Preventing abuse of power. In democracies, elected officials are responsible for carrying out the will of those who elected them. If they misuse their position, they won t be re-elected. Role of citizens in a democratic representationFirst, a citizen in a democracy should have the duty to vote. If it were up to me, voting would be a requirement. What is wonderful about a democracy is that we choose who will represent us. There is no point to a democracy in which we do not participate. Second, a citizen in a democracy should have an obligation to understand the powers and duties of the government, generally set forth in a constitution. If we do not know this, the government that does not act properly has no checks upon it and can avoid carrying out its duties. Third, a citizen in a democracy should have the responsibility of knowing his or her rights, which are also generally set forth in a constitution. If we do not know what our rights are, they are meaningless. Fourth, a citizen in a democracy should always know who his or her representatives are. If we do not know who is representing us, we do not know whether or not that person is representing us properly, to whom we should complain if that is the case, or to whom we should state our own opinions and preferences. Fifth, a citizen in a democracy should assume the responsibility of being informed about the issues that affect the country as a whole, for example, the economy, immigration policy, environmental policy, and foreign policy. Sixth, a citizen in a democracy is also a citizen of the world and as such, should be informed about the major issues that affect other countries. These inevitably have an impact on the citizen. A drought in one country mightmean providing foreign aid or might mean a rise in prices of a commodity that the citizen needs. Seventh, a citizen should be concerned and informed about local conditions, those that affect him or her most directly, what a city is doing about urban blight or homeless people. This is one of the most important aspects of living in a democracy when a citizen is informed, since the information closest to home is usually the best information, and this provides one's greatest opportunity to participate in the democratic process. Eighth, a citizen should be willing to pay taxes, since without taxes to provide a democratic government, there would be no democracy. A democracy must provide for all of its citizens. Ninth, a citizen must have a duty to obey the law.


Eighth, a citizen should be willing to pay taxes, since without taxes to provide a democratic government, there would be no democracy. A democracy must provide for all of its citizens. Ninth, a citizen must have a duty to obey the law. A democracy cannot exist in a lawless society, and without the willingness of citizens to obey the law, which is really a social contract, no government has the wherewithal to police a nation of lawbreakers, and anarchy results. Tenth, a citizen must support public education in every way possible, through the payment of taxes, through local volunteer efforts, through affording this system the respect to which it should be entitled. Public education is the foundation of democracy, meant to educate children to be responsible and knowledgeable participants in the democratic process. Education is our power to perpetuate the democracy. Characteristics of various types of democracies in governanceDemocracy is the best approach to learning what each social or ethnic group wants, particularly in a diverse country like Kenya. The five characteristics of democracy are as follows:Elected Representative: The people choose their representatives to serve as their leaders. Hence, people are entitled to take part in making decisions. Independent Judiciary: Conflicts are settled more democratically because the court is independent of the government. Civil Liberties: People can access civil freedoms like freedom of speech and expression. Organized Opposition Party: A well-organized opposition party is crucial to democracy because it serves as a check on the executive branch. Rule of Law: In a democracy, the rule of law is upheld, and everyone is subject to the law. In the eyes of the law, the law is supreme, and all citizens are treated equally. Ways of applying democratic values during interaction with othersMaking contributions to the day to day activities of the countryTaking responsibility for their actions, by making rules and laws together and supporting themParticipating in decision-making processes of the country, relating it with the democratic processes such as councils, parliaments, government and voting. Showing understanding of how changes are effected in the country and the society as a whole. Evaluating the effectiveness of different ways in which change can be brought and implemented at different stages in life. Participating effectively in school and community-based activities. Human Rightshuman rights as those rights which are inherent in our state of nature and without which we. Cannot live as human beings. The first generation of human rights is civil and political rights.


Human Rightshuman rights as those rights which are inherent in our state of nature and without which we. Cannot live as human beings. The first generation of human rights is civil and political rights. The second generation of human rights includes economic, social and cultural rights and thethird generation of human rights are called solidarity rights. The first generation rights i.e., civil and political rights are the initial form of natural rights. These rights developed during the English Revolution of the 17th century and the French and American Revolution of the 18th century. The key theme underlying these rights is liberty. The first generation rights include:the right to life,the right to liberty, andthe right to property andhave expanded to include non-discrimination,freedom from arbitrary arrest,freedom of thought,freedom of religion,freedom of movement etc. These rights are often seen as a manifestation of negative rights since they can be enjoyed only when there is a restriction upon others. The key documents to understand the content of the first generation of human rights are Article 3 to Article 21 of the UN Declaration and the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights of 1966 which came into force in 1976. In the twentieth century, especially post World War II, second- generation rights began to earn a greater prominence. The economy of countries was torn by war and there was massive destruction as a result of the world wars. Therefore, the effort for economic, social and cultural rights developed during the twentieth century. The rights rely on socialist assumptions and the underlying theme is equality which is in contrast to first- generation rights and the notion of liberty. The second-generation rights include:the right to work,the right to health care,the right to education,the right to social security etc. Therefore, these rights are seen as a manifestation of positive rights as they place a claim on the state and a duty to oblige for action, for example, welfare provisions. The third generation of rights emerged post-1945 and are referred to as solidarity rights. This is for the simple reason that these rights are concerned with social groups and society on the whole rather than an individual. They are therefore seen as collective rights. The underlying theme of the third-generation rights is fraternity. Usually, these rights are shaped by the difficulties faced by the countries of the Global South. These rights include:the right to development,the right to environmental protection,the right to self-determination,the right to peace etc.


The underlying theme of the third-generation rights is fraternity. Usually, these rights are shaped by the difficulties faced by the countries of the Global South. These rights include:the right to development,the right to environmental protection,the right to self-determination,the right to peace etc. The Stockholm Convention of Human Environment of 1972 and the Earth Summit of 1992 at Rio can be analyzed to understand these rights. Classification of human rightsCivil and political rightsThe rights that protect the life and personal liberty of a person are called civil rights. They are necessary to maintain the dignity of a person. These include rights like the right to life, liberty and security of a person, the right to privacy, the right to own property, freedom of thought, religion and movement. Political rights are such rights that allow a person to participate in governmental activities. These include rights like the right to vote and the right to be elected. The nature of such rights is different, but they are interrelated to each other. Both these rights are covered in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. These rights are also called first-generation rights. The following civil and political rights are recognized in the declaration of human rights by the United Nations:Right to life, personal liberty, and securityFreedom from slaveryThe prohibition against torture and inhuman treatmentEquality before the law and equal protectionRemedy before national tribunalsFreedom from arrest, which is arbitrary in natureRight to a fair trial and public hearing by an impartial tribunalFreedom from ex-post-facto lawsRight to privacyRight to nationalityRight to own propertyRight to freedom of religion and conscienceFreedom of expressionFreedom to conduct a peaceful assemblyTake part in government activitiesFundamental rightsSome human rights are guaranteed to the citizens of the state through constitutional provisions and cannot be infringed upon at any cost, even by the state authorities. These are termed as fundamental rights. Theexpression fundamental rights is stated in declarations and constitutional provisions of many states. The Virginia Declaration of 1776 states that men are free and independent and have certain inherent rights. The French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789 provides that men are born free and have equal rights. The Indian Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights to the citizens of the country.


The Virginia Declaration of 1776 states that men are free and independent and have certain inherent rights. The French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, 1789 provides that men are born free and have equal rights. The Indian Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights to the citizens of the country. These are:Right to EqualityRight to freedomRight to religionCultural and educational rightsRight against exploitationRight to constitutional remediesNatural rightsThe history of human rights is rooted in ancient times and the philosophical concepts of natural law and thus, also termed natural rights. Plato was one of the first writers to give a standard ethical code of conduct. Aristotle opined that rights change as per the different kinds of circumstances faced by society from time to time. Since human rights are universally applicable to every person in the world it is similar to natural rights. Natural rights have been derived from natural law which opines that law must reflect moral reasoning and must be related with morals imbibed in a person or set by the society. On the other hand, positivism states that human rights are a result of enactments of statutes and orders by law which comes with various sanctions attached to it. Moral rightsHuman rights that determine the spiritual and moral conduct of a person are termed moral rights. They are primarily contained in moral rights as they highlight various moral values that cannot be highlighted by any set of institutional rights. They promote moral values like respect for everyone, brotherhood, secularism, protection of life, peace in society, etc. Human rights also put moral obligations on the state and people not to violate and infringe on the rights of other people. If done so, it will be punished as per the provisions of the set statute. Legal rightsThe rights that are recognized by the legal system of a country are called legal rights. The two essential elements of these rights are:The holder of the right, andA person bound by duty. Rights and duties are correlated to each other. A person cannot have a right without any corresponding duty. A person having a right also has a duty not to violate another person s rights. Human rights are given to every individual irrespective of any considerations, and the state has the corresponding duty to protect the rights of its citizens. Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights lays down that it is the primary duty of the state to promote, protect, and implement all human rights throughvarious measures and legislative provisions.


A person having a right also has a duty not to violate another person s rights. Human rights are given to every individual irrespective of any considerations, and the state has the corresponding duty to protect the rights of its citizens. Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights lays down that it is the primary duty of the state to promote, protect, and implement all human rights throughvarious measures and legislative provisions. The government of any state should pass any such laws which infringe on the rights of the people. Economic rights, cultural Rights and social rightsThese rights are also called freedoms and guarantee a person the minimum necessities of life. These are also included in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. These form a part of positive rights as the state is required to frame policies and provisions to implement such rights. These rights are based on the concept of social equality and are second-generation rights. These rights include the right to work, social security, physical and mental health, and education. The various economic, cultural, and social rights recognized by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are as follows:Right to social securityRight to work and choice of employmentRight to restRight to standard living and healthRight to educationFreedom to participate in cultural lifeRight to social and international orderCharacteristics of human rightsHuman rights are universal in nature which means that they are given to every individual irrespective of his her caste, creed, race, religion, nationality and place of birth. These are inalienable rights. Many philosophers believe that these are natural rights given by God and cannot be taken away or changed by anyone. These are indivisible and interdependent rights. If a government gives one right then it has to protect the other rights of its citizens. For example, it is the duty of government to protect the right of fair hearing and provide food, shelter and clean environment to its citizens in order to protect the right to life of its citizens. They are inherent to each person and available since birth. They are not lost if the man is not familiar with his rights or if he does not use his rights. For example if a person is not aware of his right toconsult the advocate then it does not mean that his right is finished. It is then the duty of authorities to provide him with free legal aid or tell him his rights. They protect the dignity and personality of humans. Rights like right to life, right to liberty, right against arbitrary arrest and punishment etc protect the dignity of a person.


It is then the duty of authorities to provide him with free legal aid or tell him his rights. They protect the dignity and personality of humans. Rights like right to life, right to liberty, right against arbitrary arrest and punishment etc protect the dignity of a person. Sources of Human Rights International treatiesThese are the most important sources of human rights. There are multiple treaties on human rights which are binding on the states who are party to such treaties. For example, the European Convention on Human Rights, the American Convention, the African Charter on Human Rights, and People s Rights. International customsThese rights have acquired the status of customary international law by their practice and, thus, are binding on all the states irrespective of their consent. Many of these rights are a part of customary international law and thus known as a source of human rights. International instrumentsThere are several declarations, resolutions, and recommendations related to human rights that have been adopted by the United Nations as a source of such rights. Some of these are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 , declarations adopted at the Tehran Conference 1968 and the Vienna Conference 1993 . Judicial decisionsThe International Court of Justice serves as another important source of human rights by setting up precedents and decisions in various disputes and case laws relating to violations of human rights. Official documentsDocuments and journals like Human Rights Law Journal, Human Rights Review, European Law Review, and other collective official work under the United Nations serve as the source of human rights. Concept of Equity and non-discrimination in fostering solidarityEquality affirms that all human beings are born free and equal. Equality presupposes that all individuals have the same rights and deserve the same level of respect. All people have the right to be treated equally. This means that laws, policies and programs should not be discriminatory, and also that public authorities should not apply or enforce laws, policies and programs in a discriminatory or arbitrary manner. Non-discrimination is an integral part of the principle of equality. It ensures that no one is denied their rights because of factors such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property or birth. In addition to those grounds, discrimination on certain other grounds may also be prohibited. These grounds include age, nationality, marital status, disability, place of residence within a country and sexual orientation. When do I need to consider the rights of equality and non- discrimination?


In addition to those grounds, discrimination on certain other grounds may also be prohibited. These grounds include age, nationality, marital status, disability, place of residence within a country and sexual orientation. When do I need to consider the rights of equality and non- discrimination? You will need to consider the rights of equality and non-discrimination whenever you are working on legislation, a policy or a program that draws distinctions between people or groups based on any of the following grounds:racesexdisability, orage. You will also need to consider the rights of equality and non- discrimination whenever you are working on legislation, a policy or a program that draws distinctions between people or groups based on:colourlanguagereligionpolitical or other opinionnational or social originpropertybirthnationalitymarital statusplace of residence within a country, orAfrican DiasporasAfrican Diaspora is the term commonly used to describe the mass dispersion of peoples from Africa during the Transatlantic Slave Trades, from the 1500s to the 1800s. This Diaspora took millions of people from Western and Central Africa to di erent regions throughout the Americas and the Caribbean. Factors that contributed to the presence of African Diasporas across the worldEuropean nations hand links with West Africa hence the shipping of many Africans from trans Saharan trade. African chiefs had developed a taste for European goods such as glass, clothes, rum and fire arms which in turn made them sell many Africans as slaves to the Europeans. The establishment of mines and plantations and in new lands increased the demand for slaves to provide labour in the farms and mines. The increased demand of raw materials by European industries resulted in an increased in demand for slaves in America to work on the plantationsShip building technology improved with building of larger ships with a greater capacity for such slaves. These factors among others highly contributed to the shipping of many Africans to the Diaspora majorly as slaves. Countries inhabited by African Diasporas in 1960These countries included:United states of AmericaBrazilFranceFranceThe African diaspora in France is one of the largest in the world. Their members are from its former colonies in Africa and from its overseas territories in the Caribbean. The largest African community in Africa is the Algerians 730.000 . Until it gained independence in 1962, Algeria was a part of the French territory.


Their members are from its former colonies in Africa and from its overseas territories in the Caribbean. The largest African community in Africa is the Algerians 730.000 . Until it gained independence in 1962, Algeria was a part of the French territory. France also had strong ties with Morocco and today Moroccans are the second largest group of immigrants in France 670.000 . African immigrants came to France in consequence of the colonization process and, from the 60s onwards, to seek employment. United StatesA quarter of the African-American population in Boston, Miami and New York were born abroad and 8 percent of the total of African Americans in the US were born outside the country xv . Ever since the Immigration and Nationality act in 1965 and the opening of new legal channels, African immigrants have started to come to the US. Today, Americans with African descent make up 13.5 of the total US-population. Throughout the last decades, they have been becoming increasingly more present in the middle classes. Latin AmericaAfrican immigrants came to South America and the Caribbean as a result of the transatlantic slave trade. In the 1780s, slavery started to be criticized by the Christian Church, philosophers and economists and, as countries gained independence, slavery was abolished. Over time, African descendants influenced most aspects of everyday life. Carnival, which used to be only celebrated by Afro-Latinos, has now become a public holiday in Brazil. Unlike African Diasporas in the rest of Latin America who combine their African past with the culture of their host country, African descendants in the Caribbean who account for more than 90 of the population, are in search of a new national identity. They donot define themselves in terms of Africans but rather as Jamaican or Haitian nationals, for instance. They came to terms with their past and no longer need to think of themselves as Africans. Role of the Diasporas in political development in AfricaPan-AfricanismPan-Africanism unifies the cultural and political world of African diasporas and the self-determination of people from Africa, or at least of African origin, as well as the people of African descent resident outside Africa. Initially, there was an anti- slavery and anti-colonial movement amongst black people of Africa and the Diaspora in the late nineteenth century. Since then, the aims of Pan-Africanism have evolved through the ensuing decades .


Role of the Diasporas in political development in AfricaPan-AfricanismPan-Africanism unifies the cultural and political world of African diasporas and the self-determination of people from Africa, or at least of African origin, as well as the people of African descent resident outside Africa. Initially, there was an anti- slavery and anti-colonial movement amongst black people of Africa and the Diaspora in the late nineteenth century. Since then, the aims of Pan-Africanism have evolved through the ensuing decades . This movement had its origin in the United States in the late nineteenth century, thanks to the work of the advocate M.M. Garvey. He stated the idea of creating a common state in Africa to welcome back all the African Americans. Later on, Du Bois claimed the need to gain full rights, both in Africa and in the countries in which African communities resided, created by the forced migration represented by the slave trade in the previous centuries. Pan-Africanism gained legitimacy with the founding of the African Association in London in 1897, and the first Pan-African conference was held, again in London, in 1900 when Henry Sylvester Williams, the power behind the African Association, and his colleagues were interested in uniting the African Diaspora, and gaining political rights for those of African descent . Between 1919 and 1945, Du Bois organized several conferences, which increased and expanded the influence on the development of the African descendants emancipation movement in the Americas and Europe, as a way of nationalism in colonial Africa. Moreover, between the world wars, Pan-Africanism became more related and influenced by communism and trade unionism, especially through the writings of George Padmore, Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Frantz Fanon, Aim C saire, Paul Robeson, CLR James, WEB Du Bois, and Walter Rodney. Significantly, Pan-Africanism had expanded beyond the continent into Europe, the Caribbean and America. WEB Du Bois organized a series of Pan-African Congresses in London, Paris, and New York in the first half of the twentieth century. International awareness of Africa was also heightened by the Italian invasion of Abyssinia Ethiopia in 1935. As a result, many leaders struggling for the independence from European colonial dominations were formed in this cultural and political context of Pan-Africanism. Among these, N. Nkrumah, J. Nyerere, A. Toure, M.


Nkrumah, J. Nyerere, A. Toure, M. Keita. The Pan-African ideal also inspired the emergence of regional groupings, some of which were short-lived, due to the immediate emergence of nationalistic feelings or tribal differences. Role of African Diasporas in promotion of African Unity in Society todayThey have promoted equality for Africans whenever they are. They helped in forming organizations that today still unite Africans e.g. in terms of educationThrough their contributions they have helped shape economic developments in africaThey have affirmed the worth of black people and therefore rejected the inferiority ascribed by racist thought in the late 19th and 20th CsIt helped to launch the struggle for rights and equality for black people in the diaspora and Africa as wellGlobal CitizenshipA global citizen is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world and their place in it. They are a citizen of the world. They take an active role in their community and work with others to make our planet more peaceful, sustainable and fairer. Global citizenship involvesExploring local and global connections and our views, values and assumptionsExploring issues of social justice locally and globallyExploring the complexity of global issues and engaging with multiple perspectivesApplying learning to real-world issues and contextsOpportunities to make informed, reflective action and be heardInterconnectedness and interdependence among countriesInterconnectedness refers to the ability to understand and function in an increasingly multicultural, international, yet interconnected environment. It fosters the development of individuals to become successful professionals, civic leaders, and informed citizens in a diverse national and global society. Interdependence is measured by the costs of severing the relationship or the benefits of developing it . The higher the costs to one country, the greater is the degree of dependence of that country. Why countries interconnect and interdepend on each other IndustrializationIndustrialization leads to the advancement of economies which in turn triggers the in- house manufacturing of several products. When a country specializes in the production of a certain product, it then needs to import other products from other countries. An example is that of Asia Pakistan ; it specializes in the manufacturing of footballs however leather and other preparatory materials are imported from China. Producing specialized goods enhances production efficiency and therefore, most countries only focus on their specialties, providing a narrow range of goods and services.


When a country specializes in the production of a certain product, it then needs to import other products from other countries. An example is that of Asia Pakistan ; it specializes in the manufacturing of footballs however leather and other preparatory materials are imported from China. Producing specialized goods enhances production efficiency and therefore, most countries only focus on their specialties, providing a narrow range of goods and services. This creates economic interdependence among nations; the need for outsourcing or importing other products for the fulfillment of basic needs. Economy advancementAs an economy develops, it focuses on establishing more industries and manufacturing more goods within the country's premises. This can lead to the creation of raw materials and other labor services from within the country or from neighboring economies. Regional ProductionOne main reason for high economic interdependence among economies is the region- specific production. Different regions observe different weather, different soil, and other conditions. Within such circumstances, they specialize in the production of certain goods and crops only, while other necessities are fulfilled by importing goods. For example, China is one major exporter of Apples, it produces more than 41 million tons of apples each year. Blessed by the perfect climate and land to harvest apples, China is an expert in harvesting Apples. On the other hand, America exports Maize, Soybean, and Milk. Both of these countries exchange their products with each other and are economically interdependent. Labor SpecializationAnother main driving force of Economic interdependence is Labor Specialization. When too many similar products are produced by one nation or a party, the production becomes specialized and economic interdependence takes place. That party then formstrading relationships with other parties for the supply of products and services that they cannot produce. EducationThis is to enhance diffusion of knowledge among countries as they share knowledge on different disciplines. E.g. hiring of specialists like Doctors and nurses across various countries. Positive effects of globalization at local and National LevelsAccess to New CulturesGlobalization makes it easier than ever to access foreign culture, including food, movies, music, and art. This free flow of people, goods, art, and information is the reason you can have Thai food delivered to your apartment as you listen to your favorite UK-based artist or stream a Bollywood movie. The Spread of Technology and InnovationMany countries around the world remain constantly connected, so knowledge and technological advances travel quickly.


Positive effects of globalization at local and National LevelsAccess to New CulturesGlobalization makes it easier than ever to access foreign culture, including food, movies, music, and art. This free flow of people, goods, art, and information is the reason you can have Thai food delivered to your apartment as you listen to your favorite UK-based artist or stream a Bollywood movie. The Spread of Technology and InnovationMany countries around the world remain constantly connected, so knowledge and technological advances travel quickly. Because knowledge also transfers so fast, this means that scientific advances made in Asia can be at work in the United States in a matter of days. Lower Costs for ProductsGlobalization allows companies to find lower-cost ways to produce their products. It also increases global competition, which drives prices down and creates a larger variety of choices for consumers. Lowered costs help people in both developing and already- developed countries live better on less money. Higher Standards of Living Across the GlobeDeveloping nations experience an improved standard of living thanks to globalization. Access to New MarketsBusinesses gain a great deal from globalization, including new customers and diverse revenue streams. Companies interested in these benefits look for flexible and innovative ways to grow their business overseasAccess to New TalentIn addition to new markets, globalization allows companies to find new, specialized talent that is not available in their current market. For example, globalization givescompanies the opportunity to explore tech talent in booming markets such as Berlin or Stockholm, rather than Silicon Valley. Negative effects of Globalization at National and local levelsLoss of Cultural IdentityWhile globalization has made foreign countries easier to access, it has also begun to meld unique societies together. The success of certain cultures throughout the world caused other countries to emulate them. But when cultures begin to lose their distinctive features, we lose our global diversity. TerrorismIt is a significant problem in most developed countries. Due to worldwide integration, people travel a lot. Some of them move abroad for studying, business, visiting relatives, work and access hospitals services. However, not all of them are totally honest. Lots of terrorists came to a foreign country with a worker visa having a hidden goal to perform a terrorist attack. It s a problem that has posed fear among citizens who can t trust their neighbors. Unfortunately, terrorists recruit young people, residents of the country and make them believe they are doing the right things. That s why there are fear, mistrust, and tension in society.


It s a problem that has posed fear among citizens who can t trust their neighbors. Unfortunately, terrorists recruit young people, residents of the country and make them believe they are doing the right things. That s why there are fear, mistrust, and tension in society. Job InsecurityBefore globalization, skilled people got employment in government sectors and companies where they received high salaries. Job opportunities were waiting for those who completed colleges and earned a degree. People would resign a job and quickly get another. Due to globalization, there are many people seeking employment all over the world. Employers take advantage of cheap labor. One can get a dismissal because of a slight mistake as the employer can find a skilled worker who is ready to be paid less. Price InstabilityPrice instability is a significant effect of globalization on business. Some people establish industries overseas where they get cheap raw materials and labor. They can cut production costs and sell their goods at a low price. Due to competition, some high- quality products differ in prices. No matter how the World Trade Organization has tried to control price fluctuation, their efforts are not successful. These companies reach out toconsumers using modern technology. Successful businesses are for those who can find a competitive advantage and especially make high-quality products for a low price. Currency FluctuationInternational trade buys and sells products using the US dollar. The price of dollar fluctuates day-to-day in developing countries, this results in imbalanced economy and unnormal prices for goods and services. National currencies are affected the most by IGOs. Qualities of Global Citizen in the modern SocietyGlobal citizens try to understand other people and have empathy for them. Global citizens act fairly in their choices, their decisions, and their words. Global citizens believe that they are just as important as everyone else. Global citizens believe that all people are equal. They do not think of some groups or individuals as superior or inferior to others. Global citizens accept differences and do not react with hostility to people who are different from them. Global citizens are willing to help and cooperate with others. Global citizens have their own ideas and express them, but they are open to changing them if they are proved wrong. Global citizens are curious and want to learn more about the world. Global citizens look after the environment and don t waste things. Global citizens believe they can make a positive difference in the worldHow to contribute to the wellbeing of the international community while maintaining a sense of rootedness to KenyaOffer social support like Aid to affected countries.


Global citizens are curious and want to learn more about the world. Global citizens look after the environment and don t waste things. Global citizens believe they can make a positive difference in the worldHow to contribute to the wellbeing of the international community while maintaining a sense of rootedness to KenyaOffer social support like Aid to affected countries. Enhance social trustSupport members living harmoniously togetherFoster civic engagementEmpower all members to participate in global democracy. Global GovernanceGlobal governance encompasses activities that transcend national boundaries at the international, transnational, and regional levels and is based on rights and rules that are enforced through a combination of economic and moral incentives. Guiding principles of leadership and integrity in promotion of good governanceselection on the basis of personal integrity, competence and suitability, or election in free and fair elections;objectivity and impartiality in decision making, and in ensuring that decisions are not influenced by nepotism, favouritism, other improper motives or corrupt practices;selfless service based solely on the public interest, demonstrated by honesty in the execution of public duties; andthe declaration of any personal interest that may conflict with public duties;accountability to the public for decisions and actions; anddiscipline and commitment in service to the people. Formation of Organization of African Unitywas an intergovernmental organization established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with 32 signatory governments. One of the main heads for OAU's establishment was Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. It was disbanded on 9 July 2002 by its last chairman, South African President Thabo Mbeki, and replaced by the African Union AU . Achievements of OAUOAU fought against colonialism, through its liberation committee, OAU succeeded in mobilizing funds, arms and support for the countries that were still under colonial rule. This saw the liberation of several countries like Angola, South Africa and Namibia. After its successful completion of the decolonization task, the liberation committee of OAU was dissolved in 1994OAU upheld the idea of African unity through the annual conferences where it managed to bring the different heads of states together, they did not only discuss the important matters affecting the continent but also came to know and understand each other better, this contributed towards African unity.


Achievements of OAUOAU fought against colonialism, through its liberation committee, OAU succeeded in mobilizing funds, arms and support for the countries that were still under colonial rule. This saw the liberation of several countries like Angola, South Africa and Namibia. After its successful completion of the decolonization task, the liberation committee of OAU was dissolved in 1994OAU upheld the idea of African unity through the annual conferences where it managed to bring the different heads of states together, they did not only discuss the important matters affecting the continent but also came to know and understand each other better, this contributed towards African unity. OAU settled inter state conflicts between Uganda and Kenya 1987, Somalia and Ethiopia in 1970, Morocco and Mauritania over the western Sahara republic 1976, Somalia and Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania 1978 79, Uganda and Congo, Uganda and Sudan, OAU always came in to mediate peace and prevent large scale and prolonged wars. OAU helped in dismantling Apartheid by 1994; it used diplomatic talks, mobilized moral, financial and military support in order to weaken the Apartheid regime. It convinced the super powers to impose sanctions against Apartheid South Africa and encouraged the formation of frontline states that is Mozambique, Angola, and Zambia against South Africa. OAU promoted economic development in Africa that is in 1963 set up the African Development Bank in Abidjan in Cote-de-viore Ivory Coast, it obtained funds from multi national co-operations and rich Arab states for development. In 1993 at Abidjan OAU proposed the formation of an African economic community. OAU supported regional economic integrations after realizing that the idea of continental economic integration will take long to mature, such groupings like ECOWAS for West Africa, PTA and COMESA for East, central and South Africa, the SADC were formed and through these, unity and social economic advancement were spearheaded. OAU made efforts to end civil wars; in 1972 it negotiated a peace settlement over the Sudanese civil war, this helped to put the civil war to an end for a period of ten years. Even after the war resumed in 1983, it still made efforts to reconcile the SPLA guerilla movement with Khartoum government. It also intervened in the civil wars in Burundi, Mozambique, Nigeria and Angola.


OAU condemned secessionions for example it took an uncompromising positions against, Biafran secession, Katanga secessions this helped to bring togetherness within those states and some how nationalism was realized. OAU promoted democratic governance in Africa and took a firm ground to condemn coups and political assassinations in addition the principle of one man one vote was upheld, Africa realized different elections for example in Kenya Moi gavein to Kibaki through elections. All these were achievements that could not be under estimated. OAU defended human rights by setting up a human rights charter on 21st October 1986 signed by 30 out of 52 African states and from then they started fighting human rights abuses and encouraged Africans states to set up human rights commissions with in their countries. This has helped to reduce on human suffering on the African continent. OAU constantly spoke against neo-colonialism and Africans were encouraged to build self sustaining economies and avoid accepting decisions from the West. This some how enhanced African independence. Challenges faced by OAUInability by member states to meet their annual subscription and the problem of defaulters. Lack of military high command. Ideological differences among African members of states. Countries supported rebel activities in each other s country. Most countries remained very poor and liable to neo-colonialism. OAU was faced with a problem of language barrier. OAU was faced with a problem of prolonged European domination in Africa which drained most of its resources especially South Africa, Namibia and the Portuguese colonies of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea Bissau. The colonial legacy was another problem where Africans remained loyal to their former colonial masters; there were sharp differences between the Anglo-phone and Franco-phone. The problem of coup detas. Divisions influenced by cold war politics. Economic rivalry between African countries. Greed for political power. Boarder conflicts for example Amin wanted to extend the Ugandan boarder. Corruption and embezzlement. Poor infrastructure like roads. Assassinations of African leaders who had it at heart. Failures of OAUFailure to air out political differences of African states, during the Nigerian civil war of 1967-70, Tanzania, Zambia, Ivory Coast plus Gabon remained in total isolation with Nigeria because they supported the Biafran secession. This was blamed on OAU because it had not made enough sensitization in the need for African unity. OAU failed to create a standing army that would solve African problems.


Failures of OAUFailure to air out political differences of African states, during the Nigerian civil war of 1967-70, Tanzania, Zambia, Ivory Coast plus Gabon remained in total isolation with Nigeria because they supported the Biafran secession. This was blamed on OAU because it had not made enough sensitization in the need for African unity. OAU failed to create a standing army that would solve African problems. It only relied on soliciting support from African countries in times of crisis and therefore it failed to iron out dictators like Jean Bodel Bokasa of Central Africa, failed to end Amin s rule in a short period, people like Mugabe of Zimbabwe and Ghadafi of Libya did not uphold on to the democratic principles of elections and this created confusion in African politics. OAU failed to end Neo-colonialism throughout its existence, African countries were depending on the former colonial masters and to make matters worse the 1982 OAU summit that was to take place in Libya flopped because of the influence of USA and it was shifted to Addis Ababa. Therefore it is urged that OAU failed to achieve the desire for total independence. The OAU failed to attain the desired unity of Africa. African countries throughout its existence were more concerned about their home problems rather than the continental issues. This created divisions against the future unity envisaged by its founders. OAU failed to end inter state conflicts for example between 1977 and 1978 Ethiopia was at war with Somalia around 1979 Tanzania and Uganda were also at war, this disunity hampered economic development. OAU failed to amend the OAU charter which emphasized the principle of non interference in the affairs of other states, the dictators always used this clause to prolong their stay in power and abuse human rights a case in point is Apartheid South Africa which constantly called OAU members to respect the non interference clause, other leaders like Ghadafi always told other leaders to mind their own business. OAU failed to establish an economic integration of the continent, African states remained very poor and surprisingly 90 of the total trade in Africa was done outside the continent thus regional groupings like COMESA, Preferential Trade Area PTA , SADCC failed to realize their objectives.


OAU failed to end inter state conflicts for example between 1977 and 1978 Ethiopia was at war with Somalia around 1979 Tanzania and Uganda were also at war, this disunity hampered economic development. OAU failed to amend the OAU charter which emphasized the principle of non interference in the affairs of other states, the dictators always used this clause to prolong their stay in power and abuse human rights a case in point is Apartheid South Africa which constantly called OAU members to respect the non interference clause, other leaders like Ghadafi always told other leaders to mind their own business. OAU failed to establish an economic integration of the continent, African states remained very poor and surprisingly 90 of the total trade in Africa was done outside the continent thus regional groupings like COMESA, Preferential Trade Area PTA , SADCC failed to realize their objectives. OAU failed to safeguard the sovereignty and respect of the members states for example in 1968 USA troops bombed Libyan cities of Benghazi and Tripoli, in Congo the Belgian troops occupied without the blessing of the OAU, various military take over were partly influenced by foreign countries and Africa did not rested yet OAU did not do enough guarding. OAU failed to enforce non-alignment as member states became aligned either to the east or the West for example where as Kenya adopted capitalism, Tanzania adopted socialism which limited continental unity. OAU failed to discipline member states which did not pay their membership for example Chad and Rwanda for long refused to pay this fee. According to the 1995 statistics out of 53 countries only 17 fully paid and it was estimated that about 583 million dollars were in debts. OAU was also faced with personal conflicts, misunderstandings by Heads of states in Africa for example Nyerere boycotted the OAU summit in Uganda in 1975 because of personal conflicts with Amin, Nasser and Nkrumah disagreed on the form of unity to adopt in Africa. All these were blamed on OAU for failure to create peace and unity. OAU failed to prevent assassinations of African leaders and Africa lost dynamic and political leaders like Lumumba, Sylvanus Olympio of Togo, Anwal Sadat of Egypt, Melicio Ndadaye of Burundi, Juvenile Habyarimana of Rwanda, and the people who were believed would ensure unity in Africa. OAU failed to iron out differences between black Africans and the Arab North Africans.


All these were blamed on OAU for failure to create peace and unity. OAU failed to prevent assassinations of African leaders and Africa lost dynamic and political leaders like Lumumba, Sylvanus Olympio of Togo, Anwal Sadat of Egypt, Melicio Ndadaye of Burundi, Juvenile Habyarimana of Rwanda, and the people who were believed would ensure unity in Africa. OAU failed to iron out differences between black Africans and the Arab North Africans. This was significant in the 1977 OAU summit in Somalia. The Arabs wanted a Somali to be elected as secretary General of OAU as opposed to a black from Zambia. This almost fragmented Africa into the Arab North and Black South. However this was solved by the election of a Cameroonian. OAU failed to protect human rights. Most African states were headed by dictators like Amin, Mobutu Seseko, Sun Abacha who even banned political parties, censored the press but OAU simply condemned and could not remove such dictators. Failure to improve the social welfare of Africans. Africans remained very poor, suffered from curable diseases like Bilharzia, there was poor feeding and mal- nutrition yet OAU did little or nothing to improve on this. Failure to stop ethnic nationalism in Africa. OAU completely failed to stop the 1967 to 1979 Nigerian civil war, failed to unite Southern and Northern Sudan andthus the crisis continued. It failed to cement relations between the Hutus and the Tutsis in Rwanda thus it is argued that the Cardinal objective of peace and stability was not fully achieved. OAU failed to improve on the transport network in Africa which hampered economic progress for example the plan to construct the Trans-African high way from Mombasa to Lagos and from Johannesburg to Tripoli never materialized and this endangered African unity. OAU failed to eradicate the white settlers in Kenyan highlands, Ethiopian highlands, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Formation of African Union AU The African Union AU was officially launched in July 2002 in Durban, South Africa, following a decision in September 1999 by its predecessor, the OAU to create a new continental organisation to build on its work.


OAU failed to improve on the transport network in Africa which hampered economic progress for example the plan to construct the Trans-African high way from Mombasa to Lagos and from Johannesburg to Tripoli never materialized and this endangered African unity. OAU failed to eradicate the white settlers in Kenyan highlands, Ethiopian highlands, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Formation of African Union AU The African Union AU was officially launched in July 2002 in Durban, South Africa, following a decision in September 1999 by its predecessor, the OAU to create a new continental organisation to build on its work. The decision to re-launch Africa s pan- African organisation was the outcome of a consensus by African leaders that in order to realise Africa s potential, there was a need to refocus attention from the fight for decolonisation and ridding the continent of apartheid, which had been the focus of the OAU, towards increased cooperation and integration of African states to drive Africa s growth and economic development. Aims of A.UAchieve greater unity and solidarity between African countries and their the peopleDefend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its Member States;Accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;Promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples;Encourage international cooperationPromote peace, security, and stability on the continent;Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance;Promote and protect human and peoples rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and other relevant human rights instruments;Establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations;Promote sustainable development at the economic, social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies;Promote cooperation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples;Coordinate and harmonise the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;Advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, in particular in science and technologyWork with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion of good health on the continent.


Formation of African Union AU The African Union AU was officially launched in July 2002 in Durban, South Africa, following a decision in September 1999 by its predecessor, the OAU to create a new continental organisation to build on its work. The decision to re-launch Africa s pan- African organisation was the outcome of a consensus by African leaders that in order to realise Africa s potential, there was a need to refocus attention from the fight for decolonisation and ridding the continent of apartheid, which had been the focus of the OAU, towards increased cooperation and integration of African states to drive Africa s growth and economic development. Aims of A.UAchieve greater unity and solidarity between African countries and their the peopleDefend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its Member States;Accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;Promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples;Encourage international cooperationPromote peace, security, and stability on the continent;Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance;Promote and protect human and peoples rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and other relevant human rights instruments;Establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations;Promote sustainable development at the economic, social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies;Promote cooperation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples;Coordinate and harmonise the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;Advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, in particular in science and technologyWork with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion of good health on the continent. Ensure the effective participation of women in decision-making, particularly in the political, economic and socio-cultural areas;Develop and promote common policies on trade, defence and foreign relations to ensure the defence of the Continent and the strengthening of its negotiating positions;Invite and encourage the full participation of the African Diaspora as an important part of our Continent, in the building of the African Union.


The decision to re-launch Africa s pan- African organisation was the outcome of a consensus by African leaders that in order to realise Africa s potential, there was a need to refocus attention from the fight for decolonisation and ridding the continent of apartheid, which had been the focus of the OAU, towards increased cooperation and integration of African states to drive Africa s growth and economic development. Aims of A.UAchieve greater unity and solidarity between African countries and their the peopleDefend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its Member States;Accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;Promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples;Encourage international cooperationPromote peace, security, and stability on the continent;Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance;Promote and protect human and peoples rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and other relevant human rights instruments;Establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations;Promote sustainable development at the economic, social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies;Promote cooperation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples;Coordinate and harmonise the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;Advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, in particular in science and technologyWork with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion of good health on the continent. Ensure the effective participation of women in decision-making, particularly in the political, economic and socio-cultural areas;Develop and promote common policies on trade, defence and foreign relations to ensure the defence of the Continent and the strengthening of its negotiating positions;Invite and encourage the full participation of the African Diaspora as an important part of our Continent, in the building of the African Union. Achievements of A.UAfrican Union has contributed the following among its members states:Conflict Resolution, Peace SecurityInfrastructure Energy DevelopmentAgricultural DevelopmentTrade Industrial DevelopmentVisa Free AfricaDemocracy, Law Human RightsPromoting Health NutritionMigration, Labour EmploymentPromoting Sports CultureEducation, Science TechnologyYouth DevelopmentEconomic Integration Private Sector DevelopmentDiaspora Civil Society EngagementGender Equality Development Challenges of A.UInadequate preparation in response to climatic challenges across Africa.


Aims of A.UAchieve greater unity and solidarity between African countries and their the peopleDefend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its Member States;Accelerate the political and socio-economic integration of the continent;Promote and defend African common positions on issues of interest to the continent and its peoples;Encourage international cooperationPromote peace, security, and stability on the continent;Promote democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance;Promote and protect human and peoples rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights and other relevant human rights instruments;Establish the necessary conditions which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations;Promote sustainable development at the economic, social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies;Promote cooperation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples;Coordinate and harmonise the policies between the existing and future Regional Economic Communities for the gradual attainment of the objectives of the Union;Advance the development of the continent by promoting research in all fields, in particular in science and technologyWork with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and the promotion of good health on the continent. Ensure the effective participation of women in decision-making, particularly in the political, economic and socio-cultural areas;Develop and promote common policies on trade, defence and foreign relations to ensure the defence of the Continent and the strengthening of its negotiating positions;Invite and encourage the full participation of the African Diaspora as an important part of our Continent, in the building of the African Union. Achievements of A.UAfrican Union has contributed the following among its members states:Conflict Resolution, Peace SecurityInfrastructure Energy DevelopmentAgricultural DevelopmentTrade Industrial DevelopmentVisa Free AfricaDemocracy, Law Human RightsPromoting Health NutritionMigration, Labour EmploymentPromoting Sports CultureEducation, Science TechnologyYouth DevelopmentEconomic Integration Private Sector DevelopmentDiaspora Civil Society EngagementGender Equality Development Challenges of A.UInadequate preparation in response to climatic challenges across Africa. Organizational Structure of AFRICAN UNIONFactors which can promote continental Interconnectedness and interdependenceIntroduction of one currency for African countriesExpansion of roads that link African countriesIntroduction of free trade across the African continentEnhancing of cultural exchanges among African CommunitiesSpecialization in production of goods and servicesUse of IT in enhancing and linking countries across Africa.


Ensure the effective participation of women in decision-making, particularly in the political, economic and socio-cultural areas;Develop and promote common policies on trade, defence and foreign relations to ensure the defence of the Continent and the strengthening of its negotiating positions;Invite and encourage the full participation of the African Diaspora as an important part of our Continent, in the building of the African Union. Achievements of A.UAfrican Union has contributed the following among its members states:Conflict Resolution, Peace SecurityInfrastructure Energy DevelopmentAgricultural DevelopmentTrade Industrial DevelopmentVisa Free AfricaDemocracy, Law Human RightsPromoting Health NutritionMigration, Labour EmploymentPromoting Sports CultureEducation, Science TechnologyYouth DevelopmentEconomic Integration Private Sector DevelopmentDiaspora Civil Society EngagementGender Equality Development Challenges of A.UInadequate preparation in response to climatic challenges across Africa. Organizational Structure of AFRICAN UNIONFactors which can promote continental Interconnectedness and interdependenceIntroduction of one currency for African countriesExpansion of roads that link African countriesIntroduction of free trade across the African continentEnhancing of cultural exchanges among African CommunitiesSpecialization in production of goods and servicesUse of IT in enhancing and linking countries across Africa. Developing the education sector.


STRAND 1.0: FOUNDATIONS OF PRE -TECHNICAL STUDIESComponents of Pre-Technical Studies as a Learning Area:Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies:Explanation: Introduction to fundamental concepts and principles related to pre-technical subjects. Example: Understanding safety regulations, basic technical terminology, and problem-solving approaches. Safety in the Work Environment:Explanation: Focus on identifying and mitigating potential safety threats in various work environments. Example: Learning about workplace hazards and safety protocols in industries such as manufacturing or construction. Communication:Explanation: Developing communication skills essential for effective collaboration and information sharing in technical fields. Example: Practicing clear communication in technical project reports or during team discussions. Technical Drawing and Design:Explanation: Introduction to basic technical drawing techniques and design principles. Example: Creating engineering drawings or architectural plans using drafting tools. Basic Computer Skills:Explanation: Acquiring foundational skills in using computers and digital tools relevant to technical fields. Example: Learning to use software for data analysis, drafting, or programming. Materials and Tools Handling:Explanation: Understanding the properties of materials and safe handling of tools used in technical activities. Example: Demonstrating proper use of woodworking tools or laboratory equipment. Problem Solving:Explanation: Developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills applicable to technical challenges. Example: Analyzing and solving engineering problems or troubleshooting technical issues. B Role of Pre-Technical Studies in Day-to-Day Life:Safety Awareness:Explanation: Pre-Technical Studies instill a sense of safety awareness, contributing to a safer daily environment. Example: Knowing how to identify and address potential safety hazards at home or in public spaces. Effective Communication:Explanation: The communication skills learned aid in clear and concise interactions in personal and professional life. Example: Communicating ideas effectively in everyday conversations or writing clear emails. Problem-Solving Skills:Explanation: The problem-solving skills acquired are applicable to addressing challenges in various aspects of life. Example: Solving household issues or addressing technical glitches in personal devices. Understanding Materials:Explanation: Knowledge of materials helps in making informed decisions when purchasing or using products. Example: Choosing appropriate materials for DIY projects or understanding product labels. Basic Computer Literacy:Explanation: Basic computer skills enhance digital literacy, essential in today's technology-driven world. Example: Using computers for online communication, research, or online transactions. C Embracing Pre-Technical Studies in Career Development:Industry-Relevant Skills:Explanation: Pre-Technical Studies provide foundational skills applicable to a wide range of technical careers.


Basic Computer Literacy:Explanation: Basic computer skills enhance digital literacy, essential in today's technology-driven world. Example: Using computers for online communication, research, or online transactions. C Embracing Pre-Technical Studies in Career Development:Industry-Relevant Skills:Explanation: Pre-Technical Studies provide foundational skills applicable to a wide range of technical careers. Example: Applying technical drawing skills in architecture or engineering professions. Career Specialization:Explanation: Exposure to different components helps students identify and specialize in specific technical areas. Example: Choosing a career in electronics after gaining skills in handling electronic components. Adaptability in Technological Fields:Explanation: Pre-Technical Studies foster adaptability to emerging technologies, a crucial aspect in evolving careers. Example: Easily transitioning to new software or tools in a tech-oriented workplace. Safety Compliance:Explanation: Understanding safety regulations enhances workplace safety compliance in technical professions. Example: Adhering to safety protocols in a manufacturing or laboratory setting. Effective Collaboration:Explanation: Communication skills developed in Pre-Technical Studies contribute to successful collaboration in team-based technical projects. Example: Working effectively with colleagues on engineering projects or collaborative research. Lesson 1: Brainstorming on Safety ThreatsDiscussion Points:Physical Safety Threats: Wet floors, exposed wiring, faulty machinery. Online Safety Threats: Cyberbullying, phishing emails, unauthorized access. Explanation:Collaborative brainstorming helps us identify a broad range of safety threats, considering both physical and online aspects. Lesson 2: Research on Safety HazardsResearch Findings:Physical Safety Hazards: Chemical exposure, ergonomic risks, inadequate lighting. Online Safety Hazards: Malware, social engineering attacks, data breaches. Explanation:Researching safety hazards provides us with in-depth knowledge about potential risks in both physical and digital work environments. Lesson 3: Research on Physical and Online Threats to Digital DevicesResearch Findings:Physical Threats to Digital Devices: Theft, natural disasters, hardware failure. Online Threats: Impersonation, hacking, unknown friend requests. Explanation:Identifying specific threats helps us develop targeted strategies to protect digital devices both physically and online. Lesson 4: Sharing Ideas on Data PrivacyShared Ideas:Using strong, unique passwords. Avoiding clicking on suspicious email links. Being cautious about sharing personal information online. Explanation:Sharing and practicing data privacy ideas enhance our ability to keep personal and sensitive information secure. Key Inquiry Questions:Why is safety in the work environment important?


Being cautious about sharing personal information online. Explanation:Sharing and practicing data privacy ideas enhance our ability to keep personal and sensitive information secure. Key Inquiry Questions:Why is safety in the work environment important? Discussion Points:Prevents accidents, injuries, and ensures a positive work environment. Contributes to overall well-being and productivity. How can online threats be safeguarded against? Discussion Points:Being vigilant and cautious online. Using strong passwords and avoiding suspicious links. Lesson 5: Discussing Safety Rules and RegulationsDiscussed Rules:Wearing Personal Protective Equipment PPE . Adhering to fire evacuation procedures. Reporting hazards promptly. Explanation:Understanding and discussing safety rules ensures a collective commitment to maintaining a secure work environment. Lesson 6: Role Play on Safety for Self and OthersRole Play Scenarios:Responding to a simulated fire alarm. Demonstrating proper tool usage. Handling a simulated phishing attempt. Explanation:Role-playing helps us apply safety practices in real-life scenarios, fostering a culture of safety within the team. Overall Understanding:Recognizing safety threats, both physical and online, is crucial for preventing accidents and maintaining a secure work environment. Knowledge of safety rules and regulations contributes to creating a culture of safety within our organization. Regular observation and adherence to safety practices enhance our ability to contribute to a healthy and productive work environment. Appreciating the importance of safety involves understanding its impact on individual well-being, team dynamics, and overall organizational success. Lesson 1: Brainstorming on Computer TermsBrainstorm on Terms:Computer:Definition: A device that processes data to produce information. Example: Personal computers, laptops, servers. Data:Definition: Raw facts and figures that are input into a computer. Example: Numbers, text, images. Information:Definition: Processed data that conveys meaning and is useful to the user. Example: Analyzed data in a report, a graph representing statistical information. Explanation:Brainstorming helps in defining and understanding key terms related to computers, data, and information. Lesson 2: Characteristics of a ComputerDiscussion on Characteristics:Speed:Definition: The rate at which a computer processes tasks. Example: High-speed processors allow quick task execution. Accuracy:Definition: The ability of a computer to perform tasks without errors. Example: Accurate calculations in spreadsheet software. Versatility:Definition: The capability of a computer to handle various tasks and applications. Example: Computers can be used for word processing, graphic design, and gaming.


Example: Accurate calculations in spreadsheet software. Versatility:Definition: The capability of a computer to handle various tasks and applications. Example: Computers can be used for word processing, graphic design, and gaming. Reliability:Definition: The dependability of a computer to perform consistently. Example: Enterprise-level servers are designed for high reliability. Diligence:Definition: The ability of a computer to perform repetitive tasks without fatigue. Example: Automated data entry tasks performed with diligence. Storage:Definition: The capacity of a computer to store data and information. Example: Hard drives and solid-state drives used for data storage. Consistency:Definition: The uniformity in performance and behavior. Example: Consistent user interface across different software versions. Explanation:Discussing characteristics provides a comprehensive understanding of what makes a computer efficient and effective. Lesson 3: Video Clip on Classification of ComputersDownload and Watch a Video Clip:Classification of Computers. Explanation:Visual learning through a video clip enhances understanding of how computers are classified based on various criteria. Lesson 4: Discussion on Classification of ComputersDiscussion on Classification Criteria:Functionality:Definition: How a computer is designed to operate and the tasks it can perform. Example: Personal computers for general use, servers for data storage and retrieval. Purpose:Definition: The reason a computer is used, such as gaming, business, or scientific research. Example: Gaming computers with high-end graphics cards, business computers for office tasks. Size:Definition: The physical dimensions of a computer, influencing portability. Example: Desktops for stationary use, laptops for portability, tablets and smartphones for mobility. Explanation:Discussing the classification of computers based on functionality, purpose, and size provides insights into their diverse applications in user environments. Lesson 5: Interaction with Different Types of ComputersInteraction with Computers:Performed Tasks:Word processing on a desktop computer. Internet browsing on a laptop. Graphic design on a high-performance workstation. Explanation:Hands-on interaction enhances practical understanding and application of computer concepts in real-world scenarios. Key Inquiry Question:Why are there different classes of computers? Discussion Points:Different user needs require specialized computers. Diverse applications and performance requirements lead to the existence of various computer classes. Overall Understanding:Recognizing key terms and understanding their meanings lays the foundation for computer concepts. Detailed discussions on characteristics provide insights into what makes a computer efficient and reliable. Visual learning through a video clip enhances our understanding of computer classification.


Overall Understanding:Recognizing key terms and understanding their meanings lays the foundation for computer concepts. Detailed discussions on characteristics provide insights into what makes a computer efficient and reliable. Visual learning through a video clip enhances our understanding of computer classification. Practical interaction with different types of computers reinforces our ability to apply computer skills in real-world scenarios. The key inquiry question prompts us to think critically about the necessity for different classes of computers based on user requirements and applications. Lesson 1: Brainstorming and Presentation on CommunicationBrainstorming Session:Meaning of Communication:Exchange of information, ideas, and thoughts. Importance of Communication in the Work Environment:Enhances collaboration. Improves decision-making. Fosters a positive work culture. Presentation:Highlights:Clear communication is crucial for organizational success. Examples of effective communication leading to successful projects or initiatives. Overall Explanation:Understanding the meaning and importance of communication forms the foundation for effective workplace interaction. Lesson 2: Role Play on Effective CommunicationRole Play Scenario:Situation:Team members working on a project need to coordinate tasks. Demonstration:Clear communication channels, active listening, and addressing misunderstandings promptly. Overall Explanation:Role-playing helps internalize the significance of clear and concise communication in professional settings. Lesson 3: Research on ICT Tools in CommunicationResearch Findings:ICT Tools Explored:Email, mobile phones, computers, video and web conferencing tools, social networking, online collaboration. Insights:Email for formal communication, video conferencing for virtual meetings, social networking for informal interactions. Overall Explanation:Researching ICT tools provides insights into the diverse technologies used for workplace communication. Lesson 4: Discussion on ICT Tools in CommunicationDiscussion Highlights:Email:Formal written communication. Mobile Phones:Quick and direct communication. Video Conferencing:Virtual meetings for remote collaboration. Social Networking:Informal communication and networking. Overall Explanation:Discussing ICT tools helps recognize their functions and applications in various communication scenarios. Lesson 5: Use of ICT Tools and Internet for CommunicationActivity Highlights:Practical Scenarios:Sending professional emails, participating in a video conference, collaborating on an online document. Skills Developed:Effective use of communication tools in a simulated workplace environment. Overall Explanation:Hands-on experience using ICT tools and the internet enhances practical communication skills in a technological environment. Lesson 6: Discussion on Benefits and Challenges of the InternetDiscussion Points:Benefits:Global communication, instant access to information, collaborative opportunities. Challenges:Security concerns, information overload, potential for misinformation.


Overall Explanation:Hands-on experience using ICT tools and the internet enhances practical communication skills in a technological environment. Lesson 6: Discussion on Benefits and Challenges of the InternetDiscussion Points:Benefits:Global communication, instant access to information, collaborative opportunities. Challenges:Security concerns, information overload, potential for misinformation. Overall Explanation:Understanding the benefits and challenges of the internet enables informed and responsible use in a work context. Overall Summary:Importance of Communication:Recognizing the critical role of communication in fostering a positive work environment, ensuring clarity, and promoting effective teamwork. ICT Tools in Communication:Understanding and utilizing a variety of ICT tools to enhance workplace communication. Practical Application:Using ICT tools and the internet to simulate workplace communication scenarios, fostering practical skills. Role of Effective Communication:Acknowledging how effective communication contributes to workplace success, collaboration, and overall productivity. Critical Analysis:Evaluating the benefits and challenges of the internet, ensuring responsible and secure communication practices in a professional setting. Lesson 1: Discussing the Importance of DrawingBrainstorming on Importance:Visual Communication: Drawing facilitates the expression of ideas and information visually. Precision in Technical Fields: Drawing is crucial for conveying accurate and detailed information in technical and engineering contexts. Creative Expression: In art, drawing allows for creative expression and subjective interpretation. Overall Explanation:Initiating the course by discussing the diverse importance of drawing in various contexts. Lesson 2: Brainstorming on Technical and Artistic DrawingBrainstorming on Technical Drawing:Precision: Technical drawings emphasize accuracy and precise measurements. Engineering Applications: Used in engineering and technical fields for schematic representation. Brainstorming on Artistic Drawing:Aesthetics: Artistic drawings focus on aesthetic expression and creativity. Subjective Interpretation: Allows for personal interpretation and creativity. Overall Explanation:Distinguishing between technical and artistic drawing through brainstorming. Lesson 3: Research on Artistic and Technical DrawingResearch Findings:Artistic Drawing:Emphasis on aesthetics, creativity, and subjective expression. Technical Drawing:Emphasis on precision, accuracy, and application in technical fields. Overall Explanation:Researching to understand the specific characteristics and applications of artistic and technical drawing. Lesson 4: Practicing Printing Numbers and LettersPractical Exercise:Activity:Practice printing numbers and letters of the alphabet as used in drawing. Overall Explanation:Hands-on practice improves the learner's ability to reproduce numbers and letters accurately in drawings.


Overall Explanation:Researching to understand the specific characteristics and applications of artistic and technical drawing. Lesson 4: Practicing Printing Numbers and LettersPractical Exercise:Activity:Practice printing numbers and letters of the alphabet as used in drawing. Overall Explanation:Hands-on practice improves the learner's ability to reproduce numbers and letters accurately in drawings. Lesson 5: Types of Lines in DrawingVisual Aid Exploration:Visual Aids:Explore information on types of lines and their application in drawing thick and thin continuous, dashed, and chain . Overall Explanation:Using visual aids to enhance understanding of the application of different types of lines in drawing. Lesson 6: Drawing Various Types of LinesDrawing Practice:Activity:Draw various types of lines thick and thin continuous, dashed, and chain . Overall Explanation:Practical drawing activities improve proficiency in creating different types of lines. Lesson 7: Sketching Basic Symbols and AbbreviationsActivity:Activity:Sketch basic symbols , , R, , and abbreviations DRG, A F, A C, I D, O D used in drawing. Overall Explanation:Learning to illustrate symbols and abbreviations enhances the ability to communicate specific information in drawings. Lesson 8: Audio-Visual Study of Symbol and Abbreviation ApplicationsAudio-Visual Aids:Study:Use audio-visual aids to understand the application of symbols and abbreviations in drawing. Overall Explanation:Utilizing audio-visual aids deepens understanding of how symbols and abbreviations are applied in drawing. Key Inquiry Question:Why is drawing referred to as a universal way of communication? Discussion Points:Visual Language: Drawing transcends linguistic barriers through a universally understood visual language. Common Understanding: Symbols and representations in drawings have a common, universally understood meaning. Overall Understanding:Importance of Drawing:Acknowledging drawing as a powerful means of communication, spanning both technical precision and artistic expression. Distinguishing Technical and Artistic Drawing:Understanding the unique characteristics and applications of technical and artistic drawing. Practical Skills:Developing practical skills in printing numbers and letters, drawing various types of lines, and sketching symbols and abbreviations. Appreciation for Drawing:Recognizing the role of drawing in conveying information precisely and creatively across diverse fields. Lesson 1: Brainstorming on Methods of DimensioningBrainstorming:Linear Dimensioning:Measuring length in a straight line.


Practical Skills:Developing practical skills in printing numbers and letters, drawing various types of lines, and sketching symbols and abbreviations. Appreciation for Drawing:Recognizing the role of drawing in conveying information precisely and creatively across diverse fields. Lesson 1: Brainstorming on Methods of DimensioningBrainstorming:Linear Dimensioning:Measuring length in a straight line. Radial Dimensioning:Measuring from a central point, often used in circular objects. Angular Dimensioning:Measuring angles between lines or shapes. Arc Dimensioning:Measuring curved shapes or arcs. Overall Explanation:Beginning the sub-strand with a diverse understanding of methods for dimensioning in plane geometry. Lesson 2: Illustrating Types of Lines Used in DimensioningVisual Aid Exploration:Visual Aids:Extension lines: Indicate the points between which the measurement is taken. Dimension lines: Indicate the measured length. Leader lines: Connect features to the dimension lines. Overall Explanation:Visualizing and understanding the roles of various lines used in dimensioning. Lesson 3: Constructing Combined ShapesActivity:Constructing Shapes:Combining circles, rectangles, and triangles to create complex shapes. Example: Combining a circle and a rectangle to form a cylinder. Overall Explanation:Hands-on activity to build a foundation for understanding and constructing combined shapes. Lesson 4: Dimensioning Combined Shapes in Plane GeometryDiscussion:Forms of Dimensioning:Parallel Dimensioning: Dimensions are placed parallel to the dimension lines. Chain Dimensioning: Dimensions are linked together for efficiency. Combined Dimensioning: Utilizing a combination of both parallel and chain dimensioning. Overall Explanation:Discussing and understanding different forms of dimensioning for combined shapes. Lesson 5: Visual Aid Exploration of Combined ShapesVisual Aid Exploration:Visual Aids:Identifying combined shapes in visual aids, such as architectural plans or mechanical diagrams. Lesson 6: Drawing Combined ShapesDiscussion:Techniques:Discussing step-by-step techniques to draw combined shapes accurately. Example: Drawing a complex machinery part involving circles and rectangles. Overall Explanation:Understanding the process and techniques involved in accurately drawing combined shapes. Lesson 7: Research on Methods of Dimensioning Combined ShapesResearch Findings:Electronic or Print Media Search:Exploring the latest methods of dimensioning combined shapes through electronic or print media sources. Example: Researching online articles or engineering manuals. Overall Explanation:Researching to gain insights into the most effective and modern methods of dimensioning for combined shapes.


Lesson 7: Research on Methods of Dimensioning Combined ShapesResearch Findings:Electronic or Print Media Search:Exploring the latest methods of dimensioning combined shapes through electronic or print media sources. Example: Researching online articles or engineering manuals. Overall Explanation:Researching to gain insights into the most effective and modern methods of dimensioning for combined shapes. Lesson 8: Drawing and Dimensioning Combined ShapesActivity:Activity:Drawing and dimensioning combined shapes in plane geometry using the learned techniques. Example: Drawing a combination of geometric shapes found in a blueprint. Overall Explanation:Applying acquired knowledge and skills to draw and dimension complex shapes accurately. Key Inquiry Question:How are combined shapes applied in day-to-day life? Discussion Points:Architecture:Combining shapes in architectural designs for buildings or bridges. Manufacturing:Creating machinery parts with combined shapes for efficiency. Product Design:Incorporating combined shapes in product designs for functionality and aesthetics. Overall Understanding:Methods of Dimensioning:Grasping the nuances of linear, radial, angular, and arc dimensioning along with the types of lines used. Construction of Combined Shapes:Learning to construct and dimension combined shapes, understanding the importance of different forms of dimensioning. Practical Application:Applying the learned concepts to real-world scenarios, embracing the use of plane geometry in architecture, manufacturing, and product design. Lesson 1: Exploring Economic ResourcesBrainstorming and Presentation:Meaning of Economic Resources:Resources utilized in the production of goods and services to meet human needs. Characteristics:Limited availability, utility in production, and potential for satisfying human wants. Example: Fertile land for agriculture, which is limited but essential for producing food. Overall Explanation:Commencing the sub-strand with a detailed understanding of economic resources and their key characteristics. Lesson 2: Characteristics of Economic ResourcesResearch and Sharing:Print or Digital Media Search:Exploration of various sources to understand the characteristics of economic resources. Example:Limited availability implies that resources are finite and must be managed efficiently to meet the ever-growing human needs. Characteristics of Economic Resources in Point Form:Limited Availability:Resources are finite and not infinite. Utility in Production:Resources are used to produce goods and services. Potential to Satisfy Human Wants:Resources contribute to meeting human needs and desires. Overall Explanation:Understanding the essential characteristics of economic resources through research and shared insights.


Utility in Production:Resources are used to produce goods and services. Potential to Satisfy Human Wants:Resources contribute to meeting human needs and desires. Overall Explanation:Understanding the essential characteristics of economic resources through research and shared insights. Lesson 3: Classification of Economic Resources in KenyaCase Study Analysis:Case Study:Analyzing a case study on the classification and types of economic resources in Kenya. Examples of Economic Resources in Kenya:Agriculture: Land for crop cultivation and livestock rearing. Minerals: Deposits of minerals like gold, soda ash, and titanium. Tourism: Natural attractions like wildlife, national parks, and beaches. Classification of Economic Resources in Kenya:Renewable Resources:Resources that can be naturally replenished, such as agricultural land and forests. Non-renewable Resources:Limited resources like minerals that cannot be quickly replenished. Overall Explanation:Gaining practical insights into the economic landscape of Kenya through a focused case study. Lesson 4: Metallic and Non-Metallic Materials as Economic ResourcesDiscussion:Distinguishing Characteristics:Metallic materials e.g., iron, copper and non-metallic materials e.g., wood, rubber as economic resources. Examples:Metallic Materials: Iron used in construction and copper in electrical wiring. Non-Metallic Materials: Wood for construction and rubber for tire production. Overall Explanation:Understanding the distinct characteristics of metallic and non-metallic materials in the context of economic resources. Lesson 5: Resource Mapping in the Local CommunityActivity:Resource Mapping:Conducting resource mapping to identify and document economic resources within the local community. Example:Identifying agricultural areas, water sources, and potential mining sites. Overall Explanation:Applying practical knowledge to recognize economic resources in the immediate environment through resource mapping. Lesson 6: Sustainable Use of Economic ResourcesBrainstorm and Presentation:Sustainable Practices:Brainstorming and presenting sustainable ways of using economic resources in Kenya. Examples of Sustainable Practices:Adopting renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. Implementing efficient waste management to minimize environmental impact. Overall Explanation:Emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices to ensure the longevity and responsible use of economic resources. Lesson 1: Introduction to Metallic MaterialsBrainstorming and Research:Brainstorming:Exploring prior knowledge about metallic materials. Research:Utilizing print or digital media to gather information on metallic materials. Example:Discussing common types of metallic materials like iron, aluminum, and copper.


Lesson 1: Introduction to Metallic MaterialsBrainstorming and Research:Brainstorming:Exploring prior knowledge about metallic materials. Research:Utilizing print or digital media to gather information on metallic materials. Example:Discussing common types of metallic materials like iron, aluminum, and copper. Lesson 2: Checklist for Identifying Metallic MaterialsPractical Activity:Checklist Preparation:Collaborating to prepare a checklist for identifying types of metallic materials. Example:Steel: Recognizing its strength and applications in construction. Lesson 3: Physical Properties ExaminationGroup Activity:Physical Properties Examination:Conducting practical activities to examine the physical properties of metallic materials. Properties Examined:Magnetism, conductivity of heat and electricity, appearance. Example:Exploring the conductivity of copper and its relevance in electrical applications. Lesson 4: Discussion on Physical PropertiesGroup Discussion:Discussion:Engaging in a group discussion on the physical properties of metallic materials. Example:Discussing how the physical properties make certain metallic materials suitable for specific applications. Lesson 5: Matching Materials to their UseInteractive Activity:Matching Activity:Collaborating in an interactive activity to match metallic materials to their uses. Example:Connecting aluminum to its use in aircraft manufacturing due to its lightweight properties. Lesson 6-10: In-depth Exploration of Metallic MaterialsIn-depth Study:Focused Study on Specific Materials:Distributing research responsibilities for in-depth exploration of specific metallic materials. Example:Steel: Investigating its versatility and roles in construction and automotive industries. Key Inquiry Question:Why are metallic materials important in day-to-day life? Group Discussion:Collaborating to discuss and understand the significance of metallic materials in various aspects of daily life. Discussion Points:Construction:Essential in building structures and infrastructure. Transportation:Key component in vehicle manufacturing. Electronics:Vital for electronic devices and wiring. Overall Understanding:Identification of Metallic Materials:Collaboratively identifying various metallic materials commonly used in a work environment. Physical Properties Examination:Engaging in hands-on activities to understand the physical properties of metallic materials. Application in the Work Environment:Collaboratively relating metallic materials to their specific uses in the work environment. Appreciation for Metallic Materials:Developing a collective appreciation for the importance of metallic materials in various aspects of day-to-day life. 10 Examples of Metallic Materials in the Work Environment:Steel:Physical Properties:High strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion. Uses:Construction of buildings, bridges, and infrastructure.


Appreciation for Metallic Materials:Developing a collective appreciation for the importance of metallic materials in various aspects of day-to-day life. 10 Examples of Metallic Materials in the Work Environment:Steel:Physical Properties:High strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion. Uses:Construction of buildings, bridges, and infrastructure. Aluminum:Physical Properties:Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and excellent conductivity. Uses:Aircraft manufacturing, packaging, and electrical wiring. Copper:Physical Properties:Excellent electrical conductivity, malleability, and corrosion resistance. Uses:Electrical wiring, plumbing, and electronic components. Iron:Physical Properties:High strength, magnetic properties, and versatility. Uses:Construction, manufacturing of machinery, and automotive industry. Brass:Physical Properties:Combination of copper and zinc, corrosion-resistant, and aesthetically pleasing. Uses:Musical instruments, decorative items, and plumbing fittings. Bronze:Physical Properties:Combination of copper and tin, corrosion-resistant, and high strength. Uses:Sculptures, bearings, and marine applications. Titanium:Physical Properties:Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and high strength. Uses:Aerospace components, medical implants, and sports equipment. Zinc:Physical Properties:Corrosion-resistant, malleable, and conductive. Uses:Galvanizing steel, batteries, and die-casting. Nickel:Physical Properties:Corrosion-resistant, magnetic properties, and high melting point. Uses:Alloying agent in stainless steel, batteries, and electronic devices. Lead:Physical Properties:Dense, malleable, and corrosion-resistant. Uses:Batteries, radiation shielding, and construction. Physical Properties of Metallic Materials:Strength:Ability to withstand an applied force without breaking or deforming. Conductivity:Ability to conduct electricity or heat. Magnetism:Ability to be attracted or repelled by a magnet. Malleability:Ability to deform under pressure, usually into thin sheets. Ductility:Ability to undergo significant deformation before rupture or breaking. Corrosion Resistance:Ability to withstand deterioration due to chemical reactions with the environment. Density:Mass per unit volume, indicating the compactness of the material. Melting Point:Temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid. 10 Uses of Metallic Materials:Construction of buildings and infrastructure. Electrical wiring for power distribution. Manufacturing of machinery and equipment. Automotive industry for vehicle production. Aerospace components for aircraft manufacturing. Medical implants and equipment.


Automotive industry for vehicle production. Aerospace components for aircraft manufacturing. Medical implants and equipment. Plumbing fittings for water distribution. Electronic components in various devices. Battery production for energy storage. Marine applications for corrosion-resistant materials. Importance of Metallic Materials:Structural Integrity:Essential for building sturdy and durable structures. Versatility:Used across various industries due to their unique properties. Conductivity:Crucial for electrical wiring, facilitating the transmission of electricity. Magnetic Properties:Valuable in applications such as motors and generators. Corrosion Resistance:Ensures longevity and durability, particularly in outdoor environments. Weight Savings:Lightweight materials like aluminum contribute to fuel efficiency in transportation. Aesthetics:Metals like brass and bronze are valued for their visual appeal in decorative items. Medical Applications:Used in medical implants and devices due to biocompatibility. Environmental Benefits:Recyclability of many metallic materials reduces environmental impact. Economic Impact:Plays a crucial role in the manufacturing sector, contributing to economic development and job creation. 3.0 Materials for Production3.3 Non-Metallic Materials 10 Lessons Learning Objectives: By the end of this sub-strand, you should be able to: a Identify non-metallic materials found in the locality, b Categorize non-metallic materials as either synthetic or natural, c Describe the physical properties of non-metallic materials found in the locality, d Relate non-metallic materials to their uses in the locality, e Appreciate the use of non-metallic materials in production. Lesson 1: Introduction to Non-Metallic MaterialsBrainstorming and Research:Brainstorming:Discussing what comes to mind when thinking about non-metallic materials. Research:Using print or digital media to explore and gather information on non-metallic materials. Discussion:Group discussion on identified materials like wood, stone, plastics, paper, rubber, cement, glass, and ceramics. Lesson 2: Categorization of Non-Metallic MaterialsSorting Activity:Activity:Sorting materials into synthetic and natural categories. Example:Natural: Wood, Stone, RubberSynthetic: Plastics, Paper, CementDiscussion:Exploring the characteristics that define synthetic and natural materials. Lesson 3: Physical Properties ExaminationPractical Activities:Practical Exercises:Hands-on activities examining the physical properties of non-metallic materials. Properties Examined:Color, Texture, Hardness, Fire Resistance.