Example:Natural: Wood, Stone, RubberSynthetic: Plastics, Paper, CementDiscussion:Exploring the characteristics that define synthetic and natural materials. Lesson 3: Physical Properties ExaminationPractical Activities:Practical Exercises:Hands-on activities examining the physical properties of non-metallic materials. Properties Examined:Color, Texture, Hardness, Fire Resistance. Example:Examining the color and texture of wood and stone, testing hardness and fire resistance. Lesson 4: Discussion on Physical PropertiesGroup Discussion:Discussion:Engaging in a group discussion on the importance of various physical properties. Example:Discussing the significance of fire resistance in materials like ceramics. Lesson 5: Matching Materials to their Use in the LocalityInteractive Activity:Matching Activity:Group activity to match non-metallic materials to their specific uses in the locality. Example:Matching rubber to its use in local industries for manufacturing. Lesson 6-10: In-depth Exploration of Non-Metallic MaterialsIn-depth Study:Focused Study on Specific Materials:Devoting each lesson to in-depth exploration of specific non-metallic materials. Example:Wood: Understanding its versatility and applications in construction and furniture. Key Inquiry Question:Why are non-metallic materials important? Group Discussion:Collaborative discussion on the importance of non-metallic materials. Discussion Points:Versatility: Used in diverse applications from construction to daily consumer goods. Sustainability: Natural materials contribute to sustainable practices. Functionality: Each material has unique properties catering to specific needs. Overall Understanding:Identification of Non-Metallic Materials:Recognizing various non-metallic materials commonly found in the locality. Categorization:Understanding the classification of non-metallic materials as either synthetic or natural. Physical Properties Examination:Engaging in hands-on activities to understand the physical properties of non-metallic materials. Application in the Locality:Relating non-metallic materials to their specific uses in the local context. Appreciation for Non-Metallic Materials:Developing a collective appreciation for the importance of non-metallic materials in various aspects of production and daily life. Non-Metallic Materials Found in the Locality:Wood Natural :Physical Properties:Color: Varies based on the type of wood, e.g., oak, pine. Texture: Grainy or smooth. Hardness: Varies, but generally less hard than metals. Uses:Construction, furniture, paper production. Stone Natural :Physical Properties:Color: Varied, e.g., granite, limestone.


Hardness: Varies, but generally less hard than metals. Uses:Construction, furniture, paper production. Stone Natural :Physical Properties:Color: Varied, e.g., granite, limestone. Texture: Ranges from rough to smooth. Hardness: Generally hard. Uses:Construction, sculptures, decorative purposes. Plastics Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Diverse colors based on additives. Texture: Can be smooth or textured. Hardness: Varies from flexible to rigid. Uses:Packaging, containers, toys, medical devices. Paper Natural :Physical Properties:Color: Typically white or brown. Texture: Can be smooth or coarse. Hardness: Relatively soft. Uses:Writing, printing, packaging. Rubber Natural Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Usually black or brown. Texture: Elastic and flexible. Hardness: Soft. Uses:Tires, hoses, footwear, seals. Cement Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Gray when dry. Texture: Powdery when dry, hardens when mixed with water. Hardness: Becomes very hard when cured. Uses:Construction, building foundations. Glass Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Transparent or tinted. Texture: Smooth and brittle. Hardness: Hard and brittle. Uses:Windows, containers, optical lenses. Ceramics Natural Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Varies, often earthy tones. Texture: Smooth and brittle. Hardness: Hard. Uses:Pottery, tiles, insulators. Concrete Synthetic :Physical Properties:Color: Gray. Texture: Rigid and coarse. Hardness: Very hard. Uses:Construction, infrastructure. Natural Fiber Natural :Physical Properties:Color: Varies based on the fiber source. Texture: Natural, often soft. Hardness: Flexible. Uses:Textiles, rope, mats. Importance of Non-Metallic Materials:Versatility:Non-metallic materials are versatile and can be adapted for various purposes. Sustainability:Natural materials contribute to sustainable practices and are often renewable. Insulation:Non-metallic materials like rubber and plastics are excellent insulators of electricity and heat. Aesthetics:Materials like wood, stone, and ceramics contribute to the aesthetic appeal of products. Lightweight:Many non-metallic materials are lightweight, making them suitable for various applications. Corrosion Resistance:Non-metallic materials are not prone to corrosion, making them durable in certain environments.


Aesthetics:Materials like wood, stone, and ceramics contribute to the aesthetic appeal of products. Lightweight:Many non-metallic materials are lightweight, making them suitable for various applications. Corrosion Resistance:Non-metallic materials are not prone to corrosion, making them durable in certain environments. Customization:Non-metallic materials can be easily molded and shaped for specific applications. Biocompatibility:Some non-metallic materials, like certain plastics and ceramics, are biocompatible, making them suitable for medical applications. Cost-Effective:Non-metallic materials are often more cost-effective than metals, making them accessible for various industries. Innovation:Non-metallic materials continue to drive innovation in various fields, from construction to electronics. 4.0 Tools and Production4.1 Measuring and Marking Out Tools 18 Lessons Learning Objectives: By the end of this sub-strand, learners should be able to: a Identify measuring and marking out tools in the work environment, b Select measuring and marking out tools for a given task, c Use measuring and marking out tools to perform a given task, d Care for measuring and marking out tools in the work environment, e Recognize the importance of measuring and marking out tools in the work environment. Lesson 1-3: Introduction to Measuring ToolsBrainstorming and Identification:Brainstorming:Encouraging learners to think about tools used for measurement. Identification:Utilizing visual aids and real-life examples to identify measuring tools. Lesson 4-6: Introduction to Marking Out ToolsBrainstorming and Identification:Brainstorming:Exploring what learners already know about marking out tools. Identification:Identifying marking out tools in the work environment using visual aids. Lesson 7-9: Discussion on the Use of Measuring and Marking Out ToolsGroup Discussion:Topic:Discussing the relevance and significance of measuring and marking out tools. Examples:Engaging learners with real-world examples of precision and accurate measurements. Lesson 10-12: Selecting Appropriate Tools for TasksInteractive Activity:Task Assignment:Assigning tasks and guiding learners to choose the right measuring and marking out tools. Example:Providing a scenario where they need to measure a specific length and select the appropriate tool. Lesson 13-15: Research on Tool UseResearch Activity:Information Search:Guiding learners to use available resources to understand the practical use of tools. Group Discussion:Sharing findings and discussing applications in different industries.


Example:Providing a scenario where they need to measure a specific length and select the appropriate tool. Lesson 13-15: Research on Tool UseResearch Activity:Information Search:Guiding learners to use available resources to understand the practical use of tools. Group Discussion:Sharing findings and discussing applications in different industries. Lesson 16-18: Practical Demonstration and MaintenancePractical Demonstration:Demonstrations:Showing how to use measuring and marking out tools for specific tasks. Care and Maintenance:Teaching the importance of caring for and maintaining tools for prolonged use. Key Inquiry Questions:Why are measuring and marking out tools important in a work environment? Group Discussion:Encouraging learners to share thoughts on precision, efficiency, and avoiding errors in work tasks. How are measuring and marking out tools used in a work environment? Practical Exercises:Engaging learners in hands-on tasks to apply the knowledge acquired during the lessons. Overall Understanding:Tool Identification:Ensuring learners can identify a variety of measuring and marking out tools. Selection and Use:Teaching the skill of selecting the right tool for specific tasks and using them effectively. Importance of Precision:Emphasizing the significance of precision and accuracy in various work environments. Care and Maintenance:Instilling the habit of caring for and maintaining tools to ensure longevity and optimal performance. Measuring Tools:Tape Measure:Use:Measuring longer distances, especially in construction and carpentry. Steel Rule:Use:Providing precise measurements for smaller objects in various industries. Calipers:Use:Measuring the distance between two opposite sides of an object with great accuracy, commonly used in engineering and machining. Weighing Balance:Use:Determining the weight of objects, crucial in laboratories and scientific experiments. Stopwatch:Use:Measuring time intervals, essential in sports, manufacturing, and scientific research. Ammeter:Use:Measuring electrical current flow in a circuit, vital for electrical troubleshooting and maintenance. Voltmeter:Use:Measuring electrical voltage, critical for analyzing and maintaining electrical systems. Divider:Use:Dividing distances into equal parts in various precision applications such as metalworking and woodworking. Try-Square:Use:Ensuring the accuracy of right angles in woodworking and metalworking. Marking Gauge:Use:Creating straight lines and accurate measurements on wood and other materials. Dot Punch:Use:Creating precise reference points on metal surfaces for drilling or machining.


Try-Square:Use:Ensuring the accuracy of right angles in woodworking and metalworking. Marking Gauge:Use:Creating straight lines and accurate measurements on wood and other materials. Dot Punch:Use:Creating precise reference points on metal surfaces for drilling or machining. Scriber:Use:Marking precise lines on metal or other materials, often used in metalworking and machining. Pencil:Use:Basic tool for marking on various materials, from paper to wood. Marking Knife:Use:Producing precise markings on wood or other soft materials, commonly used in woodworking. Electronic Level:Use:Measuring the inclination or tilt of an object, crucial in construction and carpentry. Importance of Precision and Accuracy:Quality Assurance:Ensures the production of high-quality products or services. Safety:Critical in industries where precision is vital for safety, such as aerospace or medical equipment manufacturing. Cost Efficiency:Reduces material wastage and unnecessary rework, leading to cost savings. Customer Satisfaction:Precision ensures that products meet or exceed customer expectations. Care and Maintenance:Regular Cleaning:Keep tools clean to prevent inaccuracies caused by dirt or debris. Proper Storage:Store tools in designated places to avoid damage and misplacement. Regular Calibration:Calibrate tools regularly to maintain accuracy. Avoiding Impact:Handle tools with care to prevent damage to delicate components. Importance of Care and Maintenance:Prolonged Lifespan:Regular care extends the lifespan of tools, providing long-term utility. Consistent Accuracy:Well-maintained tools maintain their accuracy, ensuring reliable measurements. Reduced Downtime:Properly cared-for tools are less likely to malfunction, reducing downtime in work processes. Cost Savings:Regular maintenance reduces the need for frequent replacements, saving on costs. Safety:Properly maintained tools are safer to use, preventing accidents due to malfunction or inaccurate measurements. 4.0 Tools and Production4.2 Production of Goods and Services 8 Lessons Learning Objectives: By the end of this sub-strand, learners should be able to: a Explain the benefits of production to the community, b Distinguish between goods and services found in the local market, c Describe the factors of production in the community, d Analyze the ethical and unethical practices in the production of goods and services, e Participate in production activities in the community.


Cost Savings:Regular maintenance reduces the need for frequent replacements, saving on costs. Safety:Properly maintained tools are safer to use, preventing accidents due to malfunction or inaccurate measurements. 4.0 Tools and Production4.2 Production of Goods and Services 8 Lessons Learning Objectives: By the end of this sub-strand, learners should be able to: a Explain the benefits of production to the community, b Distinguish between goods and services found in the local market, c Describe the factors of production in the community, d Analyze the ethical and unethical practices in the production of goods and services, e Participate in production activities in the community. Lesson 1-2: Meaning and Benefits of ProductionBrainstorming and Presentation:Brainstorming:Open discussion on what "production" means to learners. Encourage sharing of ideas and personal experiences related to production. Presentation:Introduction to the concept of production, emphasizing its importance to individuals and the community. Lesson 3-4: Goods and Services in the Local MarketDiscussion and Presentation:Discussion:Differentiating between goods and services through group discussion. Presentation:Provide examples and characteristics of goods and services found in the local market. Lesson 5-6: Factors of ProductionCase Study Analysis:Case Study:Analyzing a case study on a local business, identifying factors of production involved. Discussion:Engage in a discussion on the importance of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship in the production process. Lesson 7-8: Ethical and Unethical Practices in ProductionResearch and Discussion:Research:Individual or group research on ethical and unethical practices in production. Discussion:Facilitate a group discussion where learners share their findings and insights. Encourage critical thinking on the consequences of such practices. Key Inquiry Question:Why are factors of production important? Discussion:Engage learners in a group discussion exploring the critical role factors of production play in economic activities and community development. Overall Understanding:Benefits of Production:Emphasize the positive impacts of production on community development, economic growth, and individual well-being. Goods and Services:Ensure a clear understanding of the distinctions between tangible goods and intangible services available in the local market. Factors of Production:Reinforce the importance of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship in the production process. Ethical Practices:Encourage learners to think critically about ethical practices that contribute positively to the community and economy.


Goods and Services:Ensure a clear understanding of the distinctions between tangible goods and intangible services available in the local market. Factors of Production:Reinforce the importance of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship in the production process. Ethical Practices:Encourage learners to think critically about ethical practices that contribute positively to the community and economy. Community Participation:Motivate learners to actively participate in community production activities for hands-on experience. Application of Knowledge:Real-World Application:Discuss real-world examples where the knowledge gained about production can be applied. Ethical Decision-Making:Encourage learners to think about making ethical decisions in their personal and community production activities. Active Citizenship:Emphasize the role of active citizenship in contributing positively to community development through ethical and productive practices. 1. Production:Definition: Production refers to the process of creating goods and services by utilizing various resources and transforming inputs into outputs. It involves the creation and provision of products or services that fulfill human needs and wants. Benefits of Production:Economic Growth: Production contributes significantly to economic growth by generating income, employment, and business opportunities. Improved Living Standards: The availability of goods and services enhances the quality of life by providing the necessities and conveniences people require. Innovation and Technological Advancement: Production drives innovation as businesses seek efficient ways to create and deliver goods and services. Global Trade: It facilitates global trade, allowing countries to specialize in what they do best and exchange goods and services internationally. Community Development: Local production fosters community development by creating a network of interconnected businesses and services. 2. Distinguishing Goods and Services:Goods:Definition: Tangible, physical products that can be touched, seen, and stored. Examples: Clothing, electronics, furniture, cars. Characteristics: Tangibility, durability, and the ability to be stored. Services:Definition: Intangible actions or tasks performed to meet a need or desire. Examples: Education, healthcare, consulting, transportation. Characteristics: Intangibility, perishability cannot be stored , and inseparability produced and consumed simultaneously . 3. Factors of Production:Land:Role: Natural resources used in the production process. Examples: Agricultural land, minerals, water resources. Labor:Role: Human effort and skills applied to the production of goods and services. Examples: Workers, employees, skilled professionals. Capital:Role: Tools, machinery, and financial resources used in production. Examples: Factories, computers, money for investment.


Examples: Workers, employees, skilled professionals. Capital:Role: Tools, machinery, and financial resources used in production. Examples: Factories, computers, money for investment. Entrepreneurship:Role: Innovation, risk-taking, and organizing resources for production. Examples: Business owners, innovators, risk-takers. 4. Ethical and Unethical Practices in Production:Ethical Practices:Fair Labor Practices: Treating workers fairly, providing safe working conditions, and paying a living wage. Environmental Sustainability: Adopting eco-friendly production methods and minimizing environmental impact. Honest Marketing: Providing accurate information to consumers about products and services. Community Engagement: Contributing positively to the communities in which production activities take place. Unethical Practices:Exploitative Labor: Unfair treatment of workers, including low wages, long hours, and poor working conditions. Environmental Harm: Ignoring environmental regulations, leading to pollution and resource depletion. False Advertising: Deceptive marketing practices that mislead consumers about product attributes. Sweatshop Labor: Using cheap and exploitative labor practices, often in developing countries. 5.0 Entrepreneurship5.1 Introduction to Entrepreneurship 8 lessons Learning Objectives:By the end of this sub-strand, the learner should be able to:a Explain the Importance of Entrepreneurship:Discuss the significance of entrepreneurship for both individuals and communities. B Describe the Qualities of an Entrepreneur in Business:Identify and articulate the key qualities that define a successful entrepreneur. C Explore Sources of Business Ideas for a Business Venture:Utilize available resources to investigate and present various sources of business ideas. D Analyse the Factors Considered When Evaluating the Viability of a Business Opportunity:Evaluate the critical factors involved in assessing the feasibility of a business opportunity. E Evaluate the Factors That Enhance Success in a Business:Examine and assess the factors contributing to success in a business venture. F Practice Entrepreneurship for Self and Community Development:Engage in practical entrepreneurial activities aimed at personal and community development. Learner's Guided Activities:Brainstorm and Present the Meaning of 'Entrepreneur' and 'Entrepreneurship':Encourage learners to collectively define the terms 'entrepreneur' and 'entrepreneurship. 'Discuss and Present on the Importance of Entrepreneurship:Facilitate discussions on the significance of entrepreneurship at both individual and community levels.


E Evaluate the Factors That Enhance Success in a Business:Examine and assess the factors contributing to success in a business venture. F Practice Entrepreneurship for Self and Community Development:Engage in practical entrepreneurial activities aimed at personal and community development. Learner's Guided Activities:Brainstorm and Present the Meaning of 'Entrepreneur' and 'Entrepreneurship':Encourage learners to collectively define the terms 'entrepreneur' and 'entrepreneurship. 'Discuss and Present on the Importance of Entrepreneurship:Facilitate discussions on the significance of entrepreneurship at both individual and community levels. Download and Watch a Video Clip or Use Resources on Entrepreneurial Qualities:Instruct learners to use multimedia resources to understand and present the qualities of a successful entrepreneur. Conduct Self-Assessment on Entrepreneurial Qualities:Guide learners in assessing their own entrepreneurial qualities and areas for improvement. Search for and Present the Meaning and Sources of Business Ideas:Direct learners to utilize available resources to explore and present various sources of business ideas. Compile a List of Business Ideas and Determine Viability:Task learners with compiling a list of potential business ideas and conducting an analysis to determine their viability. Read, Analyze, and Present a Case Study on Factors Enhancing Business Success:Assign a case study for learners to read, analyze, and present key factors that contribute to the success of a business. Practice Entrepreneurship for Self and Community Development:Engage learners in practical entrepreneurial activities with the goal of fostering both personal and community development. These learning activities aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of entrepreneurship, from conceptual foundations to practical applications. 1. Meaning of 'Entrepreneur' and 'Entrepreneurship':Entrepreneur:Individual who initiates and operates a business, taking on financial risks with the goal of profit. Someone willing to innovate, create, and manage a venture. Entrepreneurship:The process of designing, launching, and running a new business. Involves the willingness to take risks and create something new in the pursuit of opportunities. 2. Significance of Entrepreneurship at Both Individual and Community Levels:Individual Level:Economic Growth: Enables individuals to create wealth and achieve financial independence. Self-Reliance: Empowers individuals to rely on their skills and ideas for income. Innovation: Fosters creativity and the pursuit of personal goals. Community Level:Job Creation: Entrepreneurs establish businesses that generate employment opportunities. Economic Stability: Diversifies the economy, reducing dependence on specific industries.


Innovation: Fosters creativity and the pursuit of personal goals. Community Level:Job Creation: Entrepreneurs establish businesses that generate employment opportunities. Economic Stability: Diversifies the economy, reducing dependence on specific industries. Community Development: Sparks innovation, improves living standards, and contributes to social well-being. 3. Qualities of a Successful Entrepreneur:Innovative Thinking:Ability to generate new ideas and approaches. Risk-Taking Ability:Willingness to take calculated risks for potential rewards. Leadership Skills:Capacity to guide and inspire a team toward common goals. Adaptability and Resilience:Ability to navigate challenges and adapt to changing circumstances. Vision and Goal-Oriented:Clear vision for the business and the ability to set and achieve goals. 4. Meaning and Sources of Business Ideas:Meaning of Business Ideas:Concepts or plans that have the potential to be developed into a profitable business. Sources of Business Ideas:Market Trends: Identifying emerging needs and preferences in the market. Personal Experiences: Solving problems based on personal challenges or observations. Industry Gaps: Identifying areas where current products or services are lacking. Technology and Innovation: Utilizing advancements to create novel products or services. 5. Key Factors Contributing to the Success of a Business:Effective Business Planning:Developing a comprehensive business plan with clear goals and strategies. Market Research and Understanding Customer Needs:Conducting thorough market analysis to identify target audiences and their needs. Strong Leadership and Management:Competent leadership to guide the team and effective management of resources. Adaptation to Changing Market Conditions:Flexibility to adjust strategies based on market dynamics. Financial Management and Sustainability:Sound financial practices ensuring the long-term viability of the business. 5.0 Entrepreneurship5.2 Money 10 lessons Learning Objectives:By the end of this sub-strand, the learner should be able to:a Identify the Characteristics of Money as a Medium of Exchange:Recognize and understand the fundamental features that define money as a medium of exchange. B Explain the Uses of Money in Day-to-Day Life:Articulate the various ways in which money is utilized in everyday activities. C Describe the Key Security Features of the Kenyan Currency:Analyze and understand the security measures embedded in the Kenyan currency. D Analyse the Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan Currency:Investigate and interpret the thematic elements and symbols present on Kenyan currency.


B Explain the Uses of Money in Day-to-Day Life:Articulate the various ways in which money is utilized in everyday activities. C Describe the Key Security Features of the Kenyan Currency:Analyze and understand the security measures embedded in the Kenyan currency. D Analyse the Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan Currency:Investigate and interpret the thematic elements and symbols present on Kenyan currency. E Appreciate the Use of Money in Day-to-Day Life:Develop an understanding and appreciation for the role of money in daily activities. Learner's Guided Activities:Brainstorm and Present the Meaning and Characteristics of Money:Facilitate discussions and presentations on the definition and key characteristics of money. Share Experiences on the Use of Money for Buying Goods and Services:Encourage learners to share personal experiences related to the use of money for purchasing goods and services. Discuss and Present on the Uses of Money:Engage learners in discussions and presentations exploring the diverse uses of money. Use Print or Digital Media to Search for Information on the Uses of Money:Instruct learners to utilize print or digital media to gather information on various applications of money. Use Kenyan Currency to Observe Key Security Features:Guide learners in using Kenyan currency to observe and understand the security features incorporated into the currency. Brainstorm and Present Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan Currency:Facilitate brainstorming sessions and presentations on the themes and symbols depicted on Kenyan currency. Use Different Denominations of Kenyan Currency to Examine Themes and Symbols:Instruct learners to explore various denominations of Kenyan currency, examining and interpreting the themes and symbols present. These activities aim to provide learners with a comprehensive understanding of money, including its characteristics, uses, security features, and the symbolic elements embedded in the national currency. 1. Meaning and Characteristics of Money:Meaning:Definition: Medium of exchange that is widely accepted in transactions for goods, services, or settlement of debts. Function: Facilitates economic transactions, eliminating the need for barter. Characteristics:Durability: Should withstand wear and tear. Portability: Easily carried and transferred. Divisibility: Can be divided into smaller units. Uniformity: Each unit is the same in terms of value and features. Limited Supply: Controlled to maintain value. Acceptability: Universally recognized and accepted. 2. Use of Money for Buying Goods and Services:Medium of Exchange:Facilitates transactions between buyers and sellers.


Acceptability: Universally recognized and accepted. 2. Use of Money for Buying Goods and Services:Medium of Exchange:Facilitates transactions between buyers and sellers. Store of Value:Enables saving and holding value for future use. Unit of Account:Serves as a standard measure of value for goods and services. Standard of Deferred Payment:Allows for agreements to pay in the future. Convenience:Enhances the ease and efficiency of transactions. 3. Kenyan Currency Key Security Features:Watermark:Prominent images visible when held against light. Security Thread:Thin metallic thread with text and images. Color-Shifting Ink:Color changes when viewed from different angles. Microprinting:Tiny text or patterns that are difficult to reproduce. Raised Printing:Certain elements are raised to the touch. See-Through Feature:Design elements that align when the note is held up to the light. 4. Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan Currency:Big Five Series Current :Features iconic African wildlife such as lions, elephants, rhinos, buffaloes, and leopards. Effigy of Kenyatta Series Previous :Portraits of Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first president. Historical Figures:Depictions of notable individuals in Kenyan history. Cultural Symbols:Symbols representing Kenya's diverse cultures and heritage. 5. List of Different Kenyan Currency, Their Themes, Symbols, and Meaning:Current Series: Big Five 2019 - Present Denominations: Various, including 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 shillings. Themes and Symbols: Wildlife representing the "Big Five" animals in Africa. Meaning: Celebrates Kenya's rich biodiversity and tourism. Previous Series: Effigy of Kenyatta 1986 - 2019 Denominations: Various, including 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 shillings. Themes and Symbols: Portraits of Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first president. Meaning: Honors Kenya's founding leader and emphasizes national pride. Other Commemorative Series: Various e.g., 2010 Constitution Series Denominations: Vary based on the commemorative event. Themes and Symbols: Reflect the significance of the commemorated event. Meaning: Commemorates historical events, achievements, or milestones in KenyaThemes and Symbols on Kenyan Currency:National landmarks. Wildlife. National heroes.


Meaning: Commemorates historical events, achievements, or milestones in KenyaThemes and Symbols on Kenyan Currency:National landmarks. Wildlife. National heroes. Cultural artifacts. Agriculture and farming. Transport and infrastructure. Economic activities. Education and knowledge. Independence and freedom. National unity and diversity. Examples of Kenyan Currency and Their Themes:1000 Kenyan Shillings - Elephants Wildlife . 500 Kenyan Shillings - Jomo Kenyatta National Hero . 200 Kenyan Shillings - SGR Train Transport and Infrastructure . 100 Kenyan Shillings - Buffalo Wildlife . 50 Kenyan Shillings - Green Energy Economic Activities . 20 Kenyan Shillings - Giraffes Wildlife . 10 Kenyan Shillings - Coffee Farming Agriculture . 5 Kenyan Shillings - The Big Five Wildlife . 2 Kenyan Shillings - Tourism National Landmarks . 1 Kenyan Shilling - The Coat of Arms National Unity . 5.0 Entrepreneurship5.3 Financial Goals 10 lessons Learning Objectives:By the end of this sub-strand, the learner should be able to:a Explain the Importance of Setting Goals in Financial Management:Articulate the significance of establishing clear financial objectives for effective financial management. B Analyse the Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Evaluate the key considerations and factors influencing the establishment of financial goals. C Formulate Financial Goals for Individual Development:Develop and articulate personalized financial goals aligned with individual development. D Observe Financial Discipline in Financial Management:Practice and adhere to financial discipline in the management of personal finances. Learner's Guided Activities:Discuss and Present the Meaning and Importance of Setting Goals in Financial Management:Engage learners in discussions and presentations on the definition and significance of setting financial goals. Discuss and Present the Importance of Financial Discipline:Explore and present the importance of maintaining financial discipline for long-term financial well-being. Brainstorm and Present on the Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Facilitate brainstorming sessions and presentations on various factors that should be considered when setting financial goals. Use Print or Digital Media to Search for Information on Setting Financial Goals:Instruct learners to use print or digital media to gather information and insights on effective strategies for setting financial goals.


Discuss and Present the Importance of Financial Discipline:Explore and present the importance of maintaining financial discipline for long-term financial well-being. Brainstorm and Present on the Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Facilitate brainstorming sessions and presentations on various factors that should be considered when setting financial goals. Use Print or Digital Media to Search for Information on Setting Financial Goals:Instruct learners to use print or digital media to gather information and insights on effective strategies for setting financial goals. Set Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic and Time-Bound SMART Financial Goals:Guide learners in the practical application of the SMART criteria to set well-defined financial goals. Guiding Questions for Reflection:Why is it Important for an Individual to Set Financial Goals? Encourages learners to reflect on the personal benefits and motivation behind setting financial goals. What are the Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals? Guides learners in analyzing and understanding the various considerations that influence effective financial goal-setting. 1. Meaning and Importance of Setting Goals in Financial Management:Meaning:Definition: Establishing clear and achievable objectives for one's financial future. Purpose: Provides a roadmap for financial decision-making and resource allocation. Involves: Identifying financial aspirations, such as savings targets, investment goals, and debt reduction plans. Importance:Direction and Focus:Guides financial decisions by providing a clear sense of direction. Motivation:Fosters motivation by creating tangible targets to work towards. Resource Allocation:Helps prioritize spending and saving based on identified goals. Measuring Progress:Enables individuals to track and measure their financial progress. Financial Security:Enhances financial stability and security over the long term. 2. Importance of Financial Discipline:Avoids Impulsive Decisions:Financial discipline prevents impulsive spending or investment decisions. Encourages Saving:Fosters a habit of regular saving, contributing to financial stability. Debt Management:Helps in managing and reducing debts systematically. Consistent Investment:Encourages disciplined and consistent investment practices. Long-Term Financial Health:Contributes to overall financial well-being by promoting responsible financial behavior. 3. Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Specificity:Clearly define each financial goal to avoid ambiguity. Measurability:Establish quantifiable metrics to track progress. Achievability:Set goals that are realistic and attainable based on current financial circumstances. Relevance:Align goals with personal values and overall financial objectives. Time-Bound:Set a timeframe for each goal to create a sense of urgency and accountability.


Achievability:Set goals that are realistic and attainable based on current financial circumstances. Relevance:Align goals with personal values and overall financial objectives. Time-Bound:Set a timeframe for each goal to create a sense of urgency and accountability. Flexibility:Allow for adjustments to goals as life circumstances change. Risk Consideration:Assess and mitigate potential risks associated with each financial goal.4.Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic and Time-Bound SMART Financial Goals:Specific:Clearly define the goal, answering who, what, where, when, and why. Measurable:Establish quantifiable criteria for tracking progress. Achievable:Ensure the goal is realistic and attainable within current constraints. Realistic:Set goals that are practical and aligned with available resources. Time-Bound:Assign a specific timeframe for achieving the goal. Example: Saving 5,000 for an emergency fund within the next 12 months. Importance of Setting Financial Goals:Financial planning and stability. Wealth accumulation. Budgeting and expense management. Future investments. Emergency fund creation. Retirement planning. Achievement of personal aspirations. Education and skill development. Homeownership. Improved quality of life. Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Clear and specific objectives. Measurable outcomes. Achievable within a set timeframe. Realistic and aligned with personal values. Consideration of income and expenses. Evaluation of risk tolerance. Adjustment for life changes. Periodic reassessment and updates. Consultation with financial advisors. Consistent tracking of progress. Formulating SMART Financial Goals:Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound. Observing Financial Discipline:Budgeting and expense tracking. Avoiding impulsive spending. Regular saving and investing. Debt management and reduction. Emergency fund creation. Continual financial education. Planning for major life events. Seeking professional financial advice. Reviewing and adjusting financial plans. Adapting to changing economic conditions. Top of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of Form.


1. What is the importance of heat transfer methods like conduction, convection, and radiation in cooking foods? -. These methods are crucial for cooking food evenly and efficiently, each using different means to transfer heat into food, affecting the texture, flavor, and nutritional value. 2. How does the method of heat transfer affect the nutritional content of foods? -. Different methods can either preserve nutrients or lead to their loss; for example, slow cooking at lower temperatures generally preserves nutrients better than high-temperature methods. 3. What are simple sugars, and can you provide examples? -. Simple sugars are basic forms of carbohydrates that digest quickly, such as glucose and fructose, found in fruits and sweetened foods. 4. Explain the concept of double sugars with examples. -. Double sugars, or disaccharides, consist of two linked sugar molecules, like sucrose table sugar and lactose milk sugar . 5. What are starchy foods, and why are they important in the diet? -. Starchy foods like potatoes, rice, and bread are primary sources of energy and provide essential nutrients, including fiber. 6. Describe the effect of dry heat on carbohydrate-rich foods. -. Dry heat methods like baking or roasting can cause caramelization and dextrinization, enhancing flavor and changing texture. 7. How does moist heat affect carbohydrate-rich foods like rice? -. Moist heat, such as boiling or steaming, gelatinizes starch, making grains like rice softer and easier to digest. 8. What are the nutritional changes that occur when carbohydrates are exposed to heat? -. Heat can break down vitamins and alter starches and sugars, affecting their digestibility and caloric content. 9. How can you conserve food nutrients when cooking carbohydrate-rich foods? -. Methods include using minimal water for boiling, avoiding overcooking, and incorporating steaming to preserve vitamins and minerals. 10. Why is it important to observe safety measures when cooking carbohydrate-rich foods? -. Ensuring safety, like avoiding cross-contamination and cooking foods to safe temperatures, prevents foodborne illnesses. 11. What are the requirements for boiling carbohydrates like porridge? -. Adequate water to cover the food, consistent heat to maintain a steady boil, and occasional stirring to prevent sticking. 12. Outline the steps to follow when cooking porridge to ensure it is well-cooked. -. Measure the water and porridge mix, bring to a boil, then simmer while stirring frequently until the mixture thickens and cooks thoroughly. 13.


Outline the steps to follow when cooking porridge to ensure it is well-cooked. -. Measure the water and porridge mix, bring to a boil, then simmer while stirring frequently until the mixture thickens and cooks thoroughly. 13. What are the effects of heat on food like maize when grilling? -. Grilling maize can develop flavor through caramelization and may reduce some nutrient levels like vitamin C. 14. What are the methods of heat transfer applicable when grilling foods? -. Radiation from the heat source cooks the food, creating distinctive charred flavors and textures. 15. Why is it necessary to understand different cooking methods for carbohydrate-rich foods? -. Different methods can affect the taste, texture, nutritional value, and overall digestibility of carbohydrate-rich foods. 16. What are the factors to consider during the table setting in meal presentation? -. Consider the occasion, the number of guests, the menu items, and the cultural context of the meal. 17. How do you properly set a table for meal presentation? -. Arrange tableware according to the sequence of courses, with utensils placed in the order of use from outside in. 18. What are the requirements for table setting when serving meals? -. Clean and appropriate tableware, a clean tablecloth, and utensils arranged neatly and functionally for each diner. 19. Explain the guidelines for planning meals for special occasions. -. Include a variety of foods to cater to different dietary needs, ensure the menu fits the event's formality, and prepare foods that can be easily served and eaten at the event. 20. How should you prepare carbohydrate-rich foods to maximize nutrient retention? -. Use cooking methods that require less water and shorter cooking times, such as steaming or microwaving, to preserve water-soluble nutrients. 21. What is meal presentation and why is it important? -. Meal presentation involves arranging food attractively on the plate, enhancing the dining experience by appealing to the senses. 22. Discuss the importance of meal planning in nutritional balance. -. Meal planning helps ensure that all food groups and essential nutrients are appropriately included across meals, promoting a balanced diet. 23. How does food presentation affect the perception of a meal's quality? -. Attractive food presentation can enhance perceived taste and satisfaction, makingthe meal more enjoyable. 24. Describe how to ensure food safety in meal preparation. -. Follow hygiene practices like washing hands and surfaces, cook foods to safe temperatures, and store foods properly before and after preparation. 25.


Describe how to ensure food safety in meal preparation.- Follow hygiene practices like washing hands and surfaces, cook foods to safe temperatures, and store foods properly before and after preparation.25.What are the health considerations when preparing meals for individuals with allergies?- Avoid cross-contamination, use allergen-free ingredients, and clearly communicate menu contents to guests.26.How do cultural preferences impact meal planning and food preparation?- Cultural preferences dictate the selection of ingredients, cooking methods, and how food is served and eaten, reflecting community traditions and values.27.Why is dietary diversity important in meal planning?- Dietary diversity ensures a range of nutrients are consumed, supporting overall health and reducing the risk of nutrient deficiencies.28.How can one incorporate seasonal produce into meal planning?- Use seasonal fruits and vegetables as they are fresher, more flavorful, and often more affordable, enhancing the nutritional quality of meals.29. What techniques can be used to enhance the flavor of meals without adding excessive salt? -. Use herbs, spices, citrus, and vinegar to add flavor depth and complexity without relying heavily on salt.30.Explain the role of aesthetics in food preparation and presentation.- Aesthetics in food preparation enhances the dining experience, making meals more appealing and enjoyable through visual presentation techniques.


GRADE 7 BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES TERM 1,2,3STRAND ONEBUSINESS AND MONEY MANAGEMENT SKILLSIntroduction to Business StudiesBusiness: Any activity that is carried out by an individual or anorganization concerning provision of goods and services with a viewto making profit. Business studies: Is the study examination of the business activities in society. These activities are related to the production of goods andprovision of services. -It can also be defined as the study of activities that are carried out inand around production, distribution and consumption of goods andservices. Components of Business studiesBusiness studies consist of the following disciplinesa. Commerceb. Accountingc. Economicsd. Office practicee. EntrepreneurshipCommerceThis is the study of trade and aids to trade. Trade refers to the exchange of goods and services for other goods and services or money. Aids to trade are human activities services that assist trade to take place. EconomicsThis is the study of how human beings strive to satisfy their endless wants using the available scarce resources. AccountingThis refers to a systematic way of recording business activities which all usedfor decision making. Office practiceThis refers to all activities that are carried out in an office e.g. communication, filling, clerical work, reproduction of documents etc. EntrepreneurshipThis is the study of activities involved in the process of identifying a business opportunity and acquiring the necessary resources to start and run a business. The person who carries out these activities is referred to as an entrepreneur. Importance of Business studiesSome of the benefits of learning business studies include:i. Assists the learners members of the society to acquire knowledge and awareness of business terminologies which are necessary when discussing business issues such as profit and loss. Ii. Assists the individuals in appreciating the role of business in society in provision of goods and services. Iii. It enables the learners to acquire basic knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for the development of self and the nation by starting and operating business. Iv. Equips the members of society with knowledge and skills necessary to start and run a business comfortably. V. Makes the members of society to appreciate the need for good business management practicesvi. Assists individual to acquire self-discipline and positive attitude towards workvii. Equips individual with abilities to promote co-operation in society through tradeviii. Enables the individual to understand the role of government in business activitiesix.


Assists individual to acquire self-discipline and positive attitude towards workvii. Equips individual with abilities to promote co-operation in society through tradeviii. Enables the individual to understand the role of government in business activitiesix. Equips individuals with abilities to understand the role of communication and information technology in modern business managementx. Helps the individuals to develop positive attitudes towards the environmentxi. Equips the individual with knowledge and skills required to evaluate business performancexii. It helps individual to develop various intellectual abilities such as inquiry, critical thinking, analysis, interpretation, rational judgement, innovation and creativity. Xiii. It enables learners to acquire skills for wise buying and selling. Xiv. It creates a firm foundation for further education and training in business and other related fields. Xv. It enables one to understand and appreciate the basic economic issues that affect the society such as increase in prices of goods and services. Career opportunities in the field of business studiesAuditor. Logistics analyst. Human resources specialist. Accountant. Operations analyst. Marketing manager. Financial advisor. Financial analystEntrepreneurMoneywhatever serves society in four functions: as a medium of exchange, a store of value, a unit of account, and a standard of deferred payment. Money is power if you utilize it with knowledge. Money is dangerous if you are greedy for money and utilize it without thought. Vijay SharmaUses of Money in daily lifeFirst, money serves as a medium of exchange, which means that money acts as an intermediary between the buyer and the seller. Instead of exchanging accounting services for shoes, the accountant now exchanges accounting services for money. This money is then used to buy shoes. To serve as a medium of exchange, money must be very widely accepted as a method of payment in the markets for goods, labor, and financial capital. Second, money must serve as a store of value. In a barter system, we saw the example of the shoemaker trading shoes for accounting services. But she risks having her shoes go out of style, especially if she keeps them in a warehouse for future use their value will decrease with each season. Shoes are not a good store of value. Holding money is a much easier way of storing value. You know that you do not need to spend it immediately because it will still hold its value the next day, or the next year. This function of money does not require that money is a perfect store of value.


Holding money is a much easier way of storing value. You know that you do not need to spend it immediately because it will still hold its value the next day, or the next year. This function of money does not require that money is a perfect store of value. In an economy with inflation, money loses some buying power each year, but it remains money. Third, money serves as a unit of account, which means that it is the ruler by which other values are measured. Money fulfills your personal and family needs and desires:Money has the power to buy goods and services. With money, a person can fulfill his daily living needs and desires. With money, you can buy food, clothes, a home, a car, holiday tour packages, and gifts. With money, you can buy a high-speed internet connection and good quality equipment for work and business. Key security features of the Kenyan CurrencyThemes and symbols in the Kenyan currencyPersonal GoalsGoals are defined as the desired states that people seek to obtain, maintain, or avoid. Personal goals are goals related to your work, relationship, finances, and other aspects of life. There are three types of goals- process, performance, and outcome goals. Process goals are specific actions or processes of performing. For example, aiming to study for 2 hours after dinner every day. Process goals are 100 controllable by the individual. Performance goals are based on personal standard. For example, aiming to achieve a 3.5 GPA. Personal goals are mostly controllable. Outcome goals are based on winning. For a college student, this could look like landing a job in your field or landing job at a particular place of employment you wanted. Outcome goals are very difficult to control because of other outside influences. Process, performance, and outcome goals have a linear relationship. This is important because if you achieve your process goals, you give yourself a good chance to achieve your performance goals. Similarly, when you achieve your performance goals, you have a better chance of achieving your outcome goal. General Goal Setting Tipsset both short- and long-term goalsset SMART goalsset goals that motivate youwrite your goals down and put them in a place you can seeadjust your goals as necessaryRecognize and reward yourself when you meet a goalSet all three types of goals- process, performance, and outcome but focus on executing your smaller process goals to give you the best chance for success!


This is important because if you achieve your process goals, you give yourself a good chance to achieve your performance goals. Similarly, when you achieve your performance goals, you have a better chance of achieving your outcome goal. General Goal Setting Tipsset both short- and long-term goalsset SMART goalsset goals that motivate youwrite your goals down and put them in a place you can seeadjust your goals as necessaryRecognize and reward yourself when you meet a goalSet all three types of goals- process, performance, and outcome but focus on executing your smaller process goals to give you the best chance for success! Specific highly detailed statement on what you want to accomplish use who, what, where, how etc. Measurable- how will you demonstrate and evaluate how your goal has been met? Attainable- they can be achieved by your own hard work and dedication- make sure your goals are within your ability to achieveRelevant- how do your goals align with your objectives? Time based- set 1 or more target dates- these are the by whens to guide your goal to successful and timely completion include deadlines, frequency and dates Be Clear About Your Purpose in LifeFirst, be clear about your purpose in life. Having a clear vision in life gives you direction. You know where you are coming from and where you are going. The destination is definite, and this gives you a foundation for your goal setting. Why These Goals? Having a foundation for goal setting gives you a destination. The next step is to look at the goals you have in mind and ask yourself why these goals in specific. Let s say you want to get from Nairobi to Mombasa. You can walk, run, hire a taxi, take a bus, take a train or take a flight. In the end, you will have to choose one means of transport to get you to Mombasa. If you take a bus, ask yourself why the bus? Why not walk or take a flight? If you can answer the why in your goals. And hopefully, your answer will not be because everyone is doing it, then you are on the right path. Do The Goals Motivate You? Do you get motivated when you look at your goals? Remember your why. If the answer to your why is because everyone is doing it, the motivation is going to low.


Do you get motivated when you look at your goals? Remember your why. If the answer to your why is because everyone is doing it, the motivation is going to low. When challenges set in and everyone gives up, you will give up with them or give up when others are still on the move. Set goals that motivate you. Motivation has to come from the heart. Remember, this is a journey. It is not a destination in itself. Your inner drive will keep you moving when the going gets tough. You Goals Must Be Specific To YouYour goals have to be specific to you. Do not set random goals just because that is what is expected from you. Let s say you have a target to meet at the end of the month set by your company. The targets are not specific to you. In most cases, they are distinct to your department but general to you and your colleagues. A successful person will take the targets set and personalize them. What is it you want to achieve at the end of the month as far as the goals set for your team are concerned? Do you want to meet the exceptions, or do you want to exceed them? Set your weekly and daily goals to reflect what you want to achieve as an individual. Goals Have To Be Relevant To Your Higher Purpose In LifeYour goals must be relevant to your higher purpose in life. If not, you will deviate from your purpose or vision. Set goals to reflect, and feed your cause. The danger in working on plans that don t align with your purpose or mission, you end up working for other people. Proverbs 16:3 New International Version NIV Commit to the Lord whatever you do, and he will establish your plans. Starting to Set Personal GoalsYou set your goals on a number of levels:First you create your "big picture" of what you want to do with your life or over, say, the next 10 years , and identify the large-scale goals that you want to achieve. Then, you break these down into the smaller and smaller targets that you must hit to reach your lifetime goals. Finally, once you have your plan, you start working on it to achieve these goals. This is why we start the process of setting goals by looking at your lifetime goals. Then, we work down to the things that you can do in, say, the next five years, then next year, next month, next week, and today, to start moving towards them.


Finally, once you have your plan, you start working on it to achieve these goals. This is why we start the process of setting goals by looking at your lifetime goals. Then, we work down to the things that you can do in, say, the next five years, then next year, next month, next week, and today, to start moving towards them. Step 1: Setting Lifetime GoalsThe first step in setting personal goals is to consider what you want to achieve in your lifetime or at least, by a significant and distant age in the future . Setting lifetime goals gives you the overall perspective that shapes all other aspects of your decision making. To give a broad, balanced coverage of all important areas in your life, try to set goals in some of the following categories or in other categories of your own, where these are important to you :Career What level do you want to reach in your career, or what do you want to achieve? Financial How much do you want to earn, by what stage? How is this related to your career goals? Education Is there any knowledge you want to acquire in particular? What information and skills will you need to have in order to achieve other goals? Family Do you want to be a parent? If so, how are you going to be a good parent? How do you want to be seen by a partner or by members of your extended family? Artistic Do you want to achieve any artistic goals? Attitude Is any part of your mindset holding you back? Is there any part of the way that you behave that upsets you? If so, set a goal to improve your behavior or find a solution to the problem. Physical Are there any athletic goals that you want to achieve, or do you want good health deep into old age? What steps are you going to take to achieve this? Pleasure How do you want to enjoy yourself? You should ensure that some of your life is for you! Public Service Do you want to make the world a better place? If so, how? Spend some time brainstorming these things, and then select one or more goals in each category that best reflect what you want to do. Then consider trimming again so that you have a small number of really significant goals that you can focus on. Talents and AbilitiesFor many people, the words talent and ability are interchangeable.


Spend some time brainstorming these things, and then select one or more goals in each category that best reflect what you want to do. Then consider trimming again so that you have a small number of really significant goals that you can focus on. Talents and AbilitiesFor many people, the words talent and ability are interchangeable. Understanding the difference between them can make all the difference in how we live and work. Here at Pro spur, one of the first lessons we share with our players is recognizing their talent vs. their ability. So what is the difference? Talent is what you ve been given. Ability is how you grow the talent you ve been given. Right now, there are more than 8,000 pro players in Minor League baseball. Do you know how many of those players have enough talent alone to make it to the Big Leagues and stay there? The answer: not that many. Ways of Nurturing talentsCreate an Open CultureFirms are a product of multiple people s contributions. Each worker should feel like their words have weight and that their input is valued. Everything starts with the workplace culture, which gives new starters the confidence to stick around and keeps more experienced personnel grounded and loyal. Encourage employees to speak up if they have any concerns or thoughtful ideas. Develop Mentoring SchemesMentoring is an enormous part of nurturing talent. However, finesse is required in how your company approaches it. Vague instances of encouragement aren t enough to keep workers motivated and performing well. Introduce AutomationWorkers with many responsibilities can soon become overwhelmed. The most overworked staff members may find little time to focus on their own professional development. Automation can ease these burdens somewhat. These technologies can assume many of the admin tasks a worker needs to do. Signing paperwork, scheduling updates, responses to routine emails these are all tasks automation can oversee instead of the employee. Work-related stress can be reduced as a result. Offer FlexibilityNurturing talent can t be done under overly rigid work practices. Employees need to grow both personally and professionally and to do so effectively, they need a level of control. Keep InnovatingYour business needs to aspire to be greater constantly. Only then can you expect your workers to adopt a similar attitude. Of course, your business may be more concerned about surviving rather than thriving these days. Irrespective of your circumstances or the economic conditions you re facing, your company must keep pushing to innovate and excel within its industry.


Only then can you expect your workers to adopt a similar attitude. Of course, your business may be more concerned about surviving rather than thriving these days. Irrespective of your circumstances or the economic conditions you re facing, your company must keep pushing to innovate and excel within its industry. Personal Talents and AbilitiesCommunication. Interpersonal skills. Leadership. Problem-solving. Time management. Adaptability. Critical thinking. Organization. Five kinds of talent categories:Self-conceptual talents like self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, and self-confidence. Social talents like social awareness, communication, relationship management, collaboration, and influence. General talents like language skills, mathematical abilities, reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and learning abilities. Specific expertise like strategic thinking, arts, writing, research, sports, design, storytelling, and kinesthetic abilities. Fun talents any cool talents such as exceptional taste, ventriloquism ability to make your voice appear from somewhere else or with delay , and hypermobility, to name a few. Ethical Issues related to use of talents and abilities in businessEthical issues in business occur when a decision, activity or scenario conflicts with the organization s or society's ethical standards. Both organizations and individuals can become involved in ethical issues since others may question their actions from a moral viewpoint. 1. Discrimination and harassmentTwo of the most significant ethical issues that HR professionals and managers face are discrimination and harassment. The consequences of discrimination and harassment in the workplace can negatively impact the finances and reputation of the organization. Many countries have anti-discrimination laws to protect employees from unfair treatment. Some anti-discrimination areas include:Age: Organizations and internal policies cannot discriminate against employees who are older. Disability: To prevent disability discrimination, it's important to accommodate and provide equal treatment for employees with mental or physical disabilities. Equal pay: Equal pay focuses on ensuring that all employees receive equal compensation for similar work, regardless of religion, gender or race. Pregnancy: Pregnant employees have a right not to be discriminated against on account of their pregnancy. Race: Employees should receive equal treatment, regardless of ethnicity or race. Religion: Employees' religious beliefs should not affect how anyone within the organization treats them. Sex and gender: An employee's sex and gender identity should not influence their treatment while working at an organization. 2. Ethics in accounting practicesLaws require organizations to maintain accurate bookkeeping practices.


Sex and gender: An employee's sex and gender identity should not influence their treatment while working at an organization. 2. Ethics in accounting practicesLaws require organizations to maintain accurate bookkeeping practices. Unethical accounting practices are a serious issue, especially for publicly traded companies. The legislation specifies financial report requirements aimed at protecting shareholders and consumers. All organizations have to keep accurate financial records and pay taxes to attract investment and business partners regardless of the size of the company. 3. Nepotism or favoritismAs a hiring manager or HR professional, you may want to employ an acquaintance or family member because of your connection to them. Even if you adhere to recruitment policies to ensure a fair process, some employees may still consider this as nepotism or favoritism. Favoritism occurs when managers treat some employees better than others for no professional reason. This can reduce productivity and job satisfaction in other employees, which may negatively impact the entire organization. 4. Workplace health and safetyAll employees have a right to a safe working environment and work conditions. Importance of Nurturing talents and abilitiesNurturing internal talent can benefit your business in many ways:Facilitate success. Nurturing the talent you already have allows you to facilitate opportunities for cross-training, career development and networking. Create a culture of innovation and empowerment. Nurturing your existing talent creates a culture of innovation and empowerment, in which employees know they are valued and they are motivated to strive for excellenceOpen leadership opportunities. Nurturing the talent of your teams enables you to foster a culture in which leadership opportunities abound. STRAND TWOBUSINESS AND ITS ENVIRONMENTBusiness activitiesNeeds and wantsScarcity, Choice, Scale of preference and opportunity costThe basic concept or elements of economics are:wants,scarcity,scale of preference,choice andopportunity cost. WantsWants simply means the desire or wish to own goods or services that give satisfaction. Goods include things such as cars, radios, food, houses, books, etc.,. That is tangible commodities , while services includes hair dressing, the services of an actor, etc that is intangible commodities . Want s are also called ENDS. As these basic needs are satisfied, other needs will arise. That is why we say that human wants are insatiable. This is because human wants are unlimited while resources used in satisfying them are limited.


As these basic needs are satisfied, other needs will arise. That is why we say that human wants are insatiable. This is because human wants are unlimited while resources used in satisfying them are limited. SCARCITYScarcity refers to the limited available resources used in satisfying the unlimited human wants. These resources are scarce relative to their demand. It is as a result of scarcity of resources that needs the study of economics very essential in order to find alternative uses of these scarce resources. The available resources cannot satisfy all human wants. Since human wants are unlimited or insatiable relative to the available resources, we have to choose the most pressing ones and leave others that are less important because resources are scare. As a student you will need to buy school materials, e.g exercise books worth 100.00 but you have only 50.00. It can be seen that the money you have 50.00 , which is your resources, will not be sufficient to buy all you need. The available resources within the environment can never at any time be in abundance to satisfy all human wants. If resources were to be unlimited or abundant, no economics problem would arises and there would be no need for a study of economics. Scarcity is the central or basic economic problemsSCALE OF PREFERENCEScale of preference refers to a list of unsatisfied wants arranged in order of their relative importance. A scale of preference refers to a list of unsatisfied wants arranged in order of priority or importance. This aids decision-making. The most pressing needs are ranked first followed by the less pressing ones. In other words, it is a list showing the order in which we want to satisfy our wants arrange in order of priority. The drawing of scale of preference will make it easier for choice to be made. In order to achieve maximum satisfaction with limited resources at their disposal, an individual, firm and unsatisfied wants in order of priority. Each individual is assumed to have a scale of preference. This is because economics theory assumes that people always behave rationally and would satisfy their most pressing want first. For example, a student might rank his wants in following order according to their level of importance:Pair of school uniformExercise booksWrist watchDictionaryScientific calculatorAn arm chairIf he is to choose between items 1 and 4, he chooses the first. Scale of preference of individuals, firms and the government differ from time to time.


This is because economics theory assumes that people always behave rationally and would satisfy their most pressing want first. For example, a student might rank his wants in following order according to their level of importance:Pair of school uniformExercise booksWrist watchDictionaryScientific calculatorAn arm chairIf he is to choose between items 1 and 4, he chooses the first. Scale of preference of individuals, firms and the government differ from time to time. IMPORTANCE OF SCALE OF PREFERENCERanking of needsFinancial prudenceIdentification of highest priorityRational choiceEfficient utilization of limited resourcesOptimum allocation of resourcesMaximization of satisfactionThe importance of scale of preference can be paraphrased this way also:It helps individuals to rank their needs in order of importance. It helps us to manage our resources properly. It helps both individuals and government to identify the most important needs. It enhances optimum allocation of resources. It helps individuals, firms and government in the efficient utilization of resources. It helps economic agents to maximize their satisfaction. It helps individuals to make rational decision. CHOICEChoice can be defined as a system of selecting or choosing one out of a number of alternatives. Human wants are many and we cannot satisfy all of them because of our limited resources. We therefore, decide which of the wants we can satisfy first. Choice arises as a result of numerous human wants and the scarcity of the resources used in satisfying these wants. OPPORTUNITY COSTOpportunity cost is also known as a real cost or time cost. The concept of opportunity cost is used in economics to express cost in terms of foregone or sacrificed alternatives. Opportunity cost means the alternative foregone or sacrifice made in order to satisfy another want. It is the satisfaction of one s want at the expense of another want. Types of Business activitiesPeople carry out different business activities in order to earn income. Business activities are activities which involve the provision of goods or services with an aim of earning a profit. Activities done without the intention of making profit are referred to asnon-business activities. Business activities may be grouped into the following seven categories:a ExtractionThis involves obtaining goods from their natural setting e.g. mining, farming, lumbering, fishing, quarrying e.t.cb Processing-This involves the conversion of raw materials into moreuseful products without combining it with other goods.


Activities done without the intention of making profit are referred to asnon-business activities. Business activities may be grouped into the following seven categories:a ExtractionThis involves obtaining goods from their natural setting e.g. mining, farming, lumbering, fishing, quarrying e.t.cb Processing-This involves the conversion of raw materials into moreuseful products without combining it with other goods. Examples hereinclude milling grinding flour, refining oil, tanning of skins and hides,conversion of iron into steel e.t.cc Manufacturing-This involves combining different raw materials tocome up with one final product. Such activities include bread baking,making a table e.t.cd Construction-This involves building of structures such asbridges, ships, aeroplanes, houses, roads, railways e.t.ce Distribution of goods-This refers to the activities involved in movinggoods from where they are produced to where they are needed. Peoplewho carry out distribution are called distributors. Examples ofdistributors are wholesalers and retailers. F Trade-Activities in this category involve the buying and selling ofgoods with a view of making a profit. People involved in trade are calledtraders. G Provisions of Services-Activities in this category involve human acts which could be mental or physical. These include activities such as haircutting, hair styling, car-washing, nursing, teaching, driving, and entertaining e.t.c. Purpose of Business activityProvides goods and services from limited resources to satisfy unlimited wantsScarcity is the result of the economic problem limited resources and unlimited wantsChoice is necessary for scarce resources. This leads to opportunity costsSpecialization is required to make the most out of sourcesBusiness activityCombines factors of production to create goods and servicesGoods and services satisfy peoples wantsEmploys people and pays them wages so they can consume other productsBusiness objectivesAll businesses have objectives or aims to achieve. Their objectives may vary depending on the type of business and the situation the business is in. The most common objectives are:Profit: Profit is what keeps a company going and is the main objective of most businesses. Normally a business will try to obtain a satisfactory level of profits so they do not have to work long hours to pay too much tax. Increase added value: Value added is the difference between the price and material costs of a product. E.g.: If the price when selling a pen is Ksh.


Normally a business will try to obtain a satisfactory level of profits so they do not have to work long hours to pay too much tax. Increase added value: Value added is the difference between the price and material costs of a product. E.g.: If the price when selling a pen is Ksh. 3 and it costs Ksh.1 in material, the value added would be Ksh.2. However, this does not take in account overheads and taxes. Added value could be increased by working on products so that they become more expensive finished products. One easy example of this is a mobile phone with a camera would sell for much more than one without it. Of course, you will need to pay for the extra camera but as long as prices rise more than costs, you get more profit. Growth: Growth can only be achieved when customers are satisfied with a business. When businesses grow they create more jobs and make them more secure when a business is larger. The status and salary of managers are increased. Growth also means that a business is able to spread risks by moving to other markets, or it is gaining a larger market share. Bigger businesses also gain cost advantages, called economies of scale. Survival: If a business do not survive, its owners lose everything. Therefore, businesses need to focus on his objective the most when they are: starting up, competing with other businesses, or in an economic recession. Service to the community: This is the primary goal for most government owned businesses. They plan to produce essential products to everybody who need them. These business objectives or aims can conflict because different people in a business want different things at different times. Goods and servicesTypes of goods and servicesWe desire to have all the things to satisfy our present and future wants. Thus, our desire is for all those things that satisfy our wants. All these things are either material goods or services. If something is not wanted by anybody it will not be called a good or service. Therefore, we can divide the things that we wants into two categories: i Goods and ii Services. Goods are material things wanted by human beings. They can be seen or touched. Services are non-material things. These cannot be seen or touched only their effects are felt. When we are hungry, we take food. When we fall sick, we take medicines. When we study, we use book, notebook, pen, paper etc. All these are examples of goods which satisfy some of our wants.


When we fall sick, we take medicines. When we study, we use book, notebook, pen, paper etc. All these are examples of goods which satisfy some of our wants. All the things which satisfy human wants are good. However, wants for haircut, washing of cloths, mending of shoes, stitching of cloths, studying in a school or a college etc. Are not satisfied by goods. These are satisfied by the services performed by a barber, washer man, cobbler, tailor and teacher etc. So some of our wants are satisfied by goods and some by services. Hence, all the human wants can be satisfied by goods and services. Classification of Goods and Services:Goods and services are of many types. However, these can be classified into some broad groups. These are discussed below: i Free Goods and Economic goods:The goods which have unlimited supply and are provided as free gift of nature. The goods which are not man-made and do not have to pay anything to get them. These goods are known as Free Goods . For example, air, sea, water, sunlight, sand in the desert etc. On the other hand, goods like vegetables, grains, minerals, fruits, fishes etc. Which are neither man-made nor unlimited supply of nature are known as Economic Goods All these goods are sold and purchased in the market only. Ii Free Services and Economic Services:Services which cannot be bought in the market and which are only rendered out of love, affection etc. Are known as Free Services . For example, all services given by the parents to their children are free services. However, all the services that can be bought in the market are Economic Services . Services rendered by doctors, teachers, lawyers, barbers, cobblers etc. Are the example of economic services. Iii Consumer Goods and Capital Goods:The goods which are directly used by the consumer for the purposes of consumption are known as Consumer Goods The example of consumer goods are bread, biscuit, butter, jam, rice, fish, egg, shoes, shirts, fan, book, pen, cooking gas etc. On the other hand, all the goods which are not directly used to satisfy consumption but which are used in further production are called Producer Goods or Capital Goods . The examples are seeds, fertilizers, tools, machines, raw materials etc.


Iii Consumer Goods and Capital Goods:The goods which are directly used by the consumer for the purposes of consumption are known as Consumer Goods The example of consumer goods are bread, biscuit, butter, jam, rice, fish, egg, shoes, shirts, fan, book, pen, cooking gas etc. On the other hand, all the goods which are not directly used to satisfy consumption but which are used in further production are called Producer Goods or Capital Goods . The examples are seeds, fertilizers, tools, machines, raw materials etc. Iv Consumer Services and Producer Services:When services are used directly by consumers to satisfy their wants, they are called consumer services. When services are used by producers to produce other goods and services, they are called producer services. When the tailor stitches our shirt, it is a consumer service However when the tailor stitches a shirt for a readymade garments shop, the service rendered by him is a producer service. V Single Use and Durable Use Goods:Goods both consumer goods and producer goods which are only used or consumed for single time or only once are known as single use goods. Bread, milk, fruits, vegetables etc. Are the example of single use consumer goods. On the other hand, seeds, fertilizers, raw materials etc. Are the example of single use producer goods. Some goods both consumer goods and producer goods can be used for a considerable period, that is, they can be used again and again. They are called durable use goods. For example, table, chair, cloths, shoes etc. Are the durable use consumer goods. On the other hand, tube wells, tractors, pump-sets etc. Are the example of durable use producer goods, vi Private Goods and Public Goods:On the basics of ownership goods can be classified into two groups. All the goods which are owned by private bodies are called private goods. For example, a car, a house, a motor bike, a mobile phone, books, a television set etc. Are the private goods. There are large number of goods which are collectively owned by the society, the public or the government. These are called public or government goods. For example, roads, bridges, hospitals, government schools etc. Are the public goods or the social goods or the government goods. Economic ResourcesCharacteristics of economic resourcesTypes of economic resources in KenyaWhat Are Economic Resources?


For example, roads, bridges, hospitals, government schools etc. Are the public goods or the social goods or the government goods. Economic ResourcesCharacteristics of economic resourcesTypes of economic resources in KenyaWhat Are Economic Resources? Economic resources are the different factors of production used to produce all goods and services in the economy. Economic theory is primarily concerned with allocating these resources so that the production of goods and services is done most efficiently and effectively. There are four general types of economic resources:Land or natural resourcesLaborCapitalEntrepreneurial abilitySustainable ways of using economic resourcesEconomic sustainability is the practice of conserving natural and financial resources to create long-term financial stability. A system that's sustainable can last far into the future with minimal negative impacts. In finance, this can mean reducing the worldwide consumption of valuable resources to ensure they're available to future generations to create financial stability and wealth. For example, by reducing the usage of fossil fuels and focusing on alternative fuel sources, companies, governments and consumers can help reduce the global impact of emissions and pollution from fossil fuels. Here are some examples of economic stability:Alternative energyAlternative energy sources, such as wind power, solar power and hydropower, can offer a more sustainable, clean and affordable solution to energy needs. Much of the world depends on fossil fuels like coal, oil and gasoline, which have a limited supply and create greenhouse gas emissions. Alternative energy sources depend on infinite natural processes or resources, which may make them more sustainable and affordable in the long term. Reducing fossil fuel consumption can help reduce tax burdens for consumers, decrease the costs of environmental impacts and create more energy equity among low-income populations, which can increase economic productivity. Sustainable agricultureMany farms are adopting sustainable agricultural practices to reduce soil degradation, which occurs from over-farming, and to reduce animal product consumption. Reducing food consumption and focusing on regenerative farming can help improve soil health, crop yields and the quality of farmed food and resources. Regenerative farming is a practice farmers use to rotate crops for better soil health, instead of farming the same crops, like corn, all year. Improving soil health and reducing animal product consumption can help keep food costs low, reduce carbon emissions and environmental damage and encourage better habits. Recycling and pollution reductionRecycling and reducing pollution is a common economic and environmental stability practice that can help increase the value of materials.


Regenerative farming is a practice farmers use to rotate crops for better soil health, instead of farming the same crops, like corn, all year. Improving soil health and reducing animal product consumption can help keep food costs low, reduce carbon emissions and environmental damage and encourage better habits. Recycling and pollution reductionRecycling and reducing pollution is a common economic and environmental stability practice that can help increase the value of materials. For example, a company producing aluminum cans can sustain operations by recycling used cans and creating molten aluminum for recasting, instead of mining for aluminum ore. This practice can reduce the company's environmental impact, saving the region both cleanup and restoration costs and reducing the organization's mining costs. Reducing pollution can also help reduce worldwide cleanup and restoration costs and the costs of climate change. Sustainable fisheriesCreating more sustainable fisheries can help reduce the environmental and economic impact of overfishing the oceans. Side effects of overfishing can include population declination, bycatch, or catching other species along with fish, and fishing equipment made of plastics and other materials discarded in waterways. Adopting more sustainable practices, like reducing fish consumption worldwide and reducing bycatch and fishing pollution, could create a more sustainable fishing environment, resulting in more stable profits and economic health for the fishing industry. It can also help ocean populations recover, which is crucial for ecosystems across the globe. Resource MappingResource mapping is a strategy for identifying and analyzing the programs, people, services, and other resources that currently exist in the country. This information can help leaders better assess the needs of the country and to make informed decisions about where to focus change efforts. Mapping StepsReach consensus on the parameters of the map select a goal to map. Select the data to be collected based on these parameters determine what types of resources you would like to collect. Develop tools to collect your data. Collect data with help from stakeholders. Conduct a community or environmental scan. Synthesize, analyze, and interpret your data. Communicate your findings. Set priorities. Develop related products. Importance of economic ResourcesResources are significant because: i They satisfy human wants both individual and social, ii They are a source or possibility of assistance, iii They are a means of development and support, iv They are an expedient, v They have capacity to take advantage of opportunities, and vi One relies on them for aid, support and supply.


Set priorities. Develop related products. Importance of economic ResourcesResources are significant because: i They satisfy human wants both individual and social, ii They are a source or possibility of assistance, iii They are a means of development and support, iv They are an expedient, v They have capacity to take advantage of opportunities, and vi One relies on them for aid, support and supply. Business communicationCommunication is an essential element in the success of any business. The process of transferring information from one person to another, within and outside the business environment, is termed as Business Communication. The term Business Communication is derived from general communication which is associated with business activities. In other terms, communication between business parties or people for business-related tasks is considered as Business Communication. Business Communication includes different aspects like marketing, public relations, customer relations, corporate and interpersonal communication, etc. Basic elements of Business communication:SenderBusiness informationReceiverFeedbackImportance of business communicationHelps in increasing productivity: Effective business communication increases the productivity of staff by boosting up teamwork. It creates a trustworthy and understanding environment among employers and employees. Effective communication is related to cooperating with employees and understanding their needs and desires. By doing so, employees are able to accomplish their tasks more effectively and efficiently. Also, the scope of doing mistakes or errors during their work minimizes due to effective communication. Helps in increasing customers: Customers are an important part of any business and effective business communication can facilitate in attracting new customers and retain the current customers. A well-defined marketing strategy and public relations campaign run by an organization generates the interest of customers in its goods or services and helps in building the corporate image in customers. Enhances business partnerships: Business Communication also improves partnerships in business. It plays a significant role in dealing with external business clients or vendors. Vendors may be required to communicate on products regularly for improvements. Also, an effective and harmonious relationship with other businesses determines the further success of an organization. A business unit that has developed its image as an entity for easy partnership through its effective communication can attract other business units for forming business relationships with them. Facilitates innovations in business: Effective business communication helps in business innovations as well as it facilitates employees to convey their ideas and suggestions openly. Similarly, at the time of launching any new product in the market, effective communication ensures the performance of the sales team, market acceptance of the product, fast delivery of products in the market, etc.


A business unit that has developed its image as an entity for easy partnership through its effective communication can attract other business units for forming business relationships with them. Facilitates innovations in business: Effective business communication helps in business innovations as well as it facilitates employees to convey their ideas and suggestions openly. Similarly, at the time of launching any new product in the market, effective communication ensures the performance of the sales team, market acceptance of the product, fast delivery of products in the market, etc. Information exchange: Business communication is required by an organization for exchanging information with internal and external stakeholders. This helps in achieving its goals effectively. Preparation of plans and policies: Through effective business communication, organizations can make their plans and policies properly. Relevant information is required for preparing these plans and policies. Through communication, different managers source information through reliable channels. Helps in solving problems or issues: Through different communication channels, managers get information about different routine and non-routine issues and based upon that they can take required actions to sort out those issues. Facilitates decision-making: Effective decisions require up-to-date information. Using effective communication, managers can acquire information from different sources and can utilize it for making correct decisions. Reduces chances of conflicts: Through effective communication different business parties can exchange information in a smooth way. This results in fewer conflicts, controversies, arguments between them. Business Communication MethodsDifferent methods of communicating in a business are as below:In-person Face-to-Face Business Communication: In-person communication is the most common and preferred method of business communication. As it is generally in the form of meetings or conferences which is face to face communication format. This requires refined in-person skills. This method also includes non-verbal communication i.e. body language. While having a conversation between two or more people in business, body language like gestures, facial expression, etc. Also play a vital role in communicating a person s attitude towards others. Communication by email system: An e-mail has become the most widely used communication system in any business. Due to its feature of sending and receiving mass or multiple messages at a time, email is considered as one of the preferred methods in business communication. It also increases efficiency as emails can be sent and responded in fast mode. The conversation through email can be among two or more than two people and is the best substitute for formal face to face meetings as discussions can be done in an email system.


Due to its feature of sending and receiving mass or multiple messages at a time, email is considered as one of the preferred methods in business communication. It also increases efficiency as emails can be sent and responded in fast mode. The conversation through email can be among two or more than two people and is the best substitute for formal face to face meetings as discussions can be done in an email system. Web conferencing: In the web conferencing method of business communication, the internet is being used for communication in meetings, conferences, presentations, seminars, and imparting training. It includes features like sharing of files, screens, real-time chatting, recording, etc. This can be considered as the most effective way of interacting with people sitting at different locations. Web conferencing is done by using the phone teleconferencing or video equipment videoconferencing . Written communication: Written business communication is a formal and detailed form of communication than other methods. Different written communication tools include formal letters, brochures, posters, etc. Other methods: There are other business communication methods like an instant messaging system. This technology is easy to use as one can easily connect with people while working offsite and have conversations without waiting so long. They also include WhatsApp, phone calls. Production of goods and servicesProduction: Refers to the creation of goods and services or increasing their usefulness through activities such as transporting them to where they are required. People who are involved in production of goods and services are referred to as producers. NdependenceImportance of ProductionTo produce is independence. If you don t produce, you will have to consume what has been produced. In this case, you have no choice but to the available options. People choose to be free and independent. The need for various goodsAvailability of goods and services: Production helps to ensure that goods and services are madeIncrease in wealth of people: Production assists people to accumulate wealth as a result of continuous employment. Importance of productionIncrease in export potential: Production also assists a state or nation to boost her export of goods and services to other nations. Acquisition of skills: The engagement of people in production leads them to acquire special skillsCharacteristics of Factors of ProductionMeaning: Factors of production refer to agents, components or resources which are combined together to produce goods and services. There are four factors of production. These are:Labour - is skillful: Labour becomes skillful through education and training.


Acquisition of skills: The engagement of people in production leads them to acquire special skillsCharacteristics of Factors of ProductionMeaning: Factors of production refer to agents, components or resources which are combined together to produce goods and services. There are four factors of production. These are:Labour - is skillful: Labour becomes skillful through education and training. Labour is a human factor: Labour is a human factor hence its supply can easily be controlled importance of productionLabour requires motivation: For labour to perform efficiently and increase its productivity, it must be motivated in one way or the other. Importance of productionLabour is not predictable: Labour as a factor of production cannot be easily predicted. Labour is not fixed: The supply of labour, unlike land, is not fixed as it varies in quantity and quality. Labour is perishable: Knowledge can diminish overtime as a result of continued unemployment, under-employment, age and death. Labour controls other factors of production: Labour controls and combines all other factors of production to make them more meaningful to the society. Labour has initiative: Labour can act on its own initiative. Classification of factors of productionCharacteristics of land as a factors of productionFixed supply: The total land area of earth in the sense of the surface area available to men is fixed. Therefore, the supply of lands is strictly limited. It is, no doubt, possible to increase the supply of land in a particular region to some extent through reclamation of land from sea areas or deforestation. No cost of production: Since land is a gift of nature, it has no cost of production. Since land is already in existence, no costs are to be incurred in creating it. In this sense, land differs from both labour which has to be reared, educated and trained and capital which has to be created by using labour and other scarce resources or by spending money . Differences in fertility: Another important feature of land is that it is not homogeneous. All grades plots of land are not equally productive or fertile. Some grades of land are more productive than others. And Ricardo argued that rent arises not only due to scarcity of land as a factor but also due to differences in the fertility of the soil. Mobility:Land is not geographically mobile. But, it is occupationally mobile. In most parts of India, for example, land has many alternative uses.