These are also known as free goodsIntermediate goods and finished goodsIntermediate goods cannot be used until they are further processedExample: cottonFinished goods have already been transformed into final products for consumptionExample: clothesTypes of servicesCommercial servicesBusiness use these services in conducting various business activitiesThey include banking services, insuranceSocial servicesThese are essential public services. They are provide by the government or other organisations such as non profit organisationsInclude services in education, sanitation, medical facilitiesPersonal services direct servicesThese are services provide by an individual according to their personal needsThey include teaching, healthcareImportance of goods and servicesGoods and services help satisfy consumer needs and wantsBusiness make money by producing and selling goods and servicesGoods and services ensure the community of businessSelling goods and services is a source of incomeDistinguishing between goods and servicesCharacteristics of goods and servicesThe characteristics of goods and services can be used to distinguish or differentiate goods and servicesGoods are tangible that is they can be touches and feltServices are intangible that is they cannot be touched or feltGoods can be separated from the sellerServices cannot be separated from the service providerOwnership of goods can be transferred from the seller to the buyerServices cannot be transferred to the clientGoods can be stored for future useServices cannot be stored for future useGoods can be quantified in various shapes and sizesServices cannot be quantifiedThe quality of goods can be standardisedthe quality of services cannot be standardisedGoods can be seen while services cannot be seenSources and places for buying goods and servicesGoods can be obtained from various sources and places. These places and sources include open air markets, kiosks, supermarkets online marketsServices are acquired from different service providers such as barbershops, transport operators, lawyers offices, they can be located at different placesGoods and services can be obtained through online markets platforms through websites and applicationsExamples of online services include online banking, where people can conduct banking transactions such online cash withdrawals and payments. Economic resourcesA resource is anything needed to accomplish a task or satisfy a need or a wantEconomic resources are the inputs used to produce goods and services for satisfaction of human needs and wants. Economic resources are those resources that require human effort to produce goods and services.


These places and sources include open air markets, kiosks, supermarkets online marketsServices are acquired from different service providers such as barbershops, transport operators, lawyers offices, they can be located at different placesGoods and services can be obtained through online markets platforms through websites and applicationsExamples of online services include online banking, where people can conduct banking transactions such online cash withdrawals and payments. Economic resourcesA resource is anything needed to accomplish a task or satisfy a need or a wantEconomic resources are the inputs used to produce goods and services for satisfaction of human needs and wants. Economic resources are those resources that require human effort to produce goods and services. They includeSoilMineralsMachinesVehiclesBuildingsToolsCharacteristics of economic resourcesCan change ownershipEconomic resources can change ownership from one person to another through sale or donationsHave utilityUtility means usefulness. Economic resources can be used to produce other goods and servicesScarce in supplyEconomic resources are not available in sufficient quantitiesHave monetary valueThey have a value that can be exchanges for ownershipHave alternative useEconomic resources may be put into different usesEg car owner may rent it for businessCan be complementaryDifferent economic resources may be consumed together such as a car with petrolCan be combinedDifferent economic resources are combined to produced the final productFor example a wooden chair is made using nails, timber and vanishTypes of economic resourcesHuman made resources artificial resourcesAre made by people to be used in producing goods and servicesExamples: machines, factories, vehiclesThese things aid the production of goods and services and make work easierHuman resourcesAre people who have the skills required in producing goods and servicesExamples; drivers, technicians, salespeople, farmers, carpenters, bakersNatural resourcesAre things that are naturally found in the environment and are important in the production of goods and resources. Examples; water, land, forests, mineralsThe distribution of economic resources is uneven. This means that different regions or places may have different types of resources. Example certain regions have rivers while others do notSustainable ways of using economic resources in KenyaSuitable use of economic resources mans using resources in a way that ensures we meet our own needs without affecting the ability of future generations to meet their needs.


Examples; water, land, forests, mineralsThe distribution of economic resources is uneven. This means that different regions or places may have different types of resources. Example certain regions have rivers while others do notSustainable ways of using economic resources in KenyaSuitable use of economic resources mans using resources in a way that ensures we meet our own needs without affecting the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Suitable use of resources aims ensure that future generation can be able to utilise economic resources to produce the products and services they needSome of the ways to sustainably use economic resources includePlanting trees after cutting down other tressTreating industrial wastes before disposing them to water bodies or releasing them int the airProtecting soil from the erosion to improve farm produceRecycling plastics and other harmful materials instead of dumping them anyhow. Tools, instruments or machines should be properly maintained. Employees or labourers should be treated well and paid fairly. This ensures their availability for future projectsEconomic resources are important and therefore should be used responsibly. Our community needs economic resources because of the following reasonsThey are used to create goods and services which satisfy human needs and wantsThey are a means of development because they are the key to the improved economic growth of a countryEconomic resources create employment opportunities for the people who utilise themEconomic resources create wealth and eradicate povertyResources mapping and classification of local economic resourcesPupil s activityPage 80-81Business communicationCommunication is the process of passing information from one person to another. Communication in business involves sharing information between people within and outside a businessImportance of communication in businessIt helps in decision makingGood communication provides all the necessary information that helps to make quality decisionsIt enhances public relationshipsGood communication enables the business to create a good image for the publicIt improves customer servicesCommunication enables the business to create good image for the publicIt helps give instructionsEffective communication helps business to get work done by issuing procedures and ordersIt enhances good relationship between business owners and employeesEffective communications ensure business owners and employees have a good working relationshipIt promotes business innovationSharing information stimulates creativity and innovation among the employeesIt increase productivityGood communication, motivates wor kers which increases productivityUse of ICT tools in business communicationTechnology has changed and improved how information is exchanged, shared in a business environment.


This ensures their availability for future projectsEconomic resources are important and therefore should be used responsibly. Our community needs economic resources because of the following reasonsThey are used to create goods and services which satisfy human needs and wantsThey are a means of development because they are the key to the improved economic growth of a countryEconomic resources create employment opportunities for the people who utilise themEconomic resources create wealth and eradicate povertyResources mapping and classification of local economic resourcesPupil s activityPage 80-81Business communicationCommunication is the process of passing information from one person to another. Communication in business involves sharing information between people within and outside a businessImportance of communication in businessIt helps in decision makingGood communication provides all the necessary information that helps to make quality decisionsIt enhances public relationshipsGood communication enables the business to create a good image for the publicIt improves customer servicesCommunication enables the business to create good image for the publicIt helps give instructionsEffective communication helps business to get work done by issuing procedures and ordersIt enhances good relationship between business owners and employeesEffective communications ensure business owners and employees have a good working relationshipIt promotes business innovationSharing information stimulates creativity and innovation among the employeesIt increase productivityGood communication, motivates wor kers which increases productivityUse of ICT tools in business communicationTechnology has changed and improved how information is exchanged, shared in a business environment. ICT is defined as a set of digital technological resources used to create, store, share and exchange information. There are numerous ICT tools used in business communication. They include computers laptops, printers, scanner, software programs, SmartphoneThese tools can be connected to the internet to improve communication in a business environmentThe internet allows information through electronic mails, online meetings, social media platforms, video and web conferencing, websitesComputers, phones and smart televisions can be connected to the internet to enable communication the business environmentProduction of goods and servicesProduction refers to the creation of goods and services to satisfy consumer needs and wants. Production involves transforming raw materials into finished goods and transporting the goods to reach the consumerThe final product becomes more useful when the consumer uses it.


There are numerous ICT tools used in business communication. They include computers laptops, printers, scanner, software programs, SmartphoneThese tools can be connected to the internet to improve communication in a business environmentThe internet allows information through electronic mails, online meetings, social media platforms, video and web conferencing, websitesComputers, phones and smart televisions can be connected to the internet to enable communication the business environmentProduction of goods and servicesProduction refers to the creation of goods and services to satisfy consumer needs and wants. Production involves transforming raw materials into finished goods and transporting the goods to reach the consumerThe final product becomes more useful when the consumer uses it. Therefore the goods and services produced must have utility to the userUtility refer to the ability of goods or services to satisfy human needs or wantsImportance of productionIt makes use of the available resources to make goods and servicesIt creates employment opportunitiesIt provides goods and services required to satisfy human needs and wantsIt improves trade in a country. This contribute to the economy of the countryFactors of production, their importance, characteristics and rewardsFactors or production are the resources needed to produce goods and servicesThey includeLandLabourCapitalEntrepreneurship.


GRADE 7 VISUAL ARTS LESSON NOTES TERM 1STRAND 1.0 THE ARTS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIPCATEGORIES OF ARTSARTS - This is a general term used to describe expression of creative human skill, feeling and imaginations. This is mainly appreciated for beauty and emotional value. The arts can be experienced through the following:Sense of lightHearingTouchSmellTasteEntrepreneurshipThis is the process of setting up, developing and running a business with the aim of getting profit. It requires marketing goods, services and new ideas in order to make profit. Visual artsThese are arts forms appreciated through the sense of sight. They are appreciated for their emotional power and beauty e.g. DrawingpaintingmontagecollageApplied ArtsApplied Arts are related to visual arts but involved making and decorating of everyday items. These items are for practical use or utilitarian purposesPerforming ArtsPerforming arts involves performance or presentation to the audience. Artist use the following in performing artsBody movementFacial expressionVoices artistic expressionIt can be done live to an audience or recorded for future useWritten or Literacy artThis writing of stories that have artistic and cultural value. They display the beauty of speech and language to convey meaning. It may be inform of stories novels, script writing and spoken films and poetry. The main reason for doing research is to get new information about a specific area. It also help you get different views and what people think about an issue. Researching on the categories of art will enable you find out about a wide area in the Art. Importance of doing research of artPreparation for a presentationFactors to consider when making preparation and presentation of art research . Relevance of the contentIt is important that the information in the presentation is relevant to the main topic. This help in preventing the speaker and the audience from talking about things not related to them. The information should be well organized starting from what the audience knows to providing new informationOral presentationWhen making oral presentation, use appropriate language and expressions. Remember also to maintain eye contact with the audience. 3. Team workEvery member of the group should actively participate in the activities. All members should take part in carrying out tasks during presentations. These includes: preparations, organization sample artwork, operating the equipment and answering questions from the audience.


Team workEvery member of the group should actively participate in the activities. All members should take part in carrying out tasks during presentations. These includes: preparations, organization sample artwork, operating the equipment and answering questions from the audience. All members should demonstrate respect for one another and unity when carrying out the group activity. Guidelines to follow when making a presentation on categories of artsIntroductionsIntroduce yourself and member of the group to the audience. Give the tittle of the presentation. 2. Body of the presentationDiscuss the meaning of the artsGive as many examples of the arts as possibleShow actual samples, pictures or drawing to emphasize your pointsDemonstrate where necessaryConclusionAsk the audience whether there are questions of contributionsAnswer the questions confidently, ask other group members, the audience of the teacher if you are not able to give a response to the question. When there are not more questions, thank the audience for the co- operation. Presentation and appreciation categories of artsA presentation involves talking to an audience about the topic, an idea or a product. The main purpose of a presentation is to pass information and persuade an audience about a certain idea or topic. Elements of presentationSpeaker of the presenterThe role of the presenter is to communicate with the audience. The speaker also controls the presentation. The presenter should involve the audience and other members of the group during presentation. The audienceThese are people the presenter will communicate with. It is important to maintain attention of the audience by involving them through questions and asking them to participate in some activities. The contentThis is the information you will pass to the audience. The resources used in the presentationThese may includesamples of artworkpresentation softwarechartspostersCareer pathways in the artsCareer pathways - is an area of study taken so as to lead and prepare someone for a specific career. The arts is a wide a field that has very many opportunities. Careers in the art range from traditional fine art emerging digital and media design. The artist therefore, has an opportunity to choose a career pathway that is interesting and suits their individual abilities in the world of work. Careers Path in Secondary schoolThe arts are offered as two subjects in lower secondary: performing and Visual arts. Performing arts include:musicdancetheatre and filmVisual and applied art:fine artapplied arttime based mediaPupil s activities Pg.


The artist therefore, has an opportunity to choose a career pathway that is interesting and suits their individual abilities in the world of work. Careers Path in Secondary schoolThe arts are offered as two subjects in lower secondary: performing and Visual arts. Performing arts include:musicdancetheatre and filmVisual and applied art:fine artapplied arttime based mediaPupil s activities Pg. 10Presentation on career pathways in the ArtWhen making a presentation on the career in the arts, follow the same procedure as in the categories of the arts. Make sure you have done a good research and that you have enough point for the presentation. Present your points in a simple and clear language that everyone will understand. Present your points in the simple and clear language that everyone will understand. Be careful when talking in a simple and eye contact with your audience. Respect others and appreciate their contributions. Categories of Visual ArtsThe visual arts can be classified as either two dimensional or three dimensional. The two dimensional art forms can be also written as 2D, while three dimensional written as 3D. The 2D FormsThese are art forms that only have length and width. These artworks are done on flat surfaces and have no depth. Examples of 2D artwork are:DrawingPaintingMontageThe 3D arts FormsThese are artwork with length, width and heightThese types of artwork have volumeThey can be turned around and viewed from more than one direction. Some examples of 3D artwork are:PotteryBasketryOrnamentsPresentation on the categories of 2D and 3d ArtsPupils activities page 19. 2.0 PICTURE MARKINGOne point perspective DrawingPerspective is the way objects appear it each other depending on the distance from and position of the viewer. Perspective drawing is therefore a technique of showing an illusion of depth and distance on a flat surface. When forms are drawn in perspective, those that are near the viewer appear larger and clearer than those further away from the viewer. Perspective drawing can be applied in all categories of drawing including landscape and still life drawing. Through perspective drawing, a 2d D drawing is made to appear 3 dimensional. This makes the drawing appear more realisticMaterials and tools required in drawingPencilRulesPaperEraserComponent of perspectiveIn order to draw in perspective.


Perspective drawing can be applied in all categories of drawing including landscape and still life drawing. Through perspective drawing, a 2d D drawing is made to appear 3 dimensional. This makes the drawing appear more realisticMaterials and tools required in drawingPencilRulesPaperEraserComponent of perspectiveIn order to draw in perspective. It is important to consider the projection lines or convergence lines, vanishing point and horizon. As described below. Projection or convergence linesThese are parallel lines on an object which appear to converge as they recede from the viewer. When projected further they will appear to meet at a point. Vanishing pointsThis is a point where the projected lines appear to meet. The vanishing point will always be found at the horizon. Horizon pointIn nature, the horizon is the line along where the sky appear to meet the ground, however, in perspective drawing is used to refer to a horizontal lines drawn along the vanishing point. Horizon lineProjection linesOne point perspectiveA one perspective is created in a drawing that has only one vanishing point. Where drawing a picture in one point perspective, the planes directly facing the viewer are flat and made up of horizontal and vertical lines. The planes facing the viewer are created by using projection lines that appear to meet at one vanishing point. For example, when you look at a straight road directly in front of you. It appears to narrow and converge at a point in a distance; a one point perspective can be created from different angles or eye view. Eye viewEye view in a composition is determined by the position of the viewer; a drawing can be done from worm s eye. Normal eye view or bird s eye view. Worm s eye viewNormal eye viewWorm s eye viewThis is a view of an object from below. When observing an object from the worm s eye viewer will see mainly the bottom of the object. Normal eye viewAt normal eye view, the object being observed is at the same level as the viewer s eyes. In this view point, the observer will see mainly the sides of the objects. Bird s eye viewThis is a view of an object from above. In bird s view, the viewer will see mainly top of an object. The vanishing point in the bird s eye view can be at the side as shown in the table below. Drawing cuboid in one point perspectiveA cuboid is a three dimensional that has six rectangular faces.


In bird s view, the viewer will see mainly top of an object. The vanishing point in the bird s eye view can be at the side as shown in the table below. Drawing cuboid in one point perspectiveA cuboid is a three dimensional that has six rectangular faces. It can also have four rectangular and two square faces. Examples of cuboids are package boxes, books suitcases and building blocks. Drawing cuboid from Normal eye viewAt normal eye view the cuboid is at the same level with the viewer s eyes. When observing a cuboid from the same level as the eyes, the viewer will see mainly the sides of the object. Procedure of drawing a cuboid from normal eye viewDrawing a Cuboid from Bird s Eye viewIn bird eye view the object being drawn is viewed from above. When observing a cuboid from bird s eye view, the viewer will see the object from the top. Procedure of Drawing a Cuboid from Bird s Eye viewDrawing a cuboid from Worms Eye ViewIn worms eye view, the object drawn is viewed from below. When observing a cuboid from worm s eye view. The object will be above the viewer. Still life compositionA still life is a drawing of non- living objects arranged on a surface. Still life drawing can be done from observation, memory or imagination. A composition means arranging or placing different objects together. Procedure of preparing a still life compositionPrepare the surface where the object will be placedSelect the object whose basic forms are cuboid from your environment. Examples of such objects are packaging boxes, large books, mathematic set and building blocksPlace the objects that have a variety of colours, dimension and sizes to create a center of focus. Place the objects on the surface with some overlappingPlace large object at the centerMake the object parallel to other so that can be drawn In one point perspective. Procedure of making still life composition with a cuboidPAINTINGPainting is a picture making technique involving the application of colour on a surface. The use of colour enables the artists to express ideas in pictorial compositions. The subject matter in these compositions could be human forms, animals, sceneries and also objects of different types.


This is a gradation strip showing how a colour gradually reduces or increases its intensity. Procedure to paint an intensity scaleValue gradation stripA value gradation strip is also known as a value chart. It refers to a strip showing a colour reducing or increasing in darkness or lightness. The value of a colour can be changed into two ways:By adding white to make the colour lighter. This is referred to as tinting. By adding black to make the colour darker. This is referred to as shading. Procedure to paint a value gradation strip by tinting and Shading.


GRADE 7 TERM 1CRE LESSON NOTESINTRODUCTION TO CREImportance of studying CREThe meaning of studying CRECRE involves the study of religious beliefs and practices of Christians. It is the study of how human beings depend on God and how God intervenes to save human beings. CRE is a subject studied in Kenyan schools to develop the mind, behaviour and character of the learners. It is also a subject that shows God s relationship with man. Importance of studying CREStudying CRE is important becauseIt makes one understand that God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit operate as one. It helps one dispute knowledge and attitude s to make the right decisions in life. Enables one think critically and make moral decisions on challenges affecting one s life and the societyOne becomes exposed to cultural heritage, enhancing national unity through respect for each community. One develops as a whole person, body, soul and spiritOne becomes courageous in the study of creation one is empowered to utilise the ability to control God s creationIt helps you relate with each other well through care and hospitalityThe moral values you acquire helps you to take care of the environmentOne acquires respect for oneself and hence living a productive lifeOne acquires the principle of sharing and social justice, enabling them to coexist with othersOne acquires the skills that enable him or her promote economic developmentIt enables one to acquire ICT skills as they search for more knowledgeOne develops communication skills through discussion and debate with other learners. NBIt provides answers to life mysteries e.g. the question of life after death, the origin of mankind, etc. It enables students to develop vivid awareness of God and how God reveals himself. It is a career subject, whose learners major in Law and theological training. It instils respect, protection and conservation of God s creation. It highly promotes human dignity. It helps students to appreciate their culture as well. It equips the youth with life skills such as critical thinking, which enables them to face challenges wisely. With regard to national goals of education, it promotes national development by instilling a positive attitude towards work. It equips learners with values that promote economic development. It helps learners to understand themselves better. It enables students to see the power of God controlling their own lives. It enables students to respond adequately to God s teachings and to relate well to others. It is a service of natural guidance. It promotes cultural integration. It promotes social equality and justice.


It is a service of natural guidance. It promotes cultural integration. It promotes social equality and justice. How CRE helps us to relate well with othersIt has helped developed skills as ability to listenIt helps acquire values such as respect for self and othersIt helps someone to make moral decisions. This helps people to associate with the right peopleObedience to God s command of loving our neighbour teaches us to care about others. Moral and religious values acquired from studying of CREHumilityRespectHard workDisciplineHonestyIntegrityResponsibilityUnityLoveHospitalityCREATIONAccounts of CreationThe Biblical accounts of creationFirst accountSecond accountThe first biblical account of creationGenesis 1:131, 2:1-4It gives record on what was created within the first 6 days. Humans beings were created lastFrom the first account of creation, we learn God is all powerful because He created the universe with one command. He is a God or order. He created the universe and everything in it in an orderly manner. God is the provider. He provides for human beings to meet their needs. Leisure time was instituted. The second Biblical account of creationGenesis 2;4-25In the second account of creation, there was no one to cultivate the land when God created the universe. God took soil from the ground and formed man. God breathed life into himHuman beings were created first. Man was created out of dustGod breathed life into mans nostrilsMan was put into the Garden of Eden. The tree of knowledge and life giving stood in the middle of the garden. Men was commanded to use everything in the garden except tree of knowledge of good and evilThe forbidden fruit from the tree was not supposed to be eaten. Eating from the tree would result to death. God gave man the responsibility to take care of the environmentGod created all birds and all animalsMan was given the responsibility of naming all the creaturesHe named all the birds and animals, but none was suitable helper for himAdam became lonely. A woman was created out of Adam s rib for companionship and a helper.


Eating from the tree would result to death. God gave man the responsibility to take care of the environmentGod created all birds and all animalsMan was given the responsibility of naming all the creaturesHe named all the birds and animals, but none was suitable helper for himAdam became lonely. A woman was created out of Adam s rib for companionship and a helper. Attributes nature of God from the Genesis stories of creationGod is omnipotent all powerfulGod is orderly and perfectGod is omnipresent everywhereGod is transcendentGod is the sustainer providerGod is the sole creatorHe is a moral GodHe is a loving GodHe is a spiritHe is everlasting self existenceGod is source of goodnessGod is HolyGod is a workerThere is only one God. Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things.


A woman was created out of Adam s rib for companionship and a helper. Attributes nature of God from the Genesis stories of creationGod is omnipotent all powerfulGod is orderly and perfectGod is omnipresent everywhereGod is transcendentGod is the sustainer providerGod is the sole creatorHe is a moral GodHe is a loving GodHe is a spiritHe is everlasting self existenceGod is source of goodnessGod is HolyGod is a workerThere is only one God. Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things. Differences in the two biblical accounts of creationNBThere is a chronological order of events in the first account of creation as opposed to the secondIn the first account, male and female are created at the same time whereas in the second account man is created first then woman is out of his ribsIn the first account, creation is out of the command let there be , yet, in the second, man is made out of dustIn the first account, man names what he creates as opposed to the second where man is given the opportunity to name the animalsA Sabbath day allocated for rest appears on the first while in the second account it wasn t mentionedThe Garden of Eden mentioned in the second account wasn t in the firstIn the second creation account are four rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon and Pishon , which were not mentioned in the firstMan was given a responsibility to till the land in the second but not in the firstIn the second account, the forbidden tree appears but this misses in the first accountIn the first account, God created human beings for procreation while in the second account they were created for companionshipThe second account of creation is human centred while the first does not shore this.


Attributes nature of God from the Genesis stories of creationGod is omnipotent all powerfulGod is orderly and perfectGod is omnipresent everywhereGod is transcendentGod is the sustainer providerGod is the sole creatorHe is a moral GodHe is a loving GodHe is a spiritHe is everlasting self existenceGod is source of goodnessGod is HolyGod is a workerThere is only one God. Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things. Differences in the two biblical accounts of creationNBThere is a chronological order of events in the first account of creation as opposed to the secondIn the first account, male and female are created at the same time whereas in the second account man is created first then woman is out of his ribsIn the first account, creation is out of the command let there be , yet, in the second, man is made out of dustIn the first account, man names what he creates as opposed to the second where man is given the opportunity to name the animalsA Sabbath day allocated for rest appears on the first while in the second account it wasn t mentionedThe Garden of Eden mentioned in the second account wasn t in the firstIn the second creation account are four rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon and Pishon , which were not mentioned in the firstMan was given a responsibility to till the land in the second but not in the firstIn the second account, the forbidden tree appears but this misses in the first accountIn the first account, God created human beings for procreation while in the second account they were created for companionshipThe second account of creation is human centred while the first does not shore this. It is man centredIn the first account God created in union with the spirit Holy Trinity while in the second account God is aloneIn the first account human beings were created last while in the second they came firstThe first account takes six days to be complete unlike the second where days were not mentionedIn the first account, God appreciates everything he creates.


Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things. Differences in the two biblical accounts of creationNBThere is a chronological order of events in the first account of creation as opposed to the secondIn the first account, male and female are created at the same time whereas in the second account man is created first then woman is out of his ribsIn the first account, creation is out of the command let there be , yet, in the second, man is made out of dustIn the first account, man names what he creates as opposed to the second where man is given the opportunity to name the animalsA Sabbath day allocated for rest appears on the first while in the second account it wasn t mentionedThe Garden of Eden mentioned in the second account wasn t in the firstIn the second creation account are four rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon and Pishon , which were not mentioned in the firstMan was given a responsibility to till the land in the second but not in the firstIn the second account, the forbidden tree appears but this misses in the first accountIn the first account, God created human beings for procreation while in the second account they were created for companionshipThe second account of creation is human centred while the first does not shore this. It is man centredIn the first account God created in union with the spirit Holy Trinity while in the second account God is aloneIn the first account human beings were created last while in the second they came firstThe first account takes six days to be complete unlike the second where days were not mentionedIn the first account, God appreciates everything he creates. We are not told this in the second. Importance of learning about creationHelps us to know and understand God s creation work.


It is man centredIn the first account God created in union with the spirit Holy Trinity while in the second account God is aloneIn the first account human beings were created last while in the second they came firstThe first account takes six days to be complete unlike the second where days were not mentionedIn the first account, God appreciates everything he creates. We are not told this in the second. Importance of learning about creationHelps us to know and understand God s creation work. Helps to appreciate God s great workHelps us to know how the first account differs from the second oneSimilarities and differences between the biblical account and African creation storiesAfricans view creationAfricans believe that creation originated from God the creator. Each community has a myth that explains its originAfricans see God as mysterious in his deeds, for they fail to explain how he created the earth. Africans see human beings as special and that God creates everything for them. God provided the first human beings with all the necessities of life. The first people lived happily with God and lacked nothing. Marriage was mainly for procreation. Similarities - biblical account and African creation storiesIn both, God is the sole creator. Man is the climax of creation. God is supreme. In both, man was given a wife for company. God is portrayed as a potter. God is the providerCreation of human took place at the end of the creation of thingsBetween the biblical account and African creation storiesIn biblical view, the order of creation is given, while the order of creation in the traditional view is not mentionedIn biblical view , everything was created to benefit human beings, some communities believe that god gave specific things to specific communitiesChristian responsibility over animals, fish and birdsBiblical teaching on responsibility given to human beings over animals birds and fishChristians have stewardship over Gods creation and they should care for everything in itOur responsibility is to take care of these creations and use them for our benefits but in a responsibly wayPupil s activityPage 19-20Ways in which Christians apply biblical teachings to protect animals , fish and birdsAccording to Genesis 2:15-20 and James 3;7 human beings are give authority to name and tame animals , birds and fish.


In both, man was given a wife for company. God is portrayed as a potter. God is the providerCreation of human took place at the end of the creation of thingsBetween the biblical account and African creation storiesIn biblical view, the order of creation is given, while the order of creation in the traditional view is not mentionedIn biblical view , everything was created to benefit human beings, some communities believe that god gave specific things to specific communitiesChristian responsibility over animals, fish and birdsBiblical teaching on responsibility given to human beings over animals birds and fishChristians have stewardship over Gods creation and they should care for everything in itOur responsibility is to take care of these creations and use them for our benefits but in a responsibly wayPupil s activityPage 19-20Ways in which Christians apply biblical teachings to protect animals , fish and birdsAccording to Genesis 2:15-20 and James 3;7 human beings are give authority to name and tame animals , birds and fish. The responsibility to name the animals and birds means man was given authority to control all the creaturesTaming animals is a show of authority over them. Pupil s activityPage 20-21Ways in which Christians promote and protect animals, fish and birdsThere are different strategies for taking care of God s creatures likeConstructing good houses for domestic animalsFencing our farms well to keep away wild animalsAnimals need food, shelter and security to be healthy. Pupil s activityPage 21-22Reducing conflicts between human beings and wild animalsThe Kenya constitution protects animals from violence, overworking them when they are unwell, starvation, denial of water, abandonment, poisoning, careless surgery procedures, hunting and killing them. We should learn to co exist with wild animals to reduce conflicts with them. Pupil s activityPage 22-23Importance of protecting animals, fish and birdsAnimals, fish and birds are important to human beingsThey provide food, clothing and income. Some animals provide manure for farming. Animals are companions and help us to workTheir products support dairy industries, wool industries, leather and fishing industries. These sectors employ many peopleBirds help in the pollination of plants. As a result human beings, animals and birds also get food.


Animals are companions and help us to workTheir products support dairy industries, wool industries, leather and fishing industries. These sectors employ many peopleBirds help in the pollination of plants. As a result human beings, animals and birds also get food. Pupil s activityPage 22-25Christian responsibility over plantsDifferent plants found in the environmentPupil s activityPage 27-28Responsibilities given to human beings over plantsGenesis 1:29, Genesis 2:15, Psalms 104:14They were to be in charge of the Garden of EdenTo eat from the fruits of the gardenTo take care of God s creation. God has provide us with plants. Human being have been given the responsibility to take care of the plants to benefit themselves and animals. We care for plants by applying manure, weeding, watering and spraying pesticides. We also take care protecting them from animals that feed themPupil s activityPage 28How Christians apply biblical teachings on the care for plants and conserve the environmentHuman beings have a responsibility to conserve the environment. We can conserver the environment byThrough afforestation and reafforestationEvading eradicating environmental pollution. Use of proper farming methods e.g. contours farming. Conserving water towers. Through provision of education, geared towards teaching people how to cope with the environment. Carrying out irrigationWays in which prudent use of plants contributes to economic growthPrudent use of plants contributes to economic growth. Prudent is the careful use of what you have to benefit you now and in the future. Prudent use of plants means taking care of plants, using what they produce carefully so that they can benefit us now and in the futureEconomic growth is an increase of plants in the production of goods and services from one period of time to another. It is good to take care of plants and harvest them properly. These practices will ensures that there is food for consumption. The surplus can be sold to avoid wastage and earn revenue. Storing farm produce well after harvest is important. One can use the harvest for a period and save the farmer from buying the same foodstuff in the future. The money which would have been used to purchase similar produce is used for other purpose. Well stores seeds can be planted in the future, saving one from buying the same farm input.


One can use the harvest for a period and save the farmer from buying the same foodstuff in the future. The money which would have been used to purchase similar produce is used for other purpose. Well stores seeds can be planted in the future, saving one from buying the same farm input. Reforestation and replanting crops ensure that one has enough to use and at the same time, ensure a regular supply of the produce to the farmer. This contributes to steady source of income. African teachings on responsibility over plants and animalsThere are different types of plants and animals that Africans keep. Some crops initially grown by specific African communities in specific geographical locationsThe Africans took care of plants and animals as a responsibility from GodTypes of indigenous plantsCassavaSweet potatoesMilletSorghumYamsPumpkinsArrowrootsTypes of indigenous animalsCattleChickenBeesGoatsCamelsDonkeyThe importance of taking care of plants and animals in African contextThey were sources of food. The plants provided medicinal herbsOther plants provided wood for construction of houses and making utensilsWood was used as a source of energyPlants and animals provided materials for making musical instruments like kayambaSome plants and animals were also used as totems. Animals provided skins and hides for making clothesSome animals like dogs provide security to manOther were used as pack animals and others were used for transport. Example donkeyAnimal horns were used for horn blowing which was means of communication. Ways in which Africans promoted care and conservation of all types of plantsThe Africans protected plants by weeding, pruning, mulching, shading, trapping and scaring away animals that fed on the plants. They also preserved seeds of the plants to last longer during dry periods and to protect them from small such as rats and weevils. This conservation ensured that Africans had seeds to plants during the rainy seasons. Preserved seeds and plants served as source of food during drought. Africans used fire to make plants sprout out more serving as food for the animals.


This conservation ensured that Africans had seeds to plants during the rainy seasons. Preserved seeds and plants served as source of food during drought. Africans used fire to make plants sprout out more serving as food for the animals. How Africans ensured protection of all types of animals and birdsAfrican ensured protection of all animals, fish and birds in different waysPupil s activityPage 42How Africans ensured protection of fishAvoid overfishingUse of proper netsPupil s activityPage 43How Africans promoted health of animalsAfricans cared for and protected domestic animals against wild animals by fencing their compounds and sleeping in the same place with the animals. They scared away wild animals that predated on their domestic animals by using different methods. Eg use of scarecrows, fire, noiseIn the events of disease. Africans treated their animals using selected plants such as Aloe vera while making them healthier by providing lick stones with mineral salts. They knew how to take care of animals during birth which ensured the growth in population. Animal products such as meat were preserved to last long for use during drought. Preservation was a way of ensuring food was not wastedYoung animals were left to suckle up to a time when they could eat grass and other types of vegetation. THE BIBLEFUNCTION OF THE BIBLEThe Bible is the inspired word of God. How the Bible is used in different places and occasionsThe Bible is used when taking oaths in courts of law. It is used in schools and colleges for learning, during graduation ceremonies, prayers and research. It is used in statehouse or during state functions, during the swearing in ceremonies and prayers. It is used in churches and during crusades for preaching. It is used at home for personal use during prayer time and home studyIn hospitals when praying for the sickSome Christians use the Bible before travelling to pray for journey merciesImportance of BibleJohn 1:1-2, Proverbs 30:5-6It contains the word of GodIt gives hope to ChristiansIt helps us to understand biblical truthsThe Bible helps a person to discover the will of GodGod speaks to people through the scripturesThe Bible corrects people when they are wrong and teaches them to do right. Christians should used exemplary lives.


It is used in churches and during crusades for preaching. It is used at home for personal use during prayer time and home studyIn hospitals when praying for the sickSome Christians use the Bible before travelling to pray for journey merciesImportance of BibleJohn 1:1-2, Proverbs 30:5-6It contains the word of GodIt gives hope to ChristiansIt helps us to understand biblical truthsThe Bible helps a person to discover the will of GodGod speaks to people through the scripturesThe Bible corrects people when they are wrong and teaches them to do right. Christians should used exemplary lives. God protects those whose seek his protection and rebukes liarsThe Bible is the word of God and it was written by people who inspired by the spirit of God. The Bible unites people of God, strengthens the faith of the belivers and outlines values for quality Christian living. How the Bible is used to spread the word of GodThe Bible is used in spreading the word of God in the following ways:Christians songs are composed using Bible messagesThe Bible is distributed to individuals to read the word of GodIt is used for instructing and teaching new converts of Christian doctrineIt is used to take oaths therefore, increasing the faith of those who participateChristians translate the Bible to vernacular so that many people can read and understand. The role of the Bible for holistic growthHolistic growth involves physical, emotional, social, intellectual and spiritual growth. The Bible helps Christians to grow holisticallyHow the Bible promotes spiritual growthSpiritual growth includesIncreasing your knowledge and understanding of the word of GodIncrease in faith and trust in GodDeveloping Christ-like qualitiesRole of the Bible in promoting physical growthPupil s activityPage 51Role of the Bible in promoting moral growthMoral growth is the process of developing proper attitudes and behaviuour towards other people based on cultural norms and lovePupil s activityPage 51Role of the Bible in promoting social, emotional and intellectual growthSocial growthThe Bible tells us that everyone is created in God s image. Therefore we should not discriminate against others. We should help those in need, respect and love our neighbour as we love ourselvesEmotional growthThe Bible builds our emotions. When facing sad and difficult situations. It brings us close to God.


We should help those in need, respect and love our neighbour as we love ourselvesEmotional growthThe Bible builds our emotions. When facing sad and difficult situations. It brings us close to God. God provides everything for our enjoyment and we should express our joy to him. Intellectual growthAs we grow in strength, the Bible helps us to grow in wisdom. God gives us the ability to comprehend, think, reason and remember. The Bible helps us to make correct decisions for quality Christian living. How God s word inspires different services among ChristiansChristian service is demonstration of who we are in Christ. The Bible teaches people to love God and humankind. Helping the needy in the society improves a person s relationship with GodService offered to others is part of Christian living and makes the world a better place to live. Serving others makes one happy and enriches other people s lives. The word of God has inspired different services among Christians. For example, Christians visit the orphans, give them food, clothes and even take them to school. Christians donate food, money and medicine to help people suffering when disasters like floods, accidents earthquakes, drought and famine occurChristians support refugees by counselling, educating and giving medical care. They also offer shelter, food and sometimes employment. For people who are unable to attend church service, the gospel is taken to them through crusades and public rallies. Divisions of the BibleThe Bible has 2 divisionsOld testaments - 39 booksNew testaments 27 booksWhy are there two divisions of the BibleThe two divisions were written at different times in human historyThe two divisions were addressed to different people and individualsThe messages contained in the two testaments address different issues that were of specific concern to the people addressed. Importance of the two divisions of the Bible to ChristiansThe old testaments talks about how the world was created, the Exodus of Israelites and Ten Commandments given to Moses by God. The testaments also includes real life storiesThe function of this testament is to teach Christians through the experiences of other people throughout history. Several books also foretell the arrival of the Messiah and the end of the world. The New Testament focuses more on the life and teachings of Jesus and the early church. The stories are narrated through gospels and emphasise the importance of the sacrifices of Jesus. The function of the New testaments is to lead people to follow the example of Jesus more closely.


The New Testament focuses more on the life and teachings of Jesus and the early church. The stories are narrated through gospels and emphasise the importance of the sacrifices of Jesus. The function of the New testaments is to lead people to follow the example of Jesus more closely. The other books, written by various authors also talk about the end of the world. The books of the old testaments according to classificationOLD TESTAMENTIt was originally written in Hebrew. It was written before Jesus Christ came to exist physically. It was later translated to Greek and other languages. The following are groups of books in the Old Testament respective of their appearance. Torah Pentateuch law mosaic. Historical books. Major Prophets Books. Minor prophet books. Torah Pentateuch law mosaic. They were written by Moses. GenesisExodusLeviticusNumbersDeuteronomyGenesis means origin or beginningExodus means coming out or departureNumbers means censusLeviticus explains rules and regulation of priests. The Ten Commandments Decalogue are found in the book of exodus and Deuteronomy. Historical books. Contains the history of what happened to the Israelites and its neighbours. Poetic wisdom booksMajor prophetic booksMinor prophetic booksNB:Genesis is the first book of the Bible and the Old Testament. Malachi is the last book of the Old Testament. The books of the New testaments according to classificationThe New Testament is the period after Christ is born, it is the fulfilment of tthe old testament prophecies of Jesus. NEW TESTAMENTIt was originally written in Greek. Written after Christ. The groups of books found in the new testament are:Gospel books. Historical books. Pauline epistles. General epistles. Prophetic bookGospel booksThey explain the events in life of Jesus from birth to his ascension in Bethany. Gospel books are divided into two groups:Synoptic booksNon- synoptic book. Synoptic BooksThey explain full life history of JesusThey are: Matthew, mark and Luke. Non- Synoptic Book. It does not explain full history of Jesus. It is the book of John. Historical bookActs of apostleThe writer of acts of apostle was Luke. It explains the life of believers in the early church.


It is the book of John. Historical bookActs of apostleThe writer of acts of apostle was Luke. It explains the life of believers in the early church. Pauline epistlesThese are letters which were written by Paul while he was in prison. They areRomans1 Corinthians2 CorinthiansGalatiansEphesiansPhilippiansColossians1 Thessalonians2 Thessalonians1 timothy2 TimothyTitusPhilemonGeneral epistlesWritten by different writers who were inspired by God. Prophetic booksRevelation apocalypse disclosureIt was written by John after having a vision on Patmos Island. Revelation contains the writings about the last days. NB;Matthew is the first book of the New Testament. Revelation is the last book of the Bible and the New Testament. Bible translationTo translate means to express spoken or written words in a language that is different from one that was initially used. How people benefited from different translations of the BibleSpread of the word of God and the general growth of the church. Higher demand for formal education in Africa so as to read the Bible. It increased the number of Africans in church leadership. Unity of mankind, especially through ecumenism. It made African Christians more active than passive. Africans leaned foreign languages e.g. English. Many missionaries were able to learn African languages. African languages developed from oral to written form. Introduction of new concepts and terms into local languages. Development of African theology. Many employment opportunities. For instance, people are employed to work for the Bible Society of Kenya. Emergence of African indigenous churches. Africans rediscovered their culture and developed confidence in it. Fast growth of the printing industry. Establishment of Bible societies in Africa e.g.


Africans rediscovered their culture and developed confidence in it. Fast growth of the printing industry. Establishment of Bible societies in Africa e.g. the Bible society of KenyaReasons that led to the translations of the Bible into local languagesTo enable the word of God to reach more peopleTo train local people to take leadership skillsTo facilitate the expansion of the churchTo indigenise ChristianityTo establish local translation society for example Kenya s Bible societyThe different translations of the BibleWhen missionaries began to evangilise in African there was a need to translate the Bible into local languages of the local people to have the scripture in a language they could understandToday the Bible has been translated into local languagesIn Kenya , the Bible society of Kenya is the main body mandated to translate the BibleSome of the translated Bibles include Kamba, Swahili, kikuyu, Kimiiru kimeru, Somali, Samburu, Borana, Luhyia BiblesThe different versions of the BibleA version is the construction of the languages that a translator of the Bible uses in their workThe Revised Standard Version;Good News;King James Bible;The Living Bible;The Jerusalem Bible;The New International Version;The Gideon International Bible;The Holy Bible;The New English Bible;The Jerome Bible;The African Bible;The Common Bible;The New Life Version;The Authorised Bible;The New King James VersionSocial effects of the translation of the Holy Bible into local languagesPeople can now read the Bible in their local languags and understand it betterIt has led to the development of African independent churchesIt has led to the development of local languages which have ben put down in written formAfricans have become leaders in their established churches as catechists, priests , pastors and deaconsEconomic effects of the translation of the holy Bible into local languagesIt has led to the establishment of BIBLE translations societies. The societies offer employment opportunitiesIt has led to the development of the Christian printing press and bookshops.


Establishment of Bible societies in Africa e.g. the Bible society of KenyaReasons that led to the translations of the Bible into local languagesTo enable the word of God to reach more peopleTo train local people to take leadership skillsTo facilitate the expansion of the churchTo indigenise ChristianityTo establish local translation society for example Kenya s Bible societyThe different translations of the BibleWhen missionaries began to evangilise in African there was a need to translate the Bible into local languages of the local people to have the scripture in a language they could understandToday the Bible has been translated into local languagesIn Kenya , the Bible society of Kenya is the main body mandated to translate the BibleSome of the translated Bibles include Kamba, Swahili, kikuyu, Kimiiru kimeru, Somali, Samburu, Borana, Luhyia BiblesThe different versions of the BibleA version is the construction of the languages that a translator of the Bible uses in their workThe Revised Standard Version;Good News;King James Bible;The Living Bible;The Jerusalem Bible;The New International Version;The Gideon International Bible;The Holy Bible;The New English Bible;The Jerome Bible;The African Bible;The Common Bible;The New Life Version;The Authorised Bible;The New King James VersionSocial effects of the translation of the Holy Bible into local languagesPeople can now read the Bible in their local languags and understand it betterIt has led to the development of African independent churchesIt has led to the development of local languages which have ben put down in written formAfricans have become leaders in their established churches as catechists, priests , pastors and deaconsEconomic effects of the translation of the holy Bible into local languagesIt has led to the establishment of BIBLE translations societies. The societies offer employment opportunitiesIt has led to the development of the Christian printing press and bookshops. Leadership in the Bible: MosesExodus 2:11-13, exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12During the call of Moses, god told Moses that he had heard the cry of his people Israelites God wanted to send Moses to the king of Egypt so that he could lead his people out of the countryCharacteristics of a good leaderGod fearing.


The Bible society of KenyaReasons that led to the translations of the Bible into local languagesTo enable the word of God to reach more peopleTo train local people to take leadership skillsTo facilitate the expansion of the churchTo indigenise ChristianityTo establish local translation society for example Kenya s Bible societyThe different translations of the BibleWhen missionaries began to evangilise in African there was a need to translate the Bible into local languages of the local people to have the scripture in a language they could understandToday the Bible has been translated into local languagesIn Kenya , the Bible society of Kenya is the main body mandated to translate the BibleSome of the translated Bibles include Kamba, Swahili, kikuyu, Kimiiru kimeru, Somali, Samburu, Borana, Luhyia BiblesThe different versions of the BibleA version is the construction of the languages that a translator of the Bible uses in their workThe Revised Standard Version;Good News;King James Bible;The Living Bible;The Jerusalem Bible;The New International Version;The Gideon International Bible;The Holy Bible;The New English Bible;The Jerome Bible;The African Bible;The Common Bible;The New Life Version;The Authorised Bible;The New King James VersionSocial effects of the translation of the Holy Bible into local languagesPeople can now read the Bible in their local languags and understand it betterIt has led to the development of African independent churchesIt has led to the development of local languages which have ben put down in written formAfricans have become leaders in their established churches as catechists, priests , pastors and deaconsEconomic effects of the translation of the holy Bible into local languagesIt has led to the establishment of BIBLE translations societies. The societies offer employment opportunitiesIt has led to the development of the Christian printing press and bookshops. Leadership in the Bible: MosesExodus 2:11-13, exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12During the call of Moses, god told Moses that he had heard the cry of his people Israelites God wanted to send Moses to the king of Egypt so that he could lead his people out of the countryCharacteristics of a good leaderGod fearing. Ready to serveHardworkingGood decision makerGentleHave respectHonestHumbleLoyalLovingPeacefulBe a role modelHave integrityHow God prepared Moses for LeadershipExodus 2:11-13, Exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12In the society leaders are prepared to take up their position in different ways, for example through trainingLike today leaders, God prepared Moses for leadership in different waysSpeaking from a miraculously burning bush, God says he will send Moses to lead His people from Egyptian slaveryThis mission was overwhelming to Moses.


The societies offer employment opportunitiesIt has led to the development of the Christian printing press and bookshops. Leadership in the Bible: MosesExodus 2:11-13, exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12During the call of Moses, god told Moses that he had heard the cry of his people Israelites God wanted to send Moses to the king of Egypt so that he could lead his people out of the countryCharacteristics of a good leaderGod fearing. Ready to serveHardworkingGood decision makerGentleHave respectHonestHumbleLoyalLovingPeacefulBe a role modelHave integrityHow God prepared Moses for LeadershipExodus 2:11-13, Exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12In the society leaders are prepared to take up their position in different ways, for example through trainingLike today leaders, God prepared Moses for leadership in different waysSpeaking from a miraculously burning bush, God says he will send Moses to lead His people from Egyptian slaveryThis mission was overwhelming to Moses. He responded to Gods call with doubt. He did not see himself as the best person to free the jews or an appropriate leader for the task. However God often calls the most unlikely people to accomplish his greatest tasksGod prepare Moses for leadership by making him witness the suffering of the Hebrews under the EgyptiansGod prepare Moses to solve conflicts among his people and the IsraelitesLife in the desert made Moses bold and ready to face hardshipAs a shepherd, Moses learnt to be keen and responsible in leading IsraelitesRoles performed by Moses during the ExodusMoses was the prophet who led Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and brought them to the edge of the promised landMoses played various roles during the exodusHe asked Israelites to trust in god and not to be afraidHe interceded on behalf of the IsraelitesHe led the people of Israel away from the red sea. The seas waters separated when Moses lifted his rod and held it over the sea. Moses sought for providences for the people of Israel when they were in the wilderness. God responded to his prayer and made bitter water fit to drink. Moses received the laws God had given the people of Israel.


Moses sought for providences for the people of Israel when they were in the wilderness. God responded to his prayer and made bitter water fit to drink. Moses received the laws God had given the people of Israel. The laws would help to safeguard their relationship with God and among themselvesMoses also appointed judges to help him administering justice among isrealiteis . He taught the Israelites the ten commandments and advertised them to obeyQualities of Moses that Christians can emulateResponsibilityObedienceHonestyJusticeAdvantages of choosing good leaders in the societyA good leader, among other qualities should be God fearing, trustworthy, a team player, obedient, responsible, and humble. Good leadership promotes peace, love, unity and development of many nationLeaders should follow the example of Moses. Pupil s activityPage 75THE LIFE AND MINISTRY OF JESUS CHRISTBACKGROUND TO THE BIRTH OF JESUS CHRISTProphecies about the coming of Jesus ChristThe coming of Jesus Christ was predicted by many prophets such as Isaiah and Jeremiah. A prophecy is a prediction of what will happen in the future. It is declared by a prophet who is inspired by the spirit of God. Prophets communicate God s message, condemns evils in the society, give hope to people, anoint kings and teach people the ways of GodIsaiah s prophecy about the coming of Jesus ChristIsaiah 9:6-7Isaiah prophesied thatThe messiah shall be calledWonderful counsellorMighty GodEternal fatherPrince of peaceThe messiah shall sit upon the throne of David and shall rule with justice and righteousness foreverJeremiah prophecy about the coming of Jesus ChristJeremiah 23:5-6Jeremiah prophesied thatThe messiah would be a righteous king from the house of DavidThe messiah shall execute justice and righteous in the landHe shall guarantee security and safety in the land of Israel.


A prophecy is a prediction of what will happen in the future. It is declared by a prophet who is inspired by the spirit of God. Prophets communicate God s message, condemns evils in the society, give hope to people, anoint kings and teach people the ways of GodIsaiah s prophecy about the coming of Jesus ChristIsaiah 9:6-7Isaiah prophesied thatThe messiah shall be calledWonderful counsellorMighty GodEternal fatherPrince of peaceThe messiah shall sit upon the throne of David and shall rule with justice and righteousness foreverJeremiah prophecy about the coming of Jesus ChristJeremiah 23:5-6Jeremiah prophesied thatThe messiah would be a righteous king from the house of DavidThe messiah shall execute justice and righteous in the landHe shall guarantee security and safety in the land of Israel. He shall be called the lord of righteousness He would bring salvation upon JudahHe would reign as a kingHe would rule wiselyFulfilment of the Old Testament prophecies about the coming of Jesus ChristMathew 1:18-23, Jeremiah 23:5-6, Isaiah 9:6-7The annunciation and the birth of John the BaptistLuke 1:5-25To announce means to make known. The old testaments said that John the Baptist was to prepare the way for the Messiah. Angel Gabriel announced the birth of John the Baptist during the reign of king Herod. Angel Gabriel appeared to Zechariah, who was a priest in the temple. Both Zechariah and his wife Elizabeth were advanced in age and did not have children , Elizabeth was barren. Zechariah, the priest was burning incense at the temple when Angel Gabriel appeared to himThe angel told him that his wife Elizabeth would bear him a son. His name would be John.


Both Zechariah and his wife Elizabeth were advanced in age and did not have children , Elizabeth was barren. Zechariah, the priest was burning incense at the temple when Angel Gabriel appeared to himThe angel told him that his wife Elizabeth would bear him a son. His name would be John. The angel said the following about the child that would be bornThe child would bring joy and gladness to manyHe will be great before the LordHe will not drink wine or strong drinkHe will be filled with the Holy SpiritHe will bring back many of the people of Israel to the lord their GodHe would be source of joy to his parentsHe will go ahead of the lord strong and mightyHe will prepare people for the LordZechariah, due to his old age, could not believe the Angel s message. The angel told him that he would be dump until all was fulfilled. His wife conceived after five months. Relating the birth of John the Baptist to the coming of Jesus ChristLuke 3:16, John 1:29-30Jesus was the son of God whom John the Baptist had come to prepare the way for. John the Baptist introduced Jesus as the lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world. John acknowledged Jesus as one before himJesus was greater than John the BaptistHow Christians apply the message of John the BaptistSkills that Christians need to avoid evils condemned by John the BaptistCreative thinkingEnables one to have ideas on how to avoid evilCritical thinkingEnables one to make an informed judgement not to commit sinDecision makingHelps us to make moral decisions that are appropriateSelf esteemHave a feeling of self worthAssertivenessExpress one s actions with confidenceAppreciating the fulfilment of the Old TESTAMENT PropheciesPupil s activityPage 86-87The birth and childhood of Jesus ChristEvents that took place during the annunciation and the birth of Jesus ChristLuke 1:26-38An event is something that takes place and it is of importance. The annunciation of the birth of Jesus Christ was importantDuring the sixth month of Elizabeth s pregnancy . Angel Gabriel was sent to a virgin woman named Mary, who was engaged to Joseph, a descendant of King David.


John acknowledged Jesus as one before himJesus was greater than John the BaptistHow Christians apply the message of John the BaptistSkills that Christians need to avoid evils condemned by John the BaptistCreative thinkingEnables one to have ideas on how to avoid evilCritical thinkingEnables one to make an informed judgement not to commit sinDecision makingHelps us to make moral decisions that are appropriateSelf esteemHave a feeling of self worthAssertivenessExpress one s actions with confidenceAppreciating the fulfilment of the Old TESTAMENT PropheciesPupil s activityPage 86-87The birth and childhood of Jesus ChristEvents that took place during the annunciation and the birth of Jesus ChristLuke 1:26-38An event is something that takes place and it is of importance. The annunciation of the birth of Jesus Christ was importantDuring the sixth month of Elizabeth s pregnancy .angel Gabriel was sent to a virgin woman named Mary, who was engaged to Joseph, a descendant of King David. Mary was troubled and he the angel told her not to be afraid for she had found favour in the LordThe angel announced the following concerning Jesus to maryHe shall bear a sonHe shall be called JesusHe will be greatHe will be called the son of the Most High God. He will rule over the house of Jacob forever. The Lord would give Him the throne of his Father, DavidHis kingdom would last foreverHe will be conceived through the power of the Holy SpiritEvents that took place during the Birth of Jesus ChristLuke 2:1-20.


SOCIAL STUDIESa. Career and entrepreneurial opportunities in Social StudiesThe main goal of teaching social studies is to teach students to become good citizens. We are living in a diverse society one that requires knowledge of social studies to succeed. With a social studies background, children become adults that can participate civilly in our democratic society. Social studies connect students with the real world. Specific topics within social studies that are studied in school coursework include:geography,anthropology,economics,history,sociology,political science, andcivics. Importance of social studiesBetter Reading And LearningSocial studies is one area in education where content integration is key. Students are given reading material that corresponds with the currentlearning topics. Giving reading materials in context helps students become better readers. They also become better learners because they are asked to use analysis, critical thinking, and writing to show understanding. Citizen Responsibilities And ValuesHow can we expect young people to contribute positively to society, engage in discourse, and thrive in a democratic society if they are not exposed to the topics and aspects of history and life that made society the way it is? Students need an understanding of history, political science, culture, and all humanities to be able to understand why it is important to be a good citizen. Cultural UnderstandingStudents should be exposed to cultures far beyond what they experience personally every day. Not every student has the opportunity to interact with other cultures on a daily basis. We need students to learn about, understand, and appreciate cultural differences if we expect them to have meaningful interactions with people of all backgrounds in the future. Economic EducationEconomics is a crucial part of social studies, whether studied on its own, or as a part of history, anthropology, or political science. By learning economics, young people understand how their financial decisions have an impact on their future, as well as the future of society. Critical ThinkingCritical thinking is a part of social studies students are taught to evaluate others decisions and make connections between influences andcircumstances. Young people get the opportunity to learn from others mistakes through social sciences. Real-World UnderstandingStudying social sciences gives students an understanding of the real world around them. Students learn about places, cultures, and events around theworld, what conspired to make them the way they are, and can make inferences about how the rest of the world works.


Young people get the opportunity to learn from others mistakes through social sciences. Real-World UnderstandingStudying social sciences gives students an understanding of the real world around them. Students learn about places, cultures, and events around theworld, what conspired to make them the way they are, and can make inferences about how the rest of the world works. Political SkillsFrom social studies classes, students learn about government, political ideas, country economy and resources, and more. Students gain political skills by analyzing and evaluating existing systems and imaging the future of the place in which they live. Respect HistoryHistory is what made the world the way it is, and it is essential that people study it in order to have an appreciation for and understanding of the way the world works. Learning about history is what makes it possible to learn from the past and plan for the future. Career opportunities related to social studies Social workStatistically, and probably unsurprisingly, the majority of Social Studies graduates go on to work in the broad field known as social work . CounsellingAnother popular career option for Social Studies graduates is to complete some further education and come a counsellor. Prison services and probationAs part of your Social Studies degree you ll look at the legal system and ask important questions about crime and punishment. If you have a particular interest in this area then a career in the probation or prison service might appeal to you. Roles could be administrative or you could be working in direct contact with offenders and those on probation. Community developmentThis is similar to jobs in social work but you ll be dealing with the community on a larger scale rather than on an individual or family basis. Roles in community development have the overall goal of improving the lives of a larger group, sometimes within a specific geographical area or people who have specific needs. Some career opportunities that one would pursue from studying Social Studies in Kenya and globally includeteaching,surveying,law,archeology,political science,diplomacy and meteorology. Entrepreneurial opportunities for Social studies in the societyTherefore, we can state with conviction that the social entrepreneurs individuals, organizations, or groups are innovative and proactive risk- takers who attempt to create a sustainable community, social, or industry- wide change to address endemic problems. These entrepreneurs identify, assess, and exploit opportunities in an attempt to create social value. Further, they use a wide range of market-driven resources and other resources to create this transformation.


Entrepreneurial opportunities for Social studies in the societyTherefore, we can state with conviction that the social entrepreneurs individuals, organizations, or groups are innovative and proactive risk- takers who attempt to create a sustainable community, social, or industry- wide change to address endemic problems. These entrepreneurs identify, assess, and exploit opportunities in an attempt to create social value. Further, they use a wide range of market-driven resources and other resources to create this transformation. Social enterprises which serve the financially poor population. In these markets, the profit margins are very low and the risks are high. Further, in certain sectors like microfinance, there is a constant debate as to whether a commercial operation can fulfil the needs of the poorest client groups more effectively than modified NGO models. In this niche, some examples of social entrepreneurship organizations are micro-clinics in low-income zones, affordable irrigation tools to poor farmers, etc. New and challenging markets where the entrepreneur is required to incur heavy expenses to stimulate demand and create opportunities. This is due to the prevalent stigma and the challenges faced in acclimatizing people to newer and more complex technologies as well as challenging perceptions about certain services which need to be provided by the state. Some examples are offering counselling services to people living with HIV AIDS or other socially marginalized groups, micro insurance products for farmers, etc. Markets for products which offer environmental benefits but are not fully commercially competitive. Many environment-friendly business lines are completely commercially viable. However, there are many others which are suitable for hybrid social entrepreneurship. Strategies for addressing Gender stereotype associated with career choices and Entrepreneurial opportunitiesA gender stereotype is a generalized view or preconception about attributes, or characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by women and men or the roles that are or should be performed by men and women. Gender stereotypes can be both positive and negative for example, women are nurturing or women are weak . Gender stereotyping is the practice of ascribing to an individual woman or man specific attributes, characteristics, or roles by reason only of her or his membership in the social group of women or men.


Strategies for addressing Gender stereotype associated with career choices and Entrepreneurial opportunitiesA gender stereotype is a generalized view or preconception about attributes, or characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by women and men or the roles that are or should be performed by men and women. Gender stereotypes can be both positive and negative for example, women are nurturing or women are weak . Gender stereotyping is the practice of ascribing to an individual woman or man specific attributes, characteristics, or roles by reason only of her or his membership in the social group of women or men. Revising text books;ensuring that teachers receive gender training;implementing programmes to encourage girls to pursue education and employment in non-traditional fields;undertaking public information and education programmes to change attitudes concerning the roles and status of men and women;taking measures to train public officials and the judiciary to ensure that stereotypical prejudices and values do not affect decision-making;emphasizing through awareness raising activities the importance of women s participation in decision making roles;adopting measures, including temporary special measures, to eliminate occupational segregation based on gender stereotypes;adopting positive measures to expose and modify harmful genders stereotypes within the health sector;addressing gender stereotypes ing that impairs or nullify equality in marriage and family relations, including through implementing comprehensive policyand awareness raising initiatives designed to overcome stereotypical attitudes about the roles and responsibilities of women and men in family and societyRoles of SST for promotion of Social cohesionPromotion of equality for everyone in the societyEnhancing justice for everyone in the societyRespect for oneself, and others in their opinions and choicesPromoting unity of the society regardless of the differencesCreating awareness on the need for social cohesion. Introducing activities that promote social cohesionNATURAL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENTSa. Maps and Map workA map is a representation of the whole or part of the earth s surface drawn to scale. Shows outline of objects on the groundDrawn as if the drawer was above the groundIt shows detailsMost of the features are indicated by symbols. Position, shape and Size of AfricaSize: Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 11.7 million square miles including adjacent islands, it covers 6 of Earth's total surface area and 20 of its land area.


Multiply the distance through one degree of latitude by the number of latitudes between the two places. Example: Find the longitudinal straight line distance between place A 45 N and place B 11 N. Solution-Distance covered through one degree of latitude 111km. -Number of latitudes between place A and place B 45 -11 34 -Longitudinal straight line distance 111km 34 3774kmLongitude Longitudes are imaginary lines that run from North to South on a map. The longitude of a place is the angular distance of that place measured in degrees. This distance is measured from the centre of the earth to the East or West of the Greenwich meridian called longitude 0 . Longitudes are also called Meridians. They meet at the North and South poles. There are 360 of longitude which is equal to 360 of acircle. Major longitude are;Longitude 0 - Greenwich MeridianLongitude 180 East or West - International date lineCHARACTERISTICS OF LONGITUDESThey meet at the North and South poles. They run from North to South. They are measured in degrees, East or West of the Greenwich meridian. Lines of longitudes have equal lengths. Lowest longitude is longitude 0 and the highest longitude is longitude 180HOW TO CALCULATE LOCAL TIME FROM LONGITUDESStep 1: Find out the difference in longitudes between two places given. Step 2: Convert or change the difference in longitude to time, if the difference in degrees is more than 15 , multiply it by 4 minutes. Step 3: Adjust the time according to the position of the longitude if it is east, we add but if it is west, we subtract time. Example 1: What is the local time at Madres in India on longitude 80 E, if local time in Yokadouma in Cameroon on longitude 15 E is 4 p.m.? Solution Step 1: Longitudes difference 80 -15 65 Step 2: Convert longitude difference to time: 65 4mins 260mins 4hrs20mins Step 3: Add or subtract time4hrs20mins 4pm 8:20pm Because longitude 80 E is in the East.


Step 3: Adjust the time according to the position of the longitude if it is east, we add but if it is west, we subtract time. Example 1: What is the local time at Madres in India on longitude 80 E, if local time in Yokadouma in Cameroon on longitude 15 E is 4 p.m.? Solution Step 1: Longitudes difference 80 -15 65 Step 2: Convert longitude difference to time: 65 4mins 260mins 4hrs20mins Step 3: Add or subtract time4hrs20mins 4pm 8:20pm Because longitude 80 E is in the East. Example 2: What is the local time in Baghdad 45 E, 35 N when it is noon in Bombay 75 E, 18 N. Solution1 75 - 45 30 2 30 15 2hrs or 30 4mins 60mins 2hrs12 noon - 2hrs 10 amExercisesIf the time in Accra Ghana on longitude 0 is 12noon. What will be the local time in Philadelphia U.S.A on longitude 70 W.? What is the local time of Yaound 15 E and 5 N, when G.M.T is 8:00 am? The longitude difference for a town in the East and another in the west is obtained by adding the longitudes. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LONGITUDES AND LATTITUDESLOCATION OF PLACES USING LONGITUDES AND LATTITUDESLongitudes and latitudes are used to locate places on a map. The Greenwich meridian is the starting point for al longitude readings. Lines to the East of Greenwich meridian are measured in degrees and readings are followed by letter E, example: 35 E and vice-versa. All latitudes above the equator are measured in degrees north of the Equator and readings are followed by letter N. example: 15 N. Readings measured to the south of the equator are followed by letter S. example: 15 S. To be more accurate, we use degrees and minutes. 1 degree is equal to 60 minutes.


Example: 15 S. To be more accurate, we use degrees and minutes. 1 degree is equal to 60 minutes. For example;-Cameroon is located on latitude 5 00'N and longitude 12 30'E,-Yaound - 3 51'N and 11 31'E,-Bertoua - 4 34'N and 13 42'E,- Douala - 4 05'N and 9 45'E. Picture, plan and Map- A map is a representation of the whole or part of the earth s surface drawn to scale. Picture:It is an image of a real object. Gives details in their visible shapes and sizesCan be inform of free hand, drawing, painting or a photographNot drawn to scalePlan:Outline of something drawn to scale. Also drawn as if a person was directly above the groundIt represents a very small placeThe scale is large to show details e.g. house planGives specific informationTypes of Maps used in Social StudiesClassified according to the purpose for which each map is drawn. Topographical Maps: This shows selected natural physical features on a small portion of a country. Atlas maps: this is a collection of maps in one volume. Sketch maps: maps which are roughly drawn. A good sketch map should have the following characteristics:Neat and clearTitleFrameKeyCompass directionUses of MapsSketch maps are used to summarize information for easy reference. Used for locating other countries. Used for comparing sizes of countries. For locating climatic regions of different parts of the world. Give information on distribution of geographical phenomena e.g. vegetation on the earth s surface. Help travelers to find their way. Used to calculate distance of a certain place. Used to locate physical features like landforms. Earth and Solar SystemSOLAR SYSTEMThe solar system is made up of the sun and the 8 planets. It is also called a planetary system. These planets include; Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Recent discoveries prove that Pluto is now a dwarf planet. These planets revolve around the sun in a path called Elliptical orbit. The sun is at the center of the solar system. It is made up of burning gases and has a temperature of about 6000 C. Some planets have smaller heavenly bodies that move around them called satellites.


The sun is at the center of the solar system. It is made up of burning gases and has a temperature of about 6000 C. Some planets have smaller heavenly bodies that move around them called satellites. The smallest planet is Mercury. It is the hottest and nearest planet to the sun. Mars which is the fourth planet has 2 satellites. Jupiter is the largest planet and has 13 satellites. The Earth is the third planet from the sun and the only planet where life exists. It has one natural satellite called the moon. The moon takes 29 days to go round the earth. The Earth rotates on its axis and revolves on its orbit. Stars are heavenly bodies that produce their own light. The solar system and a collection of other stars form the galaxy. The galaxy in which our solar system is found is called the Milky Way. THE SIDE OF THE EARTHThe total area of the earth is about 510,100,779 km . The distance measured round the edge of the equator is about 40,085km. It is called the Equatorial circumference. The polar circumference is 39,995km. The Equatorial diameter is the straight line distance that crosses the earth through the equator. It is about 12,762km. The polar diameter is about 12,722km. EVIDENCE TO SHOW THAT THE EARTH IS SPHERICAL IN SHAPEThere are many evidences to show that the earth is spherical in shape. These are:Sunrise and SunsetThe earth rotates from West to East. Places in the East therefore receive sunlight before places in the West. All places on the earth would not receive sunlight at the same time if the earth was flat. Sunrises and Sunset at different times on curved surface. Ship's Visibilitywhen a ship is observed at a distance from the sea, one will first see the smoke, and later the funnel before the entire ship. This shows that the sea surface is curved. If the earth was flat, the whole ship could be seen at once. Eclipse of the Moonwhen the earth comes between the sun and the moon, the earth's shadow that falls on the moon is a dark circle. If the earth was flat, its shadow would be circular. Travelling round the WorldWhen somebody travels from a particular point A to the same direction, the person will come back to the same point. If the earth was flat, this could not be possible.


If the earth was flat, its shadow would be circular. Travelling round the WorldWhen somebody travels from a particular point A to the same direction, the person will come back to the same point. If the earth was flat, this could not be possible. Aerial PhotographPhotographs taken from rockets, show that the earth is spherical in shape. Proves from other Heavenly BodiesOther heavenly bodies like the sun, the stars, and the planets are spherical in shape. These show that the earth is also spherical. Origin of the earthTheories explaining the origin of the EarthThe Passing star theoryA star with a greater gravitational pull than the sun passed by the sun. It drew off a stream of gaseous material from the sun. The material split, cooled and condenses to form planets set in orbit around the sun. Some smaller materials formed the moon and other heavenly bodies. Nebula cloud theoryThe nebular theory is an explanation for the formation of solar systems. The word nebula is Latin for cloud, and according to the explanation, stars are born from clouds of interstellar gas and dust. The transition from an undifferentiated cloud to a star system complete with planets and moons takes about 100 million years. All planets revolve around the sun in the same direction. This would be possible if they all formed from a cloud of debris around a star proto sun The model of the sun is mainly made of hydrogen. The composition of sun can be measured using helioseismology which agrees with the theory that star is formed as a giant ball of hydrogen generating heat by nuclear fusion in the core. Effects of Rotation and Revolution of the earth in the solar systemROTATION OF THE EARTHRotation of the earth is the spinning of the earth on its axis from W to E. The earth moves in a clockwise direction once every 24hs. That is it takes one full day for the earth to turn from the International Date Line and back to it. The earth rotates once through 360 in 24 hours, 180 in 12 hours, 15 in 1hour and 1 in 4 minutes. Effects of the Earth s RotationRotation of the earth causesDay and nightDeflection of winds and ocean currentsThe rising and falling of tidesDifference in timeDay and NightAs the earth rotates from W to E, places in the east experiences daylight before places in the west.


That is it takes one full day for the earth to turn from the International Date Line and back to it. The earth rotates once through 360 in 24 hours, 180 in 12 hours, 15 in 1hour and 1 in 4 minutes. Effects of the Earth s RotationRotation of the earth causesDay and nightDeflection of winds and ocean currentsThe rising and falling of tidesDifference in timeDay and NightAs the earth rotates from W to E, places in the east experiences daylight before places in the west. This is because places in the east are under sunlight, while places in the west are away from the sun when rotation starts. Deflection of Wind and Ocean TidesRotation of the earth causes winds and ocean currents to be deflected. They are deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The Rising and Falling of TidesTide is the rising and falling of sea level during the day. It is caused by the earth s rotation. During rotation, the sun and the moon attract some parts of the earth due to gravitational force. Where the force of gravity is much, the ocean bulges along the coast causing high tides. Where the force of gravity is less low tides are produced. Differences in TimeThe earth takes 24 hours to complete a rotation of 360 , and 1 hour to turn 15 . Longitudes which are 15 apart will therefore take 1 hour difference in time. The time in the east is always ahead of the time in the west. This is because, places in the east experience sunlight before those in the west. Example; during the 2014 world cup competition in Brazil football matches were been played there during the day, but they were watched at the same time, on Cameroon television in the evening. REVOLUTION OF THE EARTHThe effects of revolution include are;Varying lengths of day and night. Changing attitude of the midday sun. Changes in season. Varying Lengths of Day and NightDue to the inclination of the earth s axis, there are changes in the length of days and nights time during the year. On the 21st of June the sun is directly on the tropic of cancer in the North Pole at midday. During this period, the length of day light increases as latitude increases.


Varying Lengths of Day and NightDue to the inclination of the earth s axis, there are changes in the length of days and nights time during the year. On the 21st of June the sun is directly on the tropic of cancer in the North Pole at midday. During this period, the length of day light increases as latitude increases. In the south, length of day decreases because the sun does no rise there. This period is called summer solstice. On March 21st and September 23rd at noon, the sun is directly on the equator. During this time, the earth has equal hours of daylight and equal hours of darkness. This period is called Equinox equal days and nights. On the 22nd of December, the sun is directly on the tropic of Capricorn. This is called winter solstice. During this period, the length of day light in the southern hemisphere increases as latitude increases. In the Northern hemisphere there is darkness. Changing Altitude of the Midday SunAs a result of the earth s inclination, there are changes in the altitude of the midday sun on the 21st of June at midday; the sun is directly on the tropic of cancer in the North Pole. On the 23rd of September, the sun is on the equator at midday. On the 22nd of December, the sun is on the tropic of Capricorn at midday. Changes in SeasonChanges in the length of day and night time and the altitude of the midday sun cause a rise and fall in temperature during the year. The period of the year, when temperature rises is called summer while the period when temperature falls is called winter. In summer, temperature increases the weather is bright and days are longer than nights. From the 23rd of June to the 23rd of September, it is summer in the Northern hemisphere. In Cameroon, it is the warm rainy season. The north is directly under the sun. In winter, from the 22nd December to 21st March temperature falls and places are colder. During this time, nights are longer than days and less heat are received. In Cameroon, it is the cold dry season. From the 23rd of September to the 23rd of December, it is autumn in the Northern hemisphere. Spring season begins from the 21st of March to 21st June in the Southern hemisphere. During this period, nights and days are equal.