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She too dries the sweat from her neck and wiped the oil from her face. At the priests house she shows calm determination as she insists that she has an emergency and needs to be served. When the priest does not understand who Carlos is, she tells him that he was the thief that was killed a week ago and that she was his mother. Asked why she did raise a morally upright son, she says that she did and that he was a very good man. He however had no work and may have moved to the plantations in search of better pasture, having lost all his teeth to boxing. The crowds that gather to stare at her make the priest and his sister very uncomfortable but not her. She tells them that she is all right and walks right into the crowd. 96Themesa Human relationsThis is the major theme of this story. The young man died an unnecessary death. There is no hint of insecurity in the area. For 28 years she had lived alone and had never had to fire the gun. His death was not looked at as tragic because no one knew him. When the priest asks her to identify herself, she does so confidently and in precise details. This makes the priest uncomfortable he blushes . We can only infer that owing to her circumstances he had not expected her to be so dignified. The members of this community break from their languid siesta routine and move out into the streets to catch a glimpse of the mother of a thief. The priest and his sister are so scared by the scene they try to dissuade her from going out but in vain. She does not lose her self-esteem and walks out into the streets filling up with crowds of people. The bereaved mother is therefore a symbol of people who life has treated badly but do not succumb to the labels that society ascribes them. They are strong willed and dignified. SufferingThis is the other theme developed in the story. The bereaved mother shows a lot of stoicism as she mourns the death of her son. We are told that the priest looks at them in amazement when he realises that they were not going to cry. Pp171 97Further, she is faced with a difficult situation in which no one knows her family and against her son s alleged crime she is judged. The priest asks her whether she ever tried to get him on the right track. The priest is evidently find fault with her parenting ability. |
Pp171 97Further, she is faced with a difficult situation in which no one knows her family and against her son s alleged crime she is judged. The priest asks her whether she ever tried to get him on the right track. The priest is evidently find fault with her parenting ability. Pp171 This family cannot afford good clothing. We are told that mother and daughter were dressed in severe mourning clothes. Further, the deceased we are told used a rope for a belt and was barefoot. This family also faces discrimination. The crowds break from their routine siesta just to catch a glimpse of the deceased man s family. The priests sister is so scared she tells them that they were going to melt. The mother stoically endures the questioning stares of the people who want to see what the mother of a thief looks like. The members of this community too have their own problems. The heat is evidently one of the things that cause them untold suffering. They have to close down public schools, offices, and stores everyday at 11:00am and open just before 4:00pm on account of the heat. The priest too has his moment of suffering. When he asks the woman to identify herself, she does so with so much confidence that the he blushes and breaks into a sweat. His suffering stems from the fact that he had judged the woman98badly and her sense of self-esteem is what puts him under undue pressure. StyleThe chief style in this story is symbolism. The heatIn its tedium, that is monotony, the heat represents the deceased s mother s life. It is very oppressive and has few choices if any. She has raised her children well telling them what is wrong and what is right. This does not however save her son from the harsh realities of life. He has to eat. He takes to boxing which to say the least only hurts her son. When he abandons this, he moves further afield only to die in search of food. She has to face the curious crowd outside the church. If she stays until the sun goes down then she will miss the 3:30pm train and she does not have the means to lodge in the townfor the night. NB: What do you think the heat symbolises in the lives of the banana plantation farmers? It symbolises the loss of control of their lives. The heat controls how their day is run. |
NB: What do you think the heat symbolises in the lives of the banana plantation farmers? It symbolises the loss of control of their lives. The heat controls how their day is run. They routinely break at eleven and resume work at four. Nothing exciting happens nor do they create avenues for entertainment. This is why the diversion presented from their routine by the arrival of the mourners stirs them from their routine. 99The death of her son symbolises fate. The nature of his death is such that nobody could save him. He had just arrived in the town, no one knew him but he was hungry and was ignorant of the risk of knocking on people s doors in the night as a stranger. His mother accepts this reality stoically. She tells the priest that she is the mother of the thief that was killed there the previous week. She also does not question the reason for her poverty. She takes it for a fact and lives in it with dignity. She pays for third class car because that is what they can afford; it is instructive that they are the only ones in the car- it means most people can afford to pay for better transportation. It does not bother her that they are the only passengers on it. However, before they disembark she makes sure that she and her daughter are as presentable as they can be. POVThe story is told from a third person point of view. It is however omniscient objective. There is no comment on the characters or their thoughts. No interpretations are offered. We have to interpret the events on our own. This is good for the story because the author wants us to see things as they are. He does not wish to unduly influence our thinking. However, the details offered are sufficient to convince us that human beings are very quick to judge one another and often with very wrong conclusions being jumped to. 1008 a Appropriateness of titleThe title of this story is appropriate. It is the Tuesday of August. It is a typical hot day in the calendar of the banana plantation people. They have all taken a break from the heat at 11:00am as usual and are having their siesta. This unfortunately will not be an ordinary siesta because an event happens that wakes them from their mid-day sleep: the mother of the slain thief is in town and everyone wants to catch a glimpse of her. So it is for them a story about a Tuesday that their siesta was interfered with. |
They have all taken a break from the heat at 11:00am as usual and are having their siesta. This unfortunately will not be an ordinary siesta because an event happens that wakes them from their mid-day sleep: the mother of the slain thief is in town and everyone wants to catch a glimpse of her. So it is for them a story about a Tuesday that their siesta was interfered with. B Significant eventThe significant event in this story is the decision of the mother of the slain thief to visit her slain sons grave. Her trip necessitates that we learn about her economic background and why the slaying of her son was fated. C Aim of the author. The author picks a sad event in the life of a poor mother to show us how strong we can be both in adversity and grinding poverty. No one can therefore take your self-esteem from you but yourself. First we must view ourselves with pride then those around us will see our dignity. 101Two Stories of a House by Leila Abouzeid Morocco SettingThis is story is set in a Moroccan town. It is told in two parts. The first part is set in a courthouse while the second part is set in the roof house of an old woman. The first setting is a very formal one with a government officer presiding and passing judgment. The second one is very informal and the two old women pass their own judgment. The plotKhadija Bent Ahmed has lost the house she has lived in for over thirty years and has therefore taken the matter to court. The defendant is Meeluda Bent Al-bacheer, her land lady. Khadija feels that she has paid rent all those years and been of help socially to the defendant and this ought to give her ownership of the house. Meeluda on the other hand thinks that the rent was insignificant and it does not make Khadija an owner. She therefore convinced Khadija to vacate the house for renovation upon which she would return. This was not to be. Khadija s house was the first floor and to get there she had to use the stairs. Meeluda gets the repair man to destroy the stairs and the landing. Subsequently she says they cannot be repaired and that the whole house is coming down. The judge s verdict: Khadija should go and take her belongings and cease to lay any claim on the property. |
Meeluda gets the repair man to destroy the stairs and the landing. Subsequently she says they cannot be repaired and that the whole house is coming down. The judge s verdict: Khadija should go and take her belongings and cease to lay any claim on the property. In her devastated mood, Khadija learns of an old woman with a story similar to hers. She goes there to share her story. The woman tells her about her own tribulations which she feels are even more devastating102than Khadija s. Her husband of over forty years had divorced her and married a girl below twenty years old. What annoys her is that she was the girl s benefactor. The girl was pregnant out of wedlock and was hiding from her brothers. Since the old woman was barren she gets into a deal with the girl that she will hide her shame and in return she would leave the child she was carrying to her. Her husband takes to the girl and marries her and then divorces the old woman. Although she keeps the two children twins their mother secretly meets them every day when the old woman is out of the house. ConflictThe first conflict is between Khadija and Meeluda Kahdija feels that she should own the property she has lived in for over thirty years. Her claim does not make sense. She has been a tenant and therefore she was paying for a service. This is Meeluda s argument which the judge upholds. This conflict however reveals some very important facts. Khadija also had a conflict with her husband. She feels that her husband squandered the family wealth through his generosity. He was hospitable at the expense of his family. This also brings us to another very important fact: women have no right to own property. It appears that it is the men who handle family finances. So even though Khadija knew how best to spend the family s103resources in order to secure her future, she was not allowed to make financial decisions. This can be confirmed through the second case in which the old woman is thrown out of the house she says her sweat is in and now has nowhere to go. The second conflict is developed by the divorceeShe is in conflict both with her husband and his new wife. She feels that the new wife has ruined her marriage. |
This can be confirmed through the second case in which the old woman is thrown out of the house she says her sweat is in and now has nowhere to go. The second conflict is developed by the divorceeShe is in conflict both with her husband and his new wife. She feels that the new wife has ruined her marriage. They had made a deal and the girl swore on the saint s tomb that she would only give birth in the old woman s house and then leave for her the child. Instead she made herself comfortable as a wife. The other conflict she develops is with her husband. She acknowledges that she has not been able to bear any children for him. However, during the period she was married to him she worked hard and they got to own a house. Now he has thrown her out of it and she is destitute. What is more is that she is in her sunshine years and does not have the strength to start all over again. Therefore she feels that her husband has treated her very unfairly. Both women develop conflict with religion. Khadija says that Meeluda swore to Mecca, and the divorcee says that the young girl swore on the saint s tomb. None of these people honoured their pledges. In khadija s case, she tells the judge that the reason she has taken long before bringing the case to his court is that she had still left the case with the saints. 104It therefore means that her disillusionment with her religion is what finally makes her bring the case before the judge. She feels that her faith was misplaced. This is the same reaction that we get from the divorcee. She had hoped for God s reward for helping the girl but suffers a divorce instead. This makes her a very cynical woman: she says that there is no good neighbour in this world, no grateful people, and no faithful husbands. Character and characterisation Khadija- unrealistic, religious Meeluda cruelDivorcee-hard working, religiousPlease supply illustrations that confirm these traits. ThemesPlace of the woman in societyThis is the major theme in this story. This is brought to us through the experiences of two women. Khadija has a husband who is pleasure loving. She dutifully serves him as a wife but when he dies her future is not secure and there is no law to protect her from the harsh reality of life. This is why the urban setting is extremely important. |
Khadija has a husband who is pleasure loving. She dutifully serves him as a wife but when he dies her future is not secure and there is no law to protect her from the harsh reality of life. This is why the urban setting is extremely important. Men cannot hope to carry on as if they are in the village and forget their obligation to their families. The divorcee too develops this theme. She swears that she worked hard as a wife and attributes the house she and her husband lived in and all the good105things in it to her efforts, at least partly. Now in her sunshine years she is thrown out and becomes destitute. She seems to understand that justice will not be served anywhere so unlike Khadija, she does not report the matter for arbitration to any authority but simply becomes cynical of human nature. So for both women society has failed to protect them from the ill wind of the world despite their devotion to their religion and men. PovThe story is told from a third person point of view. This is appropriate because it gives us an objective view of the goings on in women s lives in this society. A Appropriateness of titleTwo Stories of a House is an interesting title. It leads us to believe that we are going to look at one house and hear two stories about it. This however is not what obtains. There are actually two houses and two stories. So why is the house in the title singular? The pains and the resulting misery to the women is the same. The author implies that take any two women in this society and you will find that they identify with each other s suffering. The title is therefore appropriate in the cry for equity. Significant eventKhadija s going to court and the divorcee becoming the village girls benefactor. 106Aim of the authorThe author is appealing for gender parity. This is a patriarchic community in which women have little or no say about their own affairs. The author thinks that this state of affairs should change. 107THE LAW OF THE GRAZING FIELDS BY CYPRIAN EKWENSISettingThis story is set among the nomadic people of West Africa. It is most likely Nigeria. What is more important though is the time. The story is set in pristine Africa before the influence of the west. It is a typical short story with the events taking place in a very short time. |
Pp183 Amina and her brothersModio was suspicious of her behaviour and therefore set a trap for her. Jama had not paid the full bride price and therefore could not yet take her. This intervening period presented Yalla with an opportunity to steal Amina. That evening Modio lays in wait with a pack of wild cattle dogs which he sets on Yalla and then grabs Amina. He takes her back to the hut swearing that she was going nowhere butJama s. Her elder brother disturbed by this incident begins to plan how they were to escort her when the time finally came. He says he would ride behind her because she could not be trusted after what she had been through with Modio. Amina and JamaShe is averse to marrying him because he does not fit the stereotype male of the community. This is supposed to be the masculine type that would protect their families from attack by wild animals. According to her he is weak-kneed and109effeminate. He had failed the flogging test. She says that he had wept and begged as they flogged him at the sharo. She would be an embarrassment to her if she married him. Her brothers and YallaThey knew he was planning to elope with Amina. This is why Modio kept vigil. When he finally gets the girl they run after them and the brothers are not afraid to use poisoned arrows if only to get their sister back and take her to Jama. When he finally beats them to his hut, they tell him that their father will know no rest until Yalla will have compensated for his cattle. Pp189 Finally they acknowledge defeat. One of the brothers says that Yalla is a man. He set fire to their camp, stole their sister and then called them thieves for taking back their horse that they had saddled for another bridegroom. Character and characterisation Amina-strong willed, determined, proud Yalla-courageous, determined, humorous, loving Get your illustrations to prove the above traits. ThemesTraditionThis is the most important theme in this story. We learn about the culture of these pastoralists in relation to marriage. First there is the law of the grazing fields. A man may elope with a woman of his choice as long as he is not caught. A man must complete the payment of dowry before he could take his wife. |
First there is the law of the grazing fields. A man may elope with a woman of his choice as long as he is not caught. A man must complete the payment of dowry before he could take his wife. They were waiting for Jama to110deliver the last instalment of his dowry before they could hand Amina over to him. Men had to be tested to determine their suitability for marriage. The stage for doing this was a ceremony called sharo in which the man would be flogged in public to determine how well he bore pain. Those who wept and begged during the flogging lost favour in the eyes of potential brides. Parents arranged marriage for their daughters. Amina s father had first accepted the bride price then told her about it. She was not expected to have a say and that is why her brothers were trying to enforce the will of their father. LoveAnother theme developed in this story is love. This is a story of passion. Nothing would stop Yalla from marrying the woman he loved. She says that he was strong enough to break stubborn bulls but when he smiled and held her in his hands his face was so gentle and sweet. When they are in Yalla s settlement and he points his hut out to her, she says: Our hut you mean . She tells Modio when he stops her from eloping: This night I will be with Yalla. He s the husband I ve chosen. Yalla on his part has suffered to get this woman to be his wife. He endured the pack of wild cattle dogs and later a poisoned arrow. Despite the poison he takes time to acknowledge Amina when he gets them to his house: My wife! He moaned. Mine at last. 111StyleFlashbackIt is through flashback that we learn why Amina is opposed to marrying Jama. He had wept and begged when flogged. We also learn of how they had set to elope through a flashback. Yalla was to make scratching sounds to indicate his presence. It is also thorough flashback that we learn of the huge dowry that Jama is paying. ImageThe image of a hawk has been used twice in this story. The first time it is used with reference to Modio. He crouches before her with hands curved like the claws of a hawk about to strike. In this instance the hawk is playing a protective role. |
The resulting strikes bring about violence and unemployment. Another important factor worth mentioning is the contrast in the weather. The Namibia she leaves is hot and dry which agrees with the political heat created by the oppressive regime. The England she visits is in the middle of winter and is therefore equally oppressive. 2.The plotThe story opens with Angelika s visit to Birmingham. We are told that it was the town of her liberation. We learn that she is in the UK courtesy of her church. She has been sent there to learn English. So bad is the situation at home that it is only churches that are setting up projects to improve the lot of the people. It is in one such project the Angelica and her husband work. It is a day care centre for children whose mothers have to go to work but have nobody to leave them with. Besides studying English, she hopes to take a course in Community Studies that would help her run the day care centre. 114Her friend Tembi, a Namibian nurse studying in UK, encourages her to avail herself of the medical expertise in theUK to find out why she can t have children and perhaps even have the problem remedied. Her visit to the hospital reveals that she had been stirilised. She says this was done without her knowledge by the military doctors who had removed her appendix. The sympathetic doctors in Birmingham tell her that although the operation is considered permanent they had carried out a few reversals successfully. They are cautious though and tell her that there are no guarantees that her case too would be a success. She consents to the operation nonetheless. Again the church bears the cost of the operation. Naturally she has to travel back home to meet with her husband to determine the success of the operation. Here too the church meets the cost. She returns to Birmingham and anxiously waits for her to find out whether she is lucky. Her periods do not come and this is a good sign. She shares this news only with Tembi for fear of raising people s expectations too high. Her luck holds out and finally it was evident to all that she was pregnant. It is only then that she informs her husband. She continued with her studies as she carried the pregnancy to term. Six months after her baby was born she bids farewell to her benefactors and heads back home. 3.ConflictThe conflict with weather is very important. It develops the theme of suffering in the story. |
She tells that it is God who helped her as always. This is in reference to the surgery that she undergoes to correct her sterilisation. B. HardworkingEvery day she looked after 80 preschoolers at the children s centre that she ran. Their mothers dropped them in the early hours and collected them when it began to turn dark. C.RealisticWhen it became obvious that she was not going to have children of her own, she adopted three girls from her husband s family. D. ForgivingWhen it became clear that she had been sterilised by white doctors without her consent, her friends wished to write letters to the newspapers and contact the UN to object to the malicious behaviour of the white doctors. She objected to this approach. Clearly she117felt no bitterness towards the people who had wronged her. E.SecretiveUpon missing her periods, she did not readily tell the people around her. Further, she only went to the doctor s after 7 weeks. What is more, she did not dare tell her husband for fear that something might go wrong. The only person she told was Tembi whom she asked not to tell anyone. Themesa. Human rights abusesForced sterilisationA number of women are sterilised by white doctors without their consent. Angelika is one such woman. Further, she says that she thought of the other women it must have happened to who neither knew nor had the chance to reverse their enforced childlessness. OppressionPolitical leaders were detained, tortured or forced into exile. Forced resettlementThe natives had been resettled into remote reserves. The narrator says that the village had been pushed into the rocky hills by colonial settlement. FriendshipChurchThe church is responsible for a number of humanitarian assistance. The narrator says that as the South African rule oppressed the118people of Namibia, it is only the churches that could set up projects to help the people. Further, the church met the cost of Angelika s education, treatment and travel expenses. We are told that they offered assistance from an emergency fund so she could give birth in Birmingham and continue her studies afterwards. The people of NamibiaThe narrator tells us that the people survived the traumatising experiences because of their solidarity. |
Further, the church met the cost of Angelika s education, treatment and travel expenses. We are told that they offered assistance from an emergency fund so she could give birth in Birmingham and continue her studies afterwards. The people of NamibiaThe narrator tells us that the people survived the traumatising experiences because of their solidarity. She says that survival came through mutual support, through solidarity within the communities and within the families: helping people who did not have enough food, caring for those who were sick, looking out for each other s children. TembiWe are told that it was Tembi who began to show Angelika around to ensure that she did not spend too much time alone in her room. Further, she is the one who suggested that Angelika seeks proper treatment. As a result, Angelika found out that she had been sterilised without her consent, but what is more the doctors were able to reverse her condition which was thought to be permanent. The people of EnglandAngelika visits England at a time they were facing labour unrest. The administration was119harsh and the police charged on protestors. She says that the people sent parcels of food across the country to the places that the strike held out the longest. 6. A.Appropriateness of titleThe title is appropriate. The white hands that are talked about were responsible for both the suffering and joy of the protagonist. It is the malicious white doctors in South Africa who sterilised her without her consent. This was a supremacist statement. If they could stop the blacks from reproducing, then the superior white race would have the country to themselves. Ironically, it is the white doctors in England who identify the reason why she cannot conceive and correct the problem through surgery. B. Significant eventThe significant event in this story is the sterilisation of Angelika by the white doctors in Windhoek. C.Aim of the authorThis is a sad story that uses contrast to show that both evil and well-meaning people exist. A group of people should therefore not be condemned because one of them has acted out of line, rather we should judge individuals by their strengths and weaknesses. The strong120message is therefore one of tolerance and building friendships. TaskQ 1Friendship helps overcome adversity. UsingAngelica s experiences both in Namibia and England show that this is true. Give illustrations from Jame Katjavivi s White Hands. |
The strong120message is therefore one of tolerance and building friendships. TaskQ 1Friendship helps overcome adversity. UsingAngelica s experiences both in Namibia and England show that this is true. Give illustrations from Jame Katjavivi s White Hands.121Thank you very much for the purchase of this eBook. I hope enjoyed reading it and that it did add value to your teaching learning. Walter AkachPS: If there ever is a need to wish to share your thoughts about this work feel free to drop me a word at walterakach gmail.com122. |
THE RIVER AND THE SOURCEESSAY QUESTIONS ENGLISH1. The River and the Source: Margaret A. Ogolla. In the traditional Africa Society, women suffer the effects of gender discrimination. Using illustrations from, The River and The Source, validate the statement. 20marks Answer: Gender discrimination occurs when men show bias against members of the opposite sex. Women heroes in the novel have to struggle since the society treats them as lesser beings. Male chauvinism is seen when chief Odero Gogni contemplates another rock for his sling since Akoko cried with a lot of gusto. Men do not recognize girls because they are passers-by unlike boys who stand for family continuity. Chief Odero Gogni has to disguise his love for Akoko because such love is unseemly. The society has low attitude towards girls. It does not consider important to seek for their opinion on their own marriages. Chief Odero with his sons turns away many suitors before they settle on chief Kembo. Details on marriage, bride price are settled in bride s absence .She is only called in when the most critical issues have been dispensed with. She leaves soon after she has been introduced to her husband. Akoko chooses a husband for Nyabera. A man owns a woman s body and soul. Akoko is scandalized when threatens to leave her husband. Otieno is bitter that his brother chief Kembo had never beaten his wife .Akoko describes relationship between husbands and their wives like that of cats and dogs or like the one between ravens and chicken. Akoko is grateful for her husband since he treated her well. Otieno grabs Akoko s wealth soon after her husband dies. Believes that a woman does not deserve any wealth. Akoko felt the weight of injustice that women had felt in a male dominated world. It is a waste of time a girl to become educated. Her sole objective of existence being married and bringing up of children. Awiti ploughs her way through school despite difficulties encountered. All other girls drop out of school. When Pilipo is converted to Christianity, he thinks that catechism is too difficult for a woman to understand. The society expects a female to hide her intelligence. |
Pg 167 .This clear demonstration of loyalty helps the two to remain together right into their sunset days. F iii . The Sigus have instilled a sense of hard work in the family. Mark keeps on studying to get promotions so that he can have his children live a decent life. Pg 166, 172 . Mark felt very lucky about his hard working children. Vera had seven unbeatable records in school, Becky was not doing so badly, Aoro had maintained a continuous lead in school and Tony followed suit. Pg 185, 186 . Hard work defines the Sigus. F iv Children in their growing up must be brought up with high level of discipline. Mark and Elizabeth were firm on their children s discipline and they never spared them any time they misbehaved. When Tony and Aoro almost made their twin drown they are heavily punished. Pgs 176-179 . When Aoro is suspended from school, he is denied food and asked to start fending for himself. Pgs 187-191 .This firm discipline instills hard work in the children. F v A strong family is also built up on mutual respect. The parents extend a measure of respect to the children and vice versa. This is seen on various instances: on serious matters concerning the family, Mark and his wife consult before a favorable decision is made. When Vera wants to go out with Tommy Muhambe she requests for permission the father. Pg 206 208 . This too builds a strong family. Mark any 4 well developed points 3: 3: 3: 3 12 marks Conclusion:In conclusion, looking at the Sigu family, one would say that the foundation of a strong family guided by good ethics depends on the husband and the wife, how close they are to their Children and how they develop acceptable values systems. Accept any other valid conclusion. 2 mks Grammar and Presentation 1-3 on the body award 1 mark4-5 on the body award 2 marks6-8 on the body award 3 marks9-12 on the body award 4 mark3. Drawing illustrations from Margaret Ogola s The River and The Source, write an essay proving that Akoko is at the centre of the change process in the society of the River and The Source. Answer:INTRODUCTION:Change is inevitable and cannot be preserved. In the River and the Source, Akoko becomes instrumental in spearheading the change. |
Conclusion:Clearly, Akoko is among the few African women who embraced change without demur. She seems to understand that change is mandatory and people must keep pace with it. 4. A strong household is founded on strong family values. Making reference to Mark Sigu s family in Margaret Ogola s The River and the Source, write an essay to justify the above statement. Answer:Introduction:In The River and the Source, Mark Sigu meets, woos and marries Elizabeth Awiti in the right and traditionally expected way. They start and develop a strong household that is ruled with strong values like love, respect and discipline among others accept any other relevant introduction. 2mks I. Mark Sigu had the devoted love of his wife and the affection of all his children. Pg192 . He did things for Elizabeth that would never have even crossed the mind of a full blooded African ma. He knew she was over-worked both at home and in school and in spite the house-help they had, he throw a helping hand round the house especially in taking the kids off the hands of his wife. Pg 173 II. Ii There is protection offered to family by the Sigus. When he realizes that promiscuity would ruin his marriage he so forcefully dumps the girl and asks for leave to go and bring back his family from Aluor. Pg 169-170 He tells his mother off when the latter feels he is over protective to the wife. Pg 167 III. The Sigus have instilled a sense of hard work in the family. Mark keeps on studying to get promotions so that he can have his children live a decent life. Pg 166, 172 . Mark felt very lucky in his hard working children. Vera had seven unbeatable records in school, Becky was not doing so badly, Aoro had maintained a continuous lead in school and Tony followed suit. Pg 185, 186 V. Mark and Elizabeth were always concerned about the welfare of their children. Tony falls sick at night on the groin. The whole family is concerned. Pg 179-182 . Elizabeth also falls sick in pregnancy. Pgs 192-194 VI. Children in their growing up must be brought up with high level of discipline. Mark was firm on his children s discipline and they never spared them any time they misbehaved. When Tony and Aoro almost made their twin drown they are heavily punished. Pgs 176-179 . |
Mark was firm on his children s discipline and they never spared them any time they misbehaved. When Tony and Aoro almost made their twin drown they are heavily punished. Pgs 176-179 . Aoro is suspended from school. He is denied food and asked to start fending for himself. Pgs 187-191 VII. On heavy matters concerning the family Mark and his wife consult before a favourable decision is made. Vera decides to forgo her chance at a national school and join Becky s. pg 175 . When Elizabeth falls sick 192-194 . Vera wants to go out with Tommy Muhambe pg 206-208 VIII. The Sigus let their children follow their own paths in life, marriage and career. Vera joins Opus Dei Aoro becomes a doctor and marries from another tribe. And Tony joins the priesthood. Mark any 4 well developed points 3: 3: 3: 3 12mks Conclusion:In conclusion, looking at the Sigu family, one would say that the foundation of a strong family guided by good ethics depends on the husband and the wife, how close they are to their children and how they develop acceptable values systems. Accept any other valid conclusion. 2mks 5. The River and the Source is an exploration of African traditions as was bombarded by irresistible winds of change. Using the novel for your illustrations, write an essay to show the truth of this statement. Answer. Introduction:The River and the Source presents African cultures that are in conflict clashes with the White man values that are unavoidableThe community clings to traditions until Europeans make their first contact with the community. The whiteman with his new form of government and Christianity present alternatives for the harsh community s culture as dictated by Chik e.g. Otieno vs Akoko. Institution of wife inheritance with all its social high sounding reasons does not really cater for the widow. Nyabera rebels and joins Christianity God which made meaning out of sorrow and suffering of the orphan, poor and widow e.g. Nyabera Akoko. 101 1,101 2,101 3 English Top grade predictor publishers Page 66 Society s obsession with the continuity of the family and clan through children. Women who are unable to conceive are neglected. They, however, get solace from Christian mission in Aluor e.g. Nyabera, the barren woman. |
Women who are unable to conceive are neglected. They, however, get solace from Christian mission in Aluor e.g. Nyabera, the barren woman. Traditionally, in marriage, one had to dig as much about one s partner s relatives. Change comes and marriage becomes a bond between two people e.g. Akoko, Nyabera vs. Awiti and Mark Sigu. Bride price previously seemed as a source of wealth is reduced to a mere token of Awiti s time e.g. Awiti, Mark vs. Oyange Silwal, Mark Sigu s relatives. Traditionally, marriages across the boundaries of religion, race or tribe were disapproeved. Later the resistance changes e.g. Rebecca vs Courtney, Aoro vs. Wandia. For a woman to remain unmarried was unheard of. However, Vera joins the opus dei as a single woman. At death, a woman was traditionally buried in her husband s ancestral home. Akoko is however buried in a Christian way. Strictly defined role and place of the woman at home changes though with resitance e.g. Mark Sigu assists Elizabeth. Conclusion: The traditions are gradually overwhelmed by the Whiteman s values and taken up by this community. 6. A woman is the driving force in the society. Prove the validity of this statement basing your argument on the text The River and the source by Margaret Ogolla. Answer. Introduction: Should be able to tell that the student had understood the question and he knows what he is going to write . 2 mks Sample:The driving force in the text The River and the Source is the woman kind. The woman is a source of inspiration, influence and power in the society. This is exhibited in the following ways. From the moment Akoko is born, she is a big influence in her surrounding. She becomes the focal point of her family. Her father and brothers are stolen by her charm. She changes her father s attitude towards the girl child when he says A home without a daughter is like a river without a source. Akoko affects her generation. She is a source of inspiration for her daughter Nyabera, her grand daughter Elizabeth and Elizabeth s children notably Aoro. Wandia says that Aoro keeps saying that he is not a great grandson of Akoko for nothing. This is to mean that even after her death, she is still influenced. |
She is a source of inspiration for her daughter Nyabera, her grand daughter Elizabeth and Elizabeth s children notably Aoro. Wandia says that Aoro keeps saying that he is not a great grandson of Akoko for nothing. This is to mean that even after her death, she is still influenced. She allows Nyabera to join Christianity and Peter to become a priest. She is influenced in the lives of the people she interacts with. Vera takes after her great grandmother. She is an influence. She is so determined to become an electric engineer and she becomes. She chooses to become celibate and joins the Opus Dei. After Becky s death she takes over her children though they stay with Aoro and Wandia. Nyabera was a source of inspiration to her children and grandchildren. She takes charge of Peter after the death of her brother Owing Sino. She is embodiment of strength, determined and patience. She goes through a lot of pain as a woman and she becomes the focal point from where Elizabeth gets her strength. She is a big influence to her generation. Wandia is another source of inspiration for her society. She beats Aoro in an anatomy class and that is the beginning of what they share later in life. She is a source of inspiration for her husband and children. She later becomes a pediatrician. This is because of Daniel s condition. Any other well explained capturing the character and the role of the woman in the text.3 x 4 12 mksConclusion:This must summarize the prints above. A relevant conclusion. 2 mks Marks distribution 2 marks- introduction 12 marks the content the prints 2 marks conclusion 4 marks - - language use. 7. The River and the Source highlights the virtue of courage. Using Akoko, justify this statement . Answer. Introduction:The River and the Source portrays Akoko as a woman of courage which helps her overcome some of the various challenges she faces. I Akoko draws the attention of the village and defends herself against her mother-in-law Nyar Alego and brother-in-law Otieno Kembo s allegations for using witchcraft to prevent Owuor Kembo her husband from marrying other wives. She leaves her matrimonial home regardless of the absence of her husband, to show that she could not take the accusations anymore. This helps her to protect the image of her family which had been questioned and to stamp her position so that her in-laws would respect her. |
I Akoko draws the attention of the village and defends herself against her mother-in-law Nyar Alego and brother-in-law Otieno Kembo s allegations for using witchcraft to prevent Owuor Kembo her husband from marrying other wives. She leaves her matrimonial home regardless of the absence of her husband, to show that she could not take the accusations anymore. This helps her to protect the image of her family which had been questioned and to stamp her position so that her in-laws would respect her. Ii Akoko shows courage when she makes the legendary journey to Kisuna to go and report Otieno Kembo to the D.O. She faces the DO and later the DC as she lodges her suit against Otieno and wins the case. She has the courage to take the long journey, whose virtue lies in the fact that Otieno is ousted from being the chief and with it comes the end to oppression and heavy-handedness Otieno had visited on the people for the short time he was chief. Iii Akoko confronts Otieno when he threatens to whip her because of reporting him to the sirkal . She tells him you may be twice my size, but I have three times your courage. This stops Otieno from continuing to insult her at that moment since he does not proceed. It also prevents him from physically beating her up. Iv Akoko leaves Yimbo for Aluor when she decides to join her daughter, Nyabera, in pursuing the new way of life Christianity . She agrees to take on a completely new culture; thereby, abandoning what she has always knownto be the way of life. This helps her, together with her daughter, to find peace which eventually paves way for the success of her grandchildren. Conclusion: Expect the candidate to briefly summarize the topic of discussion. They may also give a proverb summarizing the content. 8. Despite good parenting, children can sometimes be a disappointment . Using Elizabeth and Mark children, write an essay in support of this statement. Answer. Introduction:Can be general specific, general and specific Don t accept mere definition. Must be the first paragraph Example Sometimes parent may bring up children according to the books. They have very clear vision of what their children should become in adult life but they end up deviating. Though not always painfully the parents feel disappointed. Elizabeth and Mark are such parents. |
They have very clear vision of what their children should become in adult life but they end up deviating. Though not always painfully the parents feel disappointed. Elizabeth and Mark are such parents. Content:D i Vera a promising girl, very educated, infact an electrical engineer. Her parents especially the father had hopes settle as a family but she ends up being a non-marrying member of Opus Dei. Ii Becky though pretty shows she will be a problem when she is a child. She is lazy, only an average student. At one time, she doesn t want to proceed with education were it not for responsible father. Later she disappears from home to become an air hostess. She lives a promiscuous life and is an irresponsible mother. She painfully dies of HIV and Aids great disappointment to both parents. Iii Aoro is a mad genius. At form one, he catches the attention of the headboy for being indisciplined. He is sent home and only goes back because of a disciplinarian father. Later he marries Wandia a Kikuyu though a good the father had hoped he marry a nice Luo girl and even tries to advice him against the idea. Iv Tony is attracted to the church even when a boy. He is always in the company of his uncle who is a catholic priest. Though Mark admires Peter, he could not imagine his son becoming a catholic priest. This is because he would become a celibate. Tony becomes a catholic priest. V Odongo is the first child to fail class seven. He wants to be taken to secondary school The father stand his ground and is made to repeat class. He later becomes a successful farm manager. Expect four well illustrated points Mark 3 : 3 : 3 : 3 12 marksConclusion:Must be the last paragraph Expect a recap of the content or a candidate s opinion. Language 4 marks. 9. Akoko is the embodiment of change. Discuss the validity of this statement, using illustrations from The River and The Source. Answer. Introduction:It is true that Akoko is a true embodiment of change. This is shown by the following illustrations:- E i When Maria Nyabera goes through several misfortunes including the loss of her children, she is at the point of despair, and she decides to seek a new way to console her. She consults Akoko who encourages her to join Christianity. |
Introduction:It is true that Akoko is a true embodiment of change. This is shown by the following illustrations:- E i When Maria Nyabera goes through several misfortunes including the loss of her children, she is at the point of despair, and she decides to seek a new way to console her. She consults Akoko who encourages her to join Christianity. She tells her as for you it is better that you seek this new way. It may give you hope and rescue you from bitterness pg. 103. Again, after Nyabera is converted to Christianity, she still feels a vacuum for she does not have a son. Consequently, she goes to seek for a son from Ogoma Kwach, when things do not work between them, she comes back to the mission devastated and heart broken. The caring Akoko encourages her to seek forgiveness from God. Nyabera spends the whole night at the tabernacle praying after which she feels consoled. Go to the church and talk to him there . Pg. 123. It is after this experience that Nyabera realizes that when she was away looking for a son, there was one Peter Owuor who loved her dearly. From then she reconciles herself to the fact that she would live with only one child. E ii Elizabeth Awiti excels in Primary school and she is offered a place at a Teacher s Training College. Nyabera is so worried of releasing her child to the world there was a vice-like band around her head and she thought she would faint a sword shall pierce thy soul pg. 130 131. Reasonable Akoko brings her back to her senses and tells her you re not wise my child, learn wisdom, don t you see the world is changing pg. 132.Later, when Elizabeth informs her parents that her fianc Mark Sigu, would be coming to seek for her hand in marriage, Nyabera wonders how Elizabeth can think of getting married to a man whose antecedents she doesn t know. Akoko brings her back to her senses and tells her, Accept it Maria, the world is changing pg. 143. Also during betrothal, Mark Sigu s light complexion causes fear among the hosts because they feared Elizabeth could have chosen to get married to a jamwa foreigner . |
132.Later, when Elizabeth informs her parents that her fianc Mark Sigu, would be coming to seek for her hand in marriage, Nyabera wonders how Elizabeth can think of getting married to a man whose antecedents she doesn t know. Akoko brings her back to her senses and tells her, Accept it Maria, the world is changing pg. 143. Also during betrothal, Mark Sigu s light complexion causes fear among the hosts because they feared Elizabeth could have chosen to get married to a jamwa foreigner . Apart from Akoko who must have left her mother s womb with a broad outlook all of them were strictly parochial a catastrophe. Pg.146. Meaning that it is only Akoko who would not have minded if Elizabeth had chosen a non-Luo. This change is reflected in Aoro and Becky who chose to marry spouses from a different race and tribe. E iii Traditionally, women do not own wealth, Akoko has accumulated so much wealth, for by now her mother s wealth was staggering even by the standards of today pg. 68 After her husband s death, her brother-in-law, Otieno Kembo, misappropriates her husband s wealth and threatens to grab Akoko. She takes a drastic step and heads to Kisuma to seek redress from the sirikal. The D.O and the D.C . Traditionally this case would have been dealt with at the clan level. She knew that as a woman, a widow and a sonless mother she was greatly disadvantaged. Pg. 73. E iv Owuor Kembo on meeting Akoko, falls irrevocably in love. Owuor experienced an indescribable sensation pg. 24. It should be noted that traditionally, love was not a prerequisite to marriage. Consequently, Owuor Kembo remains strangely monogamous. Even the pressure to marry another wife, from his mother and the council of Jodongo can t deter him long have we pleaded with you to take another wife adamantly refused pg. 38. Traditionally, a chief should be polygamous the fact that the chief remains monogamous is change that is attributed to Akoko s admirable personality. Owuor Kembo treats his wife like a queen pg. Owuor Kembo pays more than double the normal bride price that is thirty head of cattle. |
Traditionally, a chief should be polygamous the fact that the chief remains monogamous is change that is attributed to Akoko s admirable personality. Owuor Kembo treats his wife like a queen pg. Owuor Kembo pays more than double the normal bride price that is thirty head of cattle. Traditionally he should have bargained to bring this number down but he doesn t. Let us shock them by accepting their offer without bargaining your name will be repeated from mouth to mouth for years to come. Pg. 23. Conclusion:From the above illustrations, it is clear that Akoko is truly an embodiment of change. 10. The Western culture has totally changed the African traditions. With reference to the River and the Source, show the validity of this statement. Answer. Introduction: i Candidate should bring out the general understanding of the erosion transformation of the African traditions. Candidate should also demonstrate that the meaning is applicable in the novel. Traditionally, spying ensured there was no consanguinity, the spouse was of good character as seen in the marriage of Akoko and chief Owuor Kembo. In Mark Sigu s case there was to spying to the influence of formal education. Polygamous to monogamous, singlehood. Initiation opened doors to marriage e.g. Akoko s vis- -vis Wandia s, Becky s, Awiti s. Tero wife inheritance ensured morality and continuation of family line. Gradually it was abandoned. Funeral and burial rites and ceremonies have also undergone transformation e.g. chief Owuor Kembo s followed the traditions while Akoko s was Christian. Political leadership administrative systems change from chieftaincy helped by Council of Jodongo shifted to a colonial system sirikal eventually to an African Multi-party system. Naming system. Education system from informal to formal. Any other relevant Any 4 well illustrated points 4 x 3 12mks Conclusion Candidate should tag their conclusion to the body of the answer. 2:3:3:3:3:2 20 marks. 11. Widowhood pushes women to a disadvantaged position in society. Write an essay in support of this statement basing your answer on The River and The Source by Margret Ogolla. Answer. |
Widowhood pushes women to a disadvantaged position in society. Write an essay in support of this statement basing your answer on The River and The Source by Margret Ogolla. Answer. Introduction Can either be general or textual giving allusion to the suffering widow undergo in the society Content Soon after her husband s death ,Akoko finds it difficult to sustain her fight with her in-laws. Otieno ,in particular ,plunders her wealth deliberately because she is defenseless widow. Otieno sits on the chief s stool with heavy arrogance secure in the knowledge that Akoko, a widow, cannot fight for it on behalf of Owour sino, her grandson. Her refusal to be inherited makes her vulnerable to abuse and despise .She flees Yimbo. In Oloo s homestead, Akoko, now widowed, is derided by her sister in law who are looking for every opportunity to push her away. Nyabera s firm hold on Ogoma Kwach her inheritor provokes a protest from his wife and the council of Jodongo. Her re-union later with Ogoma Kwach does not last and the man is set on marrying a second wife. Owang sino s wife Alando nyar uyoma, as a widow cannot defend her son and heir to the chieftaincy against Otieno .The son is taken from her by Akoko for protection in Yimbo. |
AGRICULTURE FORM III NOTES17.0.0 Livestock Production Selecting and Breeding 12 Lessons 18.0.0 Livestock Production Livestock Rearing 10 Lessons 19.0.0 Farm Structures 18 Lessons 20.0.0 Agricultural Economics II Land Tenure and Land Reform 20 Lessons 21.0.0 Soil and Water Conservation 19 Lessons 22.0.0 Weeds and Weed Control 15 Lessons 23.0.0 Crop Pests and Diseases 14 Lessons 24.0.0 Crop Productivity VI Field Practices II 17 Lessons 25.0.0 Forage Crops 9 Lessons 26.0.0 Livestock Health III Diseases 20 Lessons Livestock Production III Selection and Breeding IntroductionThe breeding of animals is under human control, and the breeders decide which individuals shall produce the next generation. The breeder makes a choice. The breeding of animals is based upon the fact that certain qualities are genetic ,hence valuable qualities are passed on from parents to off -springs. The qualities can be maintained or improved in the next generation. The performance of an animal is influenced by two major factors;Genetic potentialThe environment, which includes:Feeding,Health,CareThe ecological conditions. The genetic potential of an animal is inherited from its parents. In selection and breeding animals with superior characteristics are selected and allowed to mate. In the process they transmit the superior characteristics to their offspring. When this is done over a long period of time, it results in livestock improvement. Reproduction and Reproductive SystemsReproduction is the process by which off-springs are produced. All farm animals multiply by means of sexual reproduction. It begins with fertilization which is the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. Fertilization takes place internally in the body of the female. The embryo zygote formed develops inside body of mother, fed and protected until end of gestation period. In poultry, the process is different in that eggs are fertilized internally but laid and development of the chick takes place outside during incubation. In both male and female, certain organs are specialized for the process of reproduction. |
The ovum travels through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. The release and movement of the ovum down to the uterus is called ovulation. If mating is done at this time, fertilization will take place. The fertilized egg implants itself onto the endometrium walls of uterus and develops into foetus. Fallopian tubes:Fertilization takes place here. Also a passage for the egg from the ovary to the uterus. The uterus:Embryo develops here. The cervix: Closes the uterus. The vagina and Vulva:Vulva is the external opening of female reproductive system. It allows mating to take place so that sperms are deposited into the vagina. The foetus and urine are removed through the vulva. PregnancyIs period between fertilization of ova and the expulsion of the foetus through the vulva. Also called gestation period. In cattle gestation period is 270-285 days. Ends with the birth of a calf. The reproductive tract undergoes a period of rest during which it is repaired and returns to normal. During pregnancy, hormone called progesterone is produced by the placenta to maintain the foetus in the uterus. Parturition giving birth Act of giving birth called parturition. This time the foetus expelled through the birth canal. When an animal is about to give birth, it shows signs;-Distended udder which produces thick milky fluid called colostrums. Swollen vulva producing thick mucus. Loose and slackened pelvic girdle. Visible pin bones. General restlessness. Animal parturates within 2-3 hours after this signs. The correct presentation is with the front feet first ,and the head outstretched and resting in between the fee. Any other presentation called mal-presentation or breech presentation and requires assistance. Reproduction in PoultryThe cock has no penis but a small opening near the vent through which sperms are emitted. Cock has testes within the body. The hen has elongated oviduct for formation of an egg. Fertilization occurs internally. During mating the cloaca of the hen and the vent of the cock fit into each other and then semen is poured into the cloaca ,then sucked to the oviducts. The Reproductive System of a HenOvaryHen has two ovaries but one functional. Ova formed in ovaries. |
During mating the cloaca of the hen and the vent of the cock fit into each other and then semen is poured into the cloaca ,then sucked to the oviducts. The Reproductive System of a HenOvaryHen has two ovaries but one functional. Ova formed in ovaries. 3500-4000 ova present inside ovary held by follicle. Mature ovum released via rapture of follicle. It moves into oviduct received by the funnel. Funnel infundibulum Fertilization occurs here. Chalazae also added to yolk. Time here is 15 minutes. It is 11.6cm long. MagnumThick albumen is added. Stays for 3hrs.its 33cm long. IsthmusIts 10.6cm long. Shell membranes added. Determines shape of egg. Water, mineral salts and vitamins added. Takes 15 minutes. Uterus shell gland Calcium deposited 9ie.shell added around the egg. Pigments added. Addition of albumin finished. Stays here for 18-22hours. VaginaShort, 6.9cm long. For temporal storage of egg before layingCloacaEgg moves out of cloaca through the vent. The cloaca extents out to prevent the egg from breaking. NB;Egg formation not depended on fertilization. Egg formation takes 24-26hours. The components of egg are obtained from body reserves of the hens body. Selection of a Breeding StockSelection is used as a tool for livestock improvement. A breeding stock is a group of males and females which act as parents of future generations. Selection is the process of allowing certain animals to be parents of future generations while culling others. Culling is the removal of animals which do not perform to the desired level, from the herd. The animals retained have certain desirable characteristics which make them produce more. Selected animals make up the breeding stock. The breeding stock should pass the good qualities to their offsprings for better performance, to improve the livestock. Selection process repeated for many generations increases chances of formation of desirable qualities in an animal. Genetically termed as gene frequency occurrence of the genes that carry desirable characteristics. Selection increases occurrence of desirable genes and decreases occurance of undesirable genes. |
The breeding stock should pass the good qualities to their offsprings for better performance, to improve the livestock. Selection process repeated for many generations increases chances of formation of desirable qualities in an animal. Genetically termed as gene frequency occurrence of the genes that carry desirable characteristics. Selection increases occurrence of desirable genes and decreases occurance of undesirable genes. During selection, the characteristics to be selected for are first studied closely to ascertain that it is not influenced by the environment, but mainly by the genetic make-up. Selection helps improve characteristics which are highly heritable. Heritability means the likelihood of a particular trait to be transmitted to the offspring and they are strongly inherited. A character like milk yield is lowly heritable, i.e. it is weakly inherited and a bigger percentage of the character is affected by the environment. The degree to which selection affects a character depends on the following factors;The heritability of the characterThe intensity with which the selection is doneThe interval between generations and kind of selection being practiced. Factors To Consider When Selecting A Breeding Stock. AgeLevel of performancePhysical FitnessHealthBody ConformationTemperament or BehaviourQuality of productsMothering AbilityAdaptabilityProliferationAgeYoung animals,Those that have not parturated for more than 3-times, should be selected. They have a longer productive life. Old animals are poor breeders and low producers. Production and breeding efficiency decline with age. Level of performanceAnimals with highest production level selected. Performance best indicated by records. Good performance of animal indicated by;High milk, wool and egg production,Good mothering abilityHigh prepotency which is the ability of a parent to pass good qualities to their offsprings. The animals with poor performance should be culled. Good records kept and used by the farmer for this purpose. Physical FitnessAnimals selected should be free from any physical defecte.g. Mono-eyed,limping,irregular number of teats,scrotal hernia,defective and weak backlineHealthSick animals do not breed well and are expensive to keep. Animals that are resistant to diseases pass these characteristics to their offspringsBody ConformationAnimals for breeding to be selected according to proper body conformation. A dairy cow should be wedge-shaped with a large udder, thin legs, long neck. |
Mono-eyed,limping,irregular number of teats,scrotal hernia,defective and weak backlineHealthSick animals do not breed well and are expensive to keep. Animals that are resistant to diseases pass these characteristics to their offspringsBody ConformationAnimals for breeding to be selected according to proper body conformation. A dairy cow should be wedge-shaped with a large udder, thin legs, long neck. Temperament or BehaviourAnimals with bad behaviors should be culled.egCannibalism, egg eating, aggressiveness, kickingQuality of productsSelect animals that give products of high quality. Mothering AbilityAnimals selected should have a good mothering ability,That is animals with good natural instinct towards their young ones. This will enable them to rear the young ones up to weaning. AdaptabilityAnimals selected should be well adapted to the prevailing climatic condition in the area. ProlificacyAnimals selected should be highly prolific. That is, animals with the ability to give birth to many offsprings at a time larger litter . This is a quality that should be considered when selecting pigs and rabbits. Selection in cattle, and sheep,Selection in cattleConsider the following;Level Of Performance Which Include;Milk Yield Buter Content. Length Of Lactation Period. Calving Intervals. Age Of The Animal,Fertility,Physical Fitness,Health Of The Animal,Body Conformation,Suitability Of The Enterprise-Milk Or BeefSelection in sheepConsider the following;Level of performance which includes;Mothering abilityGrowth rateWool qualityCarcass qualityTwining rateAgeSuitability to the enterprise-wool or muttonFlocking instinctHealth of the animalPhysical fitnessInheritable defectsFertilityInheritable defects. Fertility. Selection in GoatsConsider the following:Fertility. Mothering ability. Growth rate. Twining rateCarcass quality dressing percentage. Growth rate. Suitability to the enterprise - milk or mutton. Health of the animal. Age. Selection in PigsConsider the following:Carcass quality dressing percentage. Suitability to the enterprise bacon or pork Growth rate. Health of the animal. Mothering ability. Prolificacy. Number of teats. Temperament. Body formation. Age. |
Temperament. Body formation. Age. Heredity defectsSelection in CamelsHealth of the animal. Age. Temperament. Foraging ability. Fertility. Level of performance-milk, meat, fur and transport. Method of SelectionThese include:Mass selection - Animals with superior characteristics are selected from a herd and then allowed to mate among each other. Progeny testing - assessing on the breeding value of an animal on the basis of performance of its offsprings. Contemporary comparison -comparison of performance between heifers of the same age and sexual maturity. BreedingProcess of mating selected males and females to produce offspring with the desired characteristics. Reasons:To expand the inherited potential of the animal. To improve production. To overcome production problems created by the environment. To satisfy consumers taste. For economic reasons. Terms Used in BreedingInheritanceGenetic transmission of characteristics from parents to offsprings. The mechanism of inheritance is carried by the sex cells gametes and is controlled by genes found in the chromosomes. Genes are very tiny units of inheritance carrying particular characteristics, such as colour, body shape and amount of milk production. Chromosomes are genetic materials which carry genes. They exist in pairs paternal and maternal in the nucleus f the body cells. They are always constant in number. Dominant and Recessive CharacteristicsA dominant gene is one that suppresses the other. It produces a dominant characteristic. A recessive gene is one that is suppressed by the other. It produces a recessive characteristic. Hybrid and Hybrid VigourA hybrid is an animal which is the product of crossing animals of two different breeds. Hybrid vigour or heterosis is increased vigour and performance resulting from crossing two superior breeds. EpistasisThis is the masking of the effect of one gene by another gene which is non-allelic, that is situated on different locus. Breeding SystemsInbreedingMating of animals which are related. Reasons:To increase genetic uniformity in a herd. Used to fix the required characteristics in new breeds. To increase phenotypic uniformity. To get proven sires. LimitationsIt can bring about loss of hybrid vigour. It may lead to decline in fertility. It may lead to high rate of pre-natal mortality. Systems of InbreedingClose Breeding: mating between very closely related animals, for example sib-mating and parents sib-mating. |
It may lead to decline in fertility. It may lead to high rate of pre-natal mortality. Systems of InbreedingClose Breeding: mating between very closely related animals, for example sib-mating and parents sib-mating. Line Breeding: mating of distantly related animals that had a common ancestor for example cousins. OutbreedingMating of animals which are not related. Reasons:To introduce new genes in an existing breeding herd. To exploit heterosis resulting from a cross between two breeds. To develop a new breed or a grade animal. LimitationsLack of uniformity in animals that result from outbreeding. Desirable characteristics may be lost due to variation. Systems of OutbreedingCross-breedingMating of animals from two different pure breeds. Out-CrossingMating of unrelated animals from the same breed. Upgrading Grading upMating where the female of a cow grade stock locals is mated with a pure breed sire. The resultant animal is referred to as a high grade. Mating in LivestockMating in CattleHeat signs occur every 21 days. The heat period last for 18-30 hours on average 24 hours. Cow should be served 12-18 hours after showing the first heat signs. Heat SignsRestlessness. Mounting on others and when mounted on she stands still. Rise in body temperature. Drop in milk production in lactating cows. Vulva swells and becomes reddish. Clear or slimy mucus from the vulva. Bellowing or mooing frequently. Mating in PigsHeat signs in pigs occur after every 21 days. The heat lasts about 72 hours. Sows or gilts should be served in 18- 36 hours of the heat period. Signs of HeatRestlessness. Frequent urination. Swelling and reddening of the vulva. Clear or slimy discharge from the vulva. Frequent mounting on others. It responds very well to the 'riding test'. Mating in RabbitsDoes are ready for mating 6-7 months of age. Heat signs occur every 14 days. The doe should be taken to the buck and not vice versa. Signs of HeatRestlessness. Frequent urination. Swollen vulva. The doe throws herself on the side. The doe rubs herself against the wall or any other solid object. |
Swollen vulva. The doe throws herself on the side. The doe rubs herself against the wall or any other solid object. The doe tries to contact other rabbits in the next hutch by peeping. Methods of Service in LivestockNatural MatingAdvantages:It is more accurate. It is less laborious. Useful when heat signs of females cannot be easily detected. DisadvantagesInbreeding is not easily controlled. Transmission of breeding diseases. Extra feed for the male is required. Large males can injure small females. Wastage of semen. It is cumbersome and expensive to transport a bull to remote areas. Artificial inseminationIntroduction of semen into the female reproductive tract by artificial means. AdvantagesThere is economical use of semen. It controls transmission of breeding diseases. Sires that are unable to serve cows due to heavy weight or injury can produce semen to serve cows. It prevents large bulls from injuring small cows. It reduces the expenses of keeping a male animal. A small scale farmer who cannot afford to buy a superior bull can have the cows served at a low cost. Semen can be stored for long. It helps to control inbreeding. It eliminates the threat of keeping dangerous bulls from the farm. It makes research work easier. DisadvantagesHarmful characteristics can be spread quickly by one bull to the offsprings. It requires skilled labour. Low chance of conception due to death of semen during storage. It is laborious:Embryo TransplantIt is the implantation of an embryo fertilized ova from a high quality female donor in the uterus of a low grade female recipient . AdvantagesFaster multiplication of an animal with superior characteristics . It is easier to transport embryos than the whole animal. Embryos can be stored for a long period awaiting the availability by recipient females. It stimulates milk production in a female recipient that was not ready to produce milk. Low grade animals can be used in production and rearing of high quality animals. Offsprings of a superior female can spread quickly in an area. DisadvantagesIt is expensive. It requires skilled personnel. It requires special equipment for fertilization and storage of embryos. Signs of Parturition in LivestockParturition is the act of giving birth in female animals. Parturition in CattleThe gestation period in cattle is 270-285 days averaging 280days. |
It requires special equipment for fertilization and storage of embryos. Signs of Parturition in LivestockParturition is the act of giving birth in female animals. Parturition in CattleThe gestation period in cattle is 270-285 days averaging 280days. Signs of ParturitionRestlessnessEnlarged or swollen vulva. Clear mucus discharge from the vulva. Slackening of the pelvic muscles. Full and distended udder. Thick milky fluid from the teats. A water bag appears and bursts just before calving. Parturition in PigsThe gestation period in pigs is about 4 months or 3 months, 3 weeks and 3 days. Signs of ParturitionRestlessness. The vulva turns red and swells. The udder becomes full with a milky fluid the sow starts to prepare a nest by collecting some beddings at one comer of the pen. Parturition in RabbitsThe gestation period in rabbits is 28-32 days. Signs of ParturitionPreparing a nest by plucking off hair from her belly. Goes off feedingRestlessness. The udder distends. Livestock Production IV Livestock Rearing Practice IntroductionIn the management of livestock there are many activities that are carried out on animals to enhance production. They require care in feeding, health, breeding. Specific management also important in bee and fish farming. Routing livestock rearing practices. A routine is a fixed regular way of doing something. Done repeatedly after a certain period of timeFeeding PracticeAnimals are fed to cater for both maintenance and production requirements. These are special types of feeding carried out on certain animals to cater for specific needs. These include:FlushingThe practice of giving extra quality feed to an animal around service time. In sheep it is done 2-3 weeks before tupping and 3 weeks after tupping. In pigs it is done 3-4 weeks before service. Importance of FlushingIt increases conception rates. It enhances implantation of the zygote. In sheep it increases twinning percentage by 15-20 . Steaming UpGiving extra quality feed to an animal during the last weeks of gestation. In cattle it is done 6-8 weeks before calving. Importance Steaming UpIt provides nutrients for maximum foetal growth. |
Steaming UpGiving extra quality feed to an animal during the last weeks of gestation. In cattle it is done 6-8 weeks before calving. Importance Steaming UpIt provides nutrients for maximum foetal growth. It helps in the build up of energy for parturition. It ensures the birth of a healthy animal. It promotes good health of the mother. It increases and maintains high milk yield after birth. Creep FeedingFeeding of young animals from birth to weaning. Piglets10 days old - introduced to creep pellets. 5 weeks old - creep pellets mixed with sow and weaner meals. 8 weeks old - weaning. LambsRun with their mothers for natural suckling. Bucks - introduced to succulent feeds and concentrates. KidsMeat goats kids suckle naturally. Dairy goats, fed on milk artificially,Given 0.5-1.25 litres up to the third week. Introduced to concentrates at 3-4 months. Weaned at 6-8 weeks of age. Parasite and Disease Control PracticesVaccinationIntroducing active disease organsms which are reduced in strength or virulent into the animals' body to induce immunity. Administration of Vaccination done through:By injection. Orally through the mouth. By inhalation through the nose. Eye drops. DewormingPractice of killing removing internal parasites by administering drugs known as dewormers antihelmitics. Hoof TrimmingCutting back overgrown hooves with the help of a hoof trimming knife, a hoof cutter or a hoof rasp. ImportanceFacilitate easy movement. Control of foot rot disease. Facilitate mating - prevent the ram from injuring the ewe during tupping. Docking tailingThis is the removal cutting oft of tails in sheep during the first week after birth. ImportanceEven distribution of body fat. Facilitate easy mating in adult life. Minimise fouling of the wool with faeces. Reduce incidences of blowfly infestation. Methods of Docking tailingCutting with sharp knife or scalpel. Use of elastrator and rubber ring. Dipping and SprayingThese are methods of applying acaricides on the animals to control external parasites. DustingIt is the application of chemical powders on the animal body or on the walls of the animal house to control external parasites. |
Use of elastrator and rubber ring. Dipping and SprayingThese are methods of applying acaricides on the animals to control external parasites. DustingIt is the application of chemical powders on the animal body or on the walls of the animal house to control external parasites. It is used to control stick-fast parasites and fleas in poultry. Breeding PracticesThese are practices carried out to enhance successful breeding. Crutching and RingingCrutching - cutting of wool around the external reproductive organs of female sheep. Ringing - trimming wool around the sheath of the penis of the rams to facilitate mating. Tupping and ServingTupping refers to mating in sheep and goats. Serving refers to mating in cattle and pigs. RaddlingThis is the practice of fitting the rams with breeding chutes which are painted in different colours during matingto identify mated ewes and to indicate the active rams hence help in culling of the weak rams. IdentificationThe practice of putting identification marks on animal. Branding - burning marks on the animals skin. Ear tagging - placing marked plastic or metallic tags on the animals ears. Ear notching - cutting different shapes bearing different values on the ear lobes. Tattooing - use of permanent ink or dye to mark animals with light skin. Neck strap or chain - Fixing of tags round the animals neck with a chain or a strap. Importance purpose of Identificationrecord keepingSetting disputes in case animals get mixed up in the pasture. DebeakingCutting about 1 3 of the upper beak with a knife, scissors or hot iron. ImportanceControl egg eating. Control cannibalism. Tooth ClippingThe removal clipping of the needle canine teeth in piglets 24 hours after birth. CullingRemoval of undesirable animals from a herd. DehorningRemoval of horns or horn buds from an animal. ImportanceIt prevents animals from injuring each other. It makes the animal docile and therefore easy to handle. For easy transportation and feeding. Prevents destruction of farm structures. ShearingThe practice of cutting wool from all over the body of a sheep. It starts at the age of 8 months and then done once a year. Should be done during the dry season. Tools used: wool shears. |
It starts at the age of 8 months and then done once a year. Should be done during the dry season. Tools used: wool shears. Care must be taken not to cut the skin, testicles, udder, vulva and penis. CastrationIt is the rendering unserviceable the testicles of a male animal. ImportanceTo control breeding diseases. To control breeding. For faster growth rates. Increase quality of meat by removing unpleasant smell especially in goats. Methods Used:Closed bloodless methodinvolves use of burdizzo or rubber ring and elastrator. Animals do not bleed but may not be 100 effective. Open methodA surgical method used for castrating cocks, piglets and rabbits whose testes are internal. Also used for lambs, kids and calves. Animals bleed a lot. However, it is 100 effective. It is not recommended for mature adults. CaponisationIt is the practice of making male birds lose their male characteristics by use of hormones. Hormones used include stilboestrol which is injected into the birds when they are one day old and female hormones implanted beneath the skin at the neck. Birds which have lost their male characteristics in this way are referred to as capons. Management During ParturitionParturition is the act of giving birth to fully grown foetus. Parturition in CattleIt is referred to as calving. Gestation period lasts 270-285 days after conception. When the signs of parturition are observed the cow should be separated from the rest of the herd. Normal calving should take 2 hours and the normal presentation is the muzzle, face or fore head on top of the forelegs first. In case of other presentations the mother should be assisted. Provide the mother with plenty of water and feed after parturition. If the after birth does not come out within 48 hours a veterinarian should be called to remove it. Parturition in SheepIt is referred to as lambing. Gestation lasts 21 weeks 150 days after conception. The ewe lamb naturally without any problem. If complications arise the ewes should be assisted. Signs of Parturition in SheepUdder becomes full. Teats are bright red in colour. Restlessness and bleating. Slackening of the hip muscles. After these signs 'are seen the ewes should be separated from the others. |
Restlessness and bleating. Slackening of the hip muscles. After these signs 'are seen the ewes should be separated from the others. The normal presentation is forelegs and head first. After birth the mother should be allowed to lick the lamb to ensure the coat is dry. Parturition in GoatsIt is referred to as kidding. It takes place 150 days after conception. Nannies carrying twins, kid a few days earlier. Kidding nannies should be kept in a clean dry place which should be well sheltered. Signs of parturition are similar to those of ewes. Kidding nannies should be kept with another female for company. Parturition in PigsIt is referred to as farrowing. Gestation period 113-117 days 4 months . Signs of FarrowingThe sow becomes restless. There is enlargement of the vulva . Muscles on each side of the tail slacken. There is loss of appetite. The udder and the teats become enlarged. The sow collects bedding material in one comer to build a nest. Milk present in the teats 24 hours before farrowing. After the signs are seen;Farrowing takes about 2-6 hours under normal condition. An attendant should be there to assist the mother and piglets. Ensure the removal of the after birth to prevent the sow from eating it. The sow should be fed well and given plenty of clean water. Parturition in RabbitsIt is referred to as kindling. It takes place 28-32 days after conception. Provide a nesting box and plenty of dry soft beddings in the hutch towards the fourth week of gestation . Signs of ParturitionThe doe plucks off the fur from her body. Uses the fur to build a nest about 3-10 days earlier. Bee Keeping Apiculture Bees are insects which live in very well organised colonies. Each colony consists of:Queens - fertile females that breed to ensure the continuity of the species. Drones - fertile males that mate with the queen for reproduction process. Workers - non-fertile or sterile females that maintain the colony. Duties of WorkersThey rear and nurse the brood eggs, larvae and pupae , queen and drones. They collect nectar and make honey. They make the honey combs. They protect the hives. They clean the hive. |
They make the honey combs. They protect the hives. They clean the hive. Importance of BeesCollect nectar from flowers. Make honey - a nutritious product used by man as food. Helps in crops pollination of plants. Bees produce wax used to make candles. They make propolis - a bee product which is medicinal. Routine ManagementSiting locating of an ApiaryFactors to consider;Nearness or accessibility to nectar or flower-producing vegetation. Areas with shade. Bees are sensitive to the sun's heat and require some shade to protect them. Safe distance from human residence and other livestock. Bees are stinging insects and can be a hazard to humans or other animals. Nearness to a source of water for use in their nutrition. A good distance from source of noise and other disturbances. Safety from predators for example honey badgers, ants safari ants , birds and other parasites such as wax moths. FeedingNormally bees are self-sufficient in providing their food from the honey they make. However, during the dry season, their feeding should be supplemented by providing a solution syrup of sugar water or giving molasses. This should be placed strategically so that it is easily accessible to the bees. ParasitesAntsWax mothsBee louseHoney badgerControl of ParasitesUse of physical barriers such as Vaseline grease to control ants. Smoke the hive to control bee louse. Suspend the hive to control honey badgers. Burn infected combs to control wax moths. Diseases and ControlAfrican bees are seldom attacked by diseases. Harvesting HoneyFactors to consider;Stage of ripening: Honey must be harvested when it is fully mature. Season of the year: Harvested at the end of the rainy season. ProcedureBlow light smoke through the hole. This makes bees suck honey and become engorged and docile. Lower the hive to the ground. Open the hive to expose honey combs. Brush the bees off the honey combs. Cut the honey combs, leaving a small margin on the bars and keep them in a closed container. Honey ProcessingUsing heat in a water bath to melt the honey. Crushing and straining. Using a centrifugal extractor. Precautions When Handling BeesAvoid excessive smoking. This kills the brood and lowers quality of the honey. |
Using a centrifugal extractor. Precautions When Handling BeesAvoid excessive smoking. This kills the brood and lowers quality of the honey. Use protective clothing to avoid sting. Protect the hive from rain water. Use clean equipment and containers to avoid contamination of the honey. Use recommended method of extracting honey. Use recommended type of hive such as Kenya top bar hive. Fish Keeping Aquaculture IntroductionThe rearing or keeping of fish is called fish farming and is normally carried out in specially prepared ponds. A good fish-pond should have the following features:Site should be on a fairly level ground with a permanent supply or source of water. The area should have clayey soil to avoid loss of water through seepage. Water must be free from any pollutants such as chemicals and other wastes. Construction should provide for:an inlet for fresh supply of water,a spill way channel to take off overflow or excess water,an outlet to drain off the water when it is necessary to replace pond water,a fence to keep off predators and other intruders. Feeding FishFish naturally feed on worms, insects and algae in the ponds. These sources of food must be supplemented by throwing in the pond ;kitchen wastes,chopped vegetable materials such as cabbage leaves,cereal bransbrewers' grain . Management Practices to Ensure Maximum Harvest of FishControl of stocking rate, that is to, have the recommended population of fish in a pond at anyone time. Harvest at the correct maturity stage. This is done by using the fishing net with correct mesh sizes to avoid catching the fingerlings. Avoid water pollution in the ponds which may poison fish. Ensure adequate supply of food in the pond. Water in the ponds should be kept in motion to facilitate aeration. Maintain appropriate depth level of water. Control predators and or thieves. Drain and refill ponds with fresh water as necessary. Harvesting FishHarvesting or extracting fish from the fish ponds for consumptionTwo main methods:Hook-and-line method:This is slow, injures small fish and is inefficient. It is only suitable for small-scale fishing. Use of fishing nets:This is the most efficient method as long as a net with the correct mesh sizes is used. Harvesting may be done 6-8 months after the introduction of fingerlings into the fish pond. Maintenance of the Fish PondRepairing the dyke or any structure on it. Cleaning the pond and removing foreign materials. |
Harvesting may be done 6-8 months after the introduction of fingerlings into the fish pond. Maintenance of the Fish PondRepairing the dyke or any structure on it. Cleaning the pond and removing foreign materials. Planting grass where necessary. Removing un desirable vegetation. Removing the silt. Fish PreservationPractices before preservation:Clean the fish to remove mud and any worms. Removing scales and slime. Opening the fish on the side to remove the gut and the intestines referred to as gutting. . Cleaning the abdominal cavity thoroughly. Keeping fish in open containers. Methods of PreservationFreezingSaltingSun dryingSmokingAppropriate Handling of Livestock During ManagementPhysical beating should be avoided. Structures which help in restraining animals should be used whenever applicable. The correct methods of securing and casting animals should be used. Use as little force as possible. Equipment such as ropes, halters, lead stick and bull rings are used to handle animals appropriately. Farm StructuresIntroductionFarm structures are physical constructions on the farm used to increase efficiency in production. Construction of Farm StructuresInvolves:Planning for farm structures ;Consider;Farm activities. Size of the enterprise. Future of the enterprise. Accessibility. Soil type. Siting farm structures;Consider:The location of the homestead. Accessibility. Security. Drainage topography. Wind direction. Relationship between the structures. Proximity to social amenities. Farmer's taste and preference. Materials for ConstructionStructural Materials and UseFactors which determine the type of materials to use are;durability,strength,labour,availability,workability,serviceability,costsanitation. Stones and BricksAdvantagesStones and bricks are durable, easy to disinfect, resistant to weather and insects decay and are easily available. DisadvantagesThey are bulky and require skilled labour to make them. Plastic and Synthetic MaterialsThese include;glass,asbestos fibrepolythene materials. AdvantagesLight,cheep depending on quality,easy to disinfect,can be moulded into any shape,are durable,cannot be destroyed by insects and fungusare water-proof. DisadvantagesAre easily destroyed,fragile,very expensiverequire skilled labour. Wood Timber AdvantagesThey are workable,cheap,can be re-usedare fairly strong. |
AdvantagesLight,cheep depending on quality,easy to disinfect,can be moulded into any shape,are durable,cannot be destroyed by insects and fungusare water-proof. DisadvantagesAre easily destroyed,fragile,very expensiverequire skilled labour. Wood Timber AdvantagesThey are workable,cheap,can be re-usedare fairly strong. DisadvantagesThey can catch fire easily,decay if exposed to waterare affected by fungus and insects. ConcreteIs a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate and watere.g. In making blocks the ratio is 1:2:3; one part cement, two parts sand and three parts aggregate. UsesMaking posts for fencing. Making walls and floor of buildings. Making gabions and water channels to prevent erosion. Making water troughs. AdvantagesThese materials are;durable, workable,easy to disinfect,cheap to maintain,fire resistantDisadvantagesThese materials are ;expensive,require skilled labour,bulky,cannot be reusedAnimal handling structuresThe crush used when doing following activities;Spraying livestock to control ticks,milking,examining sick animals,artificial insemination,treating animals, eg drenching, vaccination,dong routine jobs such as dehorning, identification marks,The spray race-used in the control of ticks by spraying livestock with acaricidesThe dip- machakos type, and the pludge dip. This is used in the control of ticks by dipping livestockFarm BuildingsFactors to be considered in site selection;SecurityNearness to a source of waterTopographyDirection of the prevailing windDirection of the sunPersonal whims tastes and preferenceNearness to means of communication. Types of farm buildingsHouses for farm animals. Stores for farm produce. Stores for equipment, tools and supplies. Buildings for growing crops e.g green house. Building for processing plant e.g milk plant. Parts of a buildingThe foundation,The walls,The roofInclude;kingpost,rafters,struts,tie beam,rafter battenInclude;concrete floor,foundation wall,PVC sheet damp-proof course the compacted fill hard core . FencesImportance of Fence in a FarmKeep out intruders to the farm,Define the boundary lines of the farm. Paddocking of fields to make rotational grazing possible. |
Parts of a buildingThe foundation,The walls,The roofInclude;kingpost,rafters,struts,tie beam,rafter battenInclude;concrete floor,foundation wall,PVC sheet damp-proof course the compacted fill hard core . FencesImportance of Fence in a FarmKeep out intruders to the farm,Define the boundary lines of the farm. Paddocking of fields to make rotational grazing possible. Live fences serve as windbreaks. Fences are used in mixed farming to protect crops from. Damage by livestock. Fences add aesthetic values to the farm. It is easy to control breeding. It is easy to isolate sick animals from the rest of the herd. Types of FencesDead fences. Barbed wire fences. Electric fence. Concrete fence. Chicken wire fence mesh wire fence . Woven wire fence chain link . Wooden fence. Fencing PracticeMaterials include;wires,staples,nails,posts,droppersconcrete materials. Size of posts:General purpose 2.5m by 25cm in diameterStrainer units and corner posts 3m by 30cm in diameter:Distance between the posts:3m between posts, 10m if droppers are to be used. 200m between strainer units. Depth of holes - 60cm. Gate Posts, Gates and Strainer UnitsGates should be hung on posts separate from the fence. Mechanical implements for example tractors require 4.0-4.5m width of gate. Entrance gates for pedestrians can be accommodated within the fence. Steps in FencingLocate the cornersClear the fencing area. Mark gates, strainers, pass places and standards by pegging. Dig holes to proper depths. Fix the standard posts. Firm around posts or apply concrete. Fix wires on posts. Fix the droppers. Agricultural Economics II Land Tenure and Land Reforms IntroductionLand is an important factor of production. Without land it is impossible to practice the agricultural business. However the efficiency of utilization of land is influenced to a large extent by the condition of holding the land. Land TenureLand tenure is defined as the possession of the legal rights to the use of land. Various kinds of rights to the use of land give rise to different tenure systems. |
However the efficiency of utilization of land is influenced to a large extent by the condition of holding the land. Land TenureLand tenure is defined as the possession of the legal rights to the use of land. Various kinds of rights to the use of land give rise to different tenure systems. Land Tenure SystemAll land tenure systems fall into two major classes, namely:Collective Tenure SystemsThis includes:Communal Tenure SystemsThis involves the possession of rights over land by the whole community. It works quite well under conditions of unlimited, land resources. Advantages of Communal TenureLandless problem does not exist. Land is not fragmented. Allows for free movement of animals in search of better pastures and water. Promotes community spirit among the members. Disadvantages of Communal TenureNo incentive among the users to conserve the land resources. Everybody strives to maximize returns from the land without the drive to invest, for example, in terms of soil conservation and maintenance of soil fertility. There is a tendency of overstocking and continuous cropping; which leads to soil erosion and loss of land productivity. As a result of communal grazing of livestock, it is impossible to improve livestock through;controlled breeding,proper feeding,disease and parasite control. Since there is no title deed, certificate of ownership it is virtually impossible to secure loans to develop the land. Co-operative Tenure SystemThis category includes various collective arrangements under the government or other authorities. Farmers voluntarily group together and buy land which they subsequently operate on co-operative basis. Examples are co-operative ranches. Advantages of Co-operative TenureNo land disputes. Labour is well utilized. Profit is distributed according to the number of shares. Resource use is enhanced for high production. Disadvantages of co-operative tenure. Incase of poor management everybody will loose. No individual title deed hence cannot secure loans. State ownershipLand is owned by the whole state and is refered to as government land. Examples in Kenya;Areas not allocated to individualsLand under local county councils cities and townsLand under forest, game reserve and parks, land for infra-structure and public utilityAdvantages of state ownershipGeneration of income for the stateAll the citizens benefit from whatever comes out of the land. DisadvantagesNon-competitive in terms of productionNo individual motivation when working on the land. |
State ownershipLand is owned by the whole state and is refered to as government land. Examples in Kenya;Areas not allocated to individualsLand under local county councils cities and townsLand under forest, game reserve and parks, land for infra-structure and public utilityAdvantages of state ownershipGeneration of income for the stateAll the citizens benefit from whatever comes out of the land. DisadvantagesNon-competitive in terms of productionNo individual motivation when working on the land. Individual Tenure systemThe various forms of individual land tenure are;Owner operator,Plantation and Concestion,Land-lordism TenancyOwner operatorThis category includes all persons who operate on land to which they have absolute individual rights. Examples are the majority of individual land owners in areas where demarcation and registration of land has taken place and title deeds issued. AdvantagesThe owner is free to make permanent production plans. The owner can pledge the land title deed to secure loans credit from lending agencies for further developmentAn individual is motivated to work harder than when under communal arrangementManagerial failures usually affect small units of production and are therefore negligible. It is easy for the owner to get agricultural advice. DisadvantagesCost such as machinery for processing may be too high for the individual ownerInnovation may be inadequate due to low levels of education. Lack of capital to invest. Plantation and concessionIn this form of land tenure, the individual is usually a company or a corporation. Most of them engage in the production of only one commodityThey are rigid in their production plans and in most cases labour is hired on wage basis. Example are coffee, tea, sugarcane, sisal estates in . AdvantagesHigh production from the land hence high economic gainsAllows foreigners to use and develop landNo land disputesCreate employment for the local peopleGenerate government revenue through taxation. DisadvantagesIndividuals own large pieces of land while others are landlessLarge areas of land may be left underdeveloped. Foreigners may repatriate profit to their countries. Landlordism and tenancyThe arrangement here involves the ownership of land by one individual or group of individuals landlord who lease it to another individual tenant . A legal lease specifies the length of time during which the tenure is operative;and that serves as a security of tenure to the tenant. |
Foreigners may repatriate profit to their countries. Landlordism and tenancyThe arrangement here involves the ownership of land by one individual or group of individuals landlord who lease it to another individual tenant . A legal lease specifies the length of time during which the tenure is operative;and that serves as a security of tenure to the tenant. The efficiency of production in this arrangement is greatly affected by the length of lease, its legal backing and rent payable. AdvantagesA person without land can get a chance to use land. A landlord who cannot operate the land, for any reason, can still earn income by leasing it to a needy tenant. It is a flexible arrangement; that is, it allows room for change of production plans should need arise. Security of tenure gives the tenant incentive to invest depending on the length of tenure. DisadvantagesPoor land use and low production if the tenant does not have enough funds to improve on land. Tenants cannot produce long term crops,Landlords can exploit the tenants by overcharging. Lack of incentives to improve land by the tenants since it does not belong to them. Land ReformsDefinitionLand reform is any organized action designed to improve the structure of land tenure and land use. Forms of Land ReformLand ConsolidationThis means bringing or putting together, into one piece; fragmented parcels or pieces of land scattered over a large area. The objective of land consolidation are :To save on time spent while moving from one piece of land to another. To facilitate effective and efficient farm planning. To create an incentive among land operators to invest on and develop land. To facilitate mechanization and improve production through efficiency. To improve level of production through effective supervision of the labour force and sound farming methods,Land Fragmentation and Sub-divisionThis is the subdividing of a large piece of land into smaller portions. Sometimes it becomes necessary to sub-divide land for the following reasons:To sell part of the land. The parent may wish to subdivide and distribute his land among the sons, daughters and other dependants. The government may decide to subdivide large farms in order to settle landless citizens. Land Adjudication and RegistrationLand adjudication involves;Establishing the legitimate ownership,Measurements to make permanent boundaries Recording of land details. Once land has been adjudicated, and any disputes concerning the same land are settled,It is then registered in the "Register of Land". |
The government may decide to subdivide large farms in order to settle landless citizens. Land Adjudication and RegistrationLand adjudication involves;Establishing the legitimate ownership,Measurements to make permanent boundaries Recording of land details. Once land has been adjudicated, and any disputes concerning the same land are settled,It is then registered in the "Register of Land". And the owner is issued with a land title deed or certificate of legal ownership. Importance of land title deedThe legal owner of the land has security of tenure and hence an incentive to invest and improve productivity. A farmer can mortgage the land by offering land title certificate as a security to loaning agencies to secure capital to finance development projects. If a farmer who cannot operate the farm, he can still earn income from it by leasing it. Disputes concerning land boundaries and or land ownership no longer arise. Land Settlement and ResettlementDefinitionLand settlement means the occupation of land which was previously uninhabited. Land resettlement, on the other hand, is the transfer of people from an already densely populated area to a sparsely populated one. ObjectivesTo settle the landless citizens. To relieve population pressure in densely populated areas. To increase or promote agricultural productivity by farming on land that was previously unused or lying idle. To create self-employment thus improving the living standards. Land reclamation, especially by creating tsetse fly-barriers. Soil and Water ConservationIntroductionSoil and water are two very important natural resources in farming. They should therefore be well maintained and used without wastage to sustain continuous production. Water loss during the rainy season should be prevented and excess water conserved for use during scarcity. Soil erosion must be controlled at whatever cost if soil is to be conserved. Soil ErosionIt is the removal and carrying away of the top soil by the action of water or wind. Factors Influencing Soil ErosionAmount and intensity of rainfall. The steeper the land the higher the velocity of surface runoff. The higher the velocity of surface runoff the greater is its erosive power effect. Type of soil for example sandy soils are more easily detached and carried away than clayey soils. Soil depth;The deeper the soil, the longer it takes to be saturated with water. Land use:Overstocking leads to bareness of the land and looseness of the soil. Deforestation - indiscriminate removal of trees leads to exposure of soil to heavy rainfall and high temperatures. |
Soil depth;The deeper the soil, the longer it takes to be saturated with water. Land use:Overstocking leads to bareness of the land and looseness of the soil. Deforestation - indiscriminate removal of trees leads to exposure of soil to heavy rainfall and high temperatures. Indiscriminate burning of vegetation exposes the soil to erosive agents. Clean weeding leaves the soil bare. Ploughing along the slope. Monoculture or continuous cultivation. Ground coverTrees act as windbreakers. Roots of vegetation cover hold the soil particles together. Leaf fall act as mulch which reduces erosion. Leaves of vegetation cover intercepts raindrops reducing their erosive power. Agents of ErosionWater - moving water has erosive power. Wind - wind carries away soil. Human beings - through man's activities such as cultivation and mining. Animals - through overgrazing and creating footpaths where soil erosion takes place. Types of ErosionRaindrop splash - displacement of the soil caused by raindrops. Sheet - uniform removal of soil in thin layers from flat or gently sloping areas. Rill - removal of soil from small bur well defined channels or rills. Gulley - removal of soil from channels which become progressively deeper and wider. Riverbank Erosion - removal of soil along river banks by the river water. Solifluction - gravitational flow of soil saturated with water. Land slides - mass movement of rock debris and soil down a slope,For example;Slip movement of earth or rock masses for a short distance. Debris slide - materials move at a greater speed. Debris fall - movement of materials debris along vertical cliff. Rock fall - movement of rock down a very steep slope. Rock slides - mass of rock materials that slide along a bedding plate, a joint or a fault face. Soil Erosion Control MeasuresSoil conservation measures can be classified into:Biological or cultural controlPhysical or structural controlBiological or Cultural Control MeasuresThese measures are applicable where land slope is between 2-12 . Grass strips filter strips;These are narrow uncultivated strips along the contour left between cultivated strips. Cover cropping ;The establishment of a crop that spreads out over the surface of the soil to provide it with a cover. Contour farming ;Carrying out all land operations along the contour. Mulching ;Covering of the soil with either organic or synthetic materials. |
Cover cropping ;The establishment of a crop that spreads out over the surface of the soil to provide it with a cover. Contour farming ;Carrying out all land operations along the contour. Mulching ;Covering of the soil with either organic or synthetic materials. Proper cropping systems such as:Crop rotationCorrect spacingInter-croppingRidging furrowingStrip croppingControlled grazing;Proper stocking rate, rotational grazing. Strip cropping;Growing crops which give little ground cover in alternate strips with crops such as beans which have a good ground cover. Afforestation re-afforestation. Afforestation - growing of trees where non-existed. Re-afforestation - growing of trees where they have been cut down. Agroforestry - land use that involves the growing of trees in combination with crops and pastures on the same piece of land. Physical or Structural Control MeasuresThese are soil and water conservation measures which involve mechanical constructions on the earth. They are used in areas of moderate slope between 13-55 . They include:Trash or stone lines;These are rows of heaped crop' residues or stones made along the contours. Filter strips;It involves the growing of an open crop in the upper side of the slope followed by a dense crop to reduce speed of water. This increases infiltration. Terraces;Are structures constructed across a slope to reduce the length of a slope thus reducing run-off. Bench terraces;Are constructed where the slope is 35-55 . Tree crops are suitable for such areas. Importance of a Bench Terrace: -Reduces slope of the land. Conserves soil moisture. Better retention of soil fertility. Narrow based terraces Cannot allow cultivation by machines. Broad based terraces - Is wide enough to allow cultivation by machines. Graded terraces:Have a drainage channel to lead off excess water to a vegetated place. They should be about 100m in length. Level terraces:Have no outlet channels,The aim is to have water infiltrating,Hence no water can flow from the ends of the terrace. Fanya juu:A ridge made by digging a channel and throwing the soil uphill. Fanya chini:In this case the soil is heaped on the lower side of the channel. Bunds: heaps of soil earth made along the contour. Cutoff drains:An open trench with an embankment on the lower side into which water from the farm drains. |
Fanya chini:In this case the soil is heaped on the lower side of the channel. Bunds: heaps of soil earth made along the contour. Cutoff drains:An open trench with an embankment on the lower side into which water from the farm drains. Water from the trench should be discharged into;Natural waterways,Artificial waterways,Rocky groundGrasslandGabion Porous dams:Galvanized wire mesh boxes filled with stones which are built across slopes and gullies. Dams and reservoirs ;Dams - barriers built across a river waterway to hold and store water. It reduces speed of runoff. Reservoirs - these are large storage tanks. Ridging - heaps of soil to reduce the speed of water,They retain the water for some time. Water Harvesting MethodsWater harvesting and storage should be done during the rainy seasons to avoid wastage. This should be done using the following methods:Roof catchment - trapping and collection of rain water from roof tops. Rock catchment - water is harvested by constructing a barrier on the lower side of a large impervious rock to trap surface runoff from the rock. Weirs and dams. Dam - a barrier constructed across a river or a dry valley so that it can hold water. Weirs - barriers constructed across a river or a stream to raise the water level and still allow water to flow over it. Ponds - water retention excavations' made to hold excess surface water. Retention ditches level terraces.-These are terraces constructed with blocked ends to retain water. Micro-CatchmentsA system of harvesting limited rainfall and storing the water in the ground for use by the planted crops. Types of Microcatchments;Triangular V-shaped Negarims;V-shaped bunds measuring 25cmAre built with soil from the excavated planting holes to direct runoff water towards the basin area around the base of each plantSemi-circular bunds;Formed around the growing plant to hold water around the plant. Trapezoidal bunds;Trapezoidal shaped bunds, which enclose a large area where the crops are grown. Contour bunds furrows ;These are furrows made along the contours between the rows of crops where agroforestry trees are intercropped with annual crops. Planting holes pits ;These are extra large planting holes made and filled with dry plant materials before filling in with soil. |
Trapezoidal bunds;Trapezoidal shaped bunds, which enclose a large area where the crops are grown. Contour bunds furrows ;These are furrows made along the contours between the rows of crops where agroforestry trees are intercropped with annual crops. Planting holes pits ;These are extra large planting holes made and filled with dry plant materials before filling in with soil. Use of Micro-CatchmentsSlow down the speed of surface runoff. Used during landscaping of the compound, parks and roadside nest areas. Reclamation of land for food crop in dry areas. Water collected and stored can be used for irrigationAfforestation in dry areas. Weeds and Weed ControlIntroductionWeeds cause heavy crop losses if not controlled. Their control is important so as to maintain high quality and quantity produce. Definition:A weed is any plant growing where it is not required. And whose economic disadvantages outweigh the advantages. Harmful Effects of WeedsWeeds compete with crops for nutrients, space, light and soil moisture. Some weeds, for example, Striga spp are parasitic to cultivated crops such as maize. Some weeds lower the quality of agricultural produce for example:Mexican marigold gives undesirable flavour to milk if dairy cows feed on it. Devils horsewhip, black jack, bristly fox-tail and others get attached to sheep wool thus lowering its quality. Some weeds are poisonous to human beings and livestock for example:Thorn apple Datura stramonium Sodom apple Solanum incanum Some weeds have allelopathic effects to cultivated crops. Water weeds block irrigation channels. Aquatic weeds such as Salvinia in Lake Naivasha and water hyacinth in Lake Victoria affect fishing. Some weeds are alternate hosts for insects, pests and disease causing organisms for example:Wild oat avena fatua is an alternate host for rusts. Mallow malva verticillata is an alternate host for cotton stainers. |
Aquatic weeds such as Salvinia in Lake Naivasha and water hyacinth in Lake Victoria affect fishing. Some weeds are alternate hosts for insects, pests and disease causing organisms for example:Wild oat avena fatua is an alternate host for rusts. Mallow malva verticillata is an alternate host for cotton stainers. Weeds lower the quality of pasture for example:Tickberry Lantana camara Nut grass Cyperus rotundus ,Manyatta grass Eleusine jaegeri Some weeds irritate workers thus reducing the efficiency in which they are controlled for example:Double thorn Oxygonum sinuatum ,Stinging nettle Urtica massaica ,Devil's horse whip Achyranthes aspera . Factors Contributing to the Competitive Ability of WeedsThey produce large quantities of seeds for example pigweed and black jack. Their seeds remain viable in the soil for a long time awaiting conducive germination conditions. They have effective seed dispersal mechanisms. Some weeds propagate by means of elaborate underground storage structures. They are efficient in utilizing little moisture, nutrients and sunlight. Some have short life cycles. They have elaborate root systems for supporting the plant and absorbing nutrients and water. Weed ClassificationIt is based on:Life cycles for example:Annuals - complete their life cycle in only one season. Biennuals - complete their life cycles in two seasons only. Perennials - complete their life cycle in more than two seasons. Morphology - leaf formation such as size, shape and venation. Broad leaved weeds for example black jack, lantana, pig weed, oxalis and others. Narrow leaved weeds for example couch grass, setaria, nut-grass, manyatta grass and others. Habitat - some weeds are terrestrial grow on land while others are aquatic grow on aquatic marine conditions . Weed IdentificationWeeds are identified by their common individual names and botanical names. They are named according to specific features or according to person who identified them. Common Name Botanical NameBlack Jack Bidens pilosaMexican marigold Tagetes minuta0xalislsorrel ..Oxalis spp. |
Weed IdentificationWeeds are identified by their common individual names and botanical names. They are named according to specific features or according to person who identified them. Common Name Botanical NameBlack Jack Bidens pilosaMexican marigold Tagetes minuta0xalislsorrel ..Oxalis spp. Double thorn Oxygonum sinuatumThorn apple ..Datura stramoniumCouch grass ..Digitaria scalarumNut grass ..Cyperus rotundusWandering Jew Commelina bengalensisSow thistle Sonchus ole race usDevil's horsewhip .Achyranthes asperaMacdonald's eye Gallant soldier. Gallinsoga parvifloraSodom apple .Solanum incanumBlack night shade ..Solanum nigrumChinese lantern . Nicandra physalodesBracken fern ..Pteridium aquilliumLove grass Bristly foxtail .Setaria verticillataCleavers Gallium spuriumStinging Nettle ..Urtica massaicaFat hen Goose foot ...Chenopodium spp. Rape weed Brassica nap usWild oats ...Avena fatuaLantana Tick berry Lantana camaraWater hyacinth .Eichhornia crassipesStriga Witch weed Striga hermonthecaCreeping indigo .Indigofera spicataWeed Control MethodsThe methods of weed control determined by:The weed being controlled. Weather conditions. Capital availability. Effect on environment. METHODS OF WEED CONTROL INCLUDE:Chemical Weed Control The use of chemicals known as herbicides to control weeds. Classification of HerbicidesBased on:Formulation - the physical form of the herbicides for example:LiquidsWettable powdersEmulsionDustTime of ApplicationPre-emergence - applied before the planted crop germinates. Post emergence - applied after the planted crop germinates. |
METHODS OF WEED CONTROL INCLUDE:Chemical Weed Control The use of chemicals known as herbicides to control weeds. Classification of HerbicidesBased on:Formulation - the physical form of the herbicides for example:LiquidsWettable powdersEmulsionDustTime of ApplicationPre-emergence - applied before the planted crop germinates. Post emergence - applied after the planted crop germinates. SelectivitySelective. Non selective. Mode of ActionContact - herbicides that kill only the parts of the plant which it comes into contact. Translocated systemic herbicides that will kill the whole plant even if it comes into contact with only a small part of it. Methods of Herbicide ApplicationSpraying - application of solutions. Dusting - application of dusts. Fumigation - application of fumigants into the soil. Safety Measures in the Use of ChemicalsRead manufacturer's instructions and follow them. Wear protective clothing such as overalls, breathing mask, gloves and boots. Avoid inhaling the herbicides. Wash thoroughly after handling chemicals. Do not blow or such blocked nozzles. Avoid herbicide drift to unintended crops and other plants. Avoid herbicide drift to livestock feed and water. Avoid spilling herbicides in pastures and fodder crops. Dispose off the empty containers properly for example burying them in the soil. Do not wash spraying equipment in water sources used by animals and human beings. Store chemicals in a safe place. Wash the spraying equipment thoroughly. Sink left over chemicals into the soil after the day's work. Advantages of Chemical Weed ControlIt is less laborious. Effective in the control of difficult weeds such as couch grass and sedges. It does not disturb crop roots and other underground structures. It makes the control of weeds in certain crop easier. It is efficient in both wet and dry conditions. It does not destroy soil structure. Cheaper in large scale production than the use of manual or mechanical cultivation. Disadvantages of Chemical Weed ControlIt requires skilled labour in mixing and application. Cause environmental pollution. Herbicides have long residual effects which may interfere with future crops. It is very expensive. Mechanical Weed ControlIt involves the following operations:Tillage CultivationThis is the opening and loosening up of the soil. It can be done by hand tools or tractor drawn implements. AdvantagesCheap in small scale production. Increases water and air infiltration into the soil. |
It can be done by hand tools or tractor drawn implements. AdvantagesCheap in small scale production. Increases water and air infiltration into the soil. Incorporates crops residues into the soil. The earthing-up done during tillage encourages root growth. DisadvantagesIf done repeatedly it destroys soil structure. It is laborious and expensive in large scale production. It may not effectively control weeds. It may lead to soil erosion and loss of soil moisture. Damage crop roots. Slashing Mowing Mechanical removal of shoots from weeds. It is effective in the control of annual weeds. UprootingIt is done when the crops are too closeTo allow mechanical cultivation or where weeds are scattered. Cultural Weed ControlIt involves the following practices:Mulching. Cover cropping. Crop rotation. Timely planting. Use of clean seed planting materials. Proper spacing. Proper seedbed preparation. Flooding. Biological Weed ControlThe use of living organisms to control weeds. Examples are:Use of livestock to graze and control growth of weeds especially in plantations. Use of weed eating fish to control aquatic weeds. Use of moths to control cactus. Limitations: the method is not reliable. Legislative Weed Control QuarantineIt involves government laws and regulations which prevent the introduction and spread of foreign weeds in a country or an area. Done by KEPHIS. Limitations: Only samples are checked while the bulk of the materials may have some weed seeds. Crop Pests and DiseasesIntroductionCrop pests and diseases lead to high losses in crop production hence efficient control measures are needed. Proper control measures require the farmers to be able to;Identify these organisms,Know their life cycles, feeding habitsThe damage they cause to crops. Crop PestsDefinition of a Pest:It is a living organism that destroys crops trees either directly or indirectly by introducing pathogens disease causing germs . Classification of PestsPests are classified according to the following:Mode of FeedingPests with biting and chewing mouth parts - they cause physical damage and reduce the photosynthetic area of the plant. Pests with piercing and sucking mouth parts - they suck out the nutritious plant sap and in the process may introduce disease causing organisms. Crops AttackedSome crop pests attack specific crops for example, stem borers prefer cereal crops. |
Classification of PestsPests are classified according to the following:Mode of FeedingPests with biting and chewing mouth parts - they cause physical damage and reduce the photosynthetic area of the plant. Pests with piercing and sucking mouth parts - they suck out the nutritious plant sap and in the process may introduce disease causing organisms. Crops AttackedSome crop pests attack specific crops for example, stem borers prefer cereal crops. Stage of Growth of Crops AttackedThere are pests of seedlings attack when the crop is young, for example cutworms. Pests of fruits - attack the crops at fruiting stage. Pests of grains attack the crops when the grains are formed. Field and Storage PestsSome pests attack the crops while in the field. Other pests attack the produce after it has been harvested and stored. Identification of Common PestsOther Crop Pests Include:Mealy bugs - coffeeThrips - coffeeBeetles - field and storage pests. Birds - field pests - cereals and fruits. Rodents - field and storage pests ,cereals and tubers. Nematodes - soil borne pests - tomatoes, potatoes, sunflower, beans. Harmful Effects of Crop PestsPests such as squirrels and rodents, unearth planted seeds, resulting in poor germination. Some pests like nematodes, termites and moles damage crop roots causing wilting and death of the crops. They lower the quality and quantity of farm produce. They increase the cost of production since farmers will incur expenses in purchasing chemicals to control them. They transmit diseases to crops for example, aphids transmit streak virus disease in maize. Chemicals used to control the pests cause pollution to the environment. They exterminate the crop by feeding on them for example eating embryo of the seed. Control of PestsIf pest population causes damage beyond tolerance then it is said to have reached economic injury level EIL hence control measures should be effected before this level. Before any control measure is effected ,the following should be considered:Know the life cycle of the pest. Correct identification of the pest. Correct assessment of the damage. The weather conditions. The value of the crop in question. The cost factor of the control method. Methods of Controlling the PestsCultural methods. Physical mechanical measuresBiological methods. Chemical methods. Integrated pest management. |
Physical mechanical measuresBiological methods. Chemical methods. Integrated pest management. Cultural Methods:These are farming practices which aim at reducing the pest population by destroying the life cycle of the pests either by exposing them to adverse conditions or denying them food. These include:Timely planting to escape pest attack. Timely harvesting. Proper tillage. Close season: this is the period when a susceptible crop is not grown in order to control a certain pest. Trap cropping: These are crops which attract pests diverting them from the main crop. The trap crop is grown together with the main crop. Crop rotation: It breaks the life cycle of the pest. Planting resistant varieties: These are plants with natural protective mechanisms against pest for example hairy cotton against jassid bugs, goose necked sorghum against birds, high tillering in sorghum against shoot fly. Field hygiene: This includes rogueing and removal of crop residues which harbour pests from field. Alterations of environmental conditions, such as, creating a microclimate which is not conducive to pests for example open pruning in coffee. Crop nutrition: application of fertilizers and manures to make the crop strong and able to escape pest attacks. Destruction of alternate hosts, for example, weeds like mallow which harbour cotton stainers. Use of clean planting materials. This helps to prevent introduction of crop pests. Proper spacing: if well spaced some pests find it difficult to move from one plant to another. Use of organic manure, for example, farmyard manure discourages eel worms nematodes . Chemical ControlChemicals used to control pests are known as pesticides. Pesticides are administered through dusting, spraying or fumigating. Classification of Pesticides:Pesticides are classified on the basis of:Mode of EntryStomach - ingested by the pest together with the crop materials. Contact - absorbed through the body tissues. Fumigants - through the breathing mechanism. Systemic - translocated to all parts. Mode of ActionRespiratory poisons - interfere with breathing mechanisms. Coagulants - cause the blood of the pest to coagulate. Neurotoxins - act on the nervous system. Protoplasmic poisons - cause the cells to disintegrate. Target PestsInsecticides - kill insect pestsMolluscicides - kill snails and slugs. Rodenticides - kill rodents. |
Protoplasmic poisons - cause the cells to disintegrate. Target PestsInsecticides - kill insect pestsMolluscicides - kill snails and slugs. Rodenticides - kill rodents. Nematocides - kill nematodes. Formulation . Dusts, granules and powdersEmulsifiable concentrates. Miscible liquids. Wettable powders. Fumigants. Factors That Affect the Efficiency of PesticidesConcentration of the pesticides. Weather conditions at the time of application. Timing of application - efficiency is high if applied when the pest is most susceptible. Persistence of the pesticide having long residual effect in the soil. Resistance of the pests. Advantages of Chemical Pest ControlFasterImmediate results are achieved. Low labour requirements. Disadvantages of Chemical Pest ControlExpensive to buy. Cause pollution to the environment. Require skilled labour to apply. Some pesticides may kill beneficial organisms and predators. Some target pests may build up resistance. Mechanical Pest Control PhysicalThis involves the killing of the pests using physical methods. Or creating physical barriers to prevent pests from getting into contact with the crops . Example:Flooding irrigation; for example, moles are suffocated through flooding. Use of lethal temperatures: either too cold or too hot. Suffocation; commonly used in grain storage bins by being made air tight. Trapping and killing, for example, rats. Creation of physical barriers, such as, rat bafflers, sticky materials on tree trunks. Proper drying: this makes them too hard to be destroyed by pests. Scaring devices especially in rice plantations to control birds. Use of explosives thrown at breeding places of birds to kill or scare them away. Biological Pest ControlIt involves the use of living organisms to reduce the pest population. Predator Target PestParasitic wasp-------------------White fly in citrus, boll worms, stalk borersBirds--------------------------------- Crickets, locusts, caterpillar llars. |
Use of explosives thrown at breeding places of birds to kill or scare them away. Biological Pest ControlIt involves the use of living organisms to reduce the pest population. Predator Target PestParasitic wasp-------------------White fly in citrus, boll worms, stalk borersBirds--------------------------------- Crickets, locusts, caterpillar llars. Lady Bird --------------------------AphidsTrachnid flies -------------------cotton stainerPraying mantis-----------------giant loppersMajimoto ants -----------------scalesCats ----------------------------------moles,rats,miceBrachonid wasps-------------mealy bugsChicken ---------------cotton stainer, larvae of beetles, grasshoppers, cricketsAdvantagesCheapNo environmental pollutionSaves on labour. DisadvantagesTakes too long to get the correct agentDifficult to control the pest effectively. Integrated Pest ManagementIt is a new method which involves the combination of the methods mentioned above. The aim is to have least hazards to the user and to the environment. Example, attractant-pheromones are used to attract pests to one place where they are sprayed and eradicated. Legislative Method QuarantineLegislative mearsures of pest control are effected by the Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service KEPHIS through seed inspection. Crop Disease And Their ControlA disease is any deviation from the normal performance or functions. A plant disease is any harmful physiological disorder in a plant caused by pathogenic agents such as virus, bacteria, fungi. The study of plant disease is called plant pathology. Economic importance of crop diseasesThey lower crop yieldThey reduce the quality of the produce thus reducing their market valueThey cause food poisoning. E.g ergot in wheat, afflatoxin in grain crops by fungus. They reduce photosynthetic area of the plant. Classification and identification of plant diseasePlant disease are classified according to their causal agents;Fungal diseases;Fungi are non-green plant-like. Some are parasitic and others are saprophytic. Parasitic fungi divided into;Obligate parasites- those that depend on other living organisms for food. Falcultative parasites-those that are able to live on both the living and dead tissues. |
Some are parasitic and others are saprophytic. Parasitic fungi divided into;Obligate parasites- those that depend on other living organisms for food. Falcultative parasites-those that are able to live on both the living and dead tissues. Examples of fungal diseasePanama disease Fusarium oxysperium bananas Cigar-end rot Verticilium theobromae -bananasDie back attack the tips of shoots and rootsMildews-foliar disease of several cropsArmillaria root rot Armillaria mellea -coffee and teaDamping off-disease of seedlings in the nurseryAnthracnose Colletotrichum spp -coffee,beans,tomatoes. Fungus also cause damage to stored grains which are not properly dried or if the store is damp. Fungus cause food poisoning and lower seed viability for example Aspergillus flavus which produces a highly toxic compound called afflatoxin. Examples of fungal diseaseBacterial DiseasesBacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms which reproduce by binary fissionTransmission; Through irrigation water, seeds, fertilizers, manures, wind ,raindrop splash, insects, soil and mechanical means. Symptoms of Bacterial DiseasesWiltingCankers necrotic tissues localized necrosisGall formation in infected tissues. Examples of bacterial diseasesViral DiseasesViruses are small living organisms which can only be seen under a very powerful electronic microscope. Viruses interfere with photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and nitrogen utilizationSymptoms of Viral InfectionLeaf chlorosis. Leaf curling. Mosaic light green or yellow patches . Malformation distortion of plant parts. Rosettes; Development of abnormally short internode. TransmissionThrough the use of infected vegetative materials and insect vectors like aphids, mealybugs and leafhoppers. Viral diseasesOther Causes of Crop DiseasesFlooding forming ammonia which is poisonous to the crops causing a burning effect on leaves. Chemicals: some may be toxic. Poor weather: Extremes of day and night temperatures. Stress: such as irregular watering as in tomato blossom end rot. Control of Crop DiseasesCultural method: This involves use ofHealthy planting materials. Practicing field hygiene. Proper seedbed preparation. Proper spacing. Heat treatment of the planting materials for example sugar cane. |
Proper seedbed preparation. Proper spacing. Heat treatment of the planting materials for example sugar cane. Proper drying of cereals and pulses to 13 M.C. Growing disease resistant varieties. Legislative MethodInvolves the imposing of regulations and laws especially in case of disease outbreaks to prevent the introduction and spread of diseases. Chemical ControlUsed as a last resort. Chemical control measures include:Seed dressing before planting. Soil fumigation to control soil borne diseases. Spraying: application of fungicides. Crop Production VI Field Practices II IntroductionThere are many crops cultivated in Kenya. These crops are grown for various uses and require different ecological conditions. Definitions:Hybrids - These are crop varieties developed by crossing two pure lines. Composites - These are crop varieties developed through repeated mass selection. Cultivars - these are varieties of crops which are cultivated in a given area. MaizeMain growing areas: Trans-Nzoia, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu, Laikipia districts and others. Ecological RequirementsAltitude: Upto 2000m above sea level. Temperature: About 25 CSoils: Freely draining, fertile loam soils. Rainfall: 750-12S0rnm critical at silking and pollination stage. VarietiesHigh altitude areas: Hybrids 611, 613 and 614C. Medium altitude areas: 511,512,622 and 632. Marginal rainfall areas: Katumani composite and Makueni composite. Coast regions: Coast composite and Katumani composite. Seedbed PreparationPloughing should be deep and done during the dry season to eradicate weeds. Require medium tilth. Plant spacing 75-90cm x 20-30cm. Planting done at the onset of the rains. This helps to reduce pest attack. Dry planting in areas with inadequate rainfall is necessary. Field Maintenance:Apply phosphatic fertilizer during planting at a rate of 120kg ha P2O5Also nitrogenous fertilizers as top dress at the rate of 200kg of ASN or CAN. Control weeds by cultivation, use of appropriate herbicides, uprooting, slashing and mulching. Pest ControlMaize Stalk Borer:Nature of damage: Boring the leaves causing windowing effect, boring the stems and cobs. |
Field Maintenance:Apply phosphatic fertilizer during planting at a rate of 120kg ha P2O5Also nitrogenous fertilizers as top dress at the rate of 200kg of ASN or CAN. Control weeds by cultivation, use of appropriate herbicides, uprooting, slashing and mulching. Pest ControlMaize Stalk Borer:Nature of damage: Boring the leaves causing windowing effect, boring the stems and cobs. Control: Destruction of previous years crop residue, closed season and apply chemicalsMaize Weevils:it is a storage pest. Damage: Bores holes into the maize grains, eating the contents. Control: Proper hygiene and sanitation in the stores. Use of chemicals such as Actellic Super. Disease Control:RustCause: Fungus. Symptoms: Red or brown pustules on the. Leaves. Control: Plant resistant varieties and crop rotation. SmutsCause: FungusSymptoms: Black sooty mass of spores on maize heads or cobs ear . Control: Crop rotation, growing resistant varieties and destruction of affected plant parts. Maize Streak VirusCause: VirusSymptoms: Yellow longitudinal stripes parallel to the midrib. Control: Certified seed, early planting and rogueing. HarvestingHarvest the crop 3-9 months after planting depending on variety. Maize stalks are cut and stocked in the field. Cobs removed by hand. For large scale harvesting, combined harvesters are used. Yields about 3,OOOkg and 4500kg ha. Bulrush MilletAreas where grown:Lower areas of Kirinyaga,Embu,Meru,Parts of MachakosKerio Valley. Ecological RequirementsAltitude: Does well in areas below 1200m. Rainfall: 500-600mrn per annum. Soils: Light sandy soils. Varieties: Serere 2A, 3A, 6A, 17, 16 9Seed Bed PreparationsPloughing of land during the dry season. Soil should be of fine tilth since the seeds are small. Planting:Done at the onset of the rains. Planted by broadcasting and row planting at a spacing of 60cm x 15cm. Field Maintenance:Weeding is done until tillering. |
Planting:Done at the onset of the rains. Planted by broadcasting and row planting at a spacing of 60cm x 15cm. Field Maintenance:Weeding is done until tillering. Top-dressing is done by use of sulphate of ammonia. Pest ControlBirdsNature of Damage: Eats the seeds at milky stage. Control: Bird scaring devices. Disease ControlErgotCause: Fungus. Symptoms: Heads become sticky. Control: Use of certified seeds, crop rotation and destruction of affected crops. Downy MildewCause: Fungus. Symptoms: Long, whitish lines on the leaves. Control: Crop rotation and field hygiene. HarvestingDone by cutting off the heads. Drying of the heads. Threshing and winnowing of the grains. Stored under well ventilated dry conditions. Yields about 1000kg ha with good management. Finger MilletAreas where grown: Western Kenya and Uganda. Ecological RequirementsAltitude: 0-2400m above sea level. Rainfall: 900mm, drought resistant in the early stages. Soils: Free draining fertile soils. Varieties:Serere varieties developed at Serere in Uganda. Ultra lupin5.18 oats. Land PreparationsThe seedbed should be thoroughly prepared to a fine tilth due to the small size of the seeds. It also helps to control weeds. Field OperationsPlantingFinger millet should be planted as early as possible in the season. It is usually broadcasted by hand. If planted in rows, the furrows should be 30-33cm apart and the plants should be thinned to 5cm apart within the rows. Fertilizer ApplicationSulphate of ammonia at the rate of 125kg ha is recommended for topdressing finger millet. Weed ControlClean seedbed preparationUprootingPest Control:Birds are controlled through scaring. Disease ControlHead blast:Cause: FungusSymptoms: Brown spots with grey centres on the leaves and stems below the inflorescence. Control: Use of resistant varieties. HarvestingIndividual heads are cut with knives. Heads are dried, threshed and winnowed. Yields 1650kg ha with good management. |
HarvestingIndividual heads are cut with knives. Heads are dried, threshed and winnowed. Yields 1650kg ha with good management. SorghumIt is grown in Western, northern, Rift Valley, Eastern and some parts of Central Province. Ecological RequirementsAltitude: 0-1500m above sea level. Rainfall: 420-630mm. It is drought resistant. Soils: Fairly fertile and well drained soils. VarietiesDobbs variety. Serena variety. Field OperationsPlantingBroadcasting the seeds on the firmly prepared seedbed. Intercropped with other crops especially maize and beans. Can be planted in pure stands at a spacing of 60cm x 15cmFertilizer ApplicationResponds well to farmyard manure FYM . Inorganic fertilizers are not commonly used in growing sorghum. Pest ControlBird pests: They are the most common sorghum pests. They includequelea,aethiopica Sudan Dioch ,weaver birds,starling birdbishop's bird. They are controlled through;killing them using explosives,poison spraying in their breeding placesuse of flame throwers. Sorghum shoot-fly controlled by early planting, closed season and application of insecticides. Stem borer - control by use of insecticides and field hygiene. Disease ControlCommon sorghum diseases include:Leaf blightAnthracnose. Sooty stripe. Loose smutHead smutSmuts are controlled by seed dressing-while the other diseases are controlled by growing resistant varieties. HarvestingSorghum is ready for harvesting 3-4 months after planting. Heads are cut off using a sharp knife after which they are sun-dried, threshed, winnowed and stored. Up to 3000kg hectare can be obtained with good management. BeansGrown in all provinces where maize is grown. Ecological RequirementsAltitude: 10.00-2100 metres above sea level. Rainfall: Average of 62Smm per annum. Soils: Well drained loamy soils rich in organic matter. VarietiesVarieties for dry beans:Rose Coco,Mwezi Moja,Canadian Wonder,Wairimu,Haricot,Mwitemania. Variety for canning: Mexican 142. |
Soils: Well drained loamy soils rich in organic matter. VarietiesVarieties for dry beans:Rose Coco,Mwezi Moja,Canadian Wonder,Wairimu,Haricot,Mwitemania. Variety for canning: Mexican 142. Varieties for French Beans:Primeur,Long Tom,Saza,Master PieceMonel. Seedbed PreparationLand should be prepared early. Primary and secondary cultivation done to control perennial weeds. Seed Selection and TreatmentSelect wholesome seeds free from damage and wrinkles. Seeds are dressed against bean fly. Seeds should be inoculated with appropriate bacteria none dressed seeds PlantingPlanted at the onset of the rains. Spacing 30-45cm x 15cm. Apply phosphatic fertilizer during planting time. Plant 2-4 seeds per hole. Field MaintenanceProvide sticks for the climbing varieties. Control of weeds through shallow cultivation. Top-dress with nitrogenous fertilizer for example CAN. PestControlBean-FlyNature of damage: Feeds on the stems causing swelling at the roots. This results in wilting and death. Control: Dressing of seeds, early planting and spraying with insecticides. Bean Bruchid Storage Pest Nature of damage: Make dark circular windows on the grains. Control: Clean stores, fumigation, and seed dressing. Diseases ControlBean AnthracnoseCause' FungusSymptoms: Brown or black lesions on the underside of the leaves, pods and stems. Control: Growing resistant varieties, crop rotation, destruction of crop residues and spraying with fungicides. Bean RustCause: FungusSymptoms: Red brown pustules on the leaves. Control: Planting resistant varieties and spraying copper fungicides. HarvestingDone during the dry season for dry beans and when the pods are dry. Threshing and winnowing done. Sorting of rotten, off types and damaged ones. Sold to National Cereals and Produce Board when dry. For French beans, pick the pods when soft and green. Market immediately to avoid shrivelling. Rice ProductionAreas where grown;Mwea Tabere Irrigation SchemeAhero Pilot Scheme in Kano plains. Bunyala in Busia. Bura in Tana River. Land PreparationPlots of 0.4 hectare are made with bunds constructed around them. Plots are flooded for four days. |
Bura in Tana River. Land PreparationPlots of 0.4 hectare are made with bunds constructed around them. Plots are flooded for four days. Rotavators jembes are used to work the flooded fields on the fifth day. The land is then levelled and allowed to drain. Water ControlDuring land preparation, water level should be about 7.5-10cm. During levelling water level should be 5cmWater is drained off completely for direct sowing. For transplanted rice, water level should be 5cm at transplanting. Water level should be maintained at 1 3 the height of plant until maturity. Water should be allowed to flow slowly through the fields. Old water should be changed every 2- 3 weeks if the flow of water is not possible. Water introduced should always be warm to ensure pollination. Fertilizer ApplicationS.A applied in the nursery. Rate of 25kg SA for every nursery unit of 18.5m x 18.5m. Phosphatic fertilizers broadcasted in the field. Rate of 120kg ha DSP before planting. S.A applied in the field in two splits before and after transplanting at a rate of 250kg haFlooding in RiceFlood water in rice production is important for the following reasons;It provides good conditions for growth such as high humidity. Kills soil organisms. Prevents denitrification. Weed ControlControlled through flooding. Appropriate herbicides such as propanil and butachlor are also used. Harvesting of Industrial Cropscotton, pyrethrum, sugarcane, coffee and tea. Harvesting of CottonStage of harvestingTakes 4 months to mature. Harvest when bolls are dry and fully opened. Method and ProcedureIn Kenya cotton is picked manually. Sort out grade AR safi from grade BR fifi into separate containers. PrecautionsHarvest during dry conditions to prevent dirtifying the lint. Avoid use of gunny bags to prevent contamination. Avoid picking leaves. Harvest on weekly basis. Harvesting of PyrethrumStage of harvestingTakes 3-4 months to mature. Harvest the flowers with disc florets which have assumed a horizontal position. Methods and ProcedurePyrethrum is picked manually. |
Harvesting of PyrethrumStage of harvestingTakes 3-4 months to mature. Harvest the flowers with disc florets which have assumed a horizontal position. Methods and ProcedurePyrethrum is picked manually. Flowers are picked by twisting the heads so that no stem is attached. PrecautionClean harvesting should be done. Avoid picking leaves. Flowers are placed in woven baskets. Overblown flowers are picked and thrown off. Pick the flowers when the dew is dry. Harvested flowers should be taken to the factory the same day. Avoid compaction of flowers in the basket. Harvesting interval, once in two weeks during the wet season and once in a month during the dry season. Harvesting SugarcaneStage of harvesting;Take 14-20 months for the plant crop to mature and 12-16 months for the ratoon crop. Sampling of cane is done before harvesting to ascertain the correct sugar content. Methods and ProceduresCut the cane at the ground level to avoid yield loss. The green tops are removed from the canes. Harvesting matchet is used for cutting the cane. PrecautionCane should be harvested immediately at maturity to avoid lowering quality. The green tops should be removed immediately after cutting to avoid reduction of sugar content by enzyme invertase. Burnt cane should be harvested immediately after burning to prevent rapid inversion to monosaccharides. The cane should be processed within 48 hours. Harvesting of CoffeeStage of harvesting;Takes 2-4 years depending on the pruning system. Harvest only ripe berries. Methods and Procedures;Hand picking is done so that ripe berries can be selected. During picking hooked sticks can be used to bend the tall trees. PrecautionsOnly the uniformly ripe berries should be picked. Over-ripe and under-ripe berries should be dried and sold as buni. Ripe cherries should be processed on the same day they are picked. Harvesting TeaStage of harvestingIt takes 2-4 years for tea to mature depending on the method of bringing young tea into bearing. Method and ProceduresTea harvesting is known as plucking. Fine plucking - 2 leaves and a bud are removed. Coarse plucking - 3 leaves and a bud are removed. A straight fitto straight stick is used to guide the plucker on the plucking table. |
Fine plucking - 2 leaves and a bud are removed. Coarse plucking - 3 leaves and a bud are removed. A straight fitto straight stick is used to guide the plucker on the plucking table. Tipping is done by cutting off shoots that appear above the fitto. PrecautionsPlucked tea is placed in woven well ventilated baskets to prevent fermenting before it reaches the factory. The plucked tea should be kept in a cool place awaiting transport. It should be processed within the same day of harvesting. Harvesting is done on a weekly basis under wet conditions and once after every two weeks under dry conditions. Forage CropsIntroductionThese are plants which either grow naturally or are cultivated by man to be used for feeding livestock. The term forage crops include pasture and fodder crops. Fodder crops are purposely grown for feeding livestock. They are cut or uprooted when readyPasture is a ground cover of grass or a mixture of grass and legumes grazed directly or cut and fed to livestock. Classification of PasturesAccording to type of stand. Either pureMixed stands. According to ecological zones . Low altitude,Medium altitude,High altitude pasturesAccording to the establishment . NaturalArtificial pastures. Examples of grassesNapier,Rhodes,Setaria,Molasses,Congo signal,kikuyu,star,Guatemala,SudanGuinea. Examples of legumes;Lucern,Clover,Desmodium,Glycine,Stylo,Centrio,Pasture EstablishmentSeedbed PreparationThis involves clearing the land, primary and secondary cultivation to a fine tilth because the seeds are small. This is done during the dry season. Selection of planting materialsSelect seeds of high germination percentage,Free from impurities or buy certified seeds. If vegetative materials are used, select from high yielding, vigorous-growing and healthy plants. Treatment of legume seedsLegume seeds are inoculated with the correct strain of bacteria which fix nitrogen for the crop. PlantingThis is done at the beginning of the rainsMethods of sowing are;Direct sowing,Under sowing,Over-sowingOversowingThis is introduction of a pasture legume in an existing grass pasture. UndersowingThe establishment of a pasture in an already existing crop which acts as a cover crop. |
Treatment of legume seedsLegume seeds are inoculated with the correct strain of bacteria which fix nitrogen for the crop. PlantingThis is done at the beginning of the rainsMethods of sowing are;Direct sowing,Under sowing,Over-sowingOversowingThis is introduction of a pasture legume in an existing grass pasture. UndersowingThe establishment of a pasture in an already existing crop which acts as a cover crop. Seeds rate depend;On purity of seeds,Pasture speciesWhether pure or mixed stand. Apply phosphatic fertilizer when planting and later top-dress with nitrogenous fertilizer. Pasture managementRe-seeding or gapping; Re-seeding is done if the grass is completely denudated. But if partially, gapping can be doneControl of weeds by slashing, uprooting and mowingFertilization of pastures-done by use of manures and nitrogenous fertilizer. Topping;This is the removal of stemmy fibrous material left behind after grazing. It allows new growth after the rainsControl of pests-done by trapping of moles, use of pesticides and biological means. Pasture UtilizationPastures should be utilized at maturity when nutritive value is high. It is utilized through the following methods:Direct grazing - this can be done through rotational grazing or herding. Zero grazing - this is where the pasture is cut and fed to the animals in the stalls. Common fodder CropsEdible CanaAltitude: 1500 - 2000m above sea level. Establishment: Young tubers or bulbs are used. Spacing: 1m x 1m. Management: Does well with application of farmyard manure and requires fertile land. Utilization: Tops and tubers are sliced and fed to livestock. Conservation: Bulbs or tubers are sliced and stored. Napier GrassAltitude: 0 - 2000m above sea level. Establishment: Stem cuttings or splits. Spacing: 1 m x 50cm. Management:Apply phosphatic fertilizers during planting time. Top-dress with nitrogenous fertilizers in split application. Clean weeding when young. Cut when 6-8 weeks or 1m-1.5m in height. Utilization: Cut stem is fed to livestock. Conservation: Ensiled when in plenty. |
Bale the dry materials for storage. Store under shed or shelter. Factors Determining Quality of HayStage of growth at which forage is harvested. Leaf content of the forage material. Method of handling and curing the hay. Form in which material is fed to livestock. Species of forage used. Amount of foreign materials in forage. Silage MakingThis is a feed produced by conserving forage in succulent form through the process of fermentation by anaerobic bacteria. Steps in silage making:Cut the crop and transport it to the silo,Material with a high moisture content is wilted in the sun for 4-48 hours before ensiling . Material is chopped to reasonable size pieces before filling in the silo. Spread the chopped material evenly. Check temperature if below 31 C, needs further filling; if above 31 C compaction is necessary. Filling should be complete by the end of the third or fourth day. The silo is covered with 15cm of straw, sawdust then 15cm of soil to make it air and water tight. A trench is dug round the silo to keep off surface water. Factors Affecting the Quality of SilageMaturity stage of the crop when cut. Type of crop. Moisture content of the materialAdditives such as molasses. Degree of compaction. Size of pieces ensiled. Amount of foreign materials included in the silage. Amount of leaf of the ensiled material. Standing ForageThis is forage left in the field to be used during the dry season. Livestock Health III: Diseases IntroductionLivestock diseases are classified according to causative agents as follows:Protozoan diseases -caused by protozoans. Bacterial diseases - caused by bacteria:VIral diseases - cause by virus. Nutritional diseases - brought about by nutritional disorders. Protozoan DiseasesEast coast Fever ECF . Anaplasmosis gall sickness CoccidiosisTrypanosomiasis Nagana East coast FeverAnimals attacked: CattleCause: Protozoan. Theileria parva It is a tick-borne disease transmitted by red-legged tick and brown ear tick. SymptomsRise in body temperature. Swelling of lymph glands below the ear. Difficulties in breathing. Dullness. Control and PreventionControl of vectors through dipping and fencing. |
Difficulties in breathing. Dullness. Control and PreventionControl of vectors through dipping and fencing. Treatment by use of clexon in the early stages. Anaplasmosis gall sickness Animals attacked:Cattle between 2 months and 2 years. Poultry. Lambs and kids. Rabbits. Cause: Protozoan Anaplasma marginale Transmitted by the blue tickcontaminated surgical instruments and hypodermic needles. SymptomsFever rise in body temperature. Constipation or hard dung. Paleness in the gums, eyes and lips. Drop in milk production. ControlTick control. Intramuscular injection of antibiotics and iron giving injections. CoccidiosisCoccidiosis of PoultryCause: Protozoan Eimeria spp. SymptomsSudden death of chicks. Whitish, yellow and blood stained diarrhoea. Ruffled feathers. Chicks become paralysed before dying. Chicks become anaemic and dull. ControlDisinfection of chick house. Prevention of contamination of food and water with droppings. Use of prophylatic drugs for example, Coccidiostats. Trypanosomiasis Nagana Animals attacked: cattle, sheep and goats. Cause: Protozoan of the trypanosome species,Vector-tsetse flies. SymptomsFever. Dullness. Anorexia loss of appetite. Loss of body condition emaciation. Swollen lymph nodes. Lachrimation which leads to blindness. DiarrhoeaRough coat and sometimes without hair and may be cracked. Swelling in parts of the belly. Drop in milk production in lactating cows. '. Loss of hair at tail end. Anaemia. Abortion may occur in pregnant females. ControlTreating animals with trypanocidal drugs. Effective vector Tsetse flies controlConfinement of wild animals in game parks. Bacterial DiseasesFowl typhoidFoot rot. Contagious abortion. Scours. Blackquarter. Mastitis. Anthrax. Pneumonia. Fowl TyphoidAnimals attacked: All domestic birds which include chicken, turkey and ducks. Causes: Bacteria Salmonella gallinarum SymptomsDepression appearing very sick. Respiratory distress. Dullness. |
Causes: Bacteria Salmonella gallinarum SymptomsDepression appearing very sick. Respiratory distress. Dullness. Drooping wings. Sleepy eyes. Anaemia resulting in pale and shrunkencombs and wattles. Greenish yellow diarrhoea. ControlKilling all affected birds and proper disposal of the carcasses. Maintaining hygiene in the poultry house. Ensuring that the house is dry and well ventilated. Obtaining chicks from reliable sources. Treatment using sulphur drugs which are mixed in drinking water or mash. For example: application of Furazolidone Furazol at the rate of 0.04 in mash for 10 continuous days treats the disease effectively. Foot RotIt is also referred to as foul-in-the foot. Animals attacked: cattle, sheep and goats. However, it is most serious in sheep. Cause: Bacteria Fusiformis necrophorus and Fusiformis nodosus . SymptomsAnimal's foot becomes swollen. Lameness is observed. Pus and rotten smell come out of the hoof. Sheep are found kneeling while grazing when the front feet are affected. Animals spend most of their time lying down when the hind feet are affected. Emaciation due to lack of feeding. ControlHygiene in the living places. Regular foot examination and hoof trimming. Use of a foot bath of copper sulphate solution at 5-10 solution or formalin at 2-5 solution. Treating wounds on the feet with antiseptics. Affected animals should be given antibiotic injections. Isolation of sick animals from healthy ones. Avoid dampness and muddy conditions. Contagious Abortion Brucellosis Bang's Disease Animals attacked: cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. It also affects man. Cause: BacteriaBrucella abortus in cattle,Brucella suis in pigsBrucella malitensis in goats and sheep. SymptomsSpontaneous abortion or premature birth. Retained placenta if abortion occurs during the later stages of pregnancy. Infertility in cows while bulls have low libido and inflamed testis also known as orchitis. A yellowish brown, slimy, odourless discharge from the vulva may occur after the abortion. ControlUse of artificial insemination. Slaughtering affected animals followed by proper disposal of their carcasses. |
A yellowish brown, slimy, odourless discharge from the vulva may occur after the abortion. ControlUse of artificial insemination. Slaughtering affected animals followed by proper disposal of their carcasses. The attendant to the animals should avoid contact with the aborted foetus. A blood test should be carried out for all breeding animals to detect the infected ones. Hygiene in the animals' houses. Scours white Scours Animals atacked: calves, piglets, lambs and kids. Cause: A bacterium which attacks young animals in the first week of life. SymptomsWhite or yellowish diarrhoea. Pungent smelling faeces. Fever. Anorexia loss of appetite. Listlessness. Sunken eyes. Undigested milk and mucus with blood spots observed in the faeces. Faecal matter sticks to the hind quarters. Sudden death if no treatment is given. ControlMaintaining hygiene in the young animal housing units. Avoiding dampness on the floor of the house. Fingers of the attendant training calves to drink milk from a bucket must be disinfected. Calving should be carried out in a clean area. Have separate attendants for the infected calves to prevent disease spread. Replacing milk with warm water mixture. Treating affected animals with antibiotics. Black QuarterIt is also known as black leg. Animals attacked: All ruminants aged between 8 - 18 months. Cause: Bacteria Clostridium chauvei and Chauvei septicum SymptomsLameness. Fever. Fast and heavy breathing. Cracking on the swollen parts if touched. Swelling of the affected parts usually the hindquarters, shoulders and chest or back. Dullness. Anorexia. Grunting and grinding of teeth. Animal stops chewing cud. ControlTreating with recommended antibiotics. Vaccinating using black quarter vaccine known as blanthax. Burying the carcass deep or burning it completely. MastitisIs an inflammation of the udder. Animals attacked: Goats, cows, pigs and human beings. Cause: Bacteria Streptococcus spp. Or Staphylococcus spp. Pre-disposing Factors:Incomplete milking. Injuries on the udder and teats. Weak sphincter muscles of the teats allowing free flow of milk. |
Or Staphylococcus spp. Pre-disposing Factors:Incomplete milking. Injuries on the udder and teats. Weak sphincter muscles of the teats allowing free flow of milk. SymptomsMilk is watery, blood stained or clotted. Swollen udderControlProper milking techniques. Treatment by use of antibiotics. Culling of animals which are often attacked. AnthraxAttacks all domestic animals. Cause: Bacteria Bacillus anthracis SymptomsSudden death. High fever. Grinding of the teeth. PneumoniaIt is an inflammation of the lungs. Animals attacked: Calves, kids, lambs, piglets and poultry. Cause:Bacteria Mycoplasma mycoides dustworms in the lungs. SymptomsDullness. Anorexia loss of appetite. Staring coat. Emaciation. Breathing rapidly. Abnormal lung sounds when breathing. Coughing if the chest is pressed. Fluctuating body temperature. Nasal discharge. ControlKeeping young animals in warm pens. Proper sanitation. Isolation of the affected animals. Treating using antibiotics. Viral DiseasesRinderpest. Foot and mouth disease FMD . New CastleFowl poxGumboroAfrican swine feverRinderpestAnimal attacked: Cattle and wild game. Cause: virus. SymptomsHarsh staring coat. Rise in temperature. Eye discharge Lachrimation Diarrhoea and dysentery. Ulcers in the mouth. Foot and Mouth DiseaseAnimals attacked: Cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. Cause: Virus . SymptomsSharp rise in temperature. Blisters in the mouth, hooves, udder and teats. Loss of appetite. ControlVaccination. Quarantinenursing wounds with disinfectant. New CastleAnimals attacked: Poultry. Cause: Virus. SymptomsDifficulties in breathing. Beaks remain wide open and necks are strained. Birds become dull. The birds stand with eyes closed all the time. Anorexia loss of appetite. Nasal discharges which force the birds to shake their heads to clear it. Birds walk with a staggering motion. Paralysis of wings and legs may occur. |
Nasal discharges which force the birds to shake their heads to clear it. Birds walk with a staggering motion. Paralysis of wings and legs may occur. Birds have their beaks and wings down. Birds produce watery greenish diarrhoea. Birds lay soft shelled eggs. ControlKilling all birds and burning them followed by cleaning and disinfecting the houses before bringing in new stock. Vaccination should be done during the first 6 weeks and then 2-3 months later. Quarantine. FowlPoxAnimals affected: Poultry. Cause: A virus known as avian fox. SymptomsTwo types of fowl pox with different symptoms. Cutaneous typeDiptheritic typeThe cutaneous type affects the skin and has the following signs:Injuries on the combs and wattles, legs, vent and under the wings. Loss appetite. The diptheritic type affects internal membranes and has the following symptoms:Injuries in the inside of the throat and mouth membranes resulting in difficult breathing and swallowing. Eyes and nose produces a watery liquid. Loss of appetite. Dullness. Emaciation. ControlKilling all affected birds followed by proper disposal of their carcasses. Vaccinating remaining healthy birds. GumboroIt is also referred to as poultry AIDS. Animals attacked: Poultry. Cause: A virus known as Birma virus. SymptomsThe glands above the vent bursa become swollen. Drop in egg production. Birds develop respiratory distress. Loss of appetite. Low water intake by birds. Loss of immunity making the birds more susceptible to opportunistic diseases. ControlVaccination. Administering vitamins and especially B12. African Swine FeverAnimals attacked: All domesticated pigs. Cause: A virus known as Irido virus. SymptomsFever. Loss of appetite. Depression dullness. Emaciation. Coughing. Nasal discharge. Diarrhoea in serious conditions. ControlVaccination. Quarantine. Killing all affected animals and proper disposal of their carcasses. Double fencing to keep wild animals away. Nutritional Diseases DisordersMilk FeverIt is a non-infectious disease brought about by calcium deficiency in animals which have recently given birth. Animals attacked: Cows, goats and pigs that have recently given birth. |
Double fencing to keep wild animals away. Nutritional Diseases DisordersMilk FeverIt is a non-infectious disease brought about by calcium deficiency in animals which have recently given birth. Animals attacked: Cows, goats and pigs that have recently given birth. Causes:Due to low calcium levels in the blood. Which leads to an increase in the magnesium and sugar level in the blood. Mostly occurs in high producing cows in the first few months of lactation. This is because these animals loose more calcium through milk secretion than they are getting from the diet. SymptomsDullness. Muscular twitching causing the animal to tremble. Staggering as the animals move. Animal falls down ands becomes unconscious. The animal lies down on its side and the whole body stiffens. Body functions such as urination, defecation and milk secretion stops. Stomach contents are drawn into the mouth which later cause lung fever when breathing in. Loss of appetite. TreatmentIntravenous injection of soluble calcium salt in form of calcium boro-gluconate ,60gms dissolved in 500cc of water. Keeping the animal in a comfortable position on its sternum. Giving fresh water. Note: The animals suffering from milk fever should not be given medicine orally for the following reasons:It will not be able to swallow medicine. The medicine may get into the lungs thereby promoting lung fever. ControlPartial milking for the first 10 days. High yielding cows should be given rations containing phosphorus and calcium. Giving high doses of Vitamin D.BloatAnimals attacked: Cattle and sheep. Cause: Accumulation of gases as a result of fermentation in the rumen. SymptomsThe left side is blown up. Sudden death. ControlRelieve by use of trocar and cannula. Chasing the animal around if noticed early. Drenching by use of stop bloat. Feeding ruminants with dry roughages during the wet season before grazing on lush pastures. |
SET BOOKS STUDY GUIDE NOTESBETRAYAL IN THE CITYTHE CAUCASIAN CHALK CIRCLETHE RIVER BETWEENCOPYRIGHT: www.teachers4teacherskenya.bravehost.com Keep visiting for other materials and for updated versions of these notes YOU MAY USE THESE NOTES FOR PERSONAL STUDY OR FORTEACHING PURPOSES BUT THOU SHALT NOT REDISTRIBUTE THEMOR RESELL THEM IN ANY FORMAT. YOU MAY ALSO EDIT THEM FOR THE SAME PURPOSES. GOD BLESS YOU AND THANKS FOR YOUR SUPPORT! BETRAYAL IN THE CITY BY FRANCIS IMBUGATHE AUTHORFrancis David Imbuga 1947- November 2013 was one of the greatest literary giants. For three decades, he taught at Kenyatta University where he was the Director of quality Assurance, Chairman of the Department of Literature and the Dean of the Faculty of Arts. Francis Imbuga studied at Alliance High School in the 1960 s where he wrote and acted a play, which won the National Beat Actor s Award. Professor Imbuga published several plays including Betrayal in the City 1976, The Successor1979, Man of Kafira 1984, Aminata 1988, and The Return of Mgofu 2011. He has also authored two novels, Shrine of Tears, 1993 and Miracle of Remera 2005. In his works he addresses the problems of independent and post colonial African states, family relations, tradition, religion, change among other issues affecting our society today. Imbuga passed on in the year 2013. THE TITLEThe title, Betrayal in the City, fits the events of the play as this is what the people of Kafira have to live with daily. Betrayal in the City reflects the political, cultural and personal betrayal witnessed in the fictitious state of Kafira. Boss the head of state works alongside other strong cronies and sycophants like Mulili, Tumbo, Kabito, and Nicodemo to let down their citizens through ;abuse of power, negligence of duty, senseless killings, and inefficiency to create a nation of hopelessness, corruption and disregard to the local citizens hence betrayal in the nation ofKafira. |
THE TITLEThe title, Betrayal in the City, fits the events of the play as this is what the people of Kafira have to live with daily. Betrayal in the City reflects the political, cultural and personal betrayal witnessed in the fictitious state of Kafira. Boss the head of state works alongside other strong cronies and sycophants like Mulili, Tumbo, Kabito, and Nicodemo to let down their citizens through ;abuse of power, negligence of duty, senseless killings, and inefficiency to create a nation of hopelessness, corruption and disregard to the local citizens hence betrayal in the nation ofKafira. The government is run by scandalous and corrupt leaders and under whose leadership the hopes of independence for the people of Kafira are dashed. Betrayal in the City is characterized by all sorts of ills in society,namely: murder, misrule, tribalism, Nepotism, corruption, highhandedness, inefficiency, incompetence and a general atmosphere of rebellion and defiance. As the title suggests, betrayal breeds suspicion and intolerance and this creates a highly unstable environment for decent and safe living. One cannot safely determine who to trust with information hence the general feeling of betrayal among the people. THE SETTINGBetrayal in the City was first published in 1976 at a time when African states had attained their independence and were undergoing serious problems in adjusting to self-rule. The play set in the fictional country of Kafira, ruled by Boss, who surrounds himself with kinsmen like Mulili and the sharing-the-pie government officials, Tumbo, Kabito and Nicodemo. Betrayal in the city is a perfect example of many failed states in the third world, and especially in Africa. SYNOPSISBetrayal in the City is a political play. The writer examines the problems of independence and freedom in post-colonial states in Africa. The play talks about military regimes that were common on the African continent after independence. Many of such regimes were later overthrown by coup de tats. Francis Imbuga s major concern is betrayal at two levels, both at a personal and government level. Betrayal in the City shows a decay in morals, greed for power. Doga and Nina lament as they mourn their dead son, Adika and wishes to perform a ritual for their dead son. |
Many of such regimes were later overthrown by coup de tats. Francis Imbuga s major concern is betrayal at two levels, both at a personal and government level. Betrayal in the City shows a decay in morals, greed for power. Doga and Nina lament as they mourn their dead son, Adika and wishes to perform a ritual for their dead son. This effort is hampered by express directions from the government brought by Mulili and Jere claiming that the ritual should not go on in the interest of peace; but Doga and Nina are adamant. Their only remaining son, Jusper, is imprisoned. This showsus what is happening in Kafira - the corruption, injustice and oppression of the people. Critics of the government are not tolerated. Jere and Mosese are henceforth put into prison over false charges. They both suffer the pain of the government s betrayal. Government officials make use of any opportunity to make money through unfair means. Tumbo for instance declares Jusper the winner of the play writing competition and awards him the winner s prize money. One third of the six hundred pounds to------- finance the playwriting competition is given to Jusper and his girl friend, Regina; and the remaining two thirds to put records straight emphasizing that everything is being done in strict confidence. Despite all this Jusper vows to revenge someday even if it means going it alone since he knows that a University student is not a very welcome person in Kafira and is looked at as anuisance. Government officials first think of what they are going to benefit before deliberating on matters of state. What first preoccupies their mind is how much they are going to gain. Being a relative to Boss gives Mulili a chance to despise his colleagues in service. Mulili falsely accuses Kabito knowing that Boss will believe what he says since he has been made to be his eyes and ears on the ground as he puts it. He is also favoured by Boss in many ways. The semi-illiterate Mulili sometimes completely misunderstands and distorts what is said to him and yet threatens to act basing on the strength of that misunderstanding. Boss trust of those who advise him especially Mulili makes him give unbearable directives to silence those presumably against his government including the simple old couple who were innocent. Boss also tries to take advantage of Regina forcefully. Such scandals speak unfavorably of the Head of State. |
Boss trust of those who advise him especially Mulili makes him give unbearable directives to silence those presumably against his government including the simple old couple who were innocent. Boss also tries to take advantage of Regina forcefully. Such scandals speak unfavorably of the Head of State. Nicodemo and Tumbo discuss the state of affairs and how people are being killed: We have no choice. Like caged animals, we move, but only inside the cage. It has become infectious-the desire to eliminate others This clearly implies that there are serious consequences of criticizing the government s plans. The play within the play, Betrayal in the City, brings about the desired change that everybody has been waiting for. The rehearsal for the play intended to entertain the visiting Head of state becomes a real confrontation arrived at effortlessly by Jusper, Mosese, and Jere; takingeveryone by surprise. ACT SUMMARIESACT ONESCENE ONEThe scene is at grave surrounded by dry thorny branches. It is early morning. Doga and Nina are next to the grave of their late son, Adika who was murdered. Doga suspects that their son s murderer still lives among them. His suspicion arises from the smell of petrol at the site and the fact that the grave has a crack, an indicationthat the murderer s intention was to burn Adika s body to rid himself of Adika s ghost hunting him in future. Their only, living son, Jusper, was to guard the grave but this morning he cannot be traced. Nina is fearful for her son, who, according to them is not of sound mind. Her fears are heightened when she is made to notice that there seems to have been a struggle at the grave. Doga wants to cover up the crack on the grave so that the shaving ceremony planned to take place later in the day goes on but Nina will hear none of this. After much persuasion from the husband, she gives in and goes for soil to cover up the crack. From Doga s speech, we hear that Adika was shot four times during a demonstration by Kafira University students who were protesting that most of the Kafira university lectures are expatriates. During Adika s burial, his brother, Jusper, was taken away by government agents for being a threat to peace-loving people and after returning three months later, he is never the same. Jusper enters, dressed in a red gown. He is obviously disturbed by his brother s death. |
5. What are we told about Jusper s condition and why is it so? 6. Who killed Adika and what is his relationship with the sub chief? 7. What led to the death of Adika and how was he killed? 8. According to Jusper what is the difference between the sun Jupiter and Jusper and what does it represent9. Jusper tells Nina that he is going to address the rally, which rally is he talking about and what does he want to tell them. 10. Why does Mulili and Jere come to the grave side and what is their mission11. Mulili speaks poor non-standard English , what does this tell us about him12. What does Mulili and Jere reveal to Doga and Nina about Jusper13. Why does Jere support the old couple s continuing with the ceremony14. Mulili had allowed Mustafa to escape, what does this tell us about justice in Kafira. 15. Identify at least two character traits of Mulili, Doga, Nina, Jere and Jusper f rom this scene. 16. Identify the aspects of style used in this scene: identify the proverbs, instances of irony, use of cross purpose, monologue, and puns among others. 17. What are some of the themes brought out in this scene? 18. Identify the instances of Betrayal brought out in this sceneSCENE TWOACTION TAKES PLACE IN A PRISON CELLJere is pushed by an askari into a cell where he finds Mosese. Askari is fed up with Jere s inquisitive nature. He tells him that he is mad and that his inquisitive nature will not beentertained in prison and that it would make his life unbearable in prison. Jere is later informed that all inmates have to go through rehabilitation in order to be re-integrated in the society. He does not have any mental illness that would make him need any rehabilitation therefore he sarcastically tells askari that he is truly grateful and that he didn t know they took such pains. It is apparent that Mosese has decided to remain silent because silence can as well be a weapon but should he be so, the prisons authorities will demand an explanation as to what is he keeping quiet about. It is not surprising that the prison authorities do not entertain prisoners asking questions. |
He does not have any mental illness that would make him need any rehabilitation therefore he sarcastically tells askari that he is truly grateful and that he didn t know they took such pains. It is apparent that Mosese has decided to remain silent because silence can as well be a weapon but should he be so, the prisons authorities will demand an explanation as to what is he keeping quiet about. It is not surprising that the prison authorities do not entertain prisoners asking questions. Askari informs Mosese that Jusper has been released from jail but has nothing to go back to since his parents were found dead in their hut. When Jere and Mosese are left alone, Jere informs Mosese of the events of the previous night where he and his cellmate decided to playPilate and Jesus. According to Jere, Pilate had humiliated Jesus by stripping him and caning him on the buttocks. Jere s co-actor cried out after receiving the canes, alerting the prison authorities who moved Jere to the cell where Mosese was after stripping him and caning him. The two cellmates Jere and Mosese take time to know each other. Mosese tells Jere how he ended up in prison. He had attended Adika s funeral where he saw firsthand the oppression by the political elite. He couldn t keep quiet, so after telling the politicians his mind, he was arrested and charged with trumped up charges of possessingdrugs. He changes his name because the person who implicated him with the drugs shared a name with him. We learn of the regime s way of silencing dissenting voices, through the experiences of inmates. Mosese has been informed by askari to cooperate in the performance of a play organized for a visiting head of state and in return he might be among the six hundred prisoners who are to be released. He doesn t want to do this as acting in the play means kneeling in front of boss andpleading for mercy yet he is not guilty. Prisoners are also denied foodand only the ones who show signs of cooperating with prison authorities are allowed privileges. This is evident when askari brings a mug of tea. The citizens of Kafira had been waiting for the kingdom for years and at last they were told it had come. According to Mosese, it was an illusion. He wonders how many people had seen the kingdom and what colour it is. Mosese is disillusioned. |
According to Mosese, it was an illusion. He wonders how many people had seen the kingdom and what colour it is. Mosese is disillusioned. He says they have killed their past and were busy killing the future. He laments about the oppressive nature of boss regime. For instance, soldiers had beaten up Regina and had forced her to give false evidence against her brother, Mosese. Mosese violently wriggles and as if in a trance rises and addresses the imaginary audience. His words portray his confused state of mind. On one hand he is faced with the choice of participating in the play, a sacrificial act that will lead to the release of 600 prisoners or on the other hand hold on to his principles and reject the request to participate inthe play. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE TWO1. Where do the events of this scene take place? 2. Why do you think Jere has been brought into the cell? 3. How would you describe the treatment by the askari on Jere4. Jere says that the outside of this cell may well be the inside of another what does this tell about the situation in Kafira5. Link Pilate s situation to Jere like he puts it on page 236. Why does Mosese keep staring at the wall even when Jere and the askari are talking7. Give the reasons why Mosese is in prison8. Mosese says words have lost meaning to him and asks for the meaning of Africanisation what does this tell about the people s situation in the country9. To what level has the askari learnt and why is he doing such a job10. Why is Jusper being released and hat has just happened to his parents? 11. Why did Jere carry a bible to the cells and how does it bring him trouble12. Apart from being a police officer, which are the other two professions that Jere was in before? 13. Which is item number three in the development plan and what is ironical about it? 14. Mosese says he saw betrayal in Regina s eyes why is this so15. Why is the foreign dignitary visiting and why are the prisoners supposed to perform a play for him16. The askari talks of selective breeding and says you need a tall relative to get anything in the country what does this tell about Kafira17. Mosese says it was better while we waited. |
Why is the foreign dignitary visiting and why are the prisoners supposed to perform a play for him16. The askari talks of selective breeding and says you need a tall relative to get anything in the country what does this tell about Kafira17. Mosese says it was better while we waited. Now we have nothing to look forward to what were they waiting for that they don t have and why has he lost hope? 18. Mosese sleeps and talks and in his dream. What does this tell about him and what message do we get from his conversation with an imaginary person. 19. Jere says when the madness of an entire nation enters a solitary mind then its not enough to say that person is mad what does Jere mean by this20. Identify the character traits of ;Jere, Askari and Mosese in this scene21. Identify the themes brought out in this scene22. Identify and illustrate the stylistic devices used in this scene23. Identify the elements of betrayal in this sceneSCENE THREEJusper stealthily enters Regina s room without her notice and scares her. He is in his red academic gown and this heightens Regina s anger at him. She requests him to rest but he sayshe can t rest because the death of his whole family is in his mind. Apart from Adika, Nina and Doga were murdered in exchange for Jusper s release. He says that he will get his revenge someday. Jusper was among the university students who protested on the streets andas they did this, people shouted abusive words at them in addition to telling that they were wasting time with the protests, it is also apparent that the government will not allow Adika s photograph to be printed in the newspapers. Regina would be happy if Jusper was to keep off from trouble with the authorities. She tells him that she has only him and Mosese left in the world and if anything went wrong, they would all be wiped out. Jusper insists that they have to talk of the masses that have no voices. Regina tells Jusper of the scheduled visits to Kafira by a certain head of state. If this is to happen, then, there will be three days holiday for all in addition to the prisoners being released to mark the occasion. She has a letter from Tumbo, who is boss right-hand man. |
Regina tells Jusper of the scheduled visits to Kafira by a certain head of state. If this is to happen, then, there will be three days holiday for all in addition to the prisoners being released to mark the occasion. She has a letter from Tumbo, who is boss right-hand man. In it, boss has promised to facilitate the release of Mosese. This does not go down well with Jusper who can read mischief in the act but who nevertheless promises to beat him at his own game. Tumbo, a fat, overconfident man, enters the house. He notices through Jusper s dressing that he is among the university students who were being known for rioting. Tumbo is already familiar with Jusper s name which was signed against a student s prayer that was all aboutasking God to help them drop their Christian names. Tumbo warns him that if the prayer by any chances suggested changing names, Jusper would be behind bars. Jusper sarcastically wonders why this would be the case yet since change of names was item number three in thenew development plan. Furthermore, boss himself has substituted his Christian name to something that no one could pronounce. Tumbo defends boss by saying that a leader requiresa mysterious name that the common tongues will bleed trying to pronounce. This is pointer to Tumbo s sycophantic nature. Tumbo revisits the issue of the visit by a certain head of state to Kafira. He learns from Regina that Jusper writes plays and since they require a one-act play for the entertainment, he concludes that Jusper can write one for the occasion. Tumbo says that he would have written one himself, but being a socialist, he thought of extending the opportunity to others to show them light, to eat and let eat : from their talk, we learn that boss is a fearful and insecure man who has let advisers rule Kafira while pretending to be tough, he is hated by his own guards who will not talk about it. The worst of his advisers is his cousin Mulili who has been rewarded with a large farm for his services to the nation Boss is said to be of short temperand has a weakness for women. |
He learns from Regina that Jusper writes plays and since they require a one-act play for the entertainment, he concludes that Jusper can write one for the occasion. Tumbo says that he would have written one himself, but being a socialist, he thought of extending the opportunity to others to show them light, to eat and let eat : from their talk, we learn that boss is a fearful and insecure man who has let advisers rule Kafira while pretending to be tough, he is hated by his own guards who will not talk about it. The worst of his advisers is his cousin Mulili who has been rewarded with a large farm for his services to the nation Boss is said to be of short temperand has a weakness for women. When Jusper is back from buying drinks, the three talked about the idea of writing a play for the entertainment of the visiting head of state, Tumbo would be glad if Jusper wrote the intended play that would highlight the achievements the country has made. Money has beenset aside for a play-writing competition, now that he knows what play ought to be organized. He declares Jusper the winner of that competition and informs him that he and his sister would be given a third of the money that was to finance the competition and that Jusper would be given his prize money once the results of the competition are made public. Jusper is to write the play and ensure that the words progress and achievements appear on every other page. After Tumbo and Regina leave, Jusper reminds the audience what he holds, the fruits of independence. We get them second hand. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE THREE1. Where is this scene set? 2. Why does Jusper imitate the ricocheting of guns as he enters? 3. Why is Regina uneasy about Jusper s dressing in the red gown? 4. What does the red gown symbolise5. For what does Jusper criticize Regina and even the beggars in the streets? 6. For what does Jusper criticize the media? 7. According to Jusper why was Adika killed and why is Mosese and Jere in prison8. Why is Regina critical about people voicing their concerns against the government? 9. What do we deduce learn from Jusper and Reginas conversation about the intended visit by the foreign head of state10. |
Why is Regina critical about people voicing their concerns against the government? 9. What do we deduce learn from Jusper and Reginas conversation about the intended visit by the foreign head of state10. Why does Jusper pretend to be Regina s cousin when Tumbo calls in? 11. Jusper asks Regina are you sure this is not a trick-some sort of a trap? Why is Jusper critical about Tumbo s helping her and what do you think the trap is? 12. Whats wrong with Christian names and why does Jusper criticize them13. Why does Tumbo call the university students red guards? 14. Jusper is said to have written an interesting prayer, what was it about? 15. Tumbo says a leader should have a mysterious name that the common people will bleed trying to pronounce. What does this tell about the kind of leaders in Kafira16. When asked about his university days Tumbo mumble, rumbles and stutters almost confusing himself, what do we deduce from this behavior17. Tumbo says that education doesn t matter and that there are opportunities only that they do not come on a silver platter. What does this reveal about Kafira18. Regina reveals to Tumbo that Jusper can write plays; why is Tumbo happy about thisand says that there is a good potato in it. What does ths mean19. How much money has been allocated for the play and how much will Jusper remain with. What happens to the remaining amount20. What aspects does Tumbo insist that shoud be covered in the play21. Why does Tumbo want Regina to visit Boss and what is the visit about22. Why have many publishers rejected Jusper s works? What does this say about them? 23. How does Tumbo plan to cover up not having conducted a play writing competition? 24. Identify the main themes brought out in this scene25. Identify the aspects of style in this scene26. What do we learn about the character traits of Jusper, Regina and Tumbo from this scene27. Identify the elements of betrayal in this sceneACT TWO:SCENE ONEThe scene begins with two members of a committee formed to plan for the entertainment of a visiting head of state are conversing. |
Tumbo disagrees with the suggestion that the head of stat e visits upcountry to see the projects he supported. Kabito and Mulili disagree on the issue of forcing the drama department of the university to act in the play. Mulili accuses Kabito of calling him primarykid and when Kabito refuses to apologize, Tumbo recommends a one hour break for the members to let off steam. Nicodemo had suggested a three hours break! As the scene ends,Mulili swears at Kabito and issues a chilling threat to him. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE ONE1. Kabito is the first to arrive and sleeps in one of the chairs , what does this symbolize? 2. Where does this scene take place3. Why is kabito asleep and why is he in foul mood4. Why was Mulili given the tender5. Why is Nicodemo against the use of prisoners to entertain the guests? 6. Why is mulili part of this committee7. According to Tumbo what is the role of the committee8. From the set up of the committee explain the theme of cronism9. From the discussion on their payment, what do we learn about the members of this committee10. Mulili says he used Boss to get the tender at the university, what does this tell about leadership in Kafira11. Why are the university students not willing to participate in the entertainment program12. What brings about the conflict between Mulili and Kabito13. Why does the committee go for a break and for how long is the break14. Identify the aspects of style evident in this scene15. Identify the themes in this scene16. Identify and illustrate the character traits of Tumbo, Nicodemo, Mulili and Kabito from this scene17. Identify the elements of betrayal from this scene. SCENE TWODuring the one hour break, Mulili rushes to boss to inform him about Kabito s ill deeds. He finds boss puling grey strands of hair from his head. |
Identify and illustrate the character traits of Tumbo, Nicodemo, Mulili and Kabito from this scene17. Identify the elements of betrayal from this scene. SCENE TWODuring the one hour break, Mulili rushes to boss to inform him about Kabito s ill deeds. He finds boss puling grey strands of hair from his head. He maligns Kabito to boss by telling him that Kabito is a green snake in the grass, has coloured boss name in blood in front of the committee, came to the meeting drunk, was shouting to everybody that boss has denied him the milk tender, says that boss has ruined Kafira s economy by hiding millions in a foreign country and that boss had tried to get Regina by force. This irks boss who accuses Kabito ofsowing seeds of discord among the people. He orders Mulili to do what must be done; to silence Kabito. Mulili is only too glad to do it. In fact, he tells him it is a small matte r having silenced the old couple Nina and Doga REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENE11 P a g eSCENE TWO1. Where is this scene set? 2. Why does Boss boast about his grey hair3. Why has Mulili come to see Boss4. What five allegations does Mulili present against Kabito5. From Mulili s allegation what ills on leadership do we learn about Boss6. Who is Mercedes and what makes her rude to Boss7. What does Boss decide shoud be done against Kabito8. Mulili says that be small. You remember that old couple ? What did Mulili do to the old couple, on whose instructions and for what reason? 9. Identify the themes evident in this scene? 10. Identify the aspects of style evident in this scene11. What are the character traits of Mulili and Kabito from this scene? 12. Identify the elements of betrayal in this sceneSCENE THREENews about boss attempt to rape Regina has reached Jusper who now feels he can t go on with the play as he had earlier on promised Tumbo. The latter warns Jusper that this would be deemed as sabotage, hence would be too dangerous. He is warned that if he makes any mistake, he could end his university studies even after he has already lost one year. |
Identify the elements of betrayal in this sceneSCENE THREENews about boss attempt to rape Regina has reached Jusper who now feels he can t go on with the play as he had earlier on promised Tumbo. The latter warns Jusper that this would be deemed as sabotage, hence would be too dangerous. He is warned that if he makes any mistake, he could end his university studies even after he has already lost one year. Jusperleaves but he doesn t promise boss that he is going to hide the truth. When Tumbo and Nicodemo meet to continue with the meeting after the break they are aware of Kabito s murder but they dare not say anything. Tumbo says they are aware of Kabito s murder but they dare not say anything. Tumbo says they are like caged animals who move but only inside the cage. They pretend not to know anything about the death when Mulili enters. He pretends to be shocked and saddened by Kabito s death which he says was as result of Kabito being under the influence of alcohol. Nicodemo wonders how one can get drunk in the space of one hour and Mulili foolishly says that people said that his breath smelled of spirits. When presses further by Nicodemo who wonders about the mention of breath yet Kabito was dead, Mulili retorts that he didn t say breath but his body smelled whiskies. He goes ahead to say that boss wept when he heard of the death and has already declared one road to be called Kabito road. Nicodemo suggests that they should call off the meeting and wonders whether the day would be counted. Despite thesolemnness of the occasion, the members of the committee seem to be more pre-occupiedwith concerns of seeking avenues of making money. This is a pointer to their greed and materialistic nature. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE THREE1. Where is this scene set? 2. What had happened to Regina, why was it necessary for Regina to meet Boss and what transpired after that3. Why is Boss s wife locked up after the incident? 4. Why does Jusper want to pull out of the programme5. What does Jusper stand to lose if he withdraws from the directing of the play? 6. Why does Tumbo caution Jusper against standing for truth and justice7. What has happened to Kabito during the break8. |
6. Why does Tumbo caution Jusper against standing for truth and justice7. What has happened to Kabito during the break8. What is the cause of Kabito s death according to Mulili9. What do you gather from Mulili s incoherent and apparent confused explanation of Kabito s death10. Explain Tumbo s assertion that like caged animals , we move,but only inside the cage 11. Why is the meeting called off? 12. How do the other committee members express their respet for the dead Kabito13. Nicodemo asks whether they will be paid for that day, what does that tellus about hischaracter14. Identify the themes evident in this scene15. Identify the aspects of style used in this scene16. Identify the character traits of Jusper, Tumbo, Mulili and Nicodemo from this scene17. Identify the elements of betrayal from this sceneSCENE FOURTHE REHEARSALThe stage is set for the final rehearsal of the play meant to entertain the visiting head of state. Tumbo wants everything to go on well as he fears to disappoint boss who is already in a foul mood. Boss, has, as a result of his bad temper, locked up his wife in the palace cell. Jusper informs Tumbo that all will go on well and that Mosese was cooperative during the previous night s rehearsal. Jusper says that he is in the play because he realized that the problems of kafira cannot be solved by isolation. According to him, if the play succeeds, he will have demonstrated that determination is greater in worth than numbers. Tumbo would prefer thatboss doesn t know that the play is written by Jusper who hopes that the release of a few prisoners, after the success of the play, will change Kafira. Jusper is able to see the hypocrisy of the ruling elite. The release of a few prisoners is meant to improve the image of Kafira to the eyes of the world. This according to him is only the truth. Boss joins them in the preparation of the rehearsal and Jusper tells him the play is about an army cadet who is promoted to the rank of captain within six months of enrolment. Duringthe pass-out parade he shoots his colleague accidentally because he doesn t know how to handle a gun. |
This according to him is only the truth. Boss joins them in the preparation of the rehearsal and Jusper tells him the play is about an army cadet who is promoted to the rank of captain within six months of enrolment. Duringthe pass-out parade he shoots his colleague accidentally because he doesn t know how to handle a gun. It is later realised that he is not a relative of the army commander as it had been thought. As the rehearsal starts, Boss volunteers to read the part of the chief of staff since the prisoner who had been allocated the role could not be present as he had stomach troubles. He also orders askari to untie the hands of Jere and Mosese so that they can join the rehearsal, Mosese the junior soldier argues with Jere the captain over which gun is shorter than the other; a. 32 or a 28. They go to their chief of staff boss to help unravel the mystery. He tells them to each take a gun and show it to him. The guns are now in the hands of Jere and Mosese! Their plan has succeeded. On realizing that he has been tricked, boss shouts to the guards but Jere tells him he has no guards. Jusper thinks that boss is dead and is about to go and design a coffin but is stopped by Mosese who tell boss to see what he had done to Jusper. Because of fear, Mulili betrays boss. He says that boss ought to be killed because he has taken everything in his hands, has spoiled Kafira s economy, and has ruled for too long and killed Kabito. Boss cannot stand the betrayal so he tells Jere to shoot him. Jere tells boss that their interest is not to see human blood but to provide a mirror for Kafira to reflect the real faces of Kafira s front men. He says that they must also learn to sacrifice themselves for a better future. Mosese says that their achievement is largely because of the inefficiency of Tumbo. Jere gives boss the gun that he can shoot him Jere but boss declines. Jusper then takes the gun and shoots Mulili dead. He says that he did it for Kafira. Before the play ends, the ghosts of Doga and Nina enter the stage. Mulili s death seems to have appeased Doga and Nina. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE FOUR1. |
Before the play ends, the ghosts of Doga and Nina enter the stage. Mulili s death seems to have appeased Doga and Nina. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE FOUR1. Where is this scene set2. Why is Boss s wife locked up? 3. What is the level of preparedness for the presentation of the play4. Tumbo doesn t know what the play is even about, what does this tell us about him5. Why was Jusper thown out of his position as student leader why does Tumbo suggest that they keep the fact that Jusper is the writer of the play a secret? 6. Jusper says that he doesn t want the prisoners to come from the prison into another prison, what does this tell us about the society of Kafira7. What warning does Boss give to Jusper for the university students8. Why is Boss scornful of the university students9. What did Boss do as a reaction to the students protest on employment of expatriates10. According to Jusper s explanation to Boss what is the play the prisoners are going to present about? 11. Jusper s play within a play exposes the character traits of several characters. Identify and explain them12. Why does Boss offer himself for the position of chief of staff and what happened to the one supposed to take that role13. Why are the prisoners given real guns and what does this tell us about the state officials14. Give a synopsis of the play the prisoners enact15. How do the prisoners manage to take over the government16. Why does Mulili try to escape17. How does Mulili betray Boss and what allegations does he present against Boss18. Why is Boss spared and Mulili killed19. After killing Mulili, Jusper says I did it for Kafira, I did it for all of you people what is the meaning of this statement20. What is the significance of the reappearance of Doga and Nina and their freezing as they point at Mulili s body at the end of the play. 21. Identify the stylistic devices used in this scene22. Identify the elements of betrayal in this sceneTHEMESBETRAYALBetrayal is the act of being disloyal or being deceitful towards someone. Its about going against the trust that someone has on another. |
Identify the stylistic devices used in this scene22. Identify the elements of betrayal in this sceneTHEMESBETRAYALBetrayal is the act of being disloyal or being deceitful towards someone. Its about going against the trust that someone has on another. The head of state in Kafira Boss has betrayed the people s trust in him. He is supposed to protect the country s sovereignty by creating job opportunities for his subjects, but instead hehas facilitated the influx of expatriate personnel into the country. When the university students protest he deliberately sends in an order for three hundred more expatriate personnel. Under his rule , sycophancy, cronyism, corruption, nepotism, and persecution of perceived opponents have become the order of the day. He orders the killing of Kabito. He is also responsible for the death of Doga and Nina as well as the arrest of Mosese, Askari says .....we calculated that two mature strokes would ease the tension. It worked perfectly. This is where the research stations come in, pg 19 Appointments are not based on merit. According to Tumbo, membership of the entertainment committee is based on the appointees unflinching loyalty to Boss who buys loyalty by handsomely rewarding individuals. For instance, Mulili is rewarded with acres of land and grade cattle. Another incident of betrayal is when Kabito, a fellow member of the entertainment committee is betrayed to Boss by Mulili. Mulili comes up with fictitious reasons for getting rid of Kabito. The allegations are outrageous to say the least. He says that Kabito has complained that Boss has robbed him of the milk tender, he has ruined the economy, he hides millions in foreign countries, and that he tried to get Regina by force. In fact, Mulili should be the green snake on the grass that her refers to. By having Kabito killed, he betrays both men. Mulili betrays his colleague, Jere who gets arrested because he opposed the farmer s brutality towards Doga and Nina, A part from his name-calling and callous nature; he gets Jere into trouble when all he wanted to do was to assist the old couple. Boss betrays the trust Regina has for him. Regina honours her meeting with Boss since she believes hw the only one who can secure the release of her brother Mosese. |
Mulili betrays his colleague, Jere who gets arrested because he opposed the farmer s brutality towards Doga and Nina, A part from his name-calling and callous nature; he gets Jere into trouble when all he wanted to do was to assist the old couple. Boss betrays the trust Regina has for him. Regina honours her meeting with Boss since she believes hw the only one who can secure the release of her brother Mosese. Unfortunately,Boss forcefully tries to get her and she is forced to escape by jumping out of a ten foot high window. Mosese thinks that it would be an act of betrayal for Regina to plead for his release. Pleading to Boss for mercy would mean that he is guilty yet he is not. According to Mosese acting is tantamount to betraying their cause. He further argues that they are out to cause chang e inKafira and even silence to him is a weapon. REVENGEMany characters are seen to be involved in various actions against each other in an attempt to avenge wrongs done against themJusper avenges the death of his brother Adika by killing Chagaga the sub chief s brother the man who had apparently killed Adika by shooting him four times. Jere tells Jusper s parents that people had seen him drag the body to the river pg 12Jere pleads with Mulili to allow the old couple continue with the ceremony. Mulilivehemently refuses and even imitates a priest s burial liturgy an action that infuriates Jere who chases him away and even threatens to shot him. Mulili threatens him that he shall pay for his actions and true to his words Jere s put behind bars. After killing Chagaga and being put behind bars, Jusper s parents are found dead an indication that someone had further avenged the killing of Chagaga. Jusper further says, I will revenge someday pg 33 to which we see him killing Mulli at the end of the play who must have been involved in the killings. During the meeting by the committee organizing for the entertainment for the visiting dignitary, there is a quarrel and bitter exchange over an apparent misunderstanding betweenKabito and Mulili. Muili reports Kabito to Boss with many false allegations and this leads to the killing of Kabito. At the end of the play Jusper is seen shooting Mulili dead. |
During the meeting by the committee organizing for the entertainment for the visiting dignitary, there is a quarrel and bitter exchange over an apparent misunderstanding betweenKabito and Mulili. Muili reports Kabito to Boss with many false allegations and this leads to the killing of Kabito. At the end of the play Jusper is seen shooting Mulili dead. His is because Mulili is a symbol of the ills that have affected the state of Kafira. In fact Jusper says on p74 that I did it for Kafira THE ROLE OF THE ELITESThe elites in any society should be actively involved in emancipating their societies from downfall especially occasioned by poor leadership. The same happens in the state of Kafira through various characters. The university students led by Adika are seen demonstrating against the influx of expatriates in the country. This is because this has been the leading cause of unemployment. This however leads to the death of Adika but it s important to notice that they had expressed their misgivings against the government. Through Mosese we also find that the elites are almost giving up on the government and even turning their backs to the going ons in the state. This is seen in Mosese s words when askedwhy he is showing his back to Jere and the askari to which he answers I have no front. However, we see him speaking out his mind against the oppression I the state which leads to his imprisonment on trumped up charges. Mosese in his trance dream agrees to participate in the play together with Jere another elite. It is evident that it is through their role in the play that they manage to bring order to the state of Kafira by ousting and killing the evil element in government in Mulili. Jusper an elite is actively involved in ousting the oppressive regime it is he who writes the controversial play through which they overthrow the government. It is him still who shoots Mulili the evil element and hence hope for Kafira as he says at the end of the play that, I did it for Kafira. I did it for all of you people. Pg 74CORRUPTIONThe government officials are corrupt through and through. The head of state boss putsMulili, a cousin of jis, in a senior government position so that he can inform him on every intricate detail in the government. |
You need a tall relative to get anything these days pg 27 only those with relatives working in the government can survive in this state. While the entertainment committee meets Nicodemo tries to find out about what they will make out of it. He asks..... what size of potato per hour? He is also interested in finding out how many days they would use. How many working days..... Kabito suggest that they should meet every day until the visiting head of state arrives and even after the visit. Government officials are corrupt. Each is thinking of how to amass wealth. Mulili is granted the milk tender because he is boss cousin. It is not given to those that qualified. Kabito is corrupt. He spends the whole night trying to bribe the tendering committee yet he lost the tender. He says .....I spent the whole of last night being nice to people. To get money in this state in this state one doesn t have to be educated, One must have brains to this of unscrupulous ways of getting money. Tumbo tells Jusper on pg 50 ..........you need a different kind of this. LACK OF TRUTH AND JUSTICEThere is an inherent fear of speaking the truth a-in the entire play thus leading to miscarriage of Justice. Those who have spoken the truth have not lived to see their tomorrow but have been brutally exterminated like vermin. A case in point is Adika, a student leader who is shot dead to silence the students who are protesting about the influx of expatriate personnel into the country. A Young man s life is sobrutally brought to an abrupt end because he chooses to purse the truth in order to attain justice for the greater good of Kafira state. The student s lecturer decides to speak the truth during the burial by telling the politicians off when they decide to place restrictions on the mourners. But because speaking one s mind is not a crime, they plant a drug, one kilogram of opium in his car and get him imprisoned, This is a serious case of intolerance and miscarriage of justice. Doga and Nina are murdered in their own hut because they dared challenge one of Boss; closest advisers, Mulili, who is also his relative. They intended to carry out a simple shaving ceremony by the graveside of their murdered son but Mulili declared it a government property. |
Individuals are forced to take law into their hands since justice favours those connected to those in power. Jusper kills Chagaga in order to avenge the killing if his brother Adika. Chagaga happens to be the sub-chief s brother. Mulili says All small murders get arrested. Like Jusper faces the full brunt of the law while big murderers like Mulili get away scot free due to political patronage. The fact that Boss relies on the likes of Mulili, Tumbo, Kabito and Nicodemo to render good and sustainable opinion and advice to the government tells the extent of the rot in this system. Mulili is barely coherent and there are lots of inconsistencies in his utterances. He is a liar and a cheat, a fraud who any right thinking leader should distance himself from. Tumbo,Kabito and Nicodemo only think about their daily allowances and are determined to meet as long as it takes in order to reap as much. Tumbo s remark at the end of the play puts what ails the state in plain terms, I am truly sorry, but I am not entirely to blame, I was trained, but given the wrong job . Pg 74 This remark points an accusing finger at the appointing authority. The likes of Mulili should not be in government. Mulili uses his relationship with Boss to secure tenders and amass wealth. He manages to reverse the termination of his tender by soliciting assistance from boss. Nicodemo says thatMulili bullied his way into securing the university tender pg 51 Appointments to government positions are based on one s closeness to Boss. Tumbo tells members of the entertainment committee, I trust gentlemen that you know why you sit on this committee. You were nominated for one reason: Your unflinching support for our government pg 52-53 It is evident that Mulili, Tumbo, Kabito and Nicodemo are Boss sycophants. Mulili s unflinching support for Boss is rewarded with farm land and grade cattle. Tumbo is mandated to organize a play writing competition but instead declares Jusper the winner of proposed play writing competition one third would go to Jusper and Regina and the other two thirds will be used to put the records straight. FEAR SUSPICIONFear is the unpleasant feeling caused by the possibility of danger or evil. |
Regina fears going to see Boss to plead for Mosese s release because she is afraid of him. She fears that something will go wrong if he see her. Regina fears for Juspers safety. She pleads with him to stop clashing with the authorities. She tells him, Jusper, no good will come out of this struggle. Like you I only have two close friends left in this world. You and my brother, but my brother is inside. If anything should go wrong, we ll be wiped out. Pg 34 Mulili is threatened by Jusper and Mosese at the end of the play to a point of denying having any close relationship with Boss. He is fearful that he might he killed but sure enough he is shot dead. Earlier he had intended to sneak out purportedly to go for a call of nature. The head of state is shocked by the turn of events and fears that all evils will be exposed by the prisoners. He begs to be killed. He would rather face death than the consequences of his deeds. When Nicodemo suggests that Kabito should report the issue of losing his tender, Kabito remarks that reporting Mulili to Boss is tantamount to digging one s own grave. When Kabito questions Mulili s presence on the committee, Tumbo says that Kabito should know better than that and in any case, the question was not in the agenda. Tumbo and Nicodemo know that Mulili is responsible for Kabito s death but they cannot dare say anything. Like caged animals, we move, but only inside the cage. Pg 62 HYPOCRISYHypocrisy refers to pretence that one has qualities, beliefs or feelings that they do not really have. Prisoners are taking part in the play to entertain the visiting head of state to show national unity. The government is trying to show the impression that prisoners are actively involved in nation building. This may have not been the case earlier since Nicodemo says they are now being treated as if they do not belong to this world. The main reason for Boss decision to have the prisoners take part in the play is to potray the country in positive light to ensure foreign investment. A successful visit will make it possible for the role of the negotiators to be heard. Mulili pretends to be shocked by the news that Kabito is dead. |
The main reason for Boss decision to have the prisoners take part in the play is to potray the country in positive light to ensure foreign investment. A successful visit will make it possible for the role of the negotiators to be heard. Mulili pretends to be shocked by the news that Kabito is dead. He informs Tumbo and Nicodemo that Kabito has been involved in a fatal accident during the one hour break. He pretends to be saddened by the news. He claims that the accident was caused by the victim driving under the influence of alcohol. He further claims that Boss was in tears when he heard of Kabito s death and that he had declared that a road be named after Kabito. Pg 63 By criticizing the excesses of Boss, Tumbo is being hypocritical since he is a beneficiary of Boss and his government. Tumbo seems to be making an attempt to distance himself from Boss when he says, Things will change; Boss is not at all bad at heart. His main problem isthat he gets scared off too easily. Pg 44 As a result of his loyalty he is made the chairman of the committee mandated to organize for the entertainment of a visiting head of state. He also owns apartments courtesy of Boss. Tumbo pretends to be doing Regina a favour by introducing her to Boss yet he knows his Boss ridiculous weakness for women. When she gets into trouble and jumps out of a tenfeet high window, he belatedly says he will apologize to her. He pretends to be sorry forRegina while all along he had known what Boss was up to. Tumbo claims to be a socialist at heart and says he could have written the play for the entertainment of the visiting Head of State himself but decides to extend this opportunity to someone else. Tumbo, you have not done badly, why don t you lead the pack of them ..show them light, eat and let eat. Pg 44 Boss claims to understand truth and justice, while in fact, he least does. He alleges that the rioting students and the dissenting lecturers have no idea what truth and justice are all about. This hypocrisy is self-serving in the sense that he intends to suppress their freedom of expression to create an opportunity to gain from foreign governments. Mulili misreports Kabito to Boss for allegedly maligning Boss reputation yet his real intention is to have Kabito punished for opposing him during the meeting. |
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