characteristics that differentiate the character, action and attitude of a person from one anotherDesirable and undesirable personality attributes in a multicultural societyPeace and conflict resolutionPeaceA state of calmness when there is no warConflict resolutionThis is the process or act of solving or settling a disagreement.


Inheritance was patrilinealThe zulu people were polygamous. Men married many wives and lived with them with the extended family in the kraal. Men paid dowry in terms of cows and gifts during the weeding day umaboThe zulu community believed in Umhlanga or reeds dance ceremonyBeadwork was a prominent wttire that worn at the UmahlangaBeadworks was a sign of communicationIt also symbolised wealth status of a personZulu believed in one God called uNkulunkuluThe controlled day to day human life of the Zulu communityThe zulu had traditional mediceine men who treated the sickSocial organisation of the Asante community up to 1900Asante are Akan speaking peopleThey live in the central part of the Modern day GhanaAre organsised into clans whch is headed by a chiefEach clan speaks its own dialect of the Aken languageThey believe in one supreme creator called NyameAncestors were believed to connect people to NyameAsante empire leader was called AsateheneHe also acted as a spiritual leaderOmamhene and chiefs were all religious leaders who presided over religious ceremoniesGolden stool was th symbol of national unity in the Aasnte empireIt symboised ones and authority from the AsanteheneIt was based in Kumasi, the capital of Asant empireOdwira festival was an annual ceremonyThey believed in the spirits of the departed rulersAsante were socially stratified into 5 main divions1st division king and those close to the kingLived in the capital of KumasiWere wealthy and lived in luxury2nd division consisted of the chiefs and top officials who assisted the king in enforcing law and order3rd division those who had acquired a lot of wealth hence respect in the society4th division comprised of ordinary farmers, traders and fishermen5th division the lowest class was for the slavesAsante families were extebded and matrilineal mother s brother was the legal guardian of her childrenAsante were experts in form of decoration, logos, arts, sculture and potteryThese were known as Adinkra symbolsComparing the social organisation of thr Ogiek, Zulu, and Asante community up to 1900Human diversity and inclusionPersonality attributes which make individuals different from othersPersonality attributes are qualities or characteristics that differentiate the character, action and attitude of a person from one anotherDesirable and undesirable personality attributes in a multicultural societyPeace and conflict resolutionPeaceA state of calmness when there is no warConflict resolutionThis is the process or act of solving or settling a disagreement. Peace and conflict for personal well being.


GRADE 7 TERM 1PRE-TECHNICAL STUDIES LESSON NOTESSAFETYPersonal safetyObserving personal safety is doing activities that will protect us from accidents or getting injured. Potential hazards relating to personal safetyUnsafe conditions or objects that harm us or cause injuries to us are known as potential safety hazardsExamples of potential safety hazards in day to day life areFires and hot surfaces which can cause burnsSharp tools like knives which can cause cutsSpills on floors which can cause fallsPoorly disposed waste such as fruit peels which can cause fallsHeavy objects like rocks, stones which can roll over us or fall on usItems or objects that are properly kept on high shelves which can fall on usPoisonous chemicals that are not store properly can harm us if we touch or drink them. Poorly arranged equipments such as desks that can cause fallsExposed naked electric wires that can lead to shocksPoorly ventilated rooms that can lead to suffocationDemonstrating safety while performing various tasks in the localityExamples of task that we can do in our locality include digging, splitting firewood, pruning plants, riding bicyclesSome of the safety measures to observe while forming the above different tasks includeAlways clean spills on the floor immediately to avoid fallsKeep a safe distance from your friend when performing tasks such as diggingAsk for help when you want to get things that are out of your reachAlways be alert around fire. Avoid loose clothing when near firesUse kitchen gloves or a piece of cloth to hold hot kitchen tools and equipmentHandle different tools or equipments with careWear appropriate protective clothing when performing different tasksEg wear gumboots while collecting and disposing wasteHandling tools and equipments safely while performing tasksGeneral safety rules and regulations for various tasksThe various task we do at home or school can expose you and other people to safety hazards. You should follow general safety rules when performing these task to avoid injuries to self and others.


Poorly arranged equipments such as desks that can cause fallsExposed naked electric wires that can lead to shocksPoorly ventilated rooms that can lead to suffocationDemonstrating safety while performing various tasks in the localityExamples of task that we can do in our locality include digging, splitting firewood, pruning plants, riding bicyclesSome of the safety measures to observe while forming the above different tasks includeAlways clean spills on the floor immediately to avoid fallsKeep a safe distance from your friend when performing tasks such as diggingAsk for help when you want to get things that are out of your reachAlways be alert around fire. Avoid loose clothing when near firesUse kitchen gloves or a piece of cloth to hold hot kitchen tools and equipmentHandle different tools or equipments with careWear appropriate protective clothing when performing different tasksEg wear gumboots while collecting and disposing wasteHandling tools and equipments safely while performing tasksGeneral safety rules and regulations for various tasksThe various task we do at home or school can expose you and other people to safety hazards. You should follow general safety rules when performing these task to avoid injuries to self and others. The general safety rules includeWork in a place with proper ventilationEnsure you are working in a place that has enough lightingAvoid crowding in the working areaEnsure the working area is well arranged when working and after workingUse tools and equipments for their correct purposeEnsure all the tools you are using are in good working conditionsDo not touch sharp edges of cutting tools or test their sharpness with your handEnsure that your hands are dry before touching electric plugs or electrical appliances that have been plugged inDo not pull heavy materials or objects towards your bodyIf working with or near fire, always stay alert and use moderate flameStore tools and equipments safely after useCareers related to safetyA career is a profession which one trains for, acquires the skills and applies them for a long periodCrossing guardsThese are people who help children or adults to cross busy roadsSafety engineersThese are people who monitor a working environment and inspects buildings and machines. They later recommend the safety precautions to be observed in the working environmentLife guardsThese are people who help children and adults to swim safely. There also ensure that all people are following rules set by the swimming place.


The general safety rules includeWork in a place with proper ventilationEnsure you are working in a place that has enough lightingAvoid crowding in the working areaEnsure the working area is well arranged when working and after workingUse tools and equipments for their correct purposeEnsure all the tools you are using are in good working conditionsDo not touch sharp edges of cutting tools or test their sharpness with your handEnsure that your hands are dry before touching electric plugs or electrical appliances that have been plugged inDo not pull heavy materials or objects towards your bodyIf working with or near fire, always stay alert and use moderate flameStore tools and equipments safely after useCareers related to safetyA career is a profession which one trains for, acquires the skills and applies them for a long periodCrossing guardsThese are people who help children or adults to cross busy roadsSafety engineersThese are people who monitor a working environment and inspects buildings and machines. They later recommend the safety precautions to be observed in the working environmentLife guardsThese are people who help children and adults to swim safely. There also ensure that all people are following rules set by the swimming place. Attends to those who face challenges while swimmingRisk managerThis person researches and makes a report on the safety of a particular work and the hazards that are expected. Environment health and safety consultantsThey perform some roles similar to those of safety engineersThey offer advice on how to minimise health and safety risks in the workplaceImportance of safety in day to day lifeIt is important to observe safety when performing different tasks at home, in school or in the communityYou should always keep your working areas clean and orderly to avoid accidents, injuries and illness. When you are free from injuries you can work well, attend school as expected, reduce hospital bills and live healthyINJURIESAn injury is damage to your body. Types of injuriesExamples of common injuries includeScaldsFracturesSprainsBurnsCutsPricksBruisesCauses of injuries in the localityCutsCaused by sharp tools and equipments like knivesCan also be cause by sharp furniture corners or rough edgesBurnsAre caused by touching open flames, hot objects like sufuriasMay also be caused by chemicals and electricityScaldsAre caused by touching hot liquids like boiling water, hot tea.


Environment health and safety consultantsThey perform some roles similar to those of safety engineersThey offer advice on how to minimise health and safety risks in the workplaceImportance of safety in day to day lifeIt is important to observe safety when performing different tasks at home, in school or in the communityYou should always keep your working areas clean and orderly to avoid accidents, injuries and illness. When you are free from injuries you can work well, attend school as expected, reduce hospital bills and live healthyINJURIESAn injury is damage to your body. Types of injuriesExamples of common injuries includeScaldsFracturesSprainsBurnsCutsPricksBruisesCauses of injuries in the localityCutsCaused by sharp tools and equipments like knivesCan also be cause by sharp furniture corners or rough edgesBurnsAre caused by touching open flames, hot objects like sufuriasMay also be caused by chemicals and electricityScaldsAre caused by touching hot liquids like boiling water, hot tea. May also be caused by steam from boiling foods or waterMinor fracturesOccurs after falls or slipsMay also occur when there is abnormal movement during activities or sudden change of speed during movementFirst aid procedures for cutsYou will need clean water, a bandage, cotton wool and an antiseptic or salty waterWash your handsApply gentle pressure around the cut with a clean piece of cloth or cotton wool until bleeding stopsClean the cut with clean water. Do not use soapOnce the cut is clean and is not bleeding, apply some antisepticCover the cut with a bandage or clean piece of cloth to keep away dirtFirst aid procedures for minor fracturesYou will need ice cubes, a bandage or a clean piece of clothLet the injured person rest and avoid moving the injure part completelyPlace an ice pack on the injure part to prevent swellingWrap the affected part in a soft bandage to compress itRaise the injure part higher than other body partsFirst aid procedures for burnsYou will need cold water and a clean piece of clothMove away from the source of burnRemove clothing or jewellery around the burnt areaCool the burn under cold running water for about 5 minutes.


Types of injuriesExamples of common injuries includeScaldsFracturesSprainsBurnsCutsPricksBruisesCauses of injuries in the localityCutsCaused by sharp tools and equipments like knivesCan also be cause by sharp furniture corners or rough edgesBurnsAre caused by touching open flames, hot objects like sufuriasMay also be caused by chemicals and electricityScaldsAre caused by touching hot liquids like boiling water, hot tea. May also be caused by steam from boiling foods or waterMinor fracturesOccurs after falls or slipsMay also occur when there is abnormal movement during activities or sudden change of speed during movementFirst aid procedures for cutsYou will need clean water, a bandage, cotton wool and an antiseptic or salty waterWash your handsApply gentle pressure around the cut with a clean piece of cloth or cotton wool until bleeding stopsClean the cut with clean water. Do not use soapOnce the cut is clean and is not bleeding, apply some antisepticCover the cut with a bandage or clean piece of cloth to keep away dirtFirst aid procedures for minor fracturesYou will need ice cubes, a bandage or a clean piece of clothLet the injured person rest and avoid moving the injure part completelyPlace an ice pack on the injure part to prevent swellingWrap the affected part in a soft bandage to compress itRaise the injure part higher than other body partsFirst aid procedures for burnsYou will need cold water and a clean piece of clothMove away from the source of burnRemove clothing or jewellery around the burnt areaCool the burn under cold running water for about 5 minutes. You can also deip the part in cold waterCover the burnt area with a loosely clinging clean piece of clothFirst aid procedures for scaldsYou will need cold water, a clean piece of cloth or bandageRemove clothing or jewellery where the injury has occurredPlace the injured area under cold water for about 20 minutesDo not pop the blister or blisters if they formCover the scalded area with a loosely clinging clean piece of cloth or gauzeSafety measures that minimise injuries in the localityCareers related to first aid and management of injuriesFist aid is important because it helps to save lives and reduce pain. It also makes the affected people feel cared for.


Do not use soapOnce the cut is clean and is not bleeding, apply some antisepticCover the cut with a bandage or clean piece of cloth to keep away dirtFirst aid procedures for minor fracturesYou will need ice cubes, a bandage or a clean piece of clothLet the injured person rest and avoid moving the injure part completelyPlace an ice pack on the injure part to prevent swellingWrap the affected part in a soft bandage to compress itRaise the injure part higher than other body partsFirst aid procedures for burnsYou will need cold water and a clean piece of clothMove away from the source of burnRemove clothing or jewellery around the burnt areaCool the burn under cold running water for about 5 minutes. You can also deip the part in cold waterCover the burnt area with a loosely clinging clean piece of clothFirst aid procedures for scaldsYou will need cold water, a clean piece of cloth or bandageRemove clothing or jewellery where the injury has occurredPlace the injured area under cold water for about 20 minutesDo not pop the blister or blisters if they formCover the scalded area with a loosely clinging clean piece of cloth or gauzeSafety measures that minimise injuries in the localityCareers related to first aid and management of injuriesFist aid is important because it helps to save lives and reduce pain. It also makes the affected people feel cared for. The following are common careers related to first aid and management of injuriesEmergency repose nursesParamedicsAmbulance driversFire fightersFlight attendantsProfessional baby sittersLifeguardsGames instructorsGym instructorsImportance of observing safetyPrevent unnecessary injuries or even deathAvoid lost timeIncrease productivityPupil s activityPage 21-22MATERIALSAny useful substance is called a materialCOMMON MATERIALSTimberSandStonesIdentifying common materials in the localityDifferent localities have different common materialsExamples of common materials aremetalsSoilReedsSisal fibresHides and skinsTreesDiatomiteSoapstoneSoda ashFluorsparCategorising common materials in the locality as either metallic or non metallicPupil s activityPage 24-25Distinguishing between metallic and non metallic materialsPhysical properties of materials found in the localityCareers related to materials in the localitycarpentrycarvingmasonryweldingpotteryweavingblacksmithfarmingminingImportance of materials found in the localitycreate job employment opportunitiesimproves the standard of people living in the localityMETALSMetals occur naturally within the earth s surfaceThey are mined and converted into forms that are easy to useMetals are used to make various items we use in our day to day lifeDifferent types of metals in the localitySome metals exist in pure form or as alloysAn alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or metal with a non metalExamples of pure metalAluminiumIronZincSilverCopperLeadMagnesiumTinGoldExamples of alloysSteelBrassBronzeMetals can be identified easily by their surface appearancePhysical properties of metalsIdentification of a metal by its physical appearance is not a sure way of knowing the exact type of metalThere are some other physical properties that we need to consider to correctly identify the metalsMetals can further be identified asFerrous and non ferrousMagnetic and non magneticConductors and non conductors of heatConductors and non conductors of electricityFerrous and non ferrousFerrous metals are metals that contain iron in its original form or alloys or ironNon ferrous metal are metals that contain ironMagnetic and non magneticMagnetic metals are metals that are attract by magnet if it is brought near.


You can also deip the part in cold waterCover the burnt area with a loosely clinging clean piece of clothFirst aid procedures for scaldsYou will need cold water, a clean piece of cloth or bandageRemove clothing or jewellery where the injury has occurredPlace the injured area under cold water for about 20 minutesDo not pop the blister or blisters if they formCover the scalded area with a loosely clinging clean piece of cloth or gauzeSafety measures that minimise injuries in the localityCareers related to first aid and management of injuriesFist aid is important because it helps to save lives and reduce pain. It also makes the affected people feel cared for. The following are common careers related to first aid and management of injuriesEmergency repose nursesParamedicsAmbulance driversFire fightersFlight attendantsProfessional baby sittersLifeguardsGames instructorsGym instructorsImportance of observing safetyPrevent unnecessary injuries or even deathAvoid lost timeIncrease productivityPupil s activityPage 21-22MATERIALSAny useful substance is called a materialCOMMON MATERIALSTimberSandStonesIdentifying common materials in the localityDifferent localities have different common materialsExamples of common materials aremetalsSoilReedsSisal fibresHides and skinsTreesDiatomiteSoapstoneSoda ashFluorsparCategorising common materials in the locality as either metallic or non metallicPupil s activityPage 24-25Distinguishing between metallic and non metallic materialsPhysical properties of materials found in the localityCareers related to materials in the localitycarpentrycarvingmasonryweldingpotteryweavingblacksmithfarmingminingImportance of materials found in the localitycreate job employment opportunitiesimproves the standard of people living in the localityMETALSMetals occur naturally within the earth s surfaceThey are mined and converted into forms that are easy to useMetals are used to make various items we use in our day to day lifeDifferent types of metals in the localitySome metals exist in pure form or as alloysAn alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or metal with a non metalExamples of pure metalAluminiumIronZincSilverCopperLeadMagnesiumTinGoldExamples of alloysSteelBrassBronzeMetals can be identified easily by their surface appearancePhysical properties of metalsIdentification of a metal by its physical appearance is not a sure way of knowing the exact type of metalThere are some other physical properties that we need to consider to correctly identify the metalsMetals can further be identified asFerrous and non ferrousMagnetic and non magneticConductors and non conductors of heatConductors and non conductors of electricityFerrous and non ferrousFerrous metals are metals that contain iron in its original form or alloys or ironNon ferrous metal are metals that contain ironMagnetic and non magneticMagnetic metals are metals that are attract by magnet if it is brought near. Non magnetic metals are not attracted by a magnetConductors of heat in metalsCopperAluminiumGraphiteSilverGoldSteel spoonConduction of electricityZinc stripSilver stripNBMetals are good conductors of heat and electricity although some metals may be better conductors than others.


It also makes the affected people feel cared for. The following are common careers related to first aid and management of injuriesEmergency repose nursesParamedicsAmbulance driversFire fightersFlight attendantsProfessional baby sittersLifeguardsGames instructorsGym instructorsImportance of observing safetyPrevent unnecessary injuries or even deathAvoid lost timeIncrease productivityPupil s activityPage 21-22MATERIALSAny useful substance is called a materialCOMMON MATERIALSTimberSandStonesIdentifying common materials in the localityDifferent localities have different common materialsExamples of common materials aremetalsSoilReedsSisal fibresHides and skinsTreesDiatomiteSoapstoneSoda ashFluorsparCategorising common materials in the locality as either metallic or non metallicPupil s activityPage 24-25Distinguishing between metallic and non metallic materialsPhysical properties of materials found in the localityCareers related to materials in the localitycarpentrycarvingmasonryweldingpotteryweavingblacksmithfarmingminingImportance of materials found in the localitycreate job employment opportunitiesimproves the standard of people living in the localityMETALSMetals occur naturally within the earth s surfaceThey are mined and converted into forms that are easy to useMetals are used to make various items we use in our day to day lifeDifferent types of metals in the localitySome metals exist in pure form or as alloysAn alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or metal with a non metalExamples of pure metalAluminiumIronZincSilverCopperLeadMagnesiumTinGoldExamples of alloysSteelBrassBronzeMetals can be identified easily by their surface appearancePhysical properties of metalsIdentification of a metal by its physical appearance is not a sure way of knowing the exact type of metalThere are some other physical properties that we need to consider to correctly identify the metalsMetals can further be identified asFerrous and non ferrousMagnetic and non magneticConductors and non conductors of heatConductors and non conductors of electricityFerrous and non ferrousFerrous metals are metals that contain iron in its original form or alloys or ironNon ferrous metal are metals that contain ironMagnetic and non magneticMagnetic metals are metals that are attract by magnet if it is brought near. Non magnetic metals are not attracted by a magnetConductors of heat in metalsCopperAluminiumGraphiteSilverGoldSteel spoonConduction of electricityZinc stripSilver stripNBMetals are good conductors of heat and electricity although some metals may be better conductors than others. Uses of metals in the localityCareers related to uses of metalsImportance of metalsMetals are important in the locality in many waysPeople purse careers related to metals, they earn a livingIt helps people improve their living standardsMetals are important in making most items such as kitchen and farming tools which will be used to perform different tasks within the households.


The following are common careers related to first aid and management of injuriesEmergency repose nursesParamedicsAmbulance driversFire fightersFlight attendantsProfessional baby sittersLifeguardsGames instructorsGym instructorsImportance of observing safetyPrevent unnecessary injuries or even deathAvoid lost timeIncrease productivityPupil s activityPage 21-22MATERIALSAny useful substance is called a materialCOMMON MATERIALSTimberSandStonesIdentifying common materials in the localityDifferent localities have different common materialsExamples of common materials aremetalsSoilReedsSisal fibresHides and skinsTreesDiatomiteSoapstoneSoda ashFluorsparCategorising common materials in the locality as either metallic or non metallicPupil s activityPage 24-25Distinguishing between metallic and non metallic materialsPhysical properties of materials found in the localityCareers related to materials in the localitycarpentrycarvingmasonryweldingpotteryweavingblacksmithfarmingminingImportance of materials found in the localitycreate job employment opportunitiesimproves the standard of people living in the localityMETALSMetals occur naturally within the earth s surfaceThey are mined and converted into forms that are easy to useMetals are used to make various items we use in our day to day lifeDifferent types of metals in the localitySome metals exist in pure form or as alloysAn alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or metal with a non metalExamples of pure metalAluminiumIronZincSilverCopperLeadMagnesiumTinGoldExamples of alloysSteelBrassBronzeMetals can be identified easily by their surface appearancePhysical properties of metalsIdentification of a metal by its physical appearance is not a sure way of knowing the exact type of metalThere are some other physical properties that we need to consider to correctly identify the metalsMetals can further be identified asFerrous and non ferrousMagnetic and non magneticConductors and non conductors of heatConductors and non conductors of electricityFerrous and non ferrousFerrous metals are metals that contain iron in its original form or alloys or ironNon ferrous metal are metals that contain ironMagnetic and non magneticMagnetic metals are metals that are attract by magnet if it is brought near. Non magnetic metals are not attracted by a magnetConductors of heat in metalsCopperAluminiumGraphiteSilverGoldSteel spoonConduction of electricityZinc stripSilver stripNBMetals are good conductors of heat and electricity although some metals may be better conductors than others. Uses of metals in the localityCareers related to uses of metalsImportance of metalsMetals are important in the locality in many waysPeople purse careers related to metals, they earn a livingIt helps people improve their living standardsMetals are important in making most items such as kitchen and farming tools which will be used to perform different tasks within the households. Can earn the government foreign exchange if imported to other countriesNon metallic materialsAre any materials both synthetic and natural which do not contain metalDistinguishing between synthetic and natural non metallic materialsNatural materials are those that exists on their own in or the earth without any actions of humankind.


Non magnetic metals are not attracted by a magnetConductors of heat in metalsCopperAluminiumGraphiteSilverGoldSteel spoonConduction of electricityZinc stripSilver stripNBMetals are good conductors of heat and electricity although some metals may be better conductors than others. Uses of metals in the localityCareers related to uses of metalsImportance of metalsMetals are important in the locality in many waysPeople purse careers related to metals, they earn a livingIt helps people improve their living standardsMetals are important in making most items such as kitchen and farming tools which will be used to perform different tasks within the households. Can earn the government foreign exchange if imported to other countriesNon metallic materialsAre any materials both synthetic and natural which do not contain metalDistinguishing between synthetic and natural non metallic materialsNatural materials are those that exists on their own in or the earth without any actions of humankind. They may be part of the earth material or from plants and animals. Synthetic materials are those that are created by human beings through different process. Natural non metallic materials include soil, timber, reeds, rubber, stones, hides and skins, plant fibres like banana fibres, sisal fibres, cotton and linenCategorising non metallic materials in the locality as either natural or syntheticPupil s activityPage 43-44Physical properties of non metallic materialsDifferent types of non metallic materials have different propertiesUses of non metallic materials in the localityFibres like cotton and line are used to make cloths. Cloths re then made into different types of garments that we wear. Rubber is used to make Items such as tyres, erasers and footwearTimber or wood is used to make furniture, doors, floors, ceilings and walls of some houses. Wood is used as fuel in most homes. Different types of soil have different usesSand soil is mixed with ballast, cement and water to make concrete for constructon. Loam soil is used for farmingClay soil is used in pottery and brick making. Grasses and reeds are used to make items like mats, baskets and broomsGrasses are also used as roofing materialsHides and skins are used to make shoes, belts and bagsGlass is used to make window panes and household items like furniture and utensils.


Different types of soil have different usesSand soil is mixed with ballast, cement and water to make concrete for constructon. Loam soil is used for farmingClay soil is used in pottery and brick making. Grasses and reeds are used to make items like mats, baskets and broomsGrasses are also used as roofing materialsHides and skins are used to make shoes, belts and bagsGlass is used to make window panes and household items like furniture and utensils. It is also used in making laboratory equipments such as test tubes. Plastic is used to make items such as utensils, cutlery, footwear, buckets, basinsMinerals such as soda ash are used to manufacture soap, paper and glass. Careers related to processing and use of non metallic materialsROPE MAKINGRope makers harvest sisal fibres, dry and use them to make ropesBuilding and constructionsBuilders use timber, grass, clay and other materials to construct houses. Brick makingBrick makers make bricks from clay soil. LoggingLoggers are authorised to cut trees selectively from a given area to get logs. Saw milling. Saw millers cut the logs into timber or shapes them into boards. CarpentryCarpenters use timber and boards to make furniture and other useful items. PotteryPotters make pots and other earthen items. Some potters may also use of cement or concrete to make flower pots and flower vasesWEAVINGWeavers make baskets, mats brooms, and other items from grasses and reedsPlastic straws can also be made in weavingFARMINGCrop farmers cultivate the soil using hand tools or farm machinery and plants crops into itGLASS SMITHINGThis is a career where people are involved in making objects out of glassSHOE MAKINGShoe makers make shoes from non metallic materials like leather, rubber and plasticIdentifying common problems in the communityPupil s activityPage 50-51Effects of common Problems affecting the communityPupil s activityPage 52-5Skills need to solve problems in the communitySome of the problems can be solved by learners, intervention of adults, experts or the governmentWhen solving these problems, we apply some of the technical skills that we have learnt.


CarpentryCarpenters use timber and boards to make furniture and other useful items. PotteryPotters make pots and other earthen items. Some potters may also use of cement or concrete to make flower pots and flower vasesWEAVINGWeavers make baskets, mats brooms, and other items from grasses and reedsPlastic straws can also be made in weavingFARMINGCrop farmers cultivate the soil using hand tools or farm machinery and plants crops into itGLASS SMITHINGThis is a career where people are involved in making objects out of glassSHOE MAKINGShoe makers make shoes from non metallic materials like leather, rubber and plasticIdentifying common problems in the communityPupil s activityPage 50-51Effects of common Problems affecting the communityPupil s activityPage 52-5Skills need to solve problems in the communitySome of the problems can be solved by learners, intervention of adults, experts or the governmentWhen solving these problems, we apply some of the technical skills that we have learnt. We can also involve other members of the community who have the skills and experienceExample of technical skills areMasonry skillsAre applied where structures such as houses, water pans and animal housing need to be constructedCarpentry skillsAre applied when joining pieces of wood to make desired itemsDesign and drawing skillsAre applied where items or structures need to be sketched or drawn before they are madeFarming skillsAre applied when carrying out activities such as digging, planting, weeding and when using farming tools and equipmentsSewing skillsAre applied when joining and mending pieces of fabric to make desired itemsWelding skillsAre applied when joining materials to make desired itemsTOOLSHOSEHOLD HAND TOOLSA TOOL is any instrument held in the hand and used to do work.


PotteryPotters make pots and other earthen items. Some potters may also use of cement or concrete to make flower pots and flower vasesWEAVINGWeavers make baskets, mats brooms, and other items from grasses and reedsPlastic straws can also be made in weavingFARMINGCrop farmers cultivate the soil using hand tools or farm machinery and plants crops into itGLASS SMITHINGThis is a career where people are involved in making objects out of glassSHOE MAKINGShoe makers make shoes from non metallic materials like leather, rubber and plasticIdentifying common problems in the communityPupil s activityPage 50-51Effects of common Problems affecting the communityPupil s activityPage 52-5Skills need to solve problems in the communitySome of the problems can be solved by learners, intervention of adults, experts or the governmentWhen solving these problems, we apply some of the technical skills that we have learnt. We can also involve other members of the community who have the skills and experienceExample of technical skills areMasonry skillsAre applied where structures such as houses, water pans and animal housing need to be constructedCarpentry skillsAre applied when joining pieces of wood to make desired itemsDesign and drawing skillsAre applied where items or structures need to be sketched or drawn before they are madeFarming skillsAre applied when carrying out activities such as digging, planting, weeding and when using farming tools and equipmentsSewing skillsAre applied when joining and mending pieces of fabric to make desired itemsWelding skillsAre applied when joining materials to make desired itemsTOOLSHOSEHOLD HAND TOOLSA TOOL is any instrument held in the hand and used to do work. A hand tool is any tool that is powered by hand in order to perform an activityIdentifying household hand toolsScissorsTape measureHammerKnifeChiselSpadeMalletPliersRakeAxeCategorising household tools according to their useUsing household hand tools to perform different tasksPANGACan be use to cut grassHold the pang firmly by the handle with one handHold the grass with the other handMaintain a safe distance between the panga and the hand holding the grassLift the panga and cut the grassTAPE MEASUREPut the piece of timber on a fat surfaceCarefully put the hook of the tape measure at the edge of the timberAsk your friend to hold the end of the tape measure.


Some potters may also use of cement or concrete to make flower pots and flower vasesWEAVINGWeavers make baskets, mats brooms, and other items from grasses and reedsPlastic straws can also be made in weavingFARMINGCrop farmers cultivate the soil using hand tools or farm machinery and plants crops into itGLASS SMITHINGThis is a career where people are involved in making objects out of glassSHOE MAKINGShoe makers make shoes from non metallic materials like leather, rubber and plasticIdentifying common problems in the communityPupil s activityPage 50-51Effects of common Problems affecting the communityPupil s activityPage 52-5Skills need to solve problems in the communitySome of the problems can be solved by learners, intervention of adults, experts or the governmentWhen solving these problems, we apply some of the technical skills that we have learnt. We can also involve other members of the community who have the skills and experienceExample of technical skills areMasonry skillsAre applied where structures such as houses, water pans and animal housing need to be constructedCarpentry skillsAre applied when joining pieces of wood to make desired itemsDesign and drawing skillsAre applied where items or structures need to be sketched or drawn before they are madeFarming skillsAre applied when carrying out activities such as digging, planting, weeding and when using farming tools and equipmentsSewing skillsAre applied when joining and mending pieces of fabric to make desired itemsWelding skillsAre applied when joining materials to make desired itemsTOOLSHOSEHOLD HAND TOOLSA TOOL is any instrument held in the hand and used to do work. A hand tool is any tool that is powered by hand in order to perform an activityIdentifying household hand toolsScissorsTape measureHammerKnifeChiselSpadeMalletPliersRakeAxeCategorising household tools according to their useUsing household hand tools to perform different tasksPANGACan be use to cut grassHold the pang firmly by the handle with one handHold the grass with the other handMaintain a safe distance between the panga and the hand holding the grassLift the panga and cut the grassTAPE MEASUREPut the piece of timber on a fat surfaceCarefully put the hook of the tape measure at the edge of the timberAsk your friend to hold the end of the tape measure. Pull back the tape measure across the timber to let more tape outLet out the tape until it stretches across the whole length of the timberLook at the point where the tape align with the end of the timberRead the measurement in centimetres and record in your notebookCarefully let the tape measure to roll back into the casingStore the tape measure carefullyHAMMERWear protective eye googlesEnsure there is no one behind you to avoid injuriesGrip the hammer by the end of the handleLine the nail and the piece of wood that you want to hammerHold the nail on the surface of the wood and gently tap the nail with the hammer until it holds in placeOnce the nail is in place, increase the hammering force to drive the rest of the nail into the wood.


We can also involve other members of the community who have the skills and experienceExample of technical skills areMasonry skillsAre applied where structures such as houses, water pans and animal housing need to be constructedCarpentry skillsAre applied when joining pieces of wood to make desired itemsDesign and drawing skillsAre applied where items or structures need to be sketched or drawn before they are madeFarming skillsAre applied when carrying out activities such as digging, planting, weeding and when using farming tools and equipmentsSewing skillsAre applied when joining and mending pieces of fabric to make desired itemsWelding skillsAre applied when joining materials to make desired itemsTOOLSHOSEHOLD HAND TOOLSA TOOL is any instrument held in the hand and used to do work. A hand tool is any tool that is powered by hand in order to perform an activityIdentifying household hand toolsScissorsTape measureHammerKnifeChiselSpadeMalletPliersRakeAxeCategorising household tools according to their useUsing household hand tools to perform different tasksPANGACan be use to cut grassHold the pang firmly by the handle with one handHold the grass with the other handMaintain a safe distance between the panga and the hand holding the grassLift the panga and cut the grassTAPE MEASUREPut the piece of timber on a fat surfaceCarefully put the hook of the tape measure at the edge of the timberAsk your friend to hold the end of the tape measure. Pull back the tape measure across the timber to let more tape outLet out the tape until it stretches across the whole length of the timberLook at the point where the tape align with the end of the timberRead the measurement in centimetres and record in your notebookCarefully let the tape measure to roll back into the casingStore the tape measure carefullyHAMMERWear protective eye googlesEnsure there is no one behind you to avoid injuriesGrip the hammer by the end of the handleLine the nail and the piece of wood that you want to hammerHold the nail on the surface of the wood and gently tap the nail with the hammer until it holds in placeOnce the nail is in place, increase the hammering force to drive the rest of the nail into the wood. Remove your hand and hit the nail completely inside the woodStore your hammer safely after useCare and maintenance of household hand toolsClean the tools after useReplace broken handles if anySharpen blades of cutting toolsTighten loose screws and nuts of tools like sawsOil moving parts of tools like pliersStraighten bents and teeth of sawsStore tools safely in a clean dry place after useYou can hang saws on a hookWhen storing tools with metallic parts for a long period of time, oil the metallic parts to avoid rusting.


A hand tool is any tool that is powered by hand in order to perform an activityIdentifying household hand toolsScissorsTape measureHammerKnifeChiselSpadeMalletPliersRakeAxeCategorising household tools according to their useUsing household hand tools to perform different tasksPANGACan be use to cut grassHold the pang firmly by the handle with one handHold the grass with the other handMaintain a safe distance between the panga and the hand holding the grassLift the panga and cut the grassTAPE MEASUREPut the piece of timber on a fat surfaceCarefully put the hook of the tape measure at the edge of the timberAsk your friend to hold the end of the tape measure. Pull back the tape measure across the timber to let more tape outLet out the tape until it stretches across the whole length of the timberLook at the point where the tape align with the end of the timberRead the measurement in centimetres and record in your notebookCarefully let the tape measure to roll back into the casingStore the tape measure carefullyHAMMERWear protective eye googlesEnsure there is no one behind you to avoid injuriesGrip the hammer by the end of the handleLine the nail and the piece of wood that you want to hammerHold the nail on the surface of the wood and gently tap the nail with the hammer until it holds in placeOnce the nail is in place, increase the hammering force to drive the rest of the nail into the wood. Remove your hand and hit the nail completely inside the woodStore your hammer safely after useCare and maintenance of household hand toolsClean the tools after useReplace broken handles if anySharpen blades of cutting toolsTighten loose screws and nuts of tools like sawsOil moving parts of tools like pliersStraighten bents and teeth of sawsStore tools safely in a clean dry place after useYou can hang saws on a hookWhen storing tools with metallic parts for a long period of time, oil the metallic parts to avoid rusting. Careers related to household hand toolsMasonryPlumbingMechanicsElectrical installationsBuilding and constructionsThe role of household hand tools in the communityPerform tasks easily as they improve efficiencySave on time required to perform different tasksDo simple repairs at homeThis helps us to save money that would be required to pay experts to perform the repairsFarming hand toolsFarming hand tools are tools that are powered by hand and used to perform different tasksIdentifying farming hand toolsSlasherPangaRakeJembePruning shearsGarden forkSickleGarden trowelAxeFork jembeCategorising farming hand tools according to their usesUsing farming hand tools to perform different tasksCare and maintenance of farming hand toolsWe maintain and care for farming tools so that they serve as for a long timeWe can care for farming hand tools by:cleaning them after useoiling the metallic parts of tools such as pangas to prevent rustingsharpening the cutting adgesreplacing broken handlesoiling the moving parts of tools such as secateurs to reduce frictionstoring the tools safely after useCareers related to farming hand toolscrop farmingThis is a common career in our country because agriculture is the backbone of our economy.


Pull back the tape measure across the timber to let more tape outLet out the tape until it stretches across the whole length of the timberLook at the point where the tape align with the end of the timberRead the measurement in centimetres and record in your notebookCarefully let the tape measure to roll back into the casingStore the tape measure carefullyHAMMERWear protective eye googlesEnsure there is no one behind you to avoid injuriesGrip the hammer by the end of the handleLine the nail and the piece of wood that you want to hammerHold the nail on the surface of the wood and gently tap the nail with the hammer until it holds in placeOnce the nail is in place, increase the hammering force to drive the rest of the nail into the wood. Remove your hand and hit the nail completely inside the woodStore your hammer safely after useCare and maintenance of household hand toolsClean the tools after useReplace broken handles if anySharpen blades of cutting toolsTighten loose screws and nuts of tools like sawsOil moving parts of tools like pliersStraighten bents and teeth of sawsStore tools safely in a clean dry place after useYou can hang saws on a hookWhen storing tools with metallic parts for a long period of time, oil the metallic parts to avoid rusting. Careers related to household hand toolsMasonryPlumbingMechanicsElectrical installationsBuilding and constructionsThe role of household hand tools in the communityPerform tasks easily as they improve efficiencySave on time required to perform different tasksDo simple repairs at homeThis helps us to save money that would be required to pay experts to perform the repairsFarming hand toolsFarming hand tools are tools that are powered by hand and used to perform different tasksIdentifying farming hand toolsSlasherPangaRakeJembePruning shearsGarden forkSickleGarden trowelAxeFork jembeCategorising farming hand tools according to their usesUsing farming hand tools to perform different tasksCare and maintenance of farming hand toolsWe maintain and care for farming tools so that they serve as for a long timeWe can care for farming hand tools by:cleaning them after useoiling the metallic parts of tools such as pangas to prevent rustingsharpening the cutting adgesreplacing broken handlesoiling the moving parts of tools such as secateurs to reduce frictionstoring the tools safely after useCareers related to farming hand toolscrop farmingThis is a common career in our country because agriculture is the backbone of our economy. In crop farming, we use jembes, ploughsgardeningGardeners use different hand tools when planting weedinglandscaping and planningLandscapers use farming hand tools to perform tasks such asWeeding and mulching landscape bedsTrimming small trees, hedges and shrubsPlanting shrubs, flowers and treesRemoving unwanted, dead or damaged treesWelding and blacksmithingWelders and blacksmiths take part in making and repairing metallic parts of farming hand toolsCarpentryCarpenters make items using board and timber.


Remove your hand and hit the nail completely inside the woodStore your hammer safely after useCare and maintenance of household hand toolsClean the tools after useReplace broken handles if anySharpen blades of cutting toolsTighten loose screws and nuts of tools like sawsOil moving parts of tools like pliersStraighten bents and teeth of sawsStore tools safely in a clean dry place after useYou can hang saws on a hookWhen storing tools with metallic parts for a long period of time, oil the metallic parts to avoid rusting. Careers related to household hand toolsMasonryPlumbingMechanicsElectrical installationsBuilding and constructionsThe role of household hand tools in the communityPerform tasks easily as they improve efficiencySave on time required to perform different tasksDo simple repairs at homeThis helps us to save money that would be required to pay experts to perform the repairsFarming hand toolsFarming hand tools are tools that are powered by hand and used to perform different tasksIdentifying farming hand toolsSlasherPangaRakeJembePruning shearsGarden forkSickleGarden trowelAxeFork jembeCategorising farming hand tools according to their usesUsing farming hand tools to perform different tasksCare and maintenance of farming hand toolsWe maintain and care for farming tools so that they serve as for a long timeWe can care for farming hand tools by:cleaning them after useoiling the metallic parts of tools such as pangas to prevent rustingsharpening the cutting adgesreplacing broken handlesoiling the moving parts of tools such as secateurs to reduce frictionstoring the tools safely after useCareers related to farming hand toolscrop farmingThis is a common career in our country because agriculture is the backbone of our economy. In crop farming, we use jembes, ploughsgardeningGardeners use different hand tools when planting weedinglandscaping and planningLandscapers use farming hand tools to perform tasks such asWeeding and mulching landscape bedsTrimming small trees, hedges and shrubsPlanting shrubs, flowers and treesRemoving unwanted, dead or damaged treesWelding and blacksmithingWelders and blacksmiths take part in making and repairing metallic parts of farming hand toolsCarpentryCarpenters make items using board and timber. They also replace wooden handles of farming hand toolsSugarcane cuttingSugarcane cutters use pangas and machetes to harvest sugarcanes from farmsFencingPeople who erect and repair fences use tools such as pliers, jembes, shovels and hammers in their work.


Careers related to household hand toolsMasonryPlumbingMechanicsElectrical installationsBuilding and constructionsThe role of household hand tools in the communityPerform tasks easily as they improve efficiencySave on time required to perform different tasksDo simple repairs at homeThis helps us to save money that would be required to pay experts to perform the repairsFarming hand toolsFarming hand tools are tools that are powered by hand and used to perform different tasksIdentifying farming hand toolsSlasherPangaRakeJembePruning shearsGarden forkSickleGarden trowelAxeFork jembeCategorising farming hand tools according to their usesUsing farming hand tools to perform different tasksCare and maintenance of farming hand toolsWe maintain and care for farming tools so that they serve as for a long timeWe can care for farming hand tools by:cleaning them after useoiling the metallic parts of tools such as pangas to prevent rustingsharpening the cutting adgesreplacing broken handlesoiling the moving parts of tools such as secateurs to reduce frictionstoring the tools safely after useCareers related to farming hand toolscrop farmingThis is a common career in our country because agriculture is the backbone of our economy. In crop farming, we use jembes, ploughsgardeningGardeners use different hand tools when planting weedinglandscaping and planningLandscapers use farming hand tools to perform tasks such asWeeding and mulching landscape bedsTrimming small trees, hedges and shrubsPlanting shrubs, flowers and treesRemoving unwanted, dead or damaged treesWelding and blacksmithingWelders and blacksmiths take part in making and repairing metallic parts of farming hand toolsCarpentryCarpenters make items using board and timber. They also replace wooden handles of farming hand toolsSugarcane cuttingSugarcane cutters use pangas and machetes to harvest sugarcanes from farmsFencingPeople who erect and repair fences use tools such as pliers, jembes, shovels and hammers in their work. Livestock farmingLivestock farmers use pangas for chopping napier grass for their livestockImportance of farming toolsFarming hand tools helps us in performing different tasks in the frm.


In crop farming, we use jembes, ploughsgardeningGardeners use different hand tools when planting weedinglandscaping and planningLandscapers use farming hand tools to perform tasks such asWeeding and mulching landscape bedsTrimming small trees, hedges and shrubsPlanting shrubs, flowers and treesRemoving unwanted, dead or damaged treesWelding and blacksmithingWelders and blacksmiths take part in making and repairing metallic parts of farming hand toolsCarpentryCarpenters make items using board and timber. They also replace wooden handles of farming hand toolsSugarcane cuttingSugarcane cutters use pangas and machetes to harvest sugarcanes from farmsFencingPeople who erect and repair fences use tools such as pliers, jembes, shovels and hammers in their work. Livestock farmingLivestock farmers use pangas for chopping napier grass for their livestockImportance of farming toolsFarming hand tools helps us in performing different tasks in the frm. This helps to improve efficiency with then results to productivityDRAWINGTYPES OF DRAWINGSDrawing are types of diagrams used for communication to show the shape and structure of a given idea or product. Technical fields use drawings to draw designs of different items before they are madeTypes of drawing used in technical fieldsDrawing involves making marks on a surface to create images of forms and shapes. Artistic drawing are made to visualize an idea and portray the general shape of an item, building or product. They give a 3D view of an object. Technical drawings are made to give a precise and detailed view of an object. They give information about how an object functions or how it is constructed. Distinguishing artistic and technical drawingsArtistic and technical drawing can be distinguished using the characteristics likePurposeTechnical drawing provide accurate information about an object to allow easy manufacturing or repairArtistic drawing are done to express one s idea while beautifying the appearance of an object, a surface or a placePresentationTechnical drawings are drawn on surface such as tracing paper, ammonia print or computer screens and are usually in standard sizes. Artistic drawings can be drawn on paper, boards, walls canvas or fabric. These drawings do not have standard sizeInterpretationTechnical drawing must be drawn to scale such that they are interpreted uniformly regardless of the geographical boundaries.


Distinguishing artistic and technical drawingsArtistic and technical drawing can be distinguished using the characteristics likePurposeTechnical drawing provide accurate information about an object to allow easy manufacturing or repairArtistic drawing are done to express one s idea while beautifying the appearance of an object, a surface or a placePresentationTechnical drawings are drawn on surface such as tracing paper, ammonia print or computer screens and are usually in standard sizes. Artistic drawings can be drawn on paper, boards, walls canvas or fabric. These drawings do not have standard sizeInterpretationTechnical drawing must be drawn to scale such that they are interpreted uniformly regardless of the geographical boundaries. The interpretation of artistic drawings depends on the viewerLevel of precisionTechnical drawing have to be drawn to scale for the accurate production and maintenance of the productArtistic drawing show the general appearance of the product hence do not consider dimensions, shape or proportionUses of artistic and technical drawing in different fieldsUses of artistic drawingsThey are used to understand how the object or building will appear when in real lifeThey help to keep records of historical eventsThey are used to express imagination and creativityThey represent feelings, actions and ideasThey help us to develop observation and interpretative skills in order to understand the worldUses of technical drawingThey bridge communication between designers and producersThey guide people in careers such as engineering when constructing and repairing different structuresEg. An engineer relies on technical drawings to make some parts of machinesTechnical drawing are used to represent objects whose dimensions follow set of international standardsApplications of drawings in various careersPeople in careers that use both artistic and technical drawings includeArchitectsThey use artistic drawings to show the outward appearance of the building and how the building will be intergraded with other items within its localityThey also use technical drawings to show the actual measurements and location of features such as windows and doors within the designConstruction workersThey use artistic drawings to create the finishing designs of the floor, roofs and walls.


These drawings do not have standard sizeInterpretationTechnical drawing must be drawn to scale such that they are interpreted uniformly regardless of the geographical boundaries. The interpretation of artistic drawings depends on the viewerLevel of precisionTechnical drawing have to be drawn to scale for the accurate production and maintenance of the productArtistic drawing show the general appearance of the product hence do not consider dimensions, shape or proportionUses of artistic and technical drawing in different fieldsUses of artistic drawingsThey are used to understand how the object or building will appear when in real lifeThey help to keep records of historical eventsThey are used to express imagination and creativityThey represent feelings, actions and ideasThey help us to develop observation and interpretative skills in order to understand the worldUses of technical drawingThey bridge communication between designers and producersThey guide people in careers such as engineering when constructing and repairing different structuresEg. An engineer relies on technical drawings to make some parts of machinesTechnical drawing are used to represent objects whose dimensions follow set of international standardsApplications of drawings in various careersPeople in careers that use both artistic and technical drawings includeArchitectsThey use artistic drawings to show the outward appearance of the building and how the building will be intergraded with other items within its localityThey also use technical drawings to show the actual measurements and location of features such as windows and doors within the designConstruction workersThey use artistic drawings to create the finishing designs of the floor, roofs and walls. They also use technical drawing to determine the location of doors, windows and other fixtures within the buildingElectriciansThey use technical drawing to identify the position of electrical ducts within a building wiring, installation or repairThey also use artistic drawings to determine the neatness and finish requires after installation or repair of electrical systemsInterior designersThey use artistic drawings when visualising the style, colour and other suitable to useThey also use technical drawings to determine the placement of different furnishing within a room or a buildingPlumbersThey use artistic drawings to identify how to finish an area after installation of drainage pipes and other fixtures in the buildingsThey use technical drawings to identify access points to areas having blockages or repairing repairs within the drainage points of a buildingProduct designersThey use artistic drawings to identify how different shapes, colours, images and writing will appear on a given object.


The interpretation of artistic drawings depends on the viewerLevel of precisionTechnical drawing have to be drawn to scale for the accurate production and maintenance of the productArtistic drawing show the general appearance of the product hence do not consider dimensions, shape or proportionUses of artistic and technical drawing in different fieldsUses of artistic drawingsThey are used to understand how the object or building will appear when in real lifeThey help to keep records of historical eventsThey are used to express imagination and creativityThey represent feelings, actions and ideasThey help us to develop observation and interpretative skills in order to understand the worldUses of technical drawingThey bridge communication between designers and producersThey guide people in careers such as engineering when constructing and repairing different structuresEg. An engineer relies on technical drawings to make some parts of machinesTechnical drawing are used to represent objects whose dimensions follow set of international standardsApplications of drawings in various careersPeople in careers that use both artistic and technical drawings includeArchitectsThey use artistic drawings to show the outward appearance of the building and how the building will be intergraded with other items within its localityThey also use technical drawings to show the actual measurements and location of features such as windows and doors within the designConstruction workersThey use artistic drawings to create the finishing designs of the floor, roofs and walls. They also use technical drawing to determine the location of doors, windows and other fixtures within the buildingElectriciansThey use technical drawing to identify the position of electrical ducts within a building wiring, installation or repairThey also use artistic drawings to determine the neatness and finish requires after installation or repair of electrical systemsInterior designersThey use artistic drawings when visualising the style, colour and other suitable to useThey also use technical drawings to determine the placement of different furnishing within a room or a buildingPlumbersThey use artistic drawings to identify how to finish an area after installation of drainage pipes and other fixtures in the buildingsThey use technical drawings to identify access points to areas having blockages or repairing repairs within the drainage points of a buildingProduct designersThey use artistic drawings to identify how different shapes, colours, images and writing will appear on a given object. They use technical drawings to determine the size, material and shape of the product when viewed from different positions such as top, bottom and sidesImportance of drawing in day to day lifeSome of the objects created from drawing are vehicles, roads, houses, furniture and electronicsDrawing helps us to learn to write and think creatively, develop hand to eye coordination and conceptualise ideasDrawing instruments and equipmentsDrawing can be done using a variety of instruments and equipments.


An engineer relies on technical drawings to make some parts of machinesTechnical drawing are used to represent objects whose dimensions follow set of international standardsApplications of drawings in various careersPeople in careers that use both artistic and technical drawings includeArchitectsThey use artistic drawings to show the outward appearance of the building and how the building will be intergraded with other items within its localityThey also use technical drawings to show the actual measurements and location of features such as windows and doors within the designConstruction workersThey use artistic drawings to create the finishing designs of the floor, roofs and walls. They also use technical drawing to determine the location of doors, windows and other fixtures within the buildingElectriciansThey use technical drawing to identify the position of electrical ducts within a building wiring, installation or repairThey also use artistic drawings to determine the neatness and finish requires after installation or repair of electrical systemsInterior designersThey use artistic drawings when visualising the style, colour and other suitable to useThey also use technical drawings to determine the placement of different furnishing within a room or a buildingPlumbersThey use artistic drawings to identify how to finish an area after installation of drainage pipes and other fixtures in the buildingsThey use technical drawings to identify access points to areas having blockages or repairing repairs within the drainage points of a buildingProduct designersThey use artistic drawings to identify how different shapes, colours, images and writing will appear on a given object. They use technical drawings to determine the size, material and shape of the product when viewed from different positions such as top, bottom and sidesImportance of drawing in day to day lifeSome of the objects created from drawing are vehicles, roads, houses, furniture and electronicsDrawing helps us to learn to write and think creatively, develop hand to eye coordination and conceptualise ideasDrawing instruments and equipmentsDrawing can be done using a variety of instruments and equipments. These instruments and equipments helps us to make neat and accurate drawingsDrawing instruments and equipments used in technical drawingPencilsTee squaresDrawing boardsDrawing pensRulersSharpenersDrawing templatesErasersPair of compassUses of drawing instruments and equipmentsDrawing lines and shapes using drawing instrumentsCare and maintenance of drawing instruments and equipmentsClean them well after useAvoid dropping the instruments or equipments. This prevents them from cracking and breakingSharpen pencils when necessary.