Personification. Repetition. Activity 4: Improvising PropsA prop is an item that a performer of the verse uses to demonstrate an action. Examples of props include: balls, caps, hats, stethoscopes, school bags, pens, pencils, books, Bibles and jembes. Props are made from locally-available materials such as carton boxes, manila papers, sugar bags, plywoods and sticks. We do not use real objects as props. Props must be improvised. SkitCreating A Scenario for A ScriptCan you recall? What is a dialogue? Who is a character? What are costumes and props? Tell your partner about some issues that you have already come across in the skits learnt in the previous lessons. Creation of a skit means coming up with a skit. It begins with an idea which makes up the story. Ideas for a skit can be got from:Our own experiences or other peoples experiences. What we watch on television, listen to on radio, read in newspapers or from happenings in the social media. Idea determines the theme or message to be communicated. One needs to decide who will be in the story and what will happen. One needs to think of the problem that arises and needs to be solved. Think of where actions will take place. Always remember to answer the who, the what and the where. Scenario is thus, the storyline or framework or outline of the plot. It is the summing up of what is going on or what the situation is. It is essentially a story with characters and situations. It must be believable. Activity 2: Improvising Costumes, Props and Make-UpCan you recall? What are costumes? What are props? What is the importance of costumes, props and make-up in a skit? Costume design is the creation of clothing for the overall appearance of character or performer. Improvisation is to make or do something by using locally-available materials. It provides an alternative to the original. Improvised items should convey the desired message just as the original material. It involves serious thinking, creativity, communication and coming together of different opinions. Make-up enhances the illusion that the actor has become the character, It is used to cover all the exposed parts that are not covered by the costume won by the actor. It helps in easy interpretation of the skit and its location. Activity 3: Scripting for Stage -Language and Style. Can you recall? What is a scenario?


Activity 3: Scripting for Stage -Language and Style. Can you recall? What is a scenario? What are milestones? What is a dialogue? While scripting a skit, it is of utmost importance to note the following:Milestones: They bring show problems or issues that the characters are faced with in skits and how they try to resolve them. They show the expectation in a skit or how it will flow from the beginning to the end. They develop the story line. They guide you in writing the script of a skit. Characters: the audience interacts with the skit through the characters and their speech. The main characters as well as the support characters must be believable. Clear description of the characters is important in the writing of a dialogue in a skit. Language and Style: concerns itself with the use of words with maximum effect. One needs to avoid unnecessary words that may hinder the development of the story and character. The language used should be appropriate to the character s in question. It should define them, for instance, a skit with a police officer, street child and a lawyer, will not use the same language for all. While the street child is likely to use sheng , the doctor should use formal language and the officer, a semi-formal language. Copying: is the use of other people s work without their approval. Thus, when writing a script use your own ideas. Activity 4: Using Locally Available Resources in A SkitCan you recall? What is improvisation of costume, prop and make-up? What is the importance of make-up in a skit? Name some materials that can be used for improvisation. Watching skits from other communities helps us to respect one another. Understanding skits from other communities makes us to understand and enjoy watching skits from those communities This is referred to as appreciation,Using locally-available materials as costumes, props and make-up boosts our creativity and imagination. 3. PERFORMINGFolk SongsActivity 1: Classifying Kenyan Folk Songs According to Origin, Type and FunctionWith the guidance of the teacher, watch live or recorded performance of Kenyan folk songs. Discuss any observations you make about the common aspects, such as:The community of origin. The participants are they male, female, young, old, mixed? Body movements. Costumes used by the participants. Instruments used to accompany the performance. A folk song is a traditional song originating from a particular community.


Costumes used by the participants. Instruments used to accompany the performance. A folk song is a traditional song originating from a particular community. It is performed in the native language. It is passed down from generation to generation orally. Folk songs can be:Solo - involving one performer singing. Solo and response - involves singing or leading the performance and a group responding. Group - involves a group singing without a soloist. Folk songs are associated with other activities in the community, such as weddings, child birth, naming, burial among others. Talk ActivityTalk about various social activities in the community where folk songs are performed. Activity 2: Social Economic Uses of Folk SongsWith the help of your teacher or resource person, watch live or recorded performances of folk songs. For each folk song, fill in the following table. Group ActivityDiscuss the social and economic uses of folk songs in Kenyan and Western communities, during various occasions as follows:Childbirth. Naming ceremony. Singing games. Initiation. Marriage. Funeral. Work songs. Other social gatherings. Individual ActivityStudy the following pictures and answer the questions that follow. State the occasion shown in each of the pictures. Which type of folk song is being performed? 3. Identify the costumes used by the participants. 4. What kind of message is being passed by the participants? Activity 3: Performing Solo and Group Folk Songs1. With the help of your teacher, parent or guardian, watch or listen to various folk songs. Select a folk song to be performed in class. In groups, select one solo and one group folk song. Learn the selected folk songs, for presentation. Use appropriate costumes, body movements and instruments to accompany your performance2. Discuss the techniques used in performing Kenyan folk songs. Activity 4: Report WritingYou have discussed, learnt and performed different types of Kenyan folk songs. Write a report on the folk songs in your community. In groups, collect a variety of folk songs and classify them according to origin, type, function and occasion. Kenyan IdiophonesActivity 1: Classification of IdiophonesCan you recall? Percussion instruments produce sound when hit, shaken or scraped. Study the pictures and name the instruments. How are the instruments played? Idiophones are percussion instruments. They produce sound by vibration of the instrument itself. Home ActivityUse digital devices to watch clips of various percussion instruments and identify the idiophones.


Idiophones are percussion instruments. They produce sound by vibration of the instrument itself. Home ActivityUse digital devices to watch clips of various percussion instruments and identify the idiophones. Collect photographs of various Kenyan percussion instruments and name the idiophones. Idiophones are either melodic or non-melodic. Idiophones are further categorized by the way they are played. They can be shaken, clapped, stamped, plucked, scraped and struck. Here are examples of idiophones from Kenyan communities. Add more instruments on the list. Activity 2: Role of Idiophones in A Performance1. Idiophones are mostly rhythmic and, therefore, enhance the rhythmic aspects of a performance such as:Keep time or maintain pace,Providing rhythmic accompaniment,Providing rhythmic variety. Activity 3: Care and Maintenance Procedures For Idiophones. Idiophones are made from different materials such as wood, animal skins and metals. For proper care and maintenance of the instruments, note the following:i Keep them away from water. Keep them away from fire. Avoid dropping them. Replace or repair damaged parts. Store them properly by hanging or placing them on a shelf or cupboard. 3. In groups, apply proper care and maintenance techniques on the idiophones available in school. Activity 4: Techniques of Tuning IdiophonesMelodic idiophones require tuning from time to time. This ensures that they stay in pitch for the case of melodic idiophones. With the help of your teacher or resource person, discuss the various ways of tuning idiophones. In groups, practise tuning idiophones available in school. Activity 5: Performance ProjectGroup ActivityL. Select any available idiophones and tune them applying proper techniques. In groups, select various idiophones to form a percussion band. Take turns to play different instruments in the percussion band. Practise and perform in a percussion band in class, school or community functions. Western Solo InstrumentsActivity 1: Tuning the Descant Recorder or Any Other Solo Western InstrumentStudy the following instruments and answer the questions that follow. What can you see? With the guidance of your teacher and resource persons, watch a live or recorded solo instrumental performance. In groups, discuss the importance of tuning a solo Western instrument in preparation for a performance. Watch videos demonstrating techniques of tuning various Western instruments and apply them to your chosen instrument.


With the guidance of your teacher and resource persons, watch a live or recorded solo instrumental performance. In groups, discuss the importance of tuning a solo Western instrument in preparation for a performance. Watch videos demonstrating techniques of tuning various Western instruments and apply them to your chosen instrument. Activity 2: Playing the Scale Of C Major On StaffWhat I need to knowWestern instruments have different fingering charts to guide in playing of different pitches. Use digital devices to download the fingering charts for the instrument of choice. Below is the fingering chart for the Descant Recorder showing the notes of the scale of C major. Descant Recorder Fingering ChartIndividual ActivityPractise playing the notes of the scale of C major ascending and descending on your instrument using the fingering chart. On a digital device, watch videos to learn how to play the scale of C major. Use the fingering provided to the play the notes C D EF G A B C' on the descant recorder. Practise playing the scale in ascending and descending order. Group ActivityPlay familiar tunes in the scale of C major on your instrument. Activity 3: Sight Reading Simple Melodies in C MajorTo do individually and in groups. Look at the clef below. Check the key signature and keep the key in your head while playingLook at the time signature. Clap or tap the rhythms of each of the melodies before you play them. Locate the notes on the instrument. Look at the melodies and play. 1. Sight-reading is playing of music without prior preparation. 2. Your teacher will provide 2-bar melodies for you to sight-read. 3. Do so without referring to the fingering chart or tapping the rhythms before playing. Activity 4: Playing with Appropriate TechniquesEvery instrument has specific techniques to be applied while playing. For example, for strings there is bowing, plucking, strumming, fingering; and for wind, there is tonguing, blowing and fingering. All the techniques when well applied ensure good tone quality. How To Produce a Good Tone on The Descant RecorderBlow gently into the descant recorder as you make the sound du with the tongue. This is referred to as tonguing and it helps to produce a clear sound. Do not blow too hard into the recorder because it will make a high pitch sound. If you are having trouble producing a sound after lots of practice, clean your recorder.


This is referred to as tonguing and it helps to produce a clear sound. Do not blow too hard into the recorder because it will make a high pitch sound. If you are having trouble producing a sound after lots of practice, clean your recorder. Cover the air hole below the mouthpiece and blow in hard. Activity 5: Observing Performance DirectionsWhat I Need to KnowPerformance directions are words, phrases or signs showing the appropriate tempo, dynamics, articulation and repeats in a piece of music. The directions help to enhance the overall effect in a performance. With your teacher s guidance, play various melodies observing the performance directions shown. Your teacher will also help you search for short duets in C major to be played in pairs and groups. Kenyan Folk DanceActivity 1: Classification of Kenyan Folk DancesWith the teacher s guidance, watch performances of folk dances from diverse Kenyan communities. Group ActivityDiscuss the performances you have watched and categorize them in terms of the following:Gender of the performers. Occasion. Age of the performers. Community of origin. With the guidance of the teacher or resource persons, discuss the function, themes or messages in the folk dances. Here are examples of dances from Kenyan communities. Add more to the list. Activity 2: Providing Background Information of Kenyan Folk DanceGroup ActivityWith the help of the teacher, select a folk dance and get the following information about it. Title. Community. Gender. Theme. Occasion. 2. Write the information in your exercise book. 3. Take turns to present the information you collected on a folk dance from your community. Activity 3: Performing A Kenyan Folk Dance with Appropriate Dance MovementsClass ActivityWatch performances of folk dances from different communities and observe the movements in them. Group ActivitySelect a Kenyan folk dance from the ones you have watched. Learn the dance movements, keeping to the traditional idiom. Perform the dance before the class. Activity 4: Singing Songs Appropriate for The DanceWith the help of your teacher, resource person, parent or guardian, write down the words of the songs used in the folk dance. Learn singing the songs to be used in the folk dance performance articulating the words clearly. Activity 5: Using Appropriate Music Instruments, Costumes, D cor and Props in A Kenyan Folk DanceGroup ActivityIdentify and source for the music instruments to be used in the dance. Learn playing the musical instruments.


Learn singing the songs to be used in the folk dance performance articulating the words clearly. Activity 5: Using Appropriate Music Instruments, Costumes, D cor and Props in A Kenyan Folk DanceGroup ActivityIdentify and source for the music instruments to be used in the dance. Learn playing the musical instruments. Collect costumes and props to be used. Get the material for the body adornment. Practise and present a performance of a Kenyan folk dance incorporating the appropriate music instruments, costumes, d cor and props. Use digital devices to record each group s performance for sharing and review. NarrativeActivity 1: Selecting A Narrator and The Support Cast for Our NarrativeCan you recall? Describe the process of writing a narrative script. After coming up with a narrative script, a process called casting follows. Casting is the process of selecting a group of performers who will perform certain roles in a given performance. A narrative has the main narrator or narrators and the support cast. The main narrator is selected based on the qualities of a good narrator. The support cast is selected based on the roles they are supposed to play in the narrative. Most narratives have dancers, singers and instrumentalists. The support cast helps the narrators to enhance the narrative. Activity 2: Designing A Rehearsal ProgrammeCan you recall? What is casting? What should be considered when casting narrators? Rehearsals are important when preparing a narrative for performance. It is important to have a rehearsal programme that guides you when to rehearse, especially when you are free. A good rehearsal programme should allow room for individual rehearsal, group rehearsal and team rehearsal. Activity 3: Rehearsing the NarrativeCan you recall? What should be considered when making a rehearsal timetable? Rehearsal is a continuous process. We have to keep on rehearsing until the narrative communicates the message well and is entertaining. Rehearsals help the narrator and the support cast to memorise and internalise their lines. Rehearsals help the narrator and the support cast to improve on their gestures, voice variation, facial expressions and stage movements. Rehearsals help the narrator and the support cast to introduce aspects in the narrative that make it interesting such as asking the audience rhetorical questions, song and dance, riddles, proverbs and even jokes or funny lines that are relevant to the narrative. The other members of the class who are not participating in the narrative are important during rehearsals.


Rehearsals help the narrator and the support cast to improve on their gestures, voice variation, facial expressions and stage movements. Rehearsals help the narrator and the support cast to introduce aspects in the narrative that make it interesting such as asking the audience rhetorical questions, song and dance, riddles, proverbs and even jokes or funny lines that are relevant to the narrative. The other members of the class who are not participating in the narrative are important during rehearsals. They help the narrators to internalise their lines, use appropriate gestures, facial expressions and voice variations. Their work is to correct mistakes and encourage the cast to improve. Their input can add value to the performance of the narrative. 1 can also rehearse during my free time at home as follows:Before a friend. Before a digital video recording device. Activity 4: Designing Props and Costumes for The NarrativeCan you recall? What is the importance of rehearsal? How are rehearsals conducted? Costumes are very important in a narrative. Costumes help us to know the setting of the story. The costume won by the narrator s helps us to identify who the main character is in the story. The costumes worn by the support cast help in enhancing the message in the story. They may also help us to understand who the other characters in the narrative are. In a narrative we use very few props. This is because the narrative relies more on telling the story or narrating. The props only enhance the telling of the story. VerseActivity 1: The Persona s Point of View and Meaning In A VerseThe persona is the voice speaking in a poem. Poets use the persona to express their viewpoints about certain issues in the society. In this poem, the poet has created a dog as a persona so as to criticise the inhuman treatment of domestic pets. The persona could also be seen symbolically as a domestic worker who is lamenting about the inhumane treatment he receives from his boss. We need to use empathy when reading a poem. When we put ourselves in the shoes of the persona, empathy helps us to understand the meaning of the verse. We get to know the meaning and point of view of the persona by paying attention to the words in the poem. The choice of words in a poem is called diction. The choice of words in a poem helps us to decide the facial expressions to be used to enhance the meanings of those words.


We get to know the meaning and point of view of the persona by paying attention to the words in the poem. The choice of words in a poem is called diction. The choice of words in a poem helps us to decide the facial expressions to be used to enhance the meanings of those words. The choice of words used helps us to decide on which gestures and dramatisation to be used on the selected words. Activity 2: Expressing the Performance Features of A verseCan You Recall? What is the importance of empathy when reading a verse? What is diction in a verse? What is tone? The performance of a verse begins with the script. The script must be poetic. It must have a poetic language with poetic devices. The voice is an important aspect of a verse performance. The voice is used to communicate the various emotions brought out in the verse. Voice variation is important as it creates variety and breaks the boredom created by using only one tone. Facial expressions are used to bring out the mood and emotions in the verse. They are determined by the words in the verse. Gestures are used to demonstrate actions in the verse. In a verse, we are encouraged to use minimal gestures and rely on the voice and face more for communication. Stage movements are important in a verse performance. In verse, performers move on stage for a reason. They do not just move unnecessarily. Activity 3: Rehearsing the VerseCan you recall? Define the following terms:Facial expressions. Voice variation. Tempo variation. Gestures. Body movement. Stage movement. Can you draw a rehearsal timetable like the one you drew for the narrative? Remember to allocate time for individual, group and team rehearsal. When rehearsing a verse, one needs to memorise and internalise a poem. For us to internalise the poem, we must put ourselves in the shoes of the characters in the verse and begin to feel like them. This is called empathy. We should also draw a lot from our own past experiences of a similar experience as the one the character in the verse is going through. These experiences help us to bring out the best feelings through the voice and the face. Meaningful gestures, body movements and stage movements are helpful in verse performance. We can rehearse in many ways as follows:Before our friends so that they can correct our errors. Before our classmates so that they can give us a feedback. We can record ourselves rehearsing then view and correct our mistakes.


We can rehearse in many ways as follows:Before our friends so that they can correct our errors. Before our classmates so that they can give us a feedback. We can record ourselves rehearsing then view and correct our mistakes. Activity 4: Performing the VerseCan you recall? How does one internalise a poem? How many ways of rehearsing can you recall? Before performance of a verse, casting has to be done. This is the selecting of the people who will perform the verse. The criteria for selecting those who perform a poem is based on the following:Voice quality. Ability to vary voice. Ability to use facial expressions. Ability to use gestures well. Flexibility in stage movement. When performing a verse, the following should be considered:Mastery of the poem. The use of voice to display the different emotions in the verse. The use of facial expressions to bring out the different moods in the poem. The use of relevant gestures. The use of relevant body movements. The use of relevant stage movements. Verses can be performed as solo verses or choral verses. Solo verses are performed by one person, while choral verses are performed by more than one person. SkitActivity 1: Describing Scenario, Milestones, Role PlayCan you recall? What is improvisation? What are milestones? What is a scenario? Role play takes place between two or more people who act out roles from a particular scenario. It builds self-confidence while handling the situations in life and making correct reactions to situations. Appreciating other peoples efforts enhances love and respect towards each other. Activity 2: Auditioning and Casting for A SkitCan you recall? What is role-play? What is the importance of role-play? Group ActivityGet the skit devised in Activity 1 to use for auditions. In your groups, select members that will represent you in the auditioning panel to select the best actors for the various roles and the support cast. Run the lines on the skit and select the best members to represent the group. Class ActivityAuditioning panel to sit at the front of the class. Actors are selected to present the part of the skit allocated to them. Using the scenarios given in the skits the panel finds the best possible talents for various roles. All the actors to demonstrate their suitability and skills. Members can also be given various other tasks to perform as they say a few lines.


Using the scenarios given in the skits the panel finds the best possible talents for various roles. All the actors to demonstrate their suitability and skills. Members can also be given various other tasks to perform as they say a few lines. Activity 3: Manipulating Voice, Body and Space in Delivery of a SkitPlot is the series of related events that take place before the audience. It brings out the storyline. Milestones show the issues, problems or conflicts being addressed in the skit from the onset to when they are resolved. Body language entails the use of non-verbal expressions. These are all the expressions that do not make use of words. For example, facial expressions, body movements and gestures. A lot of communication between humans is through the body and this must be well manipulated to bring out the right message. Voice should be well used so that the audience can hear and understand the actor. It should be loud enough and not too loud. Pitch should be as natural as possible. The pace in speaking is dictated by the response at hand. Tone is brought out through the use of words by the actor. Space: This includes the place where the action takes place. Actors need to be aware of not only their place on stage but also of the other actors so that they can interact well. Position on stage affects everything in a skit thus, it is of utmost importance to be aware of space and utilise it well. Rostrum and parts of the set can be used to create levels in a skit. All these help to develop the character and the story. Activity 4: Using of Props, Costumes and Make-Up to Enhance Performance of a SkitCan you recall? The importance of costumes. '. The importance of props in a skit. The importance of make-up. The importance of voice, body and space while acting. Rehearsing is practising a skit in preparation for a presentation. It involves going over or running through the lines. It involves learning lines, character work, warming-up, taking direction, staging and basically bringing everything together. Project: Rehearse the scripted skit in readiness for presentation.


It involves going over or running through the lines. It involves learning lines, character work, warming-up, taking direction, staging and basically bringing everything together. Project: Rehearse the scripted skit in readiness for presentation. KLB TOP SCHOLAR PERFORMING ARTS GRADE 7 NOTES TERM 3CRITICAL APPRECIATIONKENYAN FOLK MUSICActivity 1: Identifying Media of Performance, Components and Messages in Kenyan Folk MusicWatch performances of various Kenyan folk music and identify the medium of performance as:Vocal only. Vocal with instrumental accompaniment. Instrumental only. Watch performances of various Kenyan folk music and identify the components in them as:The performers soloist, respondents or dancers, instrumentalists . Songs. Instruments. Costumes, d cor and props. Dance movements. In groups, discuss the messages and values passed in Kenyan folk music. Activity 2: Describing the Style of Performance and Expressing Personal FeelingsWatch performances of Kenyan folk music and describe the styles as:Solo - involving only one person either singing or playing instrument s or both. Solo-response involves a soloist as a leader and a response group. Choral - involves group performing without a soloist. In groups, discuss personal feelings, mood and attitudes towards Kenyan folk music you have watched and listened to. Kenyan Folk DanceActivity 1: Analysing the Components of Kenyan Folk Dance PerformanceWatch various folk dances from different Kenyan communities and in groups, discuss the components in each of them:SongsVocal ornamentationInstrumental accompanimentPerformers soloist, singers or dancers Costumes and d corProps and artefactsDance steps, formations, patterns and transitionsWith the guidance of the teacher, discuss the messages and values passed through Kenyan folk dance performances. Group ActivityDescribe the sequence of events in a folk dance performance as:EntryMain partClimaxExit. Individual ActivitySelect one of the folk dance performances you have watched and write down a detailed report about it. The report should include the following:Title of the dance. Community of origin. Gender and age-group of performers. Occasion. Performers soloist, singers, dancers, instrumentalists . Style of performance solo, group . Vocal ornamentation. Costumes and d cor. Props and artefacts.


Vocal ornamentation. Costumes and d cor. Props and artefacts. Dance steps, movements, formations and transitions. NarrativeActivity 1: Appreciating the story of the narrativeCan you recall? What is a costume? What is a prop? What is the importance of costumes and props in a narrative? When appreciating a narrative, we begin by looking at the theme, a good theme addresses important issues that affect the people in the community. We also look at the storyline or plot of the narrative. We also look at how entertaining the narrative is. We also appreciate a narrative by looking at the language used. If the language is too difficult, then it becomes hard for us to understand and appreciate the narrative. Activity 2: Appreciating the Narrator S And the Narration TechniquesCan you recall? Do you remember all the narratives you have watched using a digital device? Do you remember the narrative that was performed by your classmates? There are three common narration techniques in Kenyan context used in narratives:Solo narration, where one narrator tells the story single-handedly from the beginning to the end. Tandem narration, where two narrators narrate the story together at the same time. Relay narration, where more than two narrators take turns to narrate the story. Unlike the tandem narration where two narrators speak at the same time, in relay narration each narrator waits for their turn to narrate. When a narrator s turn reaches, he or she is given a baton that allows them to narrate. A baton is anything that is handed over to the next narrator such as a walking stick, a school bags, a sweater. Good narrators use their voices to recreate the story afresh as well as hold the attention of the audience. They also use mimicry or imitation of the characters in the narratives. The narrators also communicate well using gestures, facial expressions, body movements and stage movements. Activity 3: Appreciating the Role of Costumes and Props as Well As The Audience in Narrative PerformancesCan you recall? List the three narration techniques or styles that were covered in the previous activity. Costumes define the main narrator of a narrative. The costume of the main narrator may help in identifying who the main character is in the story. The costumes of the support cast help in identifying the other characters in the story. Generally, costumes help us to understand the narrative. The props used in narratives enhance the story.


The costumes of the support cast help in identifying the other characters in the story. Generally, costumes help us to understand the narrative. The props used in narratives enhance the story. In narratives it is recommended that fewer props be used since the empbhasis is on narrating the story rather than dramatising. The audience plays a very important role in the performance of a narrative. The audience responds to the narrators in different ways:They may cheer, applaud, clap if the story reaches an exciting moment or if they are happy with what the main character is doing. They may jeer or boo if the main character does something irritating or unpleasant. They may sigh with relief if the main character manages to successfully go through a terrifying experience. They may nod their heads in agreement or shake their heads in disagreement. They may use facial expressions such as smiling at events they like, frowning at events they dislike or sneer at events they hate. They may join in song and dance depending on how interesting the narrator has been. They may also respond to questions posed or riddles thrown at them. VerseActivity 1: Evaluating A Verse Themes, Poetic LanguageCan you recall? What is the difference between a choral and a solo verse? What do we consider when performing a verse? What criteria do we use when selecting people to perform a verse? The process of appreciating verse begins with identifying the type of verse being performed. A solo verse is performed by one person. A choral verse is performed by more than one person. We also need to appreciate the verse by identifying the theme being addressed in the poem. We appreciate the poem more if the theme being addressed is about the issues affecting our community. This makes us to identify with the verse more. We appreciate a verse as a poem if the language used in it is poetic. We appreciate the language is poetic if we are able to identify poetic devices in it. Common poetic devices are repetition, rhyme, rhythm, alliteration, assonance, similes, metaphors and personification. Activity 2: Evaluating Verse Voice and CharactersCan you recall? Apart from the type of verse being presented, what else do we consider when appreciating a verse? We appreciate a verse to see whether the performers are projecting the voices or not. Voices that are well projected are said to be audible. Voice projection is not shouting. Shouting is irritating to the ear.


Voices that are well projected are said to be audible. Voice projection is not shouting. Shouting is irritating to the ear. Speaking very softly is also not pleasant to the ear since we strain to hear what is being recited. We appreciate a verse when there is voice variation. Voices are usually varied to communicate certain messages. The pitch can be either high or low depending on the message to be communicated. We appreciate verses by assessing whether there is speed variation in recitation. Speed variation means the performers recite very fast or very slowly at certain moments in the verse. They may recite very fast when they are celebrating or when there is a quarrel between two characters in the verse. They may recite slowly to show a sad mood or during a lamentation by one character. We appreciate a verse if we are able to identify the different characters speaking in the verse. In a solo verse, we may have only one character who takes many roles alone. In a choral verse, we have several characters doing different roles. Activity 3: Evaluating A Verse Using of Body and MovementsCan you recall? Give your teacher the answers to the home activity you did previously. We appreciate a verse by looking at how the performers use different facial expressions to show different moods in the verse. We appreciate a verse by looking at how the performers use gestures to communicate different messages. We appreciate a verse by looking at how the recitors use body movements to communicate important messages. We appreciate a verse by looking at how the performers use stage movements, and how important those movements are in communicating the message to the audience. SkitActivity 1: Evaluating Plot and Thematic Concerns in A SkitCan you recall? What is a plot in a skit? What is a theme in a skit? In evaluation of plot, check if the plot has communicated the message effectively. Conflict in a skit should be resolved. Thematic concerns should be contemporary and should bring out desired moral values. Activity 2: Evaluating Character Development, Use of Body, Voice and Space to Communicate Message in SkitCan you recall? What do you look for in evaluating a plot in a skit? What do you look for in evaluating them in a skit? Character s physical voice and energy levels must be appropriate for character roles. Stage space must show different locations and actions. Activity 3: Evaluating Role of Costume and Make-Up in Depicting CharacterCan you recall?


Character s physical voice and energy levels must be appropriate for character roles. Stage space must show different locations and actions. Activity 3: Evaluating Role of Costume and Make-Up in Depicting CharacterCan you recall?How do you evaluate character?How do we appreciate use of body, voice and space in a skit?We appreciate the use of costumes, props and make-up when they help to define or depict the intended character effectively. PERFORMING ARTS IN SOCIETYPerforming Arts in SocietyActivity 1: Social and Economic Roles of Performing Arts in The SocietyPerforming Arts is a medium of expression, knowledge and understanding for an individual and the society. Performing Arts is a tool that is reflective of the society. It teaches society about itself and can be used to educate people about their current situation. Performing Arts provides us with an opportunity to engage the mind, body and emotions, and to explore and express our talents. It boosts creativity and innovativeness. It promotes physical and personal development. It promotes self-confidence and self-belief. It fosters trust between participants. It unifies people across regions. It creates cultural awareness. Performing Arts is a career opportunity for singers, actors, comedians, dancers and other performers. It promotes tourism as visitors watch presentations from different cultures. Activity 2: Using Performing Arts to Address Pertinent and Contemporary IssuesPerforming Arts helps the learner to relate with real issues and challenges in the society and equips them with skills and knowledge on how to solve them. Performing Arts provides a platform to address difficult issues in the society. Some of these issues could be gender violence, racism, marginalization, disability, and politics. Performing Arts can be used to instill values like integrity, responsibility, respect, peace, and unity. Performing artists can reach a wider audience by collaborating with the broadcast media to air their works. They can also record them in studios and distribute to the general public. Activity 3: Making Connections Between Performing Arts and Real Life SituationsPerforming Arts has physical and emotional benefits to the participants. It encourages us to make meaningful and open communication even when faced with difficult situations in life. Participating in Performing Arts boosts one s confidence, enabling one to contribute ideas, views and personal feelings in every day interactions.


Nutrition security Nutrition security means consistent access, availability, and affordability of foods and beverages that promote well-being, prevent disease, and, if needed, treat disease, particularly among racial ethnic minority, lower income, and rural and remote populations including Tribal communities and Insular areas. Kitchen garden Kitchen garden is the growing of fruits and vegetables at the backyard of house by using kitchen waste water. Otherwise called as Home garden or Nutrition garden or Kitchen gardening or Vegetable gardening. Advantages of Kitchen garden : Supply fresh fruits and vegetables high in nutritive value.tyReasons For Kitchen Garden 1.Clean air: Your balcony, terrace or courtyard can become your green lungs amidst the dust and dirt around you. The more you plant, the more fresh air with good oxygen you get. 2.Herbs detox: Herbs are quite essential in our food which helps in detoxifying and healing properties in our body. Few herbs and plants that are easy to maintain in kitchen garden are: lemon grass, coriander, cilantro, mint, tulsi, celery, fenugreek, spinach. 3.Aesthetics matter: Plants make your home greener, more peaceful, uplift your mood and make you feel more positive. 4. Stay grounded: Modernisation uproots us from the mother earth. As the ancient sages say, our body is made of five components that includes earth, water, ether, air and fire. So it is very important to stay connected with earth. 5.Organic vegetables: Growing own fruits and vegetables can offer the opportunity to reduce the amount of pesticides that are used commercially, making them healthier6. Compost your waste: Plant fertilisers, made by decaying organic materials, like kitchen wastes, will help your plants grow faster, while helping you to get rid of your garbage 7.Cheap and easy: Kitchen gardens can help you grow things at home and bring down the need to buy from the market, hence, save money on food purchase. 8.Recycle and use: You can recycle vegetables in your kitchen garden. For example, you can collect your unwanted vegetables and make compost for it and use it again for compost, growing new vegetables and herbs. 10. Health friendly: It is a great way to engage the whole family in physical activity. Gardening is known to reduce levels of stress hormones. Crops for kitchen garden Seeds or seedlings.


Health friendly: It is a great way to engage the whole family in physical activity. Gardening is known to reduce levels of stress hormones. Crops for kitchen garden Seeds or seedlings. Common foods to grow include leafy greens such as spinach, leafy onions, sukumawiki, lettuce, tomatoes, terere, strawberries, herbs-mint, dhania, broccoli, cauliflower and even potatoes. Types of kitchen gardens. 1. Hanging kitchen gardens in Kenya Hanging kitchen gardens are perfect for small spaces or if you want to save on countertop space. Herbs and leafy greens do well in hanging gardens, as they don t need a lot of root room to grow. Just make sure to water your plants regularly so the soil doesn t dry out. Advantages: Offers a unique decoration for your kitchen Gives you the opportunity to grow your own herbs and spices Saves counter space Provides fresh air Can be a fun project for the whole family Cons: Requires regular watering May attract pests Must be positioned in a sunny spot Limited growing space Requires some initial set-up 2. Container kitchen gardens in KenyaContainer gardening is another great option for small spaces or those who want to move their garden around easily. You can use just about any type of container from pots and barrels to old wheelbarrows as long as it has drainage holes. Be sure to choose plants that are well-suited for container gardening, such as tomatoes, strawberries, and peppers. Advantages: They are less expensive than in-ground gardens. Are easier to set up and take care of. They can be placed almost anywhere, including on patios, decks, and balconies. Can help to save water since the soil is not exposed to the elements. They can produce a lot of food in a small space. Cons: The plants may not get enough sunlight if they are placed in a shaded area. The roots may become entangled if the containers are placed too close together. The plants may become stressed if they do not have enough room to grow. The soil may need to be replaced more often than in an inground garden. There is a greater risk of pests and diseases with container gardens than with in-ground gardens in Kenya. 3. Raised bed kitchen gardens in Kenya Raised beds are a great way to grow a variety of vegetables, herbs, and fruits.


There is a greater risk of pests and diseases with container gardens than with in-ground gardens in Kenya. 3. Raised bed kitchen gardens in Kenya Raised beds are a great way to grow a variety of vegetables, herbs, and fruits. They re perfect for small spaces or areas with poor soil quality. Just be sure the bed is at least 6 inches deep so roots have enough room to grow. Also, make sure the sides of the bed are tall enough so you can reach in without stepping on your plants this will help prevent compacting the soil . Advantages: They take up less space than traditional gardens, so they re perfect for small yards or patios. The soil in raised beds warms up faster in the spring, so you can plant earlier. You can control the quality of the soil more easily, so your plants will be healthy and thrive. Because they re elevated, raised beds are easier on your back and knees when you re gardening. They re also more attractive than traditional gardens, so they can enhance the curb appeal of your home. Cons: They can be more expensive to set up than traditional gardens, since you ll need to buy lumber and soil. They require more watering than traditional gardens, since the soil tends to dry out quicker. The soil in raised beds can also get too hot in the summer, which can damage plants or hinder their growth. 4. In-ground kitchen gardens in KenyaIn-ground gardens are the most traditional type of kitchen garden. If you have the space, an in-ground garden is a great way to grow a large variety of plants. Be sure to choose soil that s well-suited for your climate and plant choices. For example, if you live in an area with hot summers, opt for sandy soil that will drain well and won t bake your plants in the heat. Advantages: You can design them to fit your specific needs and the space you have available. They can include features such as built-in irrigation and drainage systems. You can choose from a wide variety of plants to grow. They can be beautiful and add curb appeal to your home. They can increase your property value. Cons: They require more initial investment than above-ground gardens. They require more maintenance than above-ground gardens. They are subject to soil erosion and compaction if not properly cared for.


Cons: They require more initial investment than above-ground gardens. They require more maintenance than above-ground gardens. They are subject to soil erosion and compaction if not properly cared for. They can attract pests and diseases if not properly managed. They may require special permits or permission from your homeowner s association or local government. 5. Indoor kitchen gardens: If you don t have any outdoor space or if you want to extend your growing season, consider starting an indoor kitchen garden in Kenya. Many vegetables, herbs, and fruits can be grown indoors with the right setup. Just make sure you choose a sunny spot in your home and use to grow lights if needed. ADVANTAGES: No pests or bad weather to ruin your plants! You can grow a wide variety of plants indoors. Indoor gardens are low maintenance. They can add color and life to any room. You can control the environment, making it ideal for growing delicate plants. CONS: Not all plants will do well indoors. You need adequate lighting to grow indoor plants successfully. Some plants require a lot of space, so they may not be suitable for small homes or apartments. Indoor gardens can be expensive to set up, especially if you need to buy special equipment like grow lights. If you re not careful, your indoor garden can become a breeding ground for mould and mildew. 6. Potager kitchen gardenA Potager is a type of kitchen garden that s designed for both beauty and function. These gardens are typically laid out in a symmetrical or geometric pattern and often feature ornamental plants as well as edible ones. If you have the space, consider adding a small pond or fountain to your potager this will not only add to its visual appeal but also provide a home for beneficial insects like dragonflies and frogs. PRO: A potager kitchen garden is a great way to have fresh herbs and vegetables right at your fingertips. They are also visually appealing and can add a touch of beauty to your yard or patio. They are easy to care for and don t require a lot of space. Potager kitchen gardens in Kenya are also great for entertaining since they can be used as a conversation piece. They are also a great way to get kids interested in gardening and eating healthy.


They are easy to care for and don t require a lot of space. Potager kitchen gardens in Kenya are also great for entertaining since they can be used as a conversation piece. They are also a great way to get kids interested in gardening and eating healthy. CONS: The biggest con of having a potager kitchen garden is that it can be costly to set up. They also require regular maintenance in order to keep them looking their best. If you have pets, you ll need to be careful that they don t dig in the garden and disturb the plants. Bad weather can also damage your potager kitchen garden 7. Permaculture kitchen garden Permaculture is all about working with nature instead of against it. In a permaculture kitchen garden in Kenya, plants are grown close together so they can support each other for example, tall plants may provide shade for shorter ones . Companion planting is often used in permaculture gardens, which means different types of plants are planted next to each other to deter pests or improve yields. For example, garlic repels many common insect pests so it could be planted near tomatoes or cabbage just make sure you don t plant too much of any one thing as this can throw off the balance . Advantages: A permaculture kitchen garden can provide a family with most of their fresh produce needs year-round. These types of gardens in Kenya are designed to be lowmaintenance, meaning less work for the gardener. The use of companion planting and other natural methods means that permaculture gardens are typically more pest and disease resistant than conventional gardens. Water usage is often much lower in permaculture gardens due to the use of mulch and other water-conserving techniques. Permaculture gardens can be beautiful, incorporating edible plants into the design. Cons: Permaculture gardens can take some time to establish, especially if you are starting from scratch. You may need to learn some new gardening techniques if you want to start a permaculture kitchen garden. You may need to make some changes to your cooking habits if you want to make the most of your permaculture garden. 8. Vertical kitchen garden in KenyaA vertical garden is a great way to save space and grow a variety of plants. There are many different ways to create a vertical garden, from trellises and lattices to hanging baskets and shelves.


8. Vertical kitchen garden in KenyaA vertical garden is a great way to save space and grow a variety of plants. There are many different ways to create a vertical garden, from trellises and lattices to hanging baskets and shelves. Just make sure you choose plants that are appropriate for the type of support you re using. For example, vines will need something to climb on while smaller herbs or leafy greens can be grown in shallow containers without much root room. Advantages: You can grow a lot of plants in a small space. The plants get more sun than they would if they were on the ground. You can control the environment around the plants more easily. It looks cool. You can use the water that drains from the plants to water other plants. Cons: You have to water the plants more often because they dry out faster. The plants are more susceptible to pests and diseases. If you don t have a good support system, the plants can fall over and die. It can be difficult to harvest the plants. You have to be careful not to overwater the plants, or they will rot. 9. Hydroponic kitchen garden in Kenya Hydroponics is a method of growing plants in water instead of soil. This can be done with just about any type of plant, but it s especially well-suited for leafy greens like lettuce and spinach which don t need deep roots . Hydroponic gardens in Kenya are often used indoors since they take up very little space and can be controlled more easily than outdoor gardens for example, you can adjust the temperature and humidity levels . Advantages: They are very space efficient since the plants are grown vertically in a small footprint. They can be set up indoors, so even if you live in an apartment you can still grow your own food. Hydroponically grown plants tend to be more nutrient-dense than soil-grown plants, so you get more bang for your buck, nutritionally speaking. Since hydroponic gardens use less water than traditional gardens, they are more environmentally friendly. They are also less likely to attract pests and diseases since the plants are not growing in dirt. Cons: There are some drawbacks to hydroponic kitchen gardens as well: They can be expensive to set up, depending on the size and complexity of the system you choose.


Since hydroponic gardens use less water than traditional gardens, they are more environmentally friendly. They are also less likely to attract pests and diseases since the plants are not growing in dirt. Cons: There are some drawbacks to hydroponic kitchen gardens as well: They can be expensive to set up, depending on the size and complexity of the system you choose. They require some basic knowledge of plant nutrition and physiology in order to be successful. If not properly maintained, hydroponic gardens can become breeding grounds for mould and other pathogens. 10. Staircase kitchen garden in KenyaA staircase garden is a type of vertical garden that s perfect for small spaces. These gardens are typically built on staircases or other types of raised platforms. Plants are grown in shallow containers, which can be placed close together to save space. Be sure to choose plants that don t need deep roots, such as herbs and leafy greens. ADVANTAGES: A staircase kitchen garden is a great way to make use of vertical space. Staircase kitchen gardens in Kenya are perfect for small spaces. They are easy to build and maintain. Staircase kitchen gardens are aesthetically pleasing. They can be used to grow a variety of plants and vegetables. CONS: Staircase kitchen gardens can be expensive to build. They require a lot of maintenance. The stairs can be dangerous if they are not built properly. They can be difficult to access for people with disabilities. Pests and diseases can easily spread in a staircase kitchen garden. 11. Simple drip garden12. Tyre kitchen garden 13. Multi storey kitchen garden14. Food robe kitchen garden15, Sack kitchen garden16. Wick irrigation kitchen garden17. Moist bed kitchen garden 18. Aquaponics kitchen garden19. Yard small kitchen garden20. Cone kitchen garden 21. Micro-kitchen gardenStarting a kitchen garden To start a kitchen garden in Kenya, you will need to find a sunny spot in your yard and prepare the soil. You can then choose what vegetables or herbs you would like to grow. Once you have chosen your plants, you will need to plant them in the prepared soil and water them regularly. Step 1: Find a sunny spot in your yard and prepare the soil.


You can then choose what vegetables or herbs you would like to grow. Once you have chosen your plants, you will need to plant them in the prepared soil and water them regularly. Step 1: Find a sunny spot in your yard and prepare the soil. You will need to find an area in your yard that gets a lot of sunlight. Then, you will need to till the soil and add some compost or manure. Step 2: Choose what vegetables or herbs you would like to grow. Decide which plants you want to grow in your garden. Some popular choices include tomatoes, peppers, carrots, and lettuce. You can also choose to grow herbs such as basil or oregano. Step 3: Plant your seeds or seedlings. Plant the seeds or seedlings in the prepared soil and water them regularly. You will need to keep an eye on your plants and make sure they have enough water and sunlight. Harvest your vegetables or herbs when they are ready! What are the benefits of growing a kitchen garden in Kenya? There are many benefits to growing a kitchen garden. Some of these include: Getting fresh fruits, vegetables, and herbs that are pesticide-free Saving money by not having to buy produce at the grocery store Having a relaxing hobby that gets you outside in the fresh air Improving your physical health by getting exercise while gardening Boosting your mental health by reducing stressWhat are the best types of vegetables and fruits to grow in a kitchen garden? FOOD AND NUTRITION COOKING STARCHY CARBOHYDRATES https: www.youtube.com watch?v r9ZrT5vtVv0 Why is food cooked? Food may be contaminated with harmful microbes that can cause disease. The high temperature involved in cooking brings about chemical changes in food and kills these microbes. Cooking also makes food easier to digest and improves the food s appearance, texture and flavour. These are a few examples of ways to cook food, and notice that all of these methods involve heating the food to a high temperature: Baking Boiling Steaming Grilling FryingHeat transfer when cooking During cooking, heat is transferred from the source of heat to the food through conduction e.g. grilling steak on a grilling pan sitting on a stove , convection e.g. running cold water over frozen food to speed up thawing process and or radiation roasting marshmallow over fire .


These are a few examples of ways to cook food, and notice that all of these methods involve heating the food to a high temperature: Baking Boiling Steaming Grilling FryingHeat transfer when cooking During cooking, heat is transferred from the source of heat to the food through conduction e.g. grilling steak on a grilling pan sitting on a stove , convection e.g. running cold water over frozen food to speed up thawing process and or radiation roasting marshmallow over fire . Check out the resources below to learn more why food is cooked and how heat is transferred conduction, convection and radiation . We know that cooking gets the food hot. It makes what is otherwise unsafe to be consumed raw, safe to eat. In order to do so, food has to be put in an oven or on the stovetop and be subjected to a source of heat. When the heat transfers from something that is hot, such as a flame or a pot of boiling water, to the food, this process is called heat transfer. There are three types of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation. What distinguishes them is the manner in which the heat in transferred. Without a medium, heat cannot be transferred. The different ways that heat transfer can be accomplished determines how the food is cooked and what the end result will be. Convection Heat is transferred via liquids and gases. Fast moving molecules of the convection medium collide with the slower molecules in the food and heat them up. As warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler areas, it forms a continuous circulation pattern. These convection currents can be observed when water is boiling in a pot. Convection that takes place through air occurs in a convection oven. Compared to traditional ovens, ovens using convection are usually the better choice as it has fas to circulate the air around. On the contrary, traditional ovens mostly rely on radiation off the oven walls and is therefore a more eficient method of heat transfer. It heats food faster and reduces cooking times by at least 25 . Below are some examples of convection heating. Baking and roasting Boiling and steaming Running cold water over frozen food, which transfers heat into the food to thaw it more quickly Radiation Heat is transferrred via electromagnetical waves.


Fibre-rich vegetables. ... Beans. How Heat Affects Foods and Their Flavors Posted on June 8, 2021 by MadgeTech MarketingStarches Starch is the most common carbohydrate in human diets, whether it s natural or is added to foods. As heat is applied to starch it absorbs moisture from its surroundings and becomes softer. This process is called gelatinization and is the reason pasta and rice double in size and soften when cooked. Gelatinization begins at 150 F. EFFECT OF OVERHEATING IN FOODNandhini Ramanathan Nandhini Ramanathan I am a foodtechnology student Leadership self-motivated team work Published Aug 30, 2023 Follow HOW HEAT AFFECTS FOOD During the heating process or the cooking of food, a complex series of physical and chemical changes take place. These changes vary according to the heating method and time exposed, but may ultimately include changes in nutrient composition, fat content, moisture, flavor, smell, texture, and color. The longer the food is heated, and the higher the temperature, the greater the nutrient loss. When we look at commercially prepared dog food or even home cooking as preparation, the heat applied during the extrusion process, grilling or microwaving contribute to the reduction in nutritional value most of the time. Graph Protein goes through certain physical and chemical changes when it is heated and cooked pg 88, SACN When the proteins in food are heated, they coagulate. An example of this can be observed in the proteins found in eggs which become denatured and coagulate during the heating process. The heat disrupts the hydrogen bonds and non-polar hydrophobic interactions. The bonds are disrupted by increasing the kinetic energy and causing the molecules to vibrate so rapidly and violently. Researchers have observed that single amino acid digestibilities, especially for aspartic acid and cysteine, which are known to be heat-sensitive, revealed a disproportionate reduction when tested in the commercially processed food compared to when tested alone. Protein that is exposed to hot temperatures, shrinks and loses moisture. This usually occurs at temperatures between 160 and 185 degrees Fahrenheit. When animal sources of protein are cooked slowly, any connective tissues present in the meat are likely to dissolve.


Protein that is exposed to hot temperatures, shrinks and loses moisture. This usually occurs at temperatures between 160 and 185 degrees Fahrenheit. When animal sources of protein are cooked slowly, any connective tissues present in the meat are likely to dissolve. Heat does not destroy the protein in food, but it may reduce the overall content Dextrinisation: The reaction of dry heat on the surface of food which changes starch to dextrin, e.g. toast. Gelatinisation: The process of thickening which takes place when a mixture of starch and liquid is heated. Ways to retain nutrients while cooking Prolonged exposure to water, heat, and light may cause some foods to lose nutritional value like vitamin B1, vitamin C and polyphenols. Here are simple tips which will help you retain nutrients while enjoying your favourite foods. Have a look! 02 11Rule for washingAlways wash the vegetables first and then chop them. Chopping first and then washing takes away the nutrition of your food. 03 11Don t chop small Do not chop vegetables into very small pieces as most of the nutients will be destroyed when they come in contact with air. The best way is to chop the vegetable into larger chunks. 04 11Water usageCook vegetables in smaller amounts of water. Boiling in too much water damages the nutrients. It is best advised to cook the veggies covered on low flame in their own water. 05 11Heating your foodAvoid re-heating of food as it destroys the chemical structure of nutrients and vitamins. 06 11Loss of mineralsAs soon as you chop veggies, you should cook them as the vitamins and minerals are secure in their cells as once they are exposed to light and air, the nutrient contents can be destroyed. 07 11Excess waterDo not throw away the excess water drained after boiling rice or vegetables. The excess water is loaded with nutrients and it can used in preparing gravies, kneading dough or serve it as a refreshment drink. 08 11Root rulesRoot vegetables like potato, ginger, turnip and carrots should be boiled with skins and the peel should be removed after boiling. Boiling with peels helps the nutrients to migrate to the centre of the vegetables which helps in better retention of its nutrients. 09 11Baking sodaDon't use baking soda when cooking vegetables. Although it helps in retaining color of the vegetables as well as speeds up the cooking process, but destroys the vitamin C content of the veggies.


Boiling with peels helps the nutrients to migrate to the centre of the vegetables which helps in better retention of its nutrients. 09 11Baking sodaDon't use baking soda when cooking vegetables. Although it helps in retaining color of the vegetables as well as speeds up the cooking process, but destroys the vitamin C content of the veggies. 10 11Fresh food Eating fresh food is an good idea because the depletion of nutrients could be slowed down. Another reason is the quicker you consume it, the more nutrients can be gained from it. Try eating within 4 hours of cooking your food Check for aflatoGuidelines to minimize nutrient losses during preparation 1. Choose fresh foods that are not over-ripe, bruised, cut or scraped. 2. Peel thinly or cook inn their skins,jacket 3. Aim at golden brown whenncooking indry heat. 4. Use enough water to cover 5. Cooknthem for the appropriate time 6. Blend starchy flavours with cold water before cooking 7. Stirbthoroughly and continuously over low heat 8. Wash vegetables before cutting. Soaking or washing time should be reduced to minimize nutrient loss. 9. Cut vegetables into big pieces so that exposure of vitamins to water is less while cooking and washing. 10. Use a vegetable peeler to remove skin as it helps remove only a very thin layer of skin. 11. Use minimum water for cooking. Bring the water to boil and add the vegetables to cook. 12. Cook vegetables by steaming and pressure cooking to conserve nutrients. 13. Cover the vessel with a lid while cooking as it hastens cooking. 14. Vegetables salads should be prepared just before serving to conserve nutrients. 15. Use acids such as lime juice or vinegar to salads as it prevents loss of Vitamin C since Vitamin C is stable in acid. 16. Store foods in a cool, dark place. 17. When boiling, add the raw food to the boiling water rather than to cold water. 18. Steaming is a way of cooking with a minimum amount of water. 19. If possible use the cooking water for gravies, sauces or soups as it is a source of watersoluble vitamins and elements minerals . 20. Cook for the minimum time necessary to make the food palatable and safe. 21. Do not use baking soda to help keep the green colour of vegetables, as this increases loss of vitamin C. 22. Do not use copper utensils.


Do not use baking soda to help keep the green colour of vegetables, as this increases loss of vitamin C. 22. Do not use copper utensils. Copper helps to destroy vitamin C. 23. Soak whole pulses overnight and other dhals for one hour before cooking. Safety in preparing and cooking starchy carbohydrates Choose foods processed for safety. ... Cook food thoroughly. ... Don t cook root tubers when they have any green, damaged ir sprouting bits Check aflatoxins in cereals or grains before cooking Eat cooked foods immediately. ... Store cooked foods carefully. ... Reheat cooked foods thoroughly. ... Avoid contact between raw foods and cooked foods. ... Wash hands repeatedly. ... Keep all kitchen surfaces meticulously clean. Explain four factors to consider when setting a table. The number of people taking the meal as this determine the number of covers to be laid. The meal to be served as this ensures that all the tableware is available. Number of courses dishes as this enables one to set the cover for the courses. Tableware as this determines their placement. Type of meal service as each type has its own way of laying the table. The type of dinners determines the way of table setting e.g. ages, special needs. A center piece should be available for beauty enhance appetite. Provide adequate space to avoid overcrowding for comfort. Ensure the room is clean for hygiene. The table cloth should be well laundered for neatness. Table appointments should be clean for hygiene enhance appetite Essentials for table settingplace setting for one person is a "cover.". 2. The plate, flatware and placemat should be 1-1 2" from the table edge to allow for an attractive table and safety. 3. Flatware is placed in order of use from the outside in. 4. The napkin should be folded in a square or rectangle and placed so that the open edge is toward the plate. 5. Allow 20-24 inches for each place setting or cover. 6. Use only flatware and plates that are necessary for the specific meal. 7. Table cloth - the center fold should fall exactly on the center line of the table. The cloth then drops evenly on both sides. The cloth should hang over the table no more than 10-12 inches.


Table cloth - the center fold should fall exactly on the center line of the table. The cloth then drops evenly on both sides. The cloth should hang over the table no more than 10-12 inches. 8. Tables should be set according to these principles; art, common sense, concern for comfort for those eating and courtesy. 9. A good centerpiece is: - in scale with the table - is low so people opposite each other can see across the table - can be placed anywhere on table as long as table looks well-balanced - can be part of the meal salad, fruit bowl, dessert, etc. Skip to document University High School Books Sign in My Library Information AI Chat Mealsfor special groups and occasion Used in meal planning Course Nutrition and dietetics DND 2204 36 documents University Thika School of Medical and Health Sciences More info Uploaded by: Anonymous Student Thika School of Medical and Health Sciences Comments Please sign in or register to post comments. Students also viewed Types of management styles Diseases of the Small Intestines Meal preparation units and equipments Background OF Medical Terminologies Inborn Errors OF Metabolism GIT disorders Upper - GIT Notes Related documents Lifespan notes on adolescents,adults,elderly Parenteral nutrition Criteria for Formula Selection Commonly used equipment in enteral feeding and parenteral Community Partnership Skills 1 Notes Principles OF Human Nutrition notes Preview text MEAL PLANNING FOR VARIOUS GROUPS AND SPECIAL OCCASIONS Unit objectives By the end of this unit, the learner should be able to: 1. Identify the various groups of individual with different nutritional needs 2. Describe on how to prepare and serve meals to meet their recommended allowance individually 3. Explain the need for the nutritional requirement in the lifespan and occupation 8 Introduction A nutritious and wholesome balanced diet is a key to good health. A well-balanced diet includes eating the right amount of foods from the five main food groups. Most people will have three main meals a day. No single food contains all nutrients the body needs so it is important to eat a wide variety. The right amount of different nutrients can increase life expectancy by keeping the heart and body healthy, and preventing many long-term illnesses.


Most people will have three main meals a day. No single food contains all nutrients the body needs so it is important to eat a wide variety. The right amount of different nutrients can increase life expectancy by keeping the heart and body healthy, and preventing many long-term illnesses. Body weight can be kept to an acceptable level through healthy eating, leading to a fitter and more active lifestyle. Nutrition is one of the factors that contributes to the wellness of an individual. A balanced diet, when plannedcarefully, provides adequate energy and nutrients for growth, health maintenance, disease prevention and therefore it is essential for our whole lifespan. There is a number of factors to be considered when planning meals. Factors to be considered in meal planning for different categories Figure 1: Factors to be considered in meal planning for different categories Different examples of occasions are Fiesta, birthday, weddings, anniversaries, Christmas, Mother s day, Father s day, Baptismale.t. It important to plan meals for different occasions success of occasion depends on how well it is planned- from the decors, house arrangement and the food that must be specially chosen, prepared and served Foods, techniques and equipment C. Kitchen equipment must be safe and reliable if it is to be used to prepare and serve food for special occasions. Remember that: facilities must be appropriate for the number of guests being served if the celebration is to be held at a venue away from home, the host or caterer must consider what equipment and facilities are available cutlery, plates and storage space in refrigerators, freezers, cupboards and benches must be organised before the event to avoid any last-minute shortages kitchen equipment such as hand mixers, microwave ovens, blenders and stoves must be tested and checked before the event to detect any faulty equipment only equipment that saves time should be used the preparation and cleaning of some equipment outweighs its value oven, refrigerator and freezer temperatures must be tested to see that they are suitable for keeping food safe and so preventing any risk of food poisoning equipment should be cleaned before and after use to ensure proper hygiene stored equipment can often attract insects, rodents and cockroaches there must be enough serving equipment such as spoons, forks and tongs-when people swap serving utensils, cross-contamination can easily occur. Small- and large-scale meal preparation The size of an event can have a great impact on the preparation involved.


Kitchen equipment must be safe and reliable if it is to be used to prepare and serve food for special occasions. Remember that: facilities must be appropriate for the number of guests being served if the celebration is to be held at a venue away from home, the host or caterer must consider what equipment and facilities are available cutlery, plates and storage space in refrigerators, freezers, cupboards and benches must be organised before the event to avoid any last-minute shortages kitchen equipment such as hand mixers, microwave ovens, blenders and stoves must be tested and checked before the event to detect any faulty equipment only equipment that saves time should be used the preparation and cleaning of some equipment outweighs its value oven, refrigerator and freezer temperatures must be tested to see that they are suitable for keeping food safe and so preventing any risk of food poisoning equipment should be cleaned before and after use to ensure proper hygiene stored equipment can often attract insects, rodents and cockroaches there must be enough serving equipment such as spoons, forks and tongs-when people swap serving utensils, cross-contamination can easily occur. Small- and large-scale meal preparation The size of an event can have a great impact on the preparation involved. Planning an event for five or ten people is very different from organising an event for hundreds of guests. Planning ahead allows the host to organise an appropriate menu according to the information they have on the number of guests attending. This planning is necessary to: - avoid excessive waste of food and money - avoid the embarrassment of running short of food - ensure that the food is the best choice for the event. When catering for small numbers of guests, it is relatively easy to estimate rough quantities of food. When catering for large numbers of guests, a rough guess or estimate is not suitable. Every caterer follows a set of guidelines. A host must consider the factors listed when planning a menu. Consideration to consider in planning meals for special occasions 1. Factors to consider in meal planning a. Food Budget - refers to the amount of money needed for the food to be prepared. It should be prepared ahead of time b. Tools, Facilities and Equipment- menu you have planned can only be prepared if you have the needed tools, facilities and equipment c.


Food Budget - refers to the amount of money needed for the food to be prepared. It should be prepared ahead of time b. Tools, Facilities and Equipment- menu you have planned can only be prepared if you have the needed tools, facilities and equipment c. Time and Energy Available plan meals which will make reasonable demand on time and energy to save time and energy it is advisable to plan dishes you are familiar with and that you have skills and ability in preparing them. Plan cooking dishes which do not use the same equipment since it takes time for one dish to be cooked plan dishes that will not require last minute attention 2. Food Preferences of Guests - consider what dishes would the guests love to eat and what popular and special in a given culture or regions. Consider special nutritional needs 3. Goals in Preparing Meals for special occasions it is important to set goals that will not only satisfy the palate but also promote health and wellbeing of every guest. The meal should be nutritionally adequate, economically feasible, aesthetically satisfying, palatable and hygienically prepared 4. Nutritionally adequate means the meal has enough nutrients to make the body healthy. It contains all nutrients needed by the body like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Use the Three Basic Food Groups as guide 5. Economically feasible Food budget is enough to meet the food expenditures food budget should be reasonable and affordable 6. Aesthetically satisfying every dish is pleasing, deliciously inviting and satisfying it should appeal to the senses and to the appetite. There should be a variety of colorThe calorific requirement is generally higher in men than in women because men have larger body size, and they are more physically active and have more lean muscle mass. 8.1 Age groups i. Infants breast feeding is the safest and most desirable method of nourishment Human milk is considered the ideal starting food, with most of the nutritional requirements. However breast feeding should not be relied on exclusively for optional nutrition beyond the sixth mouth of the infant s life. For twins, optimum is 3-4 months. O Interval of feeding: Breast feeding should be started as soon as possible after birth if a mother and a baby are okay. A baby should be allowed to feed on demand and may suckle 1215 times day.


For twins, optimum is 3-4 months. O Interval of feeding: Breast feeding should be started as soon as possible after birth if a mother and a baby are okay. A baby should be allowed to feed on demand and may suckle 1215 times day. However a common routine is that of 10-15 times during the day. After such feed a baby should be burped to remove the air swallowed together with milk by allowing the baby on the mothers knee or shoulders. For the first days the baby should be suckle both breast for only a few minutes each time to prevent any nipple sores or cracks. About 150ml of human milk per kg body weight the baby is getting enough milk if satisfied at a 12-20 times feeding, falls asleep promptly and sleep quietly for several hours, and also makes satisfactory weight gains from week to week. Duration of breastfeeding: sufficient until about 6 months of age, should continue for 2 years or even longer. Refer: duration of breast milk Replacement of breast milk Is the process of feeding an infant child who is not receiving any breast milk with a diet that provides all the nutrients a child needs Introduction of solid foods before the age of 4-6 months is not recommended due to immaturity of gastrointestinal tract and kidneys to handle solid food. After that, solid foods could be introduced gradually and individually. The typical order of introduction begins with cereal, usually iron-fortified ones, vegetables, fruits, eggs and then meat. A waiting period of 4-5 days before the introduction of another new food is recommended to make sure no allergic reaction or intolerance. It s only recommended when the AFASS criteria can be met. AFASS A -ACCEPTANCE: no barriers replacement feeding Barriers can be cultural, social and also due to fear of stigma and discrimination F- FEASIBLE: mother or the family has adequate time, knowledge ,skills and other resources to prepare the replacement food and feed the infant up to 12 times in 24 hours A- AFFORDABLE: Mother, family, community or even the health system support can pay for the cost of purchasing, preparing and using replacement feeding without compromising the health and nutrition of the entire family.


This can lead to serious health problems, nutrient deficiencies and eating disorders in later life iv. Adults Growth is usually completed by the age of 25 years. The aims of nutrition during adult years are to obtain adequate energy and nutrients to maintain a healthy body weight and prevention of chronic diseases through appropriate food choices. Adulthood is a period when an individual begins to experience and cope with numerous changes in the realms of work, family and education. Healthy eating and lifestyle are important for them to cope with stress and maintain health. The calorific requirement begins to decrease after the age of 25 years as basal metabolic rates decrease. People during adult years may not get as much exercise as they did in earlier years. Thus, when appetite and food intake do not decrease, there is a common tendency toward weight gain during this period. An intake of 3,500 calories more than the body needs for maintenance and activities will result in a weight gain of 500 grams fat. A person who overeats by only 120 calories a day equal to a can of soft drink can gain 6kilograms in 1 year. Therefore, it is important to reach energy balance to maintain a healthy weight i. energy intake equals energy output . This can be achieved by eating less energydense foods, and increasing physical activities as exercise will increase the number of calories burned. Healthy eating and lifestyle are encouraged during adult years to maintain health and prevention of chronic diseases v. Elderly Physiological, psychosocial and economic changes of the elderly affect their nutrition status. The body s function changes with age. Metabolic rate slows down, bones become less dense and lean muscle mass is reduced. Eye-sight,hearing, taste and smell are less acute and poor dentition is common. The secretion of digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid is diminished which in turn impairs digestion and absorption of nutrients such as vitamin B12. The reduced muscle tone of the intestine may result in constipation in an elderly. The loss of spouse or close friends, physical disabilities, poor health, feeling of loneliness and uselessness may diminish an elderly s ability to shop, cook and also his her appetite to eat. Retirement of the elderly results in decreased income and this may affect one s choice of food. Some may choose foods by cost rather than nutrient content.


Adequate folate intake is important for adult women before pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in infant. The iron requirement is highfor women throughout the childbearing years to replace blood loss during menstruation. Fruits and vegetables are important source of vitamins A, C, folate , minerals potassium , phytochemicals, and fiber. A diet high in fruits and vegetables are associated with lower risk of chronic diseases. For manual workers, meals should be a balanced diet rich in carbohydrates such as rice, noodles and pasta or bread to provide enough energy to work. Manual work increases sweating which in turn increases the loss of water and electrolytes. It is essential to increase fluid intake water, juice, soup to regulate body temperature and avoid dehydration. People with a sedentary lifestyle e. office workers, require to pay attention to energy balance to maintain a healthy body weight. Reduced physical activity together with an excessive energy intake from a large portion of energy-dense foods such as fast food, snacks increase the risk of obesity and other chronic disease in later life. The modern busy lifestyle has made fast food become popular because it is convenient and time-saving. High consumption of food in restaurants and fast food shops result in higher intake of fat, trans-fat, salt and sugar while the intake in fruits and vegetables is low. Meals for office workers should be rich in nutrients but low in energy. It is recommended to include more vegetables and fruits as they are rich in dietary fiber and low in calories, instead of energy dense snacks such as ice-cream, chocolates and chips. They are also rich in vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals that are beneficial to health and may help to prevent chronic diseases. Higher fiber diet is also more filling and helps to prevent constipation. Energy-dense foods and alcohol should be eaten in moderation only. E Elderly A balanced nutrient-dense diet is essential for maintaining good health of the elderly. Good nutritional status can help to prevent chronic disease and speed up recovery from illness, surgery or broken bones. An elderly s diet should include varied choices of food with most of the calories from carbohydrates, moderate in protein while low in fat, salt and sugar. Adequate protein is essential for tissue repairing, synthesis of immune cells and hormones. Lean meat or poultry without skin and low fat dairy products are good protein choices.


An elderly s diet should include varied choices of food with most of the calories from carbohydrates, moderate in protein while low in fat, salt and sugar. Adequate protein is essential for tissue repairing, synthesis of immune cells and hormones. Lean meat or poultry without skin and low fat dairy products are good protein choices. Elderly are also encouraged to have adequate fruits, vegetables, whole grains products and legumes. These foods are rich source of vitamins, minerals and fiber. Adequate fiber and fluid can help to prevent constipation. Foods for breakfast should include enough carbohydrates noodles, whole meal bread, breakfast cereals, and congee and moderate protein foods lean meat, milk and dairy products, eggs . Lunch and dinner choices can follow the principles of healthy eating with cereals or cereal products as major food, moderate amount of fish, seafood, legumes, egg and lean meat. It is advised to prepare foods with low fat cooking methods such as steaming, boiling, stewing, grilling and stir-frying with little oil. Chinese family dinner usually consists of 2-3 dishes that are shared by family members, whereas western style dinner usually includes soup, appetizer, main dish, dessert and or a drink that are served on an individual basis. Healthy snacks such as low fat dairy products, sandwich, fruits, whole meal biscuits, chestnuts, sweet corn can supplement main meals for those with additional nutrition needs and small appetite. 8 Meal planning for special occasions celebrations; such as social gatherings, parties and festivals should take into consideration of the occasion, venue, age and number of guests, style of meal sit down or buffet type, Chinese or Western meal and special food if necessary. Prepare appropriate tableware, napkins, tablecloth and home decorations flowers or other ornaments , seats and tables for celebrations or parties. Background of guests, their age, gender, total number, food preference, nutritional needs and special ethnic or religion are factors for consideration when planning meals. A good meal should be nutritious, well cooked with careful combination of foods and flavors. For example, food for a birthday party for school-age children should be colorful, attractive, and easy to manage, in bite size, small packs and include more body building foods for growth. Dishes can be prepared using different methods e.


A good meal should be nutritious, well cooked with careful combination of foods and flavors. For example, food for a birthday party for school-age children should be colorful, attractive, and easy to manage, in bite size, small packs and include more body building foods for growth. Dishes can be prepared using different methods e. grilling, baking, boiling to give various texture e. soft, firm, crispy and served either hot or cold. Special food can be prepared for special occasions or festivals e. birthday cake for birthday party; Easter chocolate eggs for Easter festival, Chinese turnip cake for Chinese New Year etc. It is also advised to shop and plan for food in advance to allow changes of food in the menu if they are not available. Meals for outing; should be well planned and prepared. Depending on the duration of the outing, the meal should provide enough nutrients and energy to sustain daily activities as that from amain meal. It should be well-balanced by choosing foods from the three basic food groups and to include a suitable drink. Choose foods that are easy to eat, pack and carry, and can be kept for a longer time such as bread, fruits, packed drinks or canned foods. Use thermal containers with insulation or spaces for ice packs to keep food drinks at a safe temperature to avoid bacterial growth. Food can be packed in a plastic box for easy transport to avoid crushing damage. Download AI Quiz 00 SaveShare Document continues below Discover more from: Nutrition and dieteticsDND 2204 Thika School of Medical and Health Sciences 36 documents Go to course 6 Steps OF DIET Planning questions Nutrition and dietetics100 2 55 Tsmhs Nutrition Intervention IN Hivaids Module Nutrition and dieteticsNone 1 What Is Behavioral Psychology With Duties and Specialties Indeed Nutrition and dieteticsNone 1 Difference Between Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms Nutrition and dieteticsNone 17 Milk oils and other food production notes Nutrition and dieteticsNone 2 Commonly used equipment in enteral feeding and parenteral Nutrition and dieteticsNone fruits vegetables, meats, dairy products, fats sweets . Main energy source should come dairy products, dried or fresh fruits, wholemeal biscuits, unsweetened soy bean milk.


Food can be packed in a plastic box for easy transport to avoid crushing damage. Download AI Quiz 00 SaveShare Document continues below Discover more from: Nutrition and dieteticsDND 2204 Thika School of Medical and Health Sciences 36 documents Go to course 6 Steps OF DIET Planning questions Nutrition and dietetics100 2 55 Tsmhs Nutrition Intervention IN Hivaids Module Nutrition and dieteticsNone 1 What Is Behavioral Psychology With Duties and Specialties Indeed Nutrition and dieteticsNone 1 Difference Between Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms Nutrition and dieteticsNone 17 Milk oils and other food production notes Nutrition and dieteticsNone 2 Commonly used equipment in enteral feeding and parenteral Nutrition and dieteticsNone fruits vegetables, meats, dairy products, fats sweets .Main energy source should come dairy products, dried or fresh fruits, wholemeal biscuits, unsweetened soy bean milk. Company About Us Ask AI Studocu World University Ranking 2023 E-Learning Statistics Doing Good Academic Integrity Jobs Blog Dutch Website Contact Help F.A.Q. Contact Newsroom Legal Terms Privacy Policy Cookie Statement View our reviews on Trustpilot English Rest of the World Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01.


GRADE 7 LESSON NOTES TERM1,2,3STRAND ONECONSERVING AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENTSoil pollution controlDef: Soil pollution - refers to anything that causes contamination of soil and reduces the soil quality. It occurs when the substances causing the pollution reduce the quality of the soil and convert the soil inhabitable for microorganisms and macro organisms living in the soil. Soil contamination or soil pollution can occur either because of human activities or because of natural processes. However, mostly it is due to human activities. The soil contamination can occur due to the presence of chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, ammonia, petroleum hydrocarbons, lead, nitrate, mercury, naphthalene, etc. In an excess amount. Causes of Soil PollutionSoil pollution is a complex occurrence, and it can be triggered by a variety of things and activities, from the littering of cigarette butts to excess use of chemical fertilizers. Every cause is linked with another. It is quite difficult to pinpoint one particular cause. However, the leading causes are listed below. Industrial Activity - Industrial activity has been the biggest contributor to the problem of soil pollution, especially since the amount of mining and manufacturing has increased. Most industries are dependent on extracting minerals from the earth. As a result, the industrial waste lingers on the soil surface for a long time and makes it unsuitable for use. Agricultural Activities - The utilization of chemicals has gone up tremendously since technology has provided us with modern pesticides and fertilizers. They are full of chemicals that are not produced in nature and cannot be broken down by it. As a result, they seep into the ground after they mix with water and slowly reduce the fertility of the soil. Waste Disposal - While industrial waste is sure to cause contamination, there is another way in which we are adding to the pollution. Every person excretes a certain amount of personal waste in the form of urine and feces. While much of it moves into the sewer system, there is also a large amount that is dumped directly into landfills in the form of diapers. Even the sewer system ends at the landfill, where the biological waste pollutes the soil and water. Accidental Oil Spills - Oil leaks can happen during the storage and transport of chemicals. This can be seen at most of the fuel stations. The chemicals present in the fuel reduces the quality of soil and make it unsuitable for cultivation.


Accidental Oil Spills - Oil leaks can happen during the storage and transport of chemicals. This can be seen at most of the fuel stations. The chemicals present in the fuel reduces the quality of soil and make it unsuitable for cultivation. These chemicals can enter into the groundwater through the soil and make the water undrinkable. Acid Rain - Acid rain is caused when pollutants present in the air mix up with the rain and fall back on the ground. The polluted water could dissolve away some of the essential nutrients found in the soil and change the structure of the soil. Effects of soil pollutionSoil influences almost all aspects of our daily lives. Sometimes we fail to understand it. As a result of this, we sometimes fail to understand the effect that soil pollution has on our daily lives. Polluted soil means stunted crops or even a toxic underground water table. Some major effects of soil pollution are:Effect on Health of Humans - Considering how soil is the reason we are able to sustain ourselves, the contamination of it has major consequences for our health. Crops and plants that are grown on polluted soil absorb much of the pollution and then pass it on to us. This could explain the sudden increase in small and terminal illnesses. The soil pollution can even lead to widespread famines if the plants are unable to grow in it. Effect on Growth of Plants - The ecological balance of any system is affected due to the widespread contamination of the soil. Most plants are unable to adapt when the chemistry of the soil changes so radically in a short period of time. Fungi and bacteria found in the soil that bind it together begin to decline, which creates an additional problem of soil erosion. The fertility of the soil slowly diminishes, making land unsuitable for agriculture and any local vegetation to survive. The soil pollution causes large tracts of land to become hazardous to health. Unlike deserts, which are suitable for their native vegetation, such land cannot support most forms of life. Decreased Soil Fertility - The toxic chemicals present in the soil can decrease soil fertility and therefore decrease the soil yield. The contaminated soil is then used to produce fruits and vegetables, which lack quality nutrients and may contain some poisonous substances to cause serious health problems in people consuming them. Poisoning of the Underground Water Table - Soil pollution also leads to the poisoning of the underground water table. Since this water is stored beneath the layers of the soil, the toxins in the soil could easily percolate slowly and steadily into the water table.


The contaminated soil is then used to produce fruits and vegetables, which lack quality nutrients and may contain some poisonous substances to cause serious health problems in people consuming them. Poisoning of the Underground Water Table - Soil pollution also leads to the poisoning of the underground water table. Since this water is stored beneath the layers of the soil, the toxins in the soil could easily percolate slowly and steadily into the water table. Possible Solutions to Soil PollutionSoil pollution is a complex problem that ought to be solved. It is essential that we all realize how important soil is to us. The earlier we realize this, the better we will be able to solve the problem of soil pollution. It is a complex problem, and thus, it requires everyone, from an individual to the government, to work in complete unison. Listed below are a few things that could help in reducing soil pollution. Reduced Use of Chemical Fertilizers - Chemical fertilizers do more harm than good. While proper amounts could enhance the fertility of the soil, an excess of it actually poisons the soil. The excess of chemical fertilizers could pollute the soil in several ways. It could mess with the pH levels of the soil. It could also destroy the good microorganisms in the soil. Not only that, but the runoff from such soils also causes water pollution as well. Thus, using chemical fertilizers is like a double-edged sword. Reforestation and Afforestation Should Be Promoted - One of the major causes of soil pollution is soil erosion, which is caused due to deforestation. It is natural that, with an ever-growing population, humankind needs more and more space to expand their civilization. Often, it is achieved at the cost of the health of the soil. To prevent this from happening, reforestation of a deforested area should be promoted. Also, afforestation should be promoted and encouraged in the barren lands. The roots of the plants bind the soil particles together and even capture good microorganisms in the soil. It also ensures the maintenance of the underground water table. Recycle and Reuse Products - These steps not only reduce waste generation but also ensure that soil pollution is reduced. At present, plastic forms a significant portion of the generated waste. More often than not, this wastes are buried in landfills. In these landfills, these plastics and other materials decompose slowly and release toxic materials into the soil. These toxic substances are very harmful to the health of the soil and are a major source of soil pollution.