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Sir Josiah Henry Symon (27 September 184629 March 1934) was an Australian lawyer and politician. He was a Senator for South Australia from 1901 to 1913 and Attorney-General of Australia from 1904 to 1905.
Symon was born in Wick, Caithness, Scotland. He immigrated to South Australia in 1866 and became one of the colony's leading barristers. He was appointed Attorney-General of South Australia in 1881, serving only a few months, and won election to the Parliament of South Australia in the same year. Symon supported the federation movement and won election to the Senate at the 1901 federal election. He served as Attorney-General in the Reid government (1904–1905). After his death he donated his extensive personal collection to the State Library of South Australia.
Early life
Symon was born in Wick, a town in the county of Caithness in the Scottish Highlands, in 1846. He was educated at Stirling High School, where he was the dux in 1862, before attending the Free Church Training College in Edinburgh. His brother, David Symon, was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia. He was a distant cousin of Magnus Cormack, who was also born in Wick and served as President of the Senate in the 1970s.
In 1866 he emigrated to South Australia and was employed as an articled clerk with his cousin, J. D. Sutherland, a solicitor in the city of Mount Gambier. The leader of the South Australian Bar Association at the time (and a future Chief Justice of South Australia), Samuel Way, noticed Symon's work and invited him to join his firm. Symon, having completed his studies, was called to the bar in 1871, and admitted to practice as a barrister. In 1872, after the death of one of the partners at Way's firm, Symon became a partner alongside Way. In 1876, Way was appointed as a judge, and Symon bought out his part of the business.
Colonial politics
In March 1881, Symon was made Attorney-General of South Australia in the Morgan government, although at the time he had not been elected to the Parliament of South Australia. He was elected as the member for Sturt in the South Australian House of Assembly several weeks later. However, the Morgan government lost power on 24 June of that year, and Symon lost his position as Attorney-General. Later in 1881, Symon was made a Queen's Counsel, and on 8 December of that year he married Mary Cowle, with whom he was to have five sons and seven daughters. In 1884, Symon was offered a judicial position, but he declined to accept it. He travelled to England in 1886, and was offered a nomination for a seat in the British House of Commons, however he declined this opportunity also. In 1887, after returning to Australia, he lost his seat in the South Australian parliament.
He was a highly effective and ruthless advocate: in 1889 he successfully prosecuted the William Hutchison libel case against J. B. Mather and George Ash of The Narracoorte Herald. In his highly technical argument he succeeded in having evidence from Hansard and Crown Law documents ruled as inadmissible. Ash (who conducted his own defence) then turned to politics and law, and after his untimely death received glowing tributes from Symon.
Symon was an ardent supporter of the cause of Federation, and frustrated by the apathy the question commonly received in South Australia. He successfully stood as a candidate for the Australasian Federal Convention of 1897-8, and was on the side of the majority in 71 percent of its divisions; a higher percentage than the great bulk of delegates. In the subsequent struggle to win the support of the electorate for the proposed federal constitution, he was a significant behind the scenes player, sought out by Alfred Deakin, for example, to arrange funding for Federationist candidates in the NSW general election of 1898. Symon was knighted on the day of the proclamation of the new Commonwealth.
Federal politics
Symon stood for election to the Australian Senate at the 1901 election for the Free Trade Party, and was placed first overall by the voters of South Australia. He was made leader of the opposition in the Senate, and was a leader within the Free Trade Party on tariff policy. After being elected to the Parliament, he stood down from his position as a member of the council of the University of Adelaide, a position he had held since 1897. In 1902, he was involved as the defense council in the highly publicised murder of Bertha Schippan trial. At the 1903 election he again topped the poll for the Senate in South Australia. When the High Court of Australia was created in late 1903, Symon was mentioned in the press as a possible judge of the court, although ultimately he was not appointed. From August 1904 to July 1905 he was the Attorney-General of Australia in the Reid Ministry.
Symon was renowned as a tough and uncompromising politician. He has been described as both an "eloquent and emotional speaker" and often "abrasive and argumentative." Late in 1904, Symon was involved in a dispute with the judges of the High Court. In the court's early years, its official home was a courtroom in Melbourne, although it often sat at the court in the Sydney suburb of Darlinghurst. Justices Barton and O'Connor lived in Sydney, but Chief Justice of Australia Sir Samuel Griffith lived in Brisbane, and took a two-day train ride to attend each sitting in Melbourne. When Griffith asked for some bookshelves to be installed in the Darlinghurst courthouse, so that his law library might be moved from his offices in Brisbane, Symon criticised Griffith for holding any sittings outside Melbourne, and began intrusive inspections of the judges' travel expenses. Prime Minister George Reid tried to intervene, and Griffith even took the extraordinary step of delaying scheduled sittings early in 1905. The stand-off was resolved when the Reid government left power, and the new Attorney-General (and future Chief Justice) Isaac Isaacs permitted the judges to travel. Later, in 1930, when Symon was president of the Adelaide branch of the Royal Empire Society, he was an outspoken opponent of James Scullin's nomination of Isaacs as Governor-General of Australia.
After visiting the future site of Canberra in August 1906, Symon joined those supporting it as the location of the national capital, stating that "the site seems to me an ideal one".
In 1909, when the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party merged to form the Commonwealth Liberal Party, Symon was one of a small group of politicians who did not join, instead remaining in Parliament as an independent. Symon did not hold any other ministerial positions, and eventually left the Senate after losing his seat in the 1913 election. He continued to practice as a barrister until his retirement in 1923 at the age of seventy-seven.
Death and recognition
Symon died in 1934, and was given a state funeral. He was survived by his wife, his five sons and five of his seven daughters. In addition to bequeathing his library, Symon also left money for the establishment of scholarships at the University of Sydney, Scotch College in Adelaide and Stirling High School, which he had attended in his youth.
The Canberra suburb of Symonston is named for him.
The Lady Symon Building, designed by Woods, Bagot, Jory and Laybourne-Smith and built in 1927 as part of the Union Buildings at the University of Adelaide, was named after his wife.
Philanthropy
Symon was a lover of history and literature, and was nominated as a founding member of the Parliamentary Library Committee, which oversees the Parliament of Australia Parliamentary Library. Symon, along with Tasmanian Senator John Keating, who was also on the committee, suggested that historical documents relating to Australia but kept in the United Kingdom be brought to Australia. In 1907 he visited the Public Record Office in London while on a holiday, and campaigned for the logbooks of Captain James Cook's ships HM Bark Endeavour and HMS Resolution to be brought to Australia, in the same way that the log of the Mayflower had been taken to Boston in the United States. Though unsuccessful, Symon continued the campaign on his return to Australia, and in 1909 moved a resolution in the Senate to call for the logs to be brought to Australia. Although the logs were never given to Australia, the original copy of the Constitution of Australia was brought to Australia in 1990, after campaigning by Prime Minister Bob Hawke in a tradition which historians link to Symon.
Symon had a massive personal collection of approximately ten thousand books, which he ultimately bequeathed to the State Library of South Australia. He had already donated his collection of law texts to the Law School at the University of Adelaide in 1924. Symon also wrote and published a number of books, including Shakespeare at Home, published in 1905, and Shakespeare the Englishman, published in 1929. Some of Symon's lectures on Shakespeare were published in pamphlet form.
References
1846 births
1934 deaths
People educated at Stirling High School
Free Trade Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Australian King's Counsel
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Attorneys-General of Australia
Attorneys-General of South Australia
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate for South Australia
Independent members of the Parliament of Australia
Scottish emigrants to colonial Australia
People from Wick, Caithness
20th-century Australian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah%20Symon |
Kurt Schottenheimer (born October 1, 1949) is an American former football coach who was a position coach and coordinator at the college and professional levels for almost 40 years. During his National Football League (NFL) career, Schottenheimer coached with the Cleveland Browns, Kansas City Chiefs, San Francisco 49ers, Washington Redskins and Detroit Lions, and finished as the head coach for the Virginia Destroyers of the United Football League.
College
Schottenheimer was a junior college All-American quarterback at Coffeyville Community College, and led the nation in passing as a sophomore. The following year, he transferred to the University of Miami, where he started for his remaining two seasons at defensive back. Schottenheimer was inducted into Coffeyville's athletic Hall of Fame in 2000.
Coaching career
Collegiate coaching
Schottenheimer then pursued a coaching career in the college ranks, working as the defensive coordinator for William Paterson University in 1974, the linebackers and defensive backs coach at Michigan State from 1978 to 1982, at Tulane as the defensive backs coach in 1983, then as a linebackers coach for LSU from 1984 to 1985 and with Notre Dame in 1986.
Professional coaching
Schottenheimer's successful work at the college level interested NFL teams, and he was hired by the Cleveland Browns in 1987, to be their special teams coordinator. He then accepted the same position with the Kansas City Chiefs in 1989, and remained there until 1994. Following his productive run leading the Chiefs special teams, he went on to coach Kansas City's defensive backs from 1995 to 1998, before being promoted to defensive coordinator in 1999.
Schottenheimer spent three more seasons as a defensive coordinator in the NFL, serving one year with the Washington Redskins (2001) and two seasons with the Detroit Lions (2002–2003). He then served as the secondary coach in Green Bay from 2006 until 2008. It marked Schottenheimer's second stint with the Packers, having coached defensive backs for the team in 2004, before spending one year as the secondary coach for the St. Louis Rams (2005).
Schottenheimer was hired by Head Coach Mike Singletary to be the San Francisco 49ers' special teams coordinator for the 2010 season. He was dismissed at the conclusion of the season following the team's firing of Singletary. After this, he joined his older brother, Marty Schottenheimer at the new Virginia Destroyers franchise of the United Football League.
In September 2012, just prior to the start of the 2012 UFL season, Schottenheimer was named as his brother's successor as head coach of the Destroyers. However, the league suspended operations during the season, and the Destroyers ended the shortened season with a 1–3 record.
Head coaching record
Personal life
Schottenheimer is a graduate of Fort Cherry High School. He and his wife, the former Colleen Duffey, have two daughters, Steele and Sloane. His older brother Marty was head coach for four NFL teams, most notably the Kansas City Chiefs, and was his predecessor as head coach of the Virginia Destroyers of the United Football League, where Kurt previously served as a volunteer defensive assistant; Marty died in 2021. His nephew, Brian Schottenheimer, is currently a coaching analyst for the Dallas Cowboys.
References
1949 births
Living people
American football defensive backs
American football quarterbacks
Cleveland Browns coaches
Coffeyville Red Ravens football players
Detroit Lions coaches
Green Bay Packers coaches
LSU Tigers football coaches
Miami Hurricanes football players
Michigan State Spartans football coaches
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football coaches
United Football League (2009–2012) head coaches
Virginia Destroyers coaches
William Paterson Pioneers football coaches
Washington Redskins coaches
National Football League defensive coordinators
People from McDonald, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20Schottenheimer |
Broken Bow High School may refer to:
Broken Bow High School (Broken Bow, Nebraska)
Broken Bow High School (Broken Bow, Oklahoma), Broken Bow, Oklahoma | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken%20Bow%20High%20School |
The Indonesian island of Sumatra is located in a highly seismic area of the world. In addition to the subduction zone off the west coast of the island, Sumatra also has a large strike-slip fault, the Great Sumatran Fault also known as Semangko Fault, running the entire length of the island. This fault zone accommodates most of the strike-slip motion associated with the oblique convergence between the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. The fault ends in the north just below the city of Banda Aceh, which was devastated in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. After the December 2004 earthquake, pressure on the Great Sumatran Fault has increased tremendously, especially in the north.
Geologic significance
The Great Sumatran Fault is part of the system where strain partitioning was first described in plate tectonics. The convergence between the Indo-Australian Plate and the Sunda Plate is not perpendicular to the plate boundary in this region. Instead, the two plates move at an oblique angle. Most of the convergent strain is accommodated by thrust motion at the plate boundary "megathrust" fault that defines the Sunda Trench. But the oblique motion (the part of the plate motion parallel to the plate boundary) is accommodated by the Great Sumatran Fault, which runs along the volcanic Sunda Arc.
The area between the main plate boundary thrust fault and the Great Sumatran fault forms a "sliver plate" that includes the entire offshore forearc, forearc islands, and the portion of Sumatra west of the Great Sumatran Fault. This sliver plate is not a single rigid bloc, and the details of its internal deformation are under active investigation.
Earthquakes
Listed from northwest to southeast:
April 2, 1964: Mw 7.0 event near the northern tip of Sumatra and the city Banda Aceh.
September 19, 1936: Mw 7.2 event (3.685°N 97.535°E)
March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes: Doublet earthquakes of moment magnitude 6.4 and 6.3 two hours apart northeast of Lake Singkarak.
2022 Sumatra earthquake: A magnitude 6.2 earthquake damaged dozens of homes, offices and a school. Six killed and 32 injured. Felt in Malaysia and Singapore.
1926 Padang Panjang earthquakes: Doublet earthquake measuring 6.7 and 6.4. At least 411 people killed.
1943 Alahan Panjang earthquakes: Doublet earthquakes of moment magnitude 7.2 and 7.5 occurred within 7 hours of each other on June 8 and 9 southeast of Lake Singkarak.
1995 Kerinci earthquake: Moment magnitude 6.8 earthquake, killed at least 84 people and caused 1,868 injuries.
1994 Liwa earthquake: 7.0 Mw event caused 207 deaths near the southern tip of Sumatra.
1933 Sumatra earthquake: Mw 7.6 event (5.226°S 104.596°E) southern of Sumatra. More than 76 people killed and extensive damage. Two towns destroyed.
See also
Ring of Fire
References
Further reading
External links
Great Sumatran Fault
Seismic faults of Southeast Asia
Geology of Indonesia
Strike-slip faults
Seismic faults of Indonesia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Sumatran%20fault |
Chol HaMoed (), a Hebrew phrase meaning "mundane of the festival", refers to the intermediate days of Passover and Sukkot. As the name implies, these days mix features of chol (mundane) and moed (festival).
On Passover, Chol HaMoed consists of the second day through to the sixth day of the holiday (the third through to the sixth in the Diaspora). On Sukkot, Chol HaMoed consists of the second day through to the seventh day (the third through to the seventh in the Diaspora).
Although it has a unique name, Hoshanah Rabbah, the seventh day of Sukkot, is part of Chol HaMoed. Prayer services that day combine some usual practices of Chol HaMoed with practices of both Yom Tov and the High Holy Days.
General concepts
Chol HaMoed combines features of weekday (Chol) and festival (Moed).
Weekday (Chol)
Work
On weekdays during Chol HaMoed the usual restrictions that apply to the Biblical Jewish holidays are relaxed, but not entirely eliminated. For example, work that would normally be prohibited on the festival would be allowed to prevent financial loss or if the results of the work are needed for the festival itself. Work for public need is also allowed. If one has the ability to take vacation from work without financial loss during those days, he or she is normally required to do so. Many tasks such as laundry washing, hair cutting and shaving are to be avoided except in some circumstances.
Prayers. Prayers on weekdays during Chol HaMoed are based on the weekday order of prayers, not the festival order of prayers.
Festival (Moed)
The principal customs of the respective festivals continue throughout the festival:
Use of matzo and avoidance of products with leavening (chametz) on Passover
Dwelling in the sukkah (every day) and use of the Four Species (except on the Sabbath) on Sukkot
Another special addition was the Musaf offering in the Temple in Jerusalem
Four people, instead of the weekday three, are called to the Torah
In the Temple, an extra sacrifice, called Korban Musaf, was brought.
Ya'aleh v'Yavo is added to the Amidah and Birkat HaMazon on these days. Hallel and Mussaf prayers are said on these days, as on Yom Tov, although on Chol Hamoed of Passover, an abridged form of Hallel is recited. Hoshanot are recited on Sukkot. The tachanun prayer is omitted.
On weekdays during Chol HaMoed there are four aliyot at the Torah reading in synagogue, as opposed to the standard three of weekdays, pointing to the festive nature of Chol HaMoed.
Tefillin
On weekdays during Chol HaMoed, there are variant customs regarding whether tefillin should be worn, reflecting the dual nature of the day. Many streams of Ashkenazi Jews and Yemenite Jews do wear them (as on weekdays) as well as those following the non-Hasidic Lithuanian tradition. Sephardic Jews, Ashkenazi followers of the Vilna Gaon and most Chassidim, or those with Hasidic ancestry, do not (as on festivals). However, in some Hasidic communities, such as Sanz, Bobov Sanzklausenbarg, and many in Satmar, men who were never married (known as bachurim) - or in some communities until the age of eighteen when considered of marriageable age - do wear tefillin; in all Hasidic communities (with the exception of some of those who never really accepted Hasidic custom such as Erlau) married (or formerly married) men do not wear tefillin during Chol HaMoed. In the United States, and most of the Diaspora, both customs are widely seen in practice. In Israel however, the customs of the Vilna Gaon have a stronger influence, so few Jews in Israel wear tefillin on Chol HaMoed, and most of those who do only do so privately before public prayer services unless they go to a minyan that does; nevertheless, in recent years a number of "tefillin minyanim" have started in Israel.
Among those who do wear tefillin on Chol HaMoed, some omit or recite the blessings, depending on one's ancestral custom. Most of those who wear tefillin on Chol HaMoed remove the tefillin before Hallel out of respect for the festive nature of Chol HaMoed which is especially palpable during the recitation of Hallel. The exception to this practice is the third day of Passover, when the Torah reading (which follows Hallel) discusses the mitzvah of tefillin, so many only remove the tefillin after the Torah reading is completed and the Torah scroll has been returned to the Ark.
Shabbos Chol HaMoed
Shabbos Chol HaMoed or Shabbat Chol HaMoed, a Sabbath that occurs during Chol HaMoed, is observed like any other Sabbath in almost every respect. In particular, the usual restrictions on work apply fully, as on any other Sabbath.
Shabbos Chol Hamoed differs from an "ordinary" Sabbath in the following ways:
Prayers:
In most Eastern Ashkenazic communities, Kabbalat Shabbat is abbreviated. In many Western Ashkenazic and Sephardic communities, it is recited as normal.
Ya'aleh v'Yavo (as throughout Chol HaMoed)
Hallel (as throughout Chol HaMoed)
According to Ashkenazi custom, reading of Song of Songs on Passover or Ecclesiastes on Sukkot
Torah Reading: seven aliyot as usual, but the Weekly Torah portion and Haftarah are replaced by readings particular to the Festival
Mussaf for the Festival (as throughout Chol HaMoed) replaces that for an "ordinary" Sabbath, with additions for the Sabbath
On Sukkot: Most communities recite Hoshanot (as throughout Sukkot, but without using the Four Species nor removing Torah scrolls from the Ark); however, the practice of some of the Gaonim, and adopted by the Vilna Gaon and Chabad is not to recite Hoshanot at all on Shabbat.
Meals: Use of matzo instead of regular bread on Passover; meals eaten in the sukkah on Sukkot.
See also
Isru chag refers to the day after each of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals.
Mimouna, a traditional North African Jewish celebration held the day after Passover.
Pesach Sheni, is exactly one month after 14 Nisan.
Purim Katan is when during a Jewish leap year Purim is celebrated during Adar II so that the 14th of Adar I is then called Purim Katan.
Shushan Purim falls on Adar 15 and is the day on which Jews in Jerusalem celebrate Purim.
Yom Kippur Katan is a practice observed by some Jews on the day preceding each Rosh Chodesh or New-Moon Day.
Yom tov sheni shel galuyot refers to the observance of an extra day of Jewish holidays outside of the land of Israel.
References
External links
Maimonides discusses Chol HaMoed towards the end of Hilkhot Shevitat Yom Tov, part of his 12th-century Mishneh Torah. A 1993 English translation and commentary are available for free online. See 6:22–24, chapter 7, and chapter 8.
Rabbi Eliezer Melamed Melakha on Ḥol Ha-mo’ed in Peninei Halakha
Hallel
Hebrew names of Jewish holy days
Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law
Nisan observances
Passover
Sukkot
Tishrei observances | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chol%20HaMoed |
The Steyr M is a series of semi-automatic pistols developed by Steyr Mannlicher GmbH & Co KG of Austria for police services and the civilian shooting market. Design work on the new pistol began in the early 1990s and the final product known as the M9 (adapted to fire the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge) was officially unveiled in the spring of 1999. The M40 version chambered in .40 S&W was developed before the M9, followed later by the M357 (chambered in .357 SIG) and two smaller variants of the M9 and M40 designated the S9 and S40 respectively. These pistols were developed primarily for concealed carry and have a shortened barrel, slide, smaller frame and a reduced magazine capacity. In 2013, the Steyr M (Medium) and S (Small) form factors were complemented by the L (Large) sized series and the C (Compact) sized series both available in 9×19mm Parabellum and .40 S&W chamberings as the L9-A1, L40-A1, C9-A1 and C40-A1.
Design details
Design on the Steyr M began in 1999 by Friedrich Aigner and Wilhelm Bubits. Steyr wanted to take advantage of recent advancements in manufacturing techniques. The slide is precision-milled from steel; and coated in a tenifer finish. The frame is an injection-molded synthetic polymer and parts of the trigger and striker mechanisms are pressed from sheet metal. The Steyr M series uses a very high grip profile which holds the barrel axis close to the shooter's hand and makes the Steyr M more comfortable to shoot by reducing muzzle rise and allowing for faster aim recovery in rapid shooting sequence. Hammerless and striker-fired, the Steyr M features a double action only (DAO) pre-set trigger mechanism marketed as a "Reset Action" trigger. When the trigger is in the forward position, the firing pin spring remains lightly compressed (pre-cocked by the forward motion of the slide as it returns to battery). Pulling the trigger all the way to the back will compress the firing pin spring completely, draw the firing pin fully to the rear and position the trigger bar to release the firing pin and fire a round. The trigger travel is with a pull weight of .
The Steyr M series of pistols employs the mechanically locked Browning short recoil method of operation with a linkless, vertically dropping barrel. The cold-hammer-forged conventional rifled barrel is locked to the slide by means of a single rectangular lug around the barrel chamber that recesses into the ejection port in the slide. When fired, the recoil impulse from the ignited cartridge drives the barrel and slide back, locked together until the bullet leaves the barrel and pressures drop to a safe level. A locking block integrated into the frame then engages a lug at the base of the chamber and drives the barrel downward, separating it from the slide and terminating any further rearward movement while the slide continues back in a straight line. The pistols are fed using a detachable steel magazine of the single position feed type with the cartridges arranged in a staggered column pattern. The magazine's follower and floor plate are fabricated from polymer. The magazine catch-release is located on the left side of the frame, directly behind the trigger guard. After expending the last cartridge from the magazine, the pistol's slide remains locked open on the metal slide stop, located on the left side of the frame and operated with the thumb.
The pistol has a multi-stage safety system consisting of two automatic internal safeties, two external trigger safeties and a manual lock safety. The first external trigger safety acts as the primary fail-safe. A small, spring-loaded inner trigger is housed in a wide, outer trigger and cannot be actuated unless the inset trigger is depressed first. This keeps the trigger from being pulled by an inadvertent off-angle trigger pull. This trigger safety also activates and when released—deactivates the two internal safeties: the firing pin and drop safety. The firing pin safety is contained in the pistol's slide and blocks the longitudinal movement of the striker. The second trigger safety is an optional, manually operated plastic bar located inside the trigger guard and projecting out from the base of the pistol's frame when activated, revealing a small white dot. This indicates that the pistol is currently incapable of being fired. It is used as an additional safety that disables the trigger with the firing pin spring cocked (after reloading the pistol). This safety is engaged by simultaneously pushing in two buttons on both sides of the frame and then deactivated by simply lifting the trigger finger and pushing the bar up and into the pistol's frame, thus allowing the trigger to be pulled back and the weapon fired.
These safeties enable safe handling of the pistol with a round present in the chamber (the so-called "cocked and locked" condition) and allow for rapid deployment and immediate firing; this arrangement however does not permit the firing mechanism to be re-cocked in case of a misfire after the trigger has been pulled. Other safety features include a loaded chamber indicator and an integrated limited access lock operated using a key to prevent unauthorized use. The latter key can be either a handcuff key or a special factory-supplied key. If required, the access lock can be omitted. The locking mechanism is located above the trigger area of the pistol and is characterized by a small circular plate with two holes in it (in the police version of the pistols there is a handcuff key hole instead of the two small holes). It has two positions: "F" and "S". When pushed in and rotated to the "S" position with the provided key, the lock disables the trigger and barrel and prevents the pistol from being disassembled. This unique system of limiting access to the weapon was patented () by Friedrich Aigner in 1999.
The Steyr M series derives its name from the unique "trapezoidal" sight picture of its fixed, low-profile iron sights. The unique sighting arrangement consists of a triangular front sight and a trapezoid rear notch that lead the eye to the target for quicker target acquisition and allow for instinctive aiming. The front sight contains a non-luminescent white triangle contrast element designed to mate with two white rectangles on the rear sight. Optional adjustable or non-adjustable tritium-illuminated three-dot low light situation sights can also be fitted to the Steyr M; these have a conventional rectangular profile. The original pistol's frame also has proprietary mounting rails for attaching accessories, such as a tactical light or laser pointer.
While the Steyr M is frequently compared to Glock-series pistols (both are polymer-framed striker-fired pistols, with Tenifer finishes), there are several differences in the details of the design. For example, the M-series had a fully supported chamber in all chamberings from the start (Some Glock models also had this feature from the start, other Glock models evolved to having more supported chambers when compared to their original internal layout), unique triangular/trapezoid sights, three loaded chamber indicators (both visual and tactile as the extractor will protrude slightly when the chamber is loaded, there is also a witness hole on the top of the barrel and a rod on the back of the slide that protrudes when the chamber is loaded) and a different grip angle (111°). Takedown is also considerably different as on the Steyr M, a button must be depressed while a takedown lever is rotated down. Glock pistols require you to pull two levers downward while pulling slightly back on the slide in order to take the pistol apart. Both designs, however, require the user to pull the trigger to complete a field strip.
Product evolution
First-generation models
The original M models were produced from 1999 to 2004 and are considered "first generation" designs. These models have a relatively smooth frame with the Steyr Arms logo imprinted on both sides of the grip, no thumb rests, no accessory rail and a rounded trigger guard. The first generation guns only are available in the M size, in 9mm, .40 S&W and .357 SIG. The first generation guns were only produced in the M (Medium) and S (Sub-Compact/Small) sizes.
Second-generation models
In 2004, an improved version of the pistol replaced the original Steyr M in production. The new 'second generation' Steyr M-A1 and S-A1 pistols received several improvements. These incorporated more textured surfaces on the grip and magazine well, which were both redesigned to improve ergonomics. Other features include enhanced finger grooves, stippling on the front and back straps, a straightened trigger guard, thumb rests and a single-slot 2324 Picatinny accessory rail. On second generation guns, the manual safety button was now optional (not in models sold in the United States, all US imports lack the manual safety). Later 'second generation' models also have a modified extractor for easier ejecting of casings. Second generation models also incorporated Steyr's target insignia with "Mannlicher" molded into the left side of the grip to signify the company. In 2009, Steyr stopped importing the second generation line, citing economic fluctuation that meant they were unable to price the guns competitively.
Third-generation models
In 2010, Steyr Mannlicher US began reimporting Steyr M-A1 and S-A1 pistols with a newly updated design. Third generation guns can be confusing because they are marked A1 just like the second generation guns and share the same grip design, but they can be identified by the Steyr Arms target insignia on both sides of the grip. Third generation models also have a roll pin in the slide just under the rear sight element, a reversible magazine release button for left-handed shooters, an improved trigger and magazines with a plus-two round baseplate. These new 15+2 (in 9mm) and 12+2 (in .40) magazines are fully compatible and interchangeable with both newer guns and older guns in the series. Steyr offers conversion kits to swap 'third generation' models between 9×19mm Parabellum and .40 S&W. These kits consist of a slide, barrel, recoil spring assembly and magazine. .357 SIG production ceased in 2014.
The third generation also saw the introduction of two new models. The first was introduced in 2010 and designated the C-A1 (for "Compact"), which combined the longer M-sized grip and the shorter S-sized slide and barrel. The Cs were offered in 9×19mm Parabellum and .40 S&W chamberings as the C9-A1 and C40-A1. For Italy only, the C9-A1 is offered in the 9×21mm chambering. In 2013, the L-A1 size was introduced which incorporated a longer slide and barrel than the M size. The L-A1 series features front cocking serrations on the slides and its barrel length puts it more in line with full-size service pistols offered by other manufacturers. At the time, the third generation models were produced for the longest period of time and are typically the most commonly seen in the series.
Fourth-generation models
In 2019 Steyr introduced the A2 MF series in 9×19mm Parabellum in three form factors: the Large size L9-A2 MF, Medium M9-A2 MF and Compact C9-A2 MF. The "S" models were not continued in the fourth generation. The "MF" in the designations stands for Modular Frame. The 'fourth generation' A2 MF series have a (serialized) removable chassis/trigger pack, making them not backwards compatible to previous series. The revised grip frame features a full-length STANAG 2324 Picatinny rail, more aggressive surface texturing, a lengthened beaver tail and is adjustable to user preferences with different sized back-straps and side grip inlay panels. The conspicuous finger support protrusion on the upper half of the grip is omitted and the grip has a flared magazine well. The magazines were modified and feature orange followers. The ejector was modified to counteract erratic spent cartridge case ejection. Dimensionally the A2 MF series are somewhat longer and wider than the preceding A1 series and can be ordered with an olive drab grip frame.
Distribution
The M class of handguns is imported by Steyr Arms. Steyr Arms is a wholly owned subsidiary of Steyr Mannlicher GmbH & Co KG and is its exclusive importer and distributor in the United States. Steyr Arms is located at 2530 Morgan Road in Bessemer, Alabama. Contact information is (205) 417-8644; www.steyrarms.com
Users
Current users
: Polícia Judiciária de Cabo Verde
: SEK
: Used by Police SWAT
: Royal Malaysian Police
: Pakistan Air Force
: Royal Thai Air Force, Special Operation Regiment, JAS-39 Pilot Pistol, F-16 Pilot Pistol
: Police Special Operation Department
: Republic of China ArmyAirborne Special Service Company
Failed bids
: 19 M9A1 pistols evaluated as a replacement for the Browning L9A1 pistol, lost to the Glock 17 Gen 4
Gallery
See also
Caracal pistol—also designed by Wilhelm Bubits
Citations
General bibliography
External links
Steyr Mannlicher—official site
Steyr L-A1 instruction manual
Steyr M-A1 instruction manual
Steyr C-A1 instruction manual
Steyr S-A1 instruction manual
Steyr A2 MF instruction manual
Modern Firearms
REMTEK—Arms
The Sight M1911A1—Steyr M series history and review
Steyr M9—brief article in Guns Magazine, Oct. 1999, by Massad Ayoob
.357 SIG semi-automatic pistols
.40 S&W semi-automatic pistols
9mm Parabellum semi-automatic pistols
Steyr semi-automatic pistols
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steyr%20M |
...And Don't the Kids Just Love It is the debut album by English post-punk band Television Personalities, released in January 1981 by Rough Trade Records. It was recorded in 1980 by the lineup of Dan Treacy, Ed Ball, and Mark Sheppard. The album marked the band members' first full-length work, following several singles recorded with various associated projects, including 'O' Level and Teenage Filmstars.
The album's cover features a photograph of model, actress, and singer Twiggy with actor Patrick Macnee, best known for his role in the British television series The Avengers.
Fire Records reissued the album in 1990 and 2009 in the United Kingdom, while Razor & Tie reissued it in 1995 in the United States. In 2002, Pitchfork listed ...And Don't the Kids Just Love It as the 64th best album of the 1980s.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
Television Personalities
Dan Treacy
Ed Ball
Mark Sheppard
The sleeve notes assign a fictitious production credit to "Vic Hammersmith-Broadway", a reference to producer Vic Coppersmith-Heaven. The album was in fact produced by the band.
Charts
References
1981 debut albums
Television Personalities albums
Rough Trade Records albums
Fire Records (UK) albums
Razor & Tie albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...And%20Don%27t%20the%20Kids%20Just%20Love%20It |
Blue Dog may refer to:
The Blue Dog Coalition, a group of conservative Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Blue Dog Lake, a lake in South Dakota
Blue Dog, a painting and a featured icon in various works by George Rodrigue
Blue Dog Records was a London-based independent record label linked to the Barfly club
The Blue Dog, one of the "blue" public houses and inns in Grantham
The Blue Dogs (band), an American band formed in 1987
See also
Blue's Clues, a television show with a dog named Blue
Blue, a general description for the color of some dogs' coats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Dog |
Rowan Scarborough is an American journalist. For two decades, Scarborough worked as a Washington Times reporter who wrote a weekly column with fellow reporter Bill Gertz called "Inside the Ring", reporting on national security and defense issues. Starting in February 2007, he worked at the Washington Examiner as its national security correspondent for a few months, before returning to the Times. Scarborough also writes freelance articles on national security issues for Human Events and other publications.
Scarborough's books include the 2004 book Rumsfeld's War: The Untold Story of America's Anti-Terrorist Commander about the tenure of former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld in the Bush administration. On July 16, 2007, Regnery Publishing released his second book, Sabotage: America's Enemies Within the CIA, which claims that anti-Bush elements within the CIA leaked information to the media and hampered the Afghanistan and Iraq war efforts.
He graduated summa cum laude from the School of Journalism at the University of Maryland. He served in the United States Navy as a Hospital Corpsman. In 2003, Scarborough was a Hoover Institution Media Fellow.
He has had to publish an apology for falsely claiming that facial recognition technology had identified antifa activists amongst the pro-Trump 2021 Capitol building insurrection mob. Before the retraction, this false claim was spread widely including by Fox News host Laura Ingraham and was shared by Rep. Matt Gaetz (R-FL) on the floor of Congress.
Works
See also
Antifa (United States) § Hoaxes and conspiracy theories
References
External links
Inside the Ring
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American male journalists
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
The Washington Times people
United States Navy sailors
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American journalists
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan%20Scarborough |
The eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana), also known as the Florida woodrat or bush rat, is a pack rat native to the central and Eastern United States. It constructs large dens that may serve as nests for many generations and stores food in outlying caches for the winter. While widespread and not uncommon, it has declined or disappeared in several areas.
Taxonomy
Eight subspecies of the eastern woodrat are currently recognized: N. f. illinoensis, N. f. floridana (the nominate), N. f. smalli, N. f. baileyi, N. f. pennsylvanica, N. f. attwateri, N. f. osagensis, and N. f. rubida. Of these, the Key Largo woodrat (N. f. smalli) is classified as endangered by the IUCN. The Allegheny woodrat (Neotoma magister) was previously considered a subspecies but was elevated to species status based on comparative mitochondrial DNA analyses. Subspecies are thought to be descended from one species living along the Appalachian Plateau, which subsequently spread out through the Coastal Plain.
Description
The eastern woodrat is a rodent of medium size, with an average length of and weight of , but grows up to long. The body is short and stocky and the tail is exceptionally long (). It is covered in a soft, gray-brown pelage, which is darker dorsally. Belly and feet are white. Sexes are alike, but males tend to be slightly larger.
Distribution and habitat
Distribution
The distribution for the eastern woodrat stretches across the Southeastern and Midwestern United States. They are located as far south as the Tennessee River and Central Florida. The more central areas they are found are Kentucky and Tennessee. Northern locations include Kansas, central Missouri, and southern Illinois. They can also be found along the Appalachian Mountains that range all the way to New York. They're also in some western locations and Piedmont areas of Maryland. They can be seen in places like woodlands, prairies, mountains, swamps, and lowland hardwood forests as far west as Colorado. The more disjunctive population occurrence is in Nebraska and Key Largo, Florida. Woodrats are usually found in marshes, coastal plains, and grasslands. The eastern woodrat's habitat ranges latitudinally from central Florida to southeastern New York, and longitudinally from Connecticut to eastern Colorado. Reintroduction to north-eastern states, such as Illinois, have occurred in the 2010s.
With a wide range but low population density, this species is considered uncommon. The overall population has been decreasing since 1982. The primary cause for this decline in the southeastern United States has been habitat destruction due to human development of the coastal plains.
The species has been recovered as a fossil from late Pleistocene deposits in southeastern New Mexico, several hundred miles southwest of its nearest current range.
The species does not hibernate, even in the northern extremes of its range.
Habitat
The species inhabits wooded areas, swamps and hedges, with a variety of different habitat preferences reported for the recognized geographic subspecies. Nests can be located in and around rocky bluffs, upland woods, swamps and hammocks, dry scrub pine, grasslands, abandoned buildings, marshes, and refuse piles. In Texas they are mostly found around brush piles, in Kansas they are often found around hilltop limestone, the base of trees, standing hollow trees, and under root tangles along gullies. They are recently found in Florida around willow trees. The eastern woodrat likes the ability to cover and get away from predators quickly.
The nest can be constructed from a variety of different materials, such as sticks and branches, rocks, dry dung, tin cans, glass shards, and lined with dry grass, crushed bark, bird feathers, and even rotting wood, acorn fragments, and loose soil. These items are either picked up in the mouth or dragged, depending on the size of the item.
Even though there is only one visible entrance, woodrat nests have multiple escape routes. Each 'house' contains up to 2 nests, but usually only one woodrat will be found in each home. Houses can be up to in length, in width, and more than in height. The shape depends on the location and may be pyramidal, conical, or domed (if sufficient structural support is present). Nests may be found up to above ground in trees or vines, but normally are located at ground level. Houses are efficient shelters from temperature fluctuations and rain.
Individuals are known to stay in one location for their entire lives, with multiple generations inhabiting the same nest. Unoccupied nests are frequently taken over by other animals, including rabbits, mice, snakes, amphibians, and various invertebrates.
Eastern woodrats are typically solitary creatures, so they usually have a buffer between territories. The females have a smaller territory than males, averaging around . Males average around and the species-wide average territory area is . Being solitary, the rats tend not to stray much farther than from their nests unless sexually active or for a preferred food.
Ecology
Foraging
As with most members of the genus, the Eastern Woodrat feeds opportunistically on nuts, seeds, fungi, buds, stems, roots, foliage, and fruits. While the eastern woodrat's nest is typically found on the ground, it is a capable climber and may forage above ground. Eastern Woodrats eat about 5% of their body weight in dry mass each day. During the summer months, most feeding is done while foraging. Only small amounts of food are taken back to the den for daytime feeding. Woodrats do not change significantly in weight from autumn to spring. Weight of individual woodrats is not correlated to the kilocalories in their caches.
Eastern woodrats are known for their foraging and caching habits. When searching for food is dangerous or unproductive, animals often use food stores to supply all or part of their diet. This is a feasible strategy to avoid food shortage. It is the habit of collecting and storing both food and nonfood items that has earned the eastern woodrat is other common name of "pack-rat" or "trade rat". Starting in September, the woodrat will start to forage and store food in its midden for use and survival in the winter. Although caches do not serve as the sole source of winter food, caches examined yielded as much as of plant material.
Woodrats have great adaptability in their feeding habits. They feed on almost any kind of plant material including leaves, roots and tubers, wood, bark, stems, and seeds. Although the Eastern Woodrats eat mostly green vegetation, they also eat various types of fruits, nuts, fungi, ferns, and seeds. Food preferences vary between individuals, populations and geographic areas. In Texas, pecan nuts are a major food source; in Tennessee, mint and beechnuts were found to be the most cached item; in Pennsylvania, mushrooms were one of the top food items. Acorns are a major food source for all woodrat populations, as oak trees are found throughout its range and acorns can be stored for a long time. Energy and perishability influence the woodrat's diet and caching. The value of food when consumed should equal or exceed the cost of gathering and storage. Food is chosen by dryness and degree of microbial infection. Woodrats tend to eat perishable food and cache less perishable foods, thus reducing the risk of loss to spoilage.
Decomposition of food stores appears to be a constant challenge. Woodrats seem to exhibit physiological adaptions that allow them to consume food inhabited by fungi. Fungi can increase nutritional value of some foods by making nutrients within food more accessible by breaking down complex carbohydrates, which woodrats may exploit.
Although eastern woodrats are herbivores, evidence suggests that the species will take meat if given the opportunity. Snakes, salamanders, mice, and quail have all been found in stomachs of Woodrats. Gnawed bones have been found in caches, probably used for sharpening teeth and for their mineral contents. Only anecdotal evidence exists concerning woodrat carnivory. However, woodrats will cache carrion if given the chance.
Drinking water is typically not needed. Woodrats get the water they need from dew, water-containing plants such as succulents, and fruit, and can survive droughts with these water sources alone.
Reproduction and lifecycle
Eastern woodrats are aggressive towards conspecifics. Older individuals will chase and fight younger woodrats. The species only becomes sociable during breeding season.
The breeding season of eastern wood rats depends on the climate. Those in warmer climates (e.g. Florida and Georgia) can reproduce all year, while eastern wood rats in higher latitudes (e.g. Kansas and Nebraska) breed from early spring to mid fall. Their estrous cycle lasts between 3 and 8 days, while gestation lasts between 32 and 38 days. One to six young are born in each litter, and the female may become pregnant again after a week. Females can have up to three litters in a year, with two being normal. They can also sometimes reproduce in their first year, as they reach sexual maturity before males. Females are solely responsible for the young. Females and males fight when they come across each other. If the male wins, copulation occurs, but if the female wins, the male is usually killed during fighting.
Pups are born with closed eyes, limited amount of hair and immediately attached to the teat. Most of the pelage will have appeared by day 8. On the 15th day their hair is fully grown and their eyes are wide open. The young wean for 3–4 weeks and become independent after 70–90 days. Juveniles continue growing until they are about 8 months old. The females start mating as young as 5 months.
In captivity the Eastern Woodrat has been recorded to live for up to 8.6 years, however the average lifespan in the wild is 3 years. The majority of deaths occur within their first year of life. One field study in Kansas tracked 27 individuals, of which 6 survived to adulthood and only 3 lived long enough to reproduce.
Predators and parasites
Eastern woodrats are a common prey item for many predators. Most common predators are the great horned owl, spotted skunk, long-tailed weasel, red fox, raccoon, and the timber rattlesnake, along with other various snakes. Woodrats try to avoid predators by being mostly active at night and hiding in their large dens during daylight. Unweaned pups in dens in particular are commonly taken by snakes.
One of the most common parasites of eastern woodrats are botfly larvae. Adult botflies lay their eggs outside the entrance of the woodrat's den. They then attach themselves to the woodrat's fur when it passes through entrance. Once the eggs hatch, the botfly larvae penetrate the skin and lodge in the woodrat's neck, chest, and abdomen until pupation. The resulting cyst can be 15 mm in diameter but does not seem to cause any obvious discomfort. Botflies infest approximately 16% of the eastern woodrat population.
Raccoons may carry raccoon roundworms, an intestinal parasite. Woodrats may ingest the eggs of the roundworm while foraging at raccoon latrine areas. Larvae migrate to the brain, causing a lack of energy, loss of muscle control, and eventually death. The roundworm is a known mortality factor in woodrats in Indiana, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, with infection rates of around 75%.
Ecological role
Eastern woodrat nests provide homes for a number of other species including, but not limited to, other rodents, insects, reptiles, and frogs. Seed dispersal by caching and transporting seeds into dens has a great impact on the spread and maintenance of forest ecosystems, and woodrat fecal matter increases soil fertility. The study of feces from prehistoric woodrat middens has been of great use in archaeological and paleontological research by providing indications about changing floral regimes.
Interaction with humans
Eastern woodrats are popularly known for being pests. They tend to seek out houses, especially cottages or cabins in wooded areas, for warmth or housing, and do not hesitate to make nests out of mattresses and other furniture while feeding in adjacent cultivated areas. Automobiles may be damaged by chewing on wires and the introduction of nesting materials. Rarely, eastern woodrats may be the carriers of diseases that are communicable to humans. The eastern woodrat does not have any economic impact on humans, but may receive blame for damages made by black or Norway rats.
Conservation
Most subspecies of the eastern woodrat have been classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, with the exception of the Key Largo woodrat. While the species appears to never have been abundant, it remains widespread and reasonably common. However, at smaller scales, the species has been listed as endangered, threatened, or of special concern in 5 of the 17 states in which they are found. State status designations may not be accurate since there is little research done where woodrats are presumed to be common. All states with recorded population decline are on the edge of the species range. The only conservation action taken has been habitat protection in Indiana, Illinois, North Carolina, and Florida.
Threats
Where eastern woodrats have declined, a variety of possible causes has been identified. Based on the historical records, it appears that extremely cold winters can cause a dramatic decline in populations. In 1912 and 1918, severe winters reduced the Illinois eastern woodrat populations. In 1948 and 1949, long winters with accumulation of snow and ice might have caused high mortality of litters in Kansas and starvation of adults.
In recent times, urban development is thought to have had an impact. In South Carolina, massive development and urbanization, including forest clearance and road expansion, have led to habitat loss and isolation of woodrat populations. Suitable habitats in the Coastal Plains of South Carolina are not protected at all.
While woodrats forage on many different food items, they are largely depended on cached acorns and nuts during winter. Eruptions of the gypsy moth in the basin of the Lower Mississippi River in 1964 and 1965 resulted in poor acorn and chestnut crops and subsequently in increased mortality in eastern woodrats in the area.
The continued spread of raccoons may increase the likelihood of lethal infection of woodrats with the raccoon roundworm.
Conservation management
In 2003, The Fish and Wildlife Service and Florida department of Environmental Protection jointly initiated a program for the removal of feral and free-roaming cats from conservation areas occupied by woodrats, which has proven largely successful. Another step towards preserving this species is the separation of human activities from woodrat habitats to reduce human disturbance and secondary effects such as the presence of raccoons.
The species has been reintroduced in several areas including Pine Hills, Union County and some sites in Missouri. Reintroduction areas need to be checked for adequate food supplies, shelter resources and absence of raccoon roundworm. It has been suggested that the sex ratio be skewed toward females because eastern woodrats are polygynous, and that a genetically diverse stock be used to improve adaptability and survival rates.
References
Fauna of the Eastern United States
Fauna of the Southeastern United States
Mammals of the United States
Neotoma
Mammals described in 1818
Taxa named by George Ord | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20woodrat |
The Grant Public School District is a K–12 public school district located in Grant, Michigan. The district operates in the City of Grant, and the townships of Ashland, Bridgeton, Ensley, Grant, and portions of Casnovia, Garfield, Solon, Tyrone, and Moorland. It is a constituent of the Newaygo County Regional Educational Service Agency, (NCRESA) which is Newaygo County's Intermediate School District.
Grant Public Schools student enrollment is 1,983 (2013–14), which is the second-largest in Newaygo County.
Awards
In 2008 the Grant High School became one of five schools to be recognized by Conn-Selmer, for having one of the most outstanding high school instrumental music programs in the United States.
Accreditation and memberships
Grant Public Schools is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and is a member of the Central State Activities Association.
References
External links
Education in Newaygo County, Michigan
Grand Rapids metropolitan area
School districts in Michigan
School districts established in 1900
1900 establishments in Michigan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%20Public%20School%20District |
Nii-jima is a volcanic Japanese island.
Niijima (新島, "new island") may also refer to:
Places in Japan
Niijima, Tokyo, a village in Ōshima Subprefecture, Tokyo Metropolis
Niijima (Ogasawara), a new volcanic island which emerged in 2013-2014 and joined with Nishinoshima
People with the surname
Joseph Hardy Neesima (Jō Niijima; 1843–1890), Japanese evangelical missionary and founder of Doshisha University
Haruo Niijima, a character in the manga and anime Shijō Saikyō no Deshi Kenichi
Makoto Niijima, a character in the video game Persona 5
Sae Niijima, the older sister and legal guardian of Makoto Niijima | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niijima%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Konopište may refer to:
Konopiště, a castle near the city of Benešov in the Czech Republic
Konopište, North Macedonia, a village in the Tikveš region of North Macedonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konopi%C5%A1te |
Marshall Monroe Kirkman (July 10, 1842 – April 17, 1921) was an American authority on railways, who wrote extensively on the subject of railways.
Life and work
Born on the prairies in Morgan County, Illinois, Kirkman was raised far from any town or school and received private education and some years of common school. In 1856 at the age of fourteen he left home to seek his fortune. He made his way on foot to Fulton, Illinois, where the Chicago and North Western Railway had just been completed.
Kirkman entered the service of the Chicago and North Western Railway, where he got his first job as telegraph messenger. He soon learned telegraphy and was given charge of the office at DeKalb, Illinois, from which position he was transferred to the Train Dispatcher's office at Chicago, then located in the old Indiana Street Depot.
In 1861 he was appointed Auditor Freight Accounts, and in 1865, Assistant General Accountant. Two years later, he was appointed General Accountant, and in 1870 was also made Local Treasurer. From June 30, 1881, to November 1, 1889, he was Comptroller. As controller he was head of the Auditing Department of the Chicago and North Western Railway, supervising the Auditing departments of the Union Pacific, the Chicago and North Western, the Chicago, St. Paul and Minneapolis, and the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley railways. In 1889 Kirkman was elected vice president, which position he filled until 1910, when he retired on a pension after 53 years of service at the Chicago and North Western Railway.
In 1881 he became resident of Evanston, Illinois. Kirkman wrote extensively on the subject of railways. He wrote a twelve volume treatise, The Science of Railways (1894), which was later revised and republished in 17 volumes, and 3 portfolios (1909, et. seq.). Kirman was also founding father of the Accounting Division of the Association of American Railroads.
Selected publications
The Baggage, Parcel and Mail Traffic of Railroads, 1881.
The Handling of Railway Supplies: Their Purchase & Disposition, 1887.
Railway Rates and Government Control: Economic Questions Surrounding These Subjects, 1892.
Origin and Evolution of Transportation; Or, The Genesis of Railway Carriage, 1898.
The Science of Railways, Editions 1903–04
Vol. 1, Railway equipment, 1903.
Vol. 2, Railway Organization, 1904.
Vol. 3, Financing, Constructing, & Maintaining, 1904.
Vol. 4, Train Service: ... Men & Equipment; Organization, 1904.
Vol. 5, Passenger, Baggage, Express & Mail Service, 1904.
Vol. 6, Freight Business & Affairs, 1904.
Vol. 7, Disturbances of railroads, 1903. (1904)
Vol. 8, Economic Theory of Rates, Private versus Government Control of Railroads, 1903. (1904)
Vol. 9, Fiscal Affairs - Collection of Revenue, 1904.
Vol 10, General Fiscal and Other Affairs, 1903.
Vol. 11, Origin and Evolution of Transportation, 1904 (first ed. 1898).
Vol. 12, Engineers and Firemen's manual, 1903.
Supplements:
Building and Repairing Railways, 1901
Westinghouse Air Brakes, Vol. 15, 1904.
How Oil is Used for Fuel on Locomotives, Vol. 16, 1902.
Supervision of cars, Vol. 19, 1904.
Telegraph and Telephone, Vol. 20, 1904.
Other works
The Romance of Gilbert Holmes (1900)
Iskander (1903)
The Alexandrian Novels (three volumes, 1909)
History of Alexander the Great (1913)
The King: A Romance of the Camp and Court of Alexander the Great : the Story, (1913)
References
Attributions
This article incorporates public domain material from "Marshall Monroe Kirkman : Obituary" in: Auditor Report of the Railway Accounting Officers, Association of American Railroads. Accounting Division (1921). Vol. 37, p. 480
External links
1842 births
1921 deaths
19th-century American railroad executives
American non-fiction writers
19th-century American historians
19th-century American male writers
People from Morgan County, Illinois
People from Evanston, Illinois
Historians from Illinois
American male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%20Monroe%20Kirkman |
Central City High School may refer to:
Central City High School (Iowa) in Central City, Iowa
Central City High School (Kentucky), in Central City, Kentucky (now closed)
Central City High School (Nebraska) in Central City, Nebraska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20City%20High%20School |
www.thug.com is the second studio album by American rapper Trick Daddy, known at the time under the name as Trick Daddy Dollars and released after his debut album Based on a True Story. The album was released on September 22, 1998, through Slip-N-Slide/Warlock Records. The album managed to peak at number 30 on the Billboard 200, the fifth-highest peak of any Trick Daddy album. In 1999, the album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. The title www.thug.com was also the URL of Trick Daddy's official website.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
1998 albums
Trick Daddy albums
Warlock Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Www.thug.com |
Kigeli IV Rwabugiri (1840? - November 1895) was the king (mwami) of the Kingdom of Rwanda in the mid-nineteenth century. He was among the last Nyiginya kings in a ruling dynasty that had traced their lineage back four centuries to Gihanga, the first 'historical' king of Rwanda whose exploits are celebrated in oral chronicles. He was a Tutsi with the birth name Sezisoni Rwabugiri. He was the first king in Rwanda's history to come into contact with Europeans. He established an army equipped with guns he obtained from Germans and prohibited most foreigners, especially Arabs, from entering his kingdom.
Rwabugiri held authority from 1853 to 1895. He died in November 1895, during an expedition in modern-day Congo, shortly after the arrival of the German explorer Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen. His adopted son, Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa, was proclaimed the next king.
By the end of Rwabugiri's rule, Rwanda was divided into a standardized structure of provinces, districts, hills, and neighborhoods, administered by a hierarchy of chiefs. The chiefs were predominantly Tutsi at the higher levels and with a greater degree of mutual participation by Hutus.
He defended the borders of the Rwandan kingdom against invading neighboring kingdoms, slave traders, and Europeans. Rwabugiri was a warrior king and is regarded as one of Rwanda's most powerful kings. Some Rwandans see him as the last true King of Rwanda due to the tragic assassination of his successor Rutarindwa and coup by his stepmother Kanjogera who installed her son Musinga. By the beginning of the 20th century, Rwanda was a unified state with a centralized military structure.
Rwabugiri is sometimes attributed for the tactics used by the RPF during the Rwandan genocide to retain unity among Rwandans .
Pre-colonial Rwanda
Tradition has it that the kingdom of Rwanda was originally occupied by a number of Bantu chieftainships which were conglomerated during the 10th century by Tutsi pastoralists from the North who brought ideas of caste systems and a political society. By the 19th century, the state had become much more centralized. Rwabugiri established a royal court that collected labor dues and claimed tributary food in Rubengera around 1870. This served the purpose of channeling food across the country and becoming a center of commerce. During periods of food shortages, most of the country would suffer while the very rich Tutsi who resided in Rubengera would be able to find food and livestock. The royal court was prepared for this situation usually, however, and controlled the production of produce as to always create a surplus. This was meant to serve as a famine strategy. This surplus would then be distributed by the king's order to the poorest citizens in exchange for their labor
Expansion
Ethnicity became an important factor during the period of state expansion that began in the late 19th century. Rwabugiri gained increasing control over land, cattle, and people in Central Africa. Rwabugiri not only saw a personal increase in power over the land, but also consolidated power among political elites that became known either officially or informally as Tutsi. Previously, they had mostly been local chieftains who were now finding themselves as part of a complex network that allowed the Mwami to build national cohesion in newly acquired regions. The appointed chieftains were occasionally met with local resistance. For example, in the Northwest region the Balera group challenged the power of the Nduga who had been appointed to the region by the royal court. The contestation was along clan, rather than ethnic, lines, as both groups were considered Tutsi under the then ethnic understanding. During this period, there was an increase in the long-standing traditions of ubuhake and ubureetwa, a practice of vassalage under which labor and resources are exchanged for political favor. Many of the lands that Rwabugiri had annexed, such as Bugoyi, Bwishaza and Kingogo in the east had no previous contact with Tutsi pastoralists and had been entirely inhabited by Hutu. The period following annexation saw a heavy influx of Tutsi into these areas. At first, the relationship between Tutsi and Hutu in these areas were mostly peaceful and commercial. After Rwabugiri instated a stronger administrative machinery, however, he used force to pacify resistance which led to a series of brutal encounters between Hutu and Rwabugiri's forces.
German Colonial influence
Rwanda was unlike other African states as it was initially not divided among the colonial powers during the Berlin Conference in 1884. Instead, Rwanda was assigned to the German Empire in the later 1890 conference in Brussels. Still, there were no expeditions made until 1894, when the German explorer, Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen led an expedition into Tanzania. Germany had made little effort to establish a colonial administration at the time, as they had limited forces in East Africa, and Rwanda was a densely populated territory with an existing strict administrative network. The death of Kigeli IV, however, and the subsequent coup weakened the state and opened a window for German direct colonization in 1897.
Last True Rwabugiri
After Kigeli IV died, his son Rutalindwa was declared king. The new mwami's queen mother, however, was not his biological mother but was another wife of Kigeli IV; Kanjogera of the Bega clan. Rutalindwa's birth mother was from a politically weak clan, the Abakono. The Nyiginya Clan, to which the old and new mwami belonged, was also weak at this particular time because Kigeli IV had killed chiefs from this lineage of clans who had showed too much independence. As such, the Bega clan was in a unique position after the death of Kigeli IV to change the status quo and assume power. Together with her brother Kabare, chief of the Bega clan, Kanjogera carried out a coup d'état at Rucunshu where Rutalindwa was killed and Kanjogera's own son, Musinga, was named mwami under the name Yuhi V Musinga. Kanjogera and her brother were effectively in charge at his point, as Musinga was still too young to rule. The two continued to purge the Nyinga who had survived Kigeli IV's purge, as to avoid the possibility that they would return to power. It was under this conflict that German colonialists began to exercise control over the Mwami by supporting their royal forces.
References
Bibliography
Léon Delmas. Généalogie de la Noblesse du Ruanda. Kabgaye.
External links
The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience, see Historical Perspective
Rwandan kings
19th-century monarchs in Africa
Tutsi people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigeli%20IV%20Rwabugiri |
The Ten Thousand Islands are a chain of islands and mangrove islets off the coast of southwest Florida, between Cape Romano (at the south end of Marco Island) and the mouth of the Lostmans River. Some of the islands are high spots on a submergent coastline. Others were produced by mangroves growing on oyster bars. Despite the name, the islets in the chain only number in the hundreds.
Geography
The northern part of the Ten Thousand Islands, between Cape Romano and Everglades City, is in the Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge. The southern part of the Ten Thousands Islands, south of Everglades City, is in Everglades National Park.
The 99-mile-long (159 km) Wilderness Waterway begins at Everglades City and ends at Flamingo at the southern tip of the Florida peninsula. Administrative control of the islands is split between Collier County and Monroe County.
Archaeology
The Ten Thousand Islands were used and occupied by Native Americans for thousands of years. Evidence of former living sites can be found under as much as four feet (1.2 m) of water. A number of shell rings and other shell complexes have been identified in or adjacent to the Ten Thousand Islands. The Horr's Island archaeological site at the northern end of the Ten Thousand Islands was occupied year-round 3,500 years ago, and other sites are presumed to have been inundated by a rise in sea level. The material culture of the Indians living in the Ten Thousand Islands was distinctive enough to be classified as, at least, a sub-area of the Glades culture area.
Demography
Almost all of the Ten Thousand Islands are currently uninhabited. The largest, Chokoloskee Island, which is connected to Everglades City by a causeway, has about 400 permanent residents. Other islands have been sporadically inhabited in the 19th and 20th centuries by individuals or families.
Recreation
Some of the Ten Thousand Islands are suitable for overnight visits, as dictated by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Since this is a wilderness area where wind, weather and lack of fresh water can become threatening, the Wildlife Service recommends only seasoned canoeists and sea kayakers attempt the trip.
Part of the archipelago lies within Everglades National Park. The following islands are officially designated camping sites:
Hog Key
Turkey Key
New Turkey Key
Mormon Key
Pavilion Key
Rabbit Key
Jewel Key
Picnic Key
Tiger Key
Dark skies recreation
Ten Thousand Islands archipelago is among the best and last remaining dark skies sites in coastal Southwest Florida. Most notable is Pavilion Key that lies 11 miles south of Everglades City and lacks any urban development to the south of it. The pristine nature and low south latitude makes the area among the best and unique spots for stargazing and Milky Way astrophotography.
See also
Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
Dismal Key
References
External links
Usgs.gov: Ten Thousand Islands and Rookery Bay
Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge Profile
Islands of Florida
Everglades National Park
Nature reserves in Florida
Islands of Collier County, Florida
Uninhabited islands of Monroe County, Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten%20Thousand%20Islands |
Waterfowl hunting (also called wildfowling or waterfowl shooting in the UK) is the practice of hunting aquatic birds such as ducks, geese and other waterfowls or shorebirds for food and sport.
Many types of ducks and geese share the same habitat, have overlapping or identical hunting seasons, and are hunted using the same methods. Thus it is possible to take different species of waterfowl in the same outing. Waterfowl can be hunted in crop fields where they feed, or, more frequently, on or near bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, ponds, wetlands, sloughs, or sea coasts.
History
Prehistoric waterfowl hunting
Wild waterfowl have been hunted for food, down, and feathers worldwide since prehistoric times. Ducks, geese, and swans appear in European cave paintings from the last Ice Age, and a mural in the Ancient Egyptian tomb of Khnumhotep II ( BCE) shows a man in a hunting blind capturing swimming ducks in a trap. Muscovy ducks were depicted in the art of the Moche culture of ancient Peru by 200 BCE, and were likely hunted by many people of the Americas before then.
Rise of modern waterfowl hunting
Hunting with shotguns began in the 17th century with the matchlock shotgun. Later flintlock shotguns and percussion cap guns were used. Shotguns were loaded with black powder and lead shot through the muzzle in the 17th century to the late 19th century. The transition from flint to "detonating" or percussion lock firearms and from muzzle to breech loading guns was largely driven by innovations made by English gun makers such as Joseph Manton, at which time wildfowling was extremely popular in England both as a pastime and as a means of earning a living, as described by Col. Peter Hawker in his diaries. Damascus barrels are safe to shoot (where proofed) only with black powder charges. When smokeless powder was invented in the late 19th century, steel barrels were made. Damascus barrels which were made of a twisted steel could not take the high pressure of smokeless powder. Fred Kimble, Tanner, and Adam, duck hunters from Illinois, invented the shotgun choke in 1886. This is a constriction at the end of the barrel. This allowed for longer range shooting with the shotgun and kept the pattern of shot tighter or looser according to which type of choke is being used. Until 1886, shotguns had cylinder bore barrels which could only shoot up to 25 yards, so duck hunting was done at close range. After 1886, market hunters could shoot at longer ranges up to forty five yards with a full choke barrel and harvest more waterfowl. Shotguns became bigger and more powerful as steel barrels were being used, so the range was extended to sixty yards.
Pump shotguns were invented in the late 19th century, and the semi-automatic 12 gauge shotgun was developed by John Browning in the very early 20th century, which allowed commercial hunters to use a four-shell magazine (five including the one in the chamber) to rake rafts of ducks on the water or kill them at night, in order to kill larger numbers of waterfowl for the commercial markets. Even during the Great Depression years, a brace of canvasbacks could be sold to restaurants before legislation and hunting organizations pushed for greater enforcement. Once waterfowlers had access to these guns, this made these men more proficient market hunters. These guns could fire five to seven shots, therefore hunters were having bigger harvests.
Early European settlers in America hunted waterfowl with great zeal, as the supply of waterfowl seemed unlimited in the coastal Atlantic regions. During the fall migrations, the skies were filled with waterfowl. Places such as Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, and Barnaget Bay were hunted extensively.
As more immigrants came to America in the late 18th and 19th centuries, the need for more food became greater. Market hunting started to take form, to supply the local population living along the Atlantic coast with fresh ducks and geese. Men would go into wooden boats and go out into the bays hunting, sometimes with large shotguns. They would bring back a wooden barrel or two of ducks each day. Live ducks were used as decoys as well as bait such as corn or other grain to attract waterfowl.
The rise of modern waterfowl hunting is tied to the history of the shotgun, which shoots a pattern of round pellets making it easier to hit a moving target. In the 19th century, the seemingly limitless flocks of ducks and geese in the Atlantic and Mississippi Flyways of North America were the basis for a thriving commercial waterfowl hunting industry. With the advent of punt guns – massive, boat-mounted shotguns that could fire a half-pound of lead shot at a time – hunters could kill dozens of birds with a single blast. This was the four and six gauge shotgun. This period of intense commercial waterfowl hunting is vividly depicted in James Michener's historical novel Chesapeake.
Although edible, swans are not hunted in many Western cultures due to hunting regulations, and swans were historically a royal prerogative. Swans are hunted in the Arctic regions.
Conservation and the Duck Stamp Act
Around the start of the 20th century, commercial hunting and loss of habitat due to agriculture led to a decline in duck and goose populations in North America, along with many other species of wildlife. The Lacey Act of 1900, which outlawed transport of poached game across state lines, and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, which prohibited the possession of migratory birds without permission (such as a hunting license), marked the dawn of the modern conservation movement.
In 1934, at the urging of editorial cartoonist and conservationist J.N. "Ding" Darling, the United States government passed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act, better known as the Federal Duck Stamp Act. This program required hunters to purchase a special stamp, in addition to a regular hunting license, to hunt migratory waterfowl. This stamp cost two dollars in 1934 but today the price is twenty-five dollars. As of 2007 there is also an "E-duck" stamp available for seventeen dollars where duck hunting is immediately authorized and the physical stamp is mailed later. The stamp is valid from July 1 to June 30 of each year. The stamp may be raised to twenty dollars in the near future.
Revenues from the stamp program provided the majority of funding for conservation for many decades. The stamp funded the purchase of 4.5 million acres (18,000 km2) of National Wildlife Refuge land for waterfowl habitat since the program's inception in 1934. The Duck Stamp act has been described as "one of the most successful conservation programs ever devised." Duck stamps have also become collectible items in their own right. Stamps must not be signed to be of value.
England sold its first duck stamp in 1991, featuring ten pintails flying along the coast of England. The stamp cost five pounds sterling.
Species of waterfowl hunted
In North America a variety of ducks and geese are hunted, the most common being mallards, Canada geese, snow geese, canvasback, redhead, northern pintail, gadwall, ruddy duck, coots, common, hooded and red-breasted merganser (often avoided because of its reputation as a poor-eating bird with a strong flavor). Also hunted are black duck, wood duck, blue-winged teal, green-winged teal, bufflehead, northern shoveler, American wigeon, and goldeneye. Sea ducks include oldsquaw (long tailed duck), eider duck, and scoter.
Swans are hunted in only a few states in the United States, but are hunted along with other wildfowl in many other countries. In the UK, swan hunting is illegal because they are considered property of the queen.
In the Australian states of Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia and the Northern Territory, species hunted under permit include the Pacific black duck, Australian wood duck, chestnut teal, grey teal, pink-eared duck and mountain duck.
Since 1990, recreational duck hunting on public land has been banned in Western Australia but it still allows Australian wood ducks to be shot on private property throughout the year with few restrictions.
Modern hunting techniques
The waterfowl hunting season is generally in the autumn and winter. Hunting seasons are set by the US Fish and Wildlife Service in the United States. In the autumn, the ducks and geese have finished raising their young and are migrating to warmer areas to feed. The hunting seasons usually begin in October and end in January. Extended goose seasons can go into April, the Conservation Order by the U.S.F.W.S.
There are four large flyways in the United States that the waterfowl follow: the Atlantic, Mississippi, Central and Pacific Flyways.
There are several items used by almost all waterfowl hunters: a shotgun, ammunition, a hunting blind, decoys, a boat, and a duck or goose call. Unless float hunting or jump shooting—decoys are used to lure the birds within range, and the blind conceals the hunter. When a hunter or hunters sees the waterfowl, he or she begins calling with the duck or goose call. Once the birds are within range, the hunters rise from the blind and quickly shoot the birds before they are frightened off and out of shooting range. Duck or goose calls are often used to attract birds; sometimes calls of other birds will also be simulated to convince the birds that there is no danger.
Hunters position themselves in blinds near rivers, lakes, ponds or in agriculture fields planted with corn, barley, wheat or millet. Hunters build blinds to conceal themselves from waterfowl, as waterfowl have sharp eyes and can see colors. That is why hunters use camouflage. Waterfowl hunters also often use dogs to retrieve dead or injured birds in the water. There are many retriever breeds, such as Labrador Retrievers and Chesapeake Bay Retrievers, specifically bred for the task. Hunters also may use a boat to get downed birds.
Some hunters use boats as blinds or float rivers in search of waterfowl. When the ducks see the hunters in the boat, ducks flush off the water and hunters shoot. Then birds are collected and placed in the boat.
Each hunter prefers a certain type of weather condition, depending on the type of hunting setting. Some hunters prefer sunny days vs cloudy or rainy days. However, ducks and geese fly more extensively and actively on cloudy days, rain or snow. There is an old hunters tale that if you see swans flying, ducks will be close behind.
Shotguns
While hunting of waterfowl was on the rise in America and Europe, hunters used a wide array of shotguns. Shotguns used included 4 gauge, 6 gauge, 8 gauge, 10 gauge, 12 gauge, 16 gauge, 18 gauge, 20 gauge, 24 gauge, 28 gauge and .410. The 12 gauge turns out to be the most popular with hunters then and now due to its weight to firepower ratio. Punt guns, along with both the four and six gauge, were mounted to small boats due to their weight and recoil. The eight gauge was hand held at about fourteen pounds in weight with approximately 2.5 ounces of shot. The largest gun used today in the United States is the 10 gauge shotgun, shooting a 3.5 inch shell that holds up to 2.5 ounces of shot. These shotguns can kill ducks at up to 60 yards. By far the most common modern shotgun used for waterfowl hunting is the twelve gauge. With the development of higher-pressure 3.5 inch shells, 12 gauge shotguns can deliver close to the power and shot load of a ten gauge out of a lighter gun with less recoil. Modern 16 gauge shotguns are rare, with more people choosing the higher power twelve gauge or lower recoil of the 20 gauge. 20 gauge shotguns are less commonly used for long-range waterfowl hunting, but are preferred by hunters who do not like the weight of the twelve gauge. 28 gauge and .410 bore shotguns are rarely used due to the gun's inability to ensure clean kills at ranges of 40 to 50 yards. Some hunting guns have camouflage-patterned stocks and low-gloss finishes on the metal to reduce their visibility to waterfowl.
Although it is legal to use a bow to take migratory waterfowl in many areas, most hunters prefer taking migratory birds with a shotgun because of the great difficulty of striking a moving bird with an arrow. Taking migratory birds with a handgun, carbine, or rifle is illegal due to the great distances that bullets travel, making them unsafe.
Shotgun ammunition
Since the 16th century, lead shot has been used in waterfowl hunting. Lead shot was originally poured down the barrel. Later, shells were made of paper and brass in the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. In the early 1960s, manufacturers began making shot-shells of plastic. In the late 1960s, it was determined that lead shot poisoned waterfowl eating in shallow water areas where there was heavy hunting. In 1974, steel shot shells were offered for sale to hunters at the Brigantine Waterfowl Refuge in southern New Jersey, and at Union County State Fish & Wildlife area in Union County, Illinois, by Winchester at five dollars a box. These shells were marked "Experimental" and were orange in color.
Prior hunting with lead shot, along with the use of lead sinkers in angling, has been identified as a major cause of lead poisoning in waterfowl, which often feed off the bottom of lakes and wetlands where lead shot collects. In the United States, UK, Canada, and many western European countries (), all shot used for waterfowl must now be non-toxic, and therefore may not contain any lead. Steel is the cheapest alternative to lead. However, some hunters do not like its shooting properties, as steel is significantly less dense than lead. Therefore, its effective range is decreased due to rapidly decreasing velocity of the shot: thirty to forty yards is considered its maximum effective range for duck hunting. Many companies have improved steel shot by increasing muzzle-velocity, by using fast burning powder such as rifle powder thus making more consistent 'shot' or pellet patterns. Steel shot now travels at 1400 to 1500 feet per second. However, any use of steel shot requires a shotgun barrel with thicker walls and a specially-hardened bore, resulting in a heavier gun.
Within recent years, several companies have created "heavier than lead" non-toxic shot out of tungsten, bismuth, or other elements with a density similar to or greater than lead. These shells have more consistent patterns and greater range than steel shot. The increase in performance comes at a higher cost. Shell boxes often cost more than thirty dollars a box for twenty five shells.
Hunters use pellet sizes 4, 3, and 2 for ducks, and 2, BB, BBB and T shot for geese. Buckshot is illegal.
Blinds
A hunting blind is a structure intended to conceal hunters, dogs, and equipment from the intended prey. Blinds can be temporary or permanent.
A blind may be constructed out of plywood, lumber, large logs or branches, burlap fiber, plastic or cotton camouflage, or natural vegetation. Many of these permanent blinds look like a small shack with an opening that faces the water and a portion of the sky. Blinds can be as simple as natural vegetation piled onto branches, or they can be small outbuildings with benches, tables, heaters, and other conveniences.
Temporary blinds are common in protected and public areas where permanent fixture blinds are forbidden. Many are tent-like "pop-up" blinds which are quick and easy to erect. Boat blinds are used to conceal a hunter while hunting from a boat. Boat blinds can be handmade or are available from manufacturers.
There are two common types of blinds for land and field-based waterfowl hunting: pit blinds and layout blinds. The pit blind can be a solid structure that is placed into a hole in the ground or on the bank of a waterbody. Since pit blinds rest below the top of the surrounding soil, some structural strength is required to prevent the soil from collapsing into the blind. Commercially available blinds can be made from fiberglass, polyethylene or even lightweight metals. Homemade blinds can also be constructed of wood, but typically cannot withstand the moisture of an underground habitat. Concrete walls are also constructed to form pit blinds typically on land owned or controlled by hunt clubs since this creates a permanent structure.
Pit blind amenities can vary greatly from a basic blind with sticks or other temporary camouflage to elaborate multi-level blinds with small quarters for sleeping or cooking. Most pit blinds will have some form of movable door or slide that can be opened quickly when waterfowl are approaching while still allowing the hunters a good view while closed. Camouflage netting or screens are common materials for the movable top. One common drawback to pit blinds is their propensity to accumulate water. Especially in marsh or wetland areas, the soil can hold a large amount of moisture. Pit blinds are sometimes fitted with sump pumps or even hand-operated pumps to assist the hunters in draining any water that has invaded the blind.
Layout blinds allow a hunter to have a low profile in a field without digging a hole. They are made of an aluminum metal frame and a canvas cover. Most modern commercial layout blinds are fitted with spring-loaded flaps on top that retract when the hunter is ready to fire. The layout blind allows the hunter to lie prone in the blind with only the head or face exposed to allow good visibility. Newer blinds also have a screen that provides a one-way view outside the blind to conceal the hunter, but allow him/her to observe the waterfowl. When birds are in range, the hunter can open the flaps and quickly sit up to a shooting position. Layout blinds come in many different colors and patterns from plain brown to new camouflage patterns that simulate forage found in typical hunting locations. A favorite trick of savvy hunters is to use loose forage found in the specific field being hunted to camouflage the layout blind. Most blinds are fitted with canvas loops designed to hold stalks, grass or other material.
Blinds are known by different names in different countries. In New Zealand, for instance, the term maimai (possibly from the Australian term "mia-mia" for a temporary shelter) is used for a permanent or semi-permanent hide or blind.
Decoys
Decoys are replica waterfowl that are used to attract birds to a location near the hunters; an important piece of equipment for the waterfowler. Using a good spread of decoys and calling, an experienced waterfowl hunter can successfully bag ducks or geese if waterfowl are flying that day. The first waterfowl decoys were made from vegetation such as cattails by Native Americans. In the 18th century, duck decoys were carved from soft wood such as pine. Many decoys were not painted. Live birds were also used as decoys. They were placed in the water and had a rope and a weight at the end of the rope so the duck could not swim or fly away. This method of hunting became illegal in the 1930s. By the end of the 20th century, collectors started to search for high quality wooden duck decoys that were used by market hunters in the late 19th century or early 20th century. Decoys used in Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, Barnegat Bay, and North Carolina's Core Sound, and the famous Outerbanks (OBX) are highly sought after. Most decoys were carved from various types of wood that would withstand the rigors of many seasons of hunting. Highly detailed paint and decoy carvings that even included the outlines of tail or wing feathers turned the duck decoy into a work of art. Today, many collectors search estate sales, auctions, trade shows, or other venues for vintage duck decoys. In the historic Atlantic Flyway, North Carolina's "Core Sound Decoy Festival" draws in excess of 40,000 visitors to the little community of Harker's Island, NC the first weekend in December each year, and Easton, MD with their Wildfowl Festival in the month of November draws a great many people to that old goose hunting community on the Eastern Shore.
Modern decoys are typically made from molded plastic; that began in the 1960s. Making decoys of plastic, decoys can be made many times faster than carving from wood. The plastic allows a high level of detail, a resilient product and reasonable cost. Most are still hand painted. Most modern decoys are fitted with a "water keel" which fills with water once the decoy is immersed in water or a "weighted keel" filled with lead. Both types of keel help the decoy stay upright in wind or high waves. Weighted keel decoys look more realistic by sitting lower in the water.
This also allows for decoys to be thrown into the water and the decoy to float upright. The obvious drawback to weighted keels are the added weight when carrying decoys for long distances. Decoys are held in place by some type of sinker or weight and attached via line to the decoy. Various weight designs allow the line to be wrapped around the decoy when not in use and secured by folding or attaching the lead weight to the decoy.
Decoys are placed in the water about 30 to 35 yards from the hunters. Usually a gap is in the decoy spread to entice live ducks to land in the gap.
Recently, decoys have been introduced that provide lifelike movement that adds to the attraction for waterfowl. Shakers are decoys with a small electric motor and an offset weighted wheel. As the wheel turns it causes the decoy to "shake" in the water and create realistic wave rings throughout the decoy spread. Spinning wing decoys are also fitted with an electric motor and have wings made of various materials. As the wings spin an optical illusion is created simulating the wing beats for landing birds. These decoys can be quite effective when hunting waterfowl and have been banned in some states. Other types of movement decoys include swimming decoys and even kites formed like geese or ducks. The use of UV paint has also been suggested for decoys. Unlike humans, it is possible for wildlife to see UV colors and decoys so patterned may appear more authentic.
Boats
Boats are used while hunting to set up decoys, pick up birds, or travel to and from hunting areas. For general camouflage, boats are often painted some combination of brown, tan, green, and black. They can also be covered with grass or burlap and used as a hunting blind, known as sneak boat hunting. Boats for hunting are generally either propelled by motor or with oars. Most popular are flat-bottomed boats (usually jon boats) for increased stability, with keels made of wood or aluminum between long. Painted kayaks or canoes made of aluminum or fiberglass reinforced with Kevlar are also used; these can navigate shallow streams or small narrow rivers in search of waterfowl. Care must be taken when shooting from boats as hunters may fall overboard due to loss of balance when shooting at waterfowl. Pursuing diving ducks in lakes, bays or sounds in the United States requires larger and more stable boats, as small boats have been known to capsize, wherein hunters can drown by hypothermia. Sink boxes, boats that conceal the hunter under the water surface, are illegal to use in the United States, but technically legal in Canada.
Clothing
Duck season takes place in the fall and winter where the weather can be harsh. Waterproof clothing is critical to duck hunting. Most duck hunters hunt over water, and they stand in water or in a boat. In order to stand in the water and stay dry the hunter must wear waders. Waders are waterproof pants (usually made of a neoprene-like material) that have attached boots and are completely waterproof. Typical waders are chest-high, but waist-high and knee-high waders are sometimes used in shallow water. Duck hunting is a cold sport and the hunter must be well insulated from the cold. Ducks also have superior vision and can see color, which is why hunters must wear clothing that is well camouflaged. Camouflage clothing is various shades of brown or green or brown and green combined. Therefore, hunters wear camouflage similar to the area they are hunting so the ducks do not see the hunters. Face masks are often worn so the ducks do not see the hunters' faces, and camouflage gloves are also worn.
Dogs
Duck hunters quite often employ a dog to retrieve downed birds. Most often hunters use a Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever or Chesapeake Bay Retriever to retrieve waterfowl. The use of a dog provides a number of advantages. As duck hunting often takes place in cold wet locations, the use of a dog frees the hunter from potentially dangerous forays into cold water to retrieve the bird. Such efforts can be dangerous for the hunter, but are managed by a dog quite easily. It also allows for the recovery of wounded birds that might otherwise escape. A dog's acute sense of smell allows them to find the wounded birds in swamps or marshes where weeds can allow a duck to hide. The use of a dog ensures that a higher percentage of the birds shot end up on the table.
A disadvantage of having dogs in the duck blind, is that some dogs are not well-trained to sit still and can potentially ruin a good hunt. Dogs that run into the water looking for birds when guns are fired, rather than waiting until sent or released create a hazard to the dog and hunters. Nevertheless, dogs are considered the greatest conservation tool known to waterfowlers.
Binoculars
Duck hunting is an exhilarating experience, but without the right equipment, it can be challenging to spot and aim at your target. A good pair of binoculars can make all the difference in the success of your hunt. They allow hunters to scout distant areas such as lakes, ponds, rivers, and wetlands to locate ducks and assess their numbers. This is especially useful for identifying potential hunting spots without disturbing the ducks. It is also very important to note that binoculars also provide clearer and closer views of ducks, enabling hunters to identify different species and genders accurately. This is crucial for complying with hunting regulations and ethical hunting practices, as bag limits and species restrictions often apply. Not only in spotting the ducks, but they also help hunters gauge the distance between themselves and the ducks accurately. This is important for determining the appropriate shooting range and selecting the right ammunition for an ethical and effective shot.
Hunting guides
In the United States, professional hunting guides are used by waterfowlers who do not know the local area. They are paid to take clients to hunt on leased, or private property, or hunting in local areas in which these professional guides know where to hunt in large public waterfowl hunting areas. If they use an outboard engine on their boat, they must be registered by the USCG as an OUPV operator in all fifty states, and have that license in their boat during the time of operation, and many states require all waterfowl guides to be registered via the state DNR hunting license. Waterfowlers normally employ a guide for a half-day or a whole day of hunting. The cost of hiring a guide varies from one hundred fifty dollars for a half day to four hundred dollars for a day. Guides have boats, blinds, decoys, and dogs for retrieving ducks or geese. They know the flight patterns of the game and know how to call ducks or geese in. They know how to set up decoys. Some guides specialize in certain types of waterfowl while others will be more generalists. Some guides specialize in sea hunting while others will specialize in bay hunting, river hunting, lake hunting, or swamp hunting. Guides may have houses for hunters to sleep in for the night. They may provide the service of cleaning the game and keeping it on ice in coolers or refrigerators. Guides may have coffin blinds or more fancy house blinds, that provide seats and heating. Guides are usually registered with the state that they guide in.
Wildfowling in the UK
In Britain, the term "hunting" is generally reserved for the pursuit of game on land with hounds, so the sport is generally known as "wildfowl shooting" or "wildfowling" rather than "hunting."
Wild ducks and geese are shot over foreshores and inland and coastal marshes in Europe. Birds are shot with a shotgun, and less commonly, a large single barreled gun mounted on a small boat, known as a punt gun. Due to the ban on the use of lead shot for hunting wildfowl or over wetlands, many wildfowlers are switching to modern guns with stronger engineering to allow the use of non-toxic ammunition such as steel or tungsten based cartridges. The most popular bore is the 12-gauge.
Only certain 'quarry' species of wildfowl may legally be shot in the UK, and are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. These are mallard, Eurasian wigeon, teal, pochard, shoveler, pintail, gadwall, goldeneye, tufted duck, Canada goose, greylag goose and pink-footed goose. Other common quarry targets for the wildfowler include the common snipe.
An intimate knowledge of the quarry and its habitat is required by the successful wildfowler. Shooting will normally occur during the early morning and late afternoon 'flights', when the birds move to and from feeding and roosting sites. The wildfowler is not looking for a large bag of quarry, and his many hours of effort are rewarded by even a single bird. It is recommended that wildfowlers always shoot with a dog, or someone with a dog, to retrieve shot birds on difficult estuarine terrain. The favourites on the table are mallard, wigeon and teal.
Wildfowling has come under threat in recent years through legislation. Destruction of habitat also has played a large part in the decline of shooting areas, and recently in the UK "right to roam" policies mean that wildfowlers' conservation areas are at risk. However, in most regions, good relationships exist between wildfowlers, conservationists, ramblers and other coastal area users.
In the UK wildfowling is largely self-regulated. Their representative body, WAGBI (Wildfowlers Association of Great Britain and Ireland), was founded in 1908 by Stanley Duncan in Hull. This Association changed its name in 1981 to become the British Association for Shooting and Conservation (BASC) and now represents all forms of live quarry shooting at European, national and local levels. There are also many wildfowling clubs around the coast of Great Britain, often covering certain estuary areas where wildfowl are found in large numbers.
Waterfowl hunting in Australia
Hunting waterfowl with firearms didn't reach Australia until the 19th century in the southern part of Australia, although aboriginals adjusted their prior methods and started using firearms. Hunting waterfowl was considered sport to Australians in the 19th century up to today. The magpie goose was considered the best table fare of all the birds hunted in Australia, was hunted to near extinction, and is now only allowed to be hunted in the Northern Territory.
In Australia, only three states and one territory permit the hunting of waterfowl using firearms. Hunting with a permit is allowed in the Northern Territory, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria. Unlike in the U.S., the species a hunter is allowed to kill varies widely between states. There are currently eleven native species of waterfowl that are permitted to be hunted, though no single region permits the hunting of all eleven. In addition to the native species, the Mallard is a feral species in Australia and is permitted to be hunted.
Penalties apply for hunters who kill or injure protected (non-listed) species. Waterfowl that are fully protected in all Australian states and territories and therefore must not be shot include: the Cape Barren goose, Black swan, Freckled duck, Blue-billed duck and Burdekin duck. There are a few species of waterfowl listed as endangered or "vulnerable" under various legislation in Australia.
Waterfowl hunting in Canada
Hunting waterfowl in Canada originated with native Canadians, but was modernized in the late 1700s around the same time the US declared independence. The use of shotguns was introduced by immigrants from Europe. Once it became more modern, rules and regulations were implemented and change yearly due to the flight patterns of birds and endangered species.
Waterfowl is plentiful in Canada, and there is a wide range of birds that are legal to hunt. Geese are a plentiful and popular quarry, and are split into two groups: "dark geese" such as Canada, white front, Brant, and cackling geese, and "white geese", such as snow, blue, and Ross's geese. It is permitted to hunt for ducks such as mallards, blue and green-wing teal, and Northern pintails. One may also hunt ducks like redheads, blackducks, canvasbacks, buffleheads, wood ducks, ringneck or ring-billed ducks, greater or lesser scaup, common goldeneye, cinnamon teal, and American widgeon. Other fowl such as coot, snipe, woodcock, and sandhill cranes also generally fall under "waterfowl" legislation and any related permit and/or license systems. Additional provincial restrictions may exist for specific species beyond what is restricted by federal legislation.
To hunt waterfowl in Canada, one must first obtain a valid Canada Migratory Game Bird Hunting Permit with a Wildlife Habitat Conservation stamp affixed to or printed on the permit, as well as any additional licenses and certificates which may be required at the provincial level. There is also a bag limit and a possession limit, based on species of group. The bag limit is the total number of individuals of a specific species or group that one is allowed to harvest within a given hunting day (generally considered to run 30 minutes after sunrise to 30 minutes before sunset), and the possession limit is how many birds one may legally have has in one's possession including those in one's game bag, vehicle, at home, etc. For example, if there is a bag limit of 8 and a possession limit of 24, you may harvest 8 individuals in any single day, but you may only possess a total of 24 individuals at any one time. It is important to stay current on regulations as they are frequently updated based on target species population trends. This close monitoring and regulation adjustment ensures the sustainability of waterfowl hunting in Canada for many generations to come by supporting healthy populations of desirable game species and their habitats.
Regulations, sportsmanship, and safety
Waterfowl hunting is highly regulated in most western countries. Hunters are required to obtain a hunting license and face strict limits on the number of birds that can be taken in a day (bag limits), and the total number of birds a hunter can possess (possession limits).
There were no regulations on waterfowl hunting from when the Paleo Indians arrived in North America to the early 20th century. In the early 20th century large bore shotguns and rifles were used. Traps were used. Live decoys were used in front of blinds, as well as shotguns holding many shells. Hunting was done throughout the year. In 1913 the United States Congress passed the Weeks–McLean Act regulating waterfowl hunting; however, the states were successful in arguing that the constitution gave no such regulatory power to the federal government, and the statute was struck down. In response, the United States negotiated the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 with the United Kingdom (which at the time was largely responsible for Canada's foreign affairs) covering the same substance, but would be constitutional because of the Supremacy Clause. The treaty was upheld by the Supreme Court in Missouri v. Holland.
In the United States, hunters must also purchase a federal duck stamp and often a state stamp. It is illegal to shoot ducks from a motor vehicle or a moving boat. Shooting sitting or swimming ducks is considered unsportsmanlike by some and possibly unsafe. Many practices that were once common in commercial duck hunting before the start of the 20th century, including laying baits such as corn, use of live ducks as "decoys," and use of guns larger than a 10-gauge, are now prohibited. In most areas, shotguns that can hold more than three shells must be modified to reduce their magazine size. A wooden plug is installed in the hollow magazine of the shotgun. Legal hunting is limited to a set time period (or "season"), which generally extends from fall to early winter, while birds are migrating south.
The Conservation Order established by the USF&WS allows for hunting snow geese in March and April. The reason for this is that snow geese populations have become so large that more hunting is needed to control their populations, as they are destroying their habitat. Shotguns can be loaded to full capacity for hunting these geese.
It is also considered good sportsmanship to make every possible attempt to retrieve dead or injured waterfowl the hunter has shot (In the Australian state of Victoria it is required by law). Birds are shot within range to prevent cripples. Shooting before birds are within range is also considered poor sportsmanship, as this often merely injures the birds and may drive them away before other hunters can fire.
Many provinces in Canada and all states require hunters, including waterfowl hunters, to complete hunter safety courses before they can obtain a license. Waterfowl hunters fire short-range shotgun rounds into the air over often deserted bodies of water, so accidental injuries are rarer than in other hunting activities such as big game or deer hunting.
Hunting areas
All states except Hawaii have public land for waterfowl hunting. Some states might refer to them as fish and game lands or Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs). Every state's DNR has a website, and each has a link to their licenses and regulations and WMAs, as well as information on various draw and public hunts. Some states call them fish and wildlife management areas. These are lands purchased from hunting license revenue. Water in bays or ocean are open area to hunting, as no one can own these areas, although some counties in North Carolina and Virginia still allow a limited number of Registered Blinds in public waters of certain coastal counties. The Mississippi Flyway is a very famous waterfowling community. The Central Flyway has the highest numbers of waterfowl migrating south from Canada in the Great Southern Migration. The Pacific Flyway is an exceptional hunting area for migratory waterfowl today, although their WMAs can be quite crowded from Washington State all the way south to California rice fields which used to see Hollywood's great hunters flock to Tulle Lake, and Sacramento private duck hunting clubs.
The problem for the average waterfowler is getting access to the ocean, bay, marsh, or lake to hunt public access waters. Hunters usually need large boats, and motors to travel safely to and in these areas. Many people will set up hunting blinds on the shoreline of water unless it is private property. Many states across the United States are not allowing the building of hunting blinds on any public waters. Such action therefore allows more use of boat blinds, and therefore no permanent water hazards of blinds in public waters such as lakes, bays or sounds allows all waterfowl hunters to hunt all public waters. This can be very successful if they know how to use a duck call, and proper use of decoy placement and wind direction, and can call ducks in towards their decoys. Most sportsmen know to stay at least 500 yards from anyone else that may be hunting nearby them in public waters. More waterfowlers today should learn from their elders the importance of "ethical sportsmanship", whenever gunning on public waters hunting ducks and geese today and in the future.
Flyways
In North America, the routes used by migratory waterfowl are generally divided into four broad geographical paths known as flyways. Each flyway is characterized by a different composition of species and habitat. The U.S. fish and wildlife service established the flyways to help with the management of migratory birds. They studied all migratory birds and established the Mississippi, Atlantic, Mountain, and Pacific flyway, all holding different species of migratory birds.
Mississippi flyway
The Mississippi flyway is a migration route used by waterfowl to travel from central Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, flying along the route of the Mississippi River and its tributaries.
In the Midwest and central United States, wildfowl hunting generally occurs on lakes, marshes, swamps, or rivers where ducks and geese land during their migration. Cornfields and rice paddies are also common hunting grounds, since geese and ducks often feed on the grain that remains in the field after harvest. In some areas, farmers rent or lease hunting rights. Some farmers or hunters form hunt clubs, which can cover thousands of acres and have resort-like amenities, or be as simple as a shallow pit blind dug into a field. On the East and West Coast of America and many parts of Europe, waterfowl hunters often focus on the seashore.
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service maintains millions of acres as National Wildlife Refuges open to public hunting. All states have public hunting and fishing areas. States publish maps of these areas.
Atlantic flyway
The Atlantic Flyway is a migration route used by waterfowl flying from northern Quebec to Florida in the autumn and back in the springtime. This is where duck hunting first started some of the largest and grandest waterfowl hunting clubs and clubhouses in North America. Look at photos of the "Whalehead Club in the Outer Banks of North Carolina" which is no longer a hunting club, but is a historical building today, built in the grand style of the gilded age of waterfowling. North Carolina waterfowl guide and writer Joe Guide states, "some of the greatest and grandest of Waterfowl Clubs along the famous Atlantic flyway developed following the Civil War era, and the largest ones were financed by Northerners loaded with money due to the great industrial revolution period beginning around the mid 1870s—and most of the grand waterfowl clubs ended due to the great depression years due to economic conditions. It might surprise you that a majority of the grand Atlantic Seaboard Waterfowl Hunt Clubs did not have southerners as "members" until well into the 1950s, however, they all used locals as caretakers, guides, paddlers, and cooks". Diver hunting is the major waterfowl activity along the coastal regions of the Atlantic, however, local populations of greater snow geese seem to be increasing in number, as they have started breeding with lesser snow geese and their migration range is ever increasing.
Ducks and geese are born in the tundra of Quebec, and fly south in autumn to Chesapeake Bay and Virginia's famous Back Bay, and the James River, and then move southward through North and South Carolina, Georgia and Florida for the winter. Northeast and northwest Florida get a great number of teal and divers as the winter progresses. In the northeastern states the Saint Lawrence River, the coast of Maine, Long island harbors, Barnegat Bay, Great Egg Harbor, Little Egg Harbor, Absecon Bay, Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay, Virginia's Eastern Shore and Back Bays saw presidents and captains of great industry spend part of their winters at their wildfowling clubs. North Carolina's Outer Banks, and the Core and Pamlico Sounds have been known for centuries for great waterfowl hunting drawing people from throughout the big cities of the northeastern states. In South Carolina there was Georgetown's and Charleston's old rice fields, and backcountry marshes and freshwater rivers and lakes that continued to draw ducks in great numbers until the Santee National Wildlife Refuge stopped feeding the ducks in the winter months of the 1980s due to the economy and changes in National Wildlife Refuge policy across the nation. In the 1960s to the mid-1980s the upper Santee swamp's upper Lake Marion region used to winter over 150,000 mallards each and every winter's duck count.
In the Chesapeake Bay area well into the 1930s one of the biggest threats to waterfowl was "local poachers" using flat boat boats, mounting huge 12 foot black powder swivel guns. Most of these ancient weapons have been confiscated and are in museums, although a few families have hidden theirs as family keepsakes.
Mountain (Central) Flyway
The Rocky Mountain Flyway is used by waterfowl of that region to fly from Alberta and Saskatchewan Canada to Texas, the Gulf Coast, and western Mexico.
Pacific flyway
The Pacific flyway is a migration route from central Alaska to southern Mexico. It is used by nearly all waterfowl species in that region.
Waterfowl conservation
Due to extensive market hunting from the 18th century to the early 20th century, waterfowl populations dropped drastically. In the 1930s there was a severe drought, in which waterfowl populations declined severely.
Waterfowl are indigenous to marsh and wetland areas, which are shrinking at alarming rates due to the drought and farmers draining wetland areas to plant crops. Wetland conservation and restoration is critical for the continuance of waterfowl hunting. Organizations such as Ducks Unlimited are making a concerted effort to maintain and expand waterfowl and marshland conservation to ensure safety and expansion of the sport. Ducks Unlimited buys land or converts land into waterfowl habitat. Ducks Unlimited started in 1937 in Sullivan County, New York when a hunter went hunting along a river and could not find any wood ducks. This hunter and others formed Ducks Unlimited. Now Ducks Unlimited has thousands of members that donate millions of dollars for buying waterfowl habitat in the United States, Canada and Mexico. Ducks Unlimited has many dinners and other fund raisers throughout the year in each state.
See also
British Association for Shooting and Conservation
Decoy
Delta Waterfowl Foundation
Duck
Ducks Unlimited
Field and Game Australia
Game bird
Hunting
Muttonbirding
Sneak boat hunting
Waterfowl
Wetland
Whiffling
Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust
References
External links
Flyways.us – United States Fish & Wildlife Service, Flyway Councils, waterfowl hunting management in North America
Delta Waterfowl Foundation – Waterfowl hunting
Ducks Unlimited – Hunting and Wetlands and Waterfowl Conservation
The Book of Duck Decoys – Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey, 1886 (full text)
British Duck Decoys of To-Day, 1918 – Joseph Whitaker (full text)
Midwest Decoy Collectors Association – The de facto international collectors group
"Hide And Seek With The Mallards", October 1931, Popular Mechanics
British Association for Shooting and Conservation – Covering wildfowling in the UK
Duckr – Application devoted to identifying waterfowl
Waterfowl Craft – Hub dedicated to bringing awareness to Waterfowl Hunting
Fowling
Hunting in the United States
Winter sports
Bird mortality
Hunting by game | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfowl%20hunting |
The Federal Debt Collection Procedures Act of 1990 (FDCPA), Title XXXVI of the Crime Control Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-647, 104 Stat. 4789, 4933 (Nov. 29, 1990), is a United States federal law passed in 1990, affecting collection of money owed to the United States government. The FDCPA preempts state remedy laws in most circumstances.
The Act is codified in Chapter 176 of Title 28 of the United States Code, in four subchapters:
SUBCHAPTER A—DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL PROVISIONS (§§ 3001–3015)
SUBCHAPTER B—PREJUDGMENT REMEDIES (§§ 3101–3105)
SUBCHAPTER C—POSTJUDGMENT REMEDIES (§§ 3201–3206)
SUBCHAPTER D—FRAUDULENT TRANSFERS INVOLVING DEBTS (§§ 3301–3308)
Information
A provision of the Act states that a person or organization indebted to the United States, against whom a judgment lien has been filed, is ineligible to receive a government grant, including disaster loans.
Noncompliance, depending on severity and frequency, may be punished by fine or even incarceration. FDCPA also allows the federal government to reclaim money that was fraudulently transferred.
The Federal Debt Collection Procedures Act of 1990 consists of sections 3601 through 3631 of the Crime Control Act of 1990.
References
External links
Debt Collection News
Debt Collection UK
SEC. 3601. The "Federal Debt Collection Procedures Act of 1990"
1990 in American law
Debt collection
Debt collection procedure act | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Debt%20Collection%20Procedures%20Act%20of%201990 |
The Sindh Regiment (, ) (previously Sind Regiment) is an infantry regiment of the Pakistan Army established on 1 July 1980. The regiment takes its name from Sindh province in southern Pakistan. Prior to its formation there had been no regiment in the Pakistan Army specifically intended to recruit primarily from the Sindhi population. The regimental centre is located in Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan.
History
Since independence in 1947, the Pakistan Army had been dominated by Punjabis, with as much as 77% of army personnel. A specific regiment was created to address concerns of underrepresentation of Sindhis. This was done by the transfer of eleven battalions from the Punjab Regiment and ten battalions from the Baloch Regiment. An additional seven battalions were raised in the period from 1988 to 1999 while another Baluch battalion was transferred in 1988. Further raisings between 2001 and 2019 brought total strength of the regiment to 33 battalions.
Uniform
The regimental badge depicts crossed Sindhi axes surmounted by the star and crescent appearing above a title scroll in Urdu. All ranks wear a cherry pink beret with a red plume hackle.
Commanders
Previous colonel-commandants of the regiment have included Lieutenant General Salim Haider, who has served as the commander of I (Strike) Corps, Mangla, and as the Master-General of Ordnance (MGO).
Battle honours
The following battle honours are a representation of honours awarded to the battalions which form the regiment.
Kargil War: 24th Battalion, Sindh Regiment participated in the War and Sepoy Fazl Aman was taken POW in the war and later repatriated.
Operational awards to individual members of the regiment include:
1 Nishan-e-Haider (posthumously to Karnal Sher Khan for actions in the Kargil War of 1999).
6 Sitara-e-Jurat
12 Tamgha-i-Jurat (including four for actions in the Kargil War)
Non-operational awards include:
6 Sitara-e-Basalat
28 Tamgha-e-Basalat
Units
1 SIND (MIB)(Fakher E Sind)
2 SIND
3 SIND (Athra)
4 SIND (MIB)(Sarmast)
5 SIND (Al Bat'l)
6 SIND (Qalandars)
7 SIND (The Champions)(Jafakash)(SABUNA 71)
8 SIND (Al Shawaz)
9 SIND (MIB)(Saifans)(Saifullah)
10 SIND (Terrific Ten)
11 SIND (Tabbaar)
12 SIND (Jang Ju Bara)
13 SIND (Zarb E Qasim)
14 SIND (Rawan Dawan)
15 SIND (Al Fateh)
16 SIND (MIB)(1st MIB) (Al Karrar)
17 SIND
18 SIND (Yakjan)
19 SIND (Sarbuland)
20 SIND (Toofani Battalion)
21 SIND (Dosh Badosh)
22 SIND (MIB)(Daleer Battalion)
23 SIND (Sholazan)
24 SIND (MIB) (Lajpal Battalion) (First on Himalayas)
25 SIND (Al Kaseeb)
26 SIND (Janbaz Battalion)
27 SIND (NH)(Sataees)(Sher Haideri)
28 SIND (Ghaurians)
29 SIND (Jeedar)
30 SIND
31 SIND
32 SIND (MIB)(2015)
--
34 SIND (Al Rasoob)
Affiliated units
5 Light Commando Battalion (Sindh)
40th Horse (Sind) armoured regiment
Alliances
1st Battalion with - The Rifles
Notable personnel
Muhammad Qamar Abbas Rizvi, former officer, current member of Sindh Provincial Assembly.
References
External links
Infantry regiments of Pakistan
Military units and formations established in 1980
Military in Sindh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh%20Regiment |
Richard Jewell may refer to:
Richard Jewell (1962–2007), the man wrongly accused of the 1996 Olympic Park bombing in Atlanta
Richard G. Jewell, 8th president of Grove City College
Richard Roach Jewell (1810–1891), Australian architect
Richard Jewell (film), a 2019 biographical film about the 1996 Olympic bombing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Jewell%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Han Jong-in (born August 9, 1978) is a North Korean figure skater. He represented unified Korea at the 2006 Winter Olympics, where he had the honor of bearing the special Unification Flag alongside South Korean speed skater, Lee Bo-ra.
At the Olympics, he placed last in the short program and did not advance to the free skating.
Results
External links
1978 births
Living people
North Korean male single skaters
Olympic figure skaters for North Korea
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Pyongyang | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%20Jong-in |
The Battle of Phyle was fought between Athenian exiles who were seeking to restore democracy to Athens and a Spartan garrison trying to protect the oligarchic Thirty Tyrants. In the battle, 700 Athenian exiles under Thrasybulus decisively defeated Spartans and their Athenian cavalry in a dawn ambush.
Prelude
Following Athens' defeat in the Peloponnesian War, a narrow oligarchic government was imposed on the city by Lysander and the victorious Spartans. This government, which came to be known as the Thirty Tyrants as a result of its brutal actions, exiled or drove away a number of citizens. Many of these gathered at Thebes, where they received support and assistance from the anti-Spartan government of Ismenias. Late in 404 BC, 70 of these exiles, commanded by Thrasybulus, crossed the border into Attica and occupied the strong point of Phyle on Mount Parnes.
The Thirty, seeking to dislodge this threat, marched out to attack Phyle, but, after an initial assault was repulsed, a snowstorm drove the force back to Athens. Meanwhile, more exiles began to arrive at Phyle, swelling the size of the force there. The Thirty dispatched the Spartan garrison of Athens, along with an Athenian cavalry force, to keep watch on Phyle and prevent the exiles from raiding the countryside.
The battle
The Spartan force made its camp in a field two miles from Phyle, and from there kept watch on the area. By this time, however, so many exiles had come to Phyle that Thrasybulus was now in command of a 700-man force. With this army, he came down from Phyle at night and surrounded the Spartan camp; at dawn, the exiles attacked, catching the Spartan force in the midst of waking up. A total rout ensued; 120 hoplites, just under a fifth of the Spartan force, were killed, as were three cavalrymen. The defeated force fled back to Athens in disarray; after pursuing for a mile, the victorious exiles returned to Phyle.
Aftermath
This unexpected defeat shook the confidence of the government at Athens, and the Thirty began shortly afterward to prepare a refuge for themselves at Eleusis by seizing and executing a number of potential dissenters there. The exiles, meanwhile, received a great boost in prestige from the victory, and new recruits swelled their numbers rapidly. Just a few days after the battle at Phyle, Thrasybulus led a force of 1000 men to Piraeus. There, he won another victory, after which the Thirty fled to Eleusis. A stalemate then ensued, with Thrasybulus and his men holding the Piraeus while a new oligarchic government held Athens; this was brought to a close when a Spartan force under Pausanias arrived; after fighting an inconclusive battle with the men from Phyle, Pausanias arranged a settlement that restored democratic governance to Athens.
The Athenians held sacrifices annually on 12 Boedromion, the anniversary of the victory.
Notes
References
Buck, Robert J., Thrasybulus and the Athenian Democracy: the life of an Athenian statesman. (Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998)
Fine, John V.A. The Ancient Greeks: A critical history (Harvard University Press, 1983)
Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony Spawforth ed., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 2003)
Phyle
Phyle
404 BC
403 BC
400s BC conflicts
Phyle
Fyli | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Phyle |
D.B.'s Delight was a locally produced St. Louis, Missouri children's television quiz show produced by CBS-owned affiliate KMOX-TV (later KMOV), Channel 4. The show ran 30 minutes on Saturdays and Sundays and aired in St. Louis from 1977 to 1988.
Cast
D.B.'s Delight featured two regular co-hosts, including a live performer and a puppeteer. The original live performer was radio personality Young Bobby Day- who hosted the program from 1977 to 1984- and later, radio personality Guy Phillips hosted from 1984-1988. The puppet character was called "D.B. Doorbell" (performed, at various times throughout the years, by puppeteers Tom Brooks, Dale Thompson, Doug Kincaid, and Bobby Miller). In addition to prize giveaways (usually special show themed pens, pencils, and T-Shirts), the show also featured comedic sketches and appearances by St. Louis child performers Mickey Dougherty and Ryan Bollman.
Production details
Jan Landis was the original producer of the show (she was later succeeded by Debi Pittman); the shows were alternately directed by Carl Petre and Skip Goodrum . Puppeteer Dale Thompson designed & built the first "D.B. Doorbell" puppet character; this was replaced in 1981 by a "Kincaid Karacter" puppet designed and built by St. Louis puppeteers William Kincaid and Doug Kincaid, when Doug Kincaid assumed the role of lead puppeteer that same year.
A winner of many regional Emmy Awards, D.B.'s Delight was followed up by KMOV in 1988 by its production of "Gator Tales", another St. Louis children's television show.
References
St. Louis Globe-Democrat, Wednesday, March 25, 1981, Section E Front Page, "The Disco Kid is dancing along on the road to fame", article on Ryan Bollman & D.B.'s Delight.
St. Louis Globe-Friday, July 5, 1985, Living Section Front Page, "Talented brothers are creators...", article on Bill and Doug Kincaid and D.B.'s Delight.
Original letter from the TV show producers, 1978
Inc._(magazine), September 10, 2018, "Meet the Company Behind Thousands of America's Favorite Mascots"- article on William Kincaid, Doug Kincaid, and The Kincaid Karacter Company
External links
Official Website of The Kincaid Karacter Puppets
Article in St. Louis Post Dispatch 8-22-2008
, September 10, 2018, "Meet the Company Behind Thousands of America's Favorite Mascots"- article on William Kincaid, Doug Kincaid, and The Kincaid Karacter Company
Student quiz television series
Local children's television programming in the United States
1977 American television series debuts
1988 American television series endings
1970s American children's game shows
1980s American children's game shows
American television shows featuring puppetry
Television in St. Louis
English-language television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.%20B.%27s%20Delight |
Nufonia Must Fall () is a graphic novel written by prominent turntablist Kid Koala. The book is accompanied by a CD soundtrack, produced by Kid Koala. It is published by ECW Press.
External links
Ninja Tunes press release
Review at Popmatters
Review at BBC Collective
2003 graphic novels
Kid Koala albums
American graphic novels
ECW Press books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nufonia%20Must%20Fall |
The Association of Muslim Lawyers (AML) is an organisation in the United Kingdom which campaigns for legal rights for Muslims and others, and to aid Muslims working in the legal professions.
External links
Islamic organisations based in the United Kingdom
Legal organisations based in England and Wales
1993 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1993
Law-related professional associations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20Muslim%20Lawyers |
Her Infinite Variety is a novel by Louis Auchincloss first published in 2000 about a career woman of the first half of the 20th century. The title is a quotation from Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra: "Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale / Her infinite variety" (Act II, scene 2).
Plot summary
Born in New York in 1917, attractive Clarabel (Longcope) Hoyt, the heroine of the book, is encouraged by her ambitious mother to marry "a great man," a man able and willing to make a success of his life. She succeeds in persuading her daughter to end her relationship with a young teacher with a promising career ahead of him and marry into one of the pre-eminent, old money families instead. Eventually succumbing to her mother's wishes, Clara, still a virgin, marries Trevor Hoyt, a banker, and in due course their daughter Sandra is born.
Clara, however, is not content spending her husband's money and living a life of luxury and ease. When her old school friend Polly suggests that she should work for Style, a fashion magazine, Clara eagerly accepts the offer and soon becomes a household name as a trendy journalist. During World War II, while Hoyt is stationed in London and Clara remains in New York, both spouses are unfaithful to each other. On her husband's return, however, Clara is faced with the double standards of morality which exempt the man from any consequences of his infidelity while ascribing to the woman the role of sinner, of the "war wife who cheats on her fighting husband" or, as Trevor puts it, of the "cool bitch". Subsequently, and much to her mother's dismay, Clara divorces her husband, a generous divorce settlement ensuring that she does not quite have to "face the chilling prospect of depending on her own talents to support herself".
She becomes editor-in-chief of Style by exposing her predecessor's alcoholism and eventually starts an affair with Eric Tyler, the owner of the magazine. At the same time she gently but firmly turns Tyler Publications into an empire aligned with the Democratic Party. She also pulls the strings in making Eric Tyler a candidate for the U.S. Senate. However, driven by some inexplicable force, Tyler holds the "wrong" speech on tax reform, voicing what he really thinks on the matter and thus forfeiting all his chances of ever becoming a politician. It is with considerable difficulty that Clara answers Tyler's question whether she loves him—she is aware of the fact that her rather forced "Of course, I love you" is actually a lie. At this point in her life she very strongly questions her ability to love at all.
Nevertheless, Clara marries Eric Tyler, but the ailing tycoon suffers two strokes and dies. Clara is now faced with a lengthy lawsuit brought on by Tony Tyler, Eric's son by his first wife, who feels cheated out of the family money. Determined to fight to the end rather than compromise, Clara justifies, and also disguises, her luxurious lifestyle by continuing her late husband's foundation and openly and generously supporting philanthropic causes so that her public image turns into that of an "angel of beneficience".
Clara also likes to see herself as a patron of the arts, and it is in this capacity that she meets, and gets to know more intimately, Oliver Kip, an expert on the Italian Renaissance. She genuinely falls in love with him and wants to "belong to Oliver, to be appreciated by his cool, appraising eyes, to be added to his collection of beautiful objects". Their affair, however, is short-lived because he informs her that his life "is not the kind that can be improved by being shared" and also because the abuse of his power within the Tyler Foundation forces her to pay him off and hush up the scandal in order to save the foundation's reputation.
In the final scene of the novel, set in 1961, Clara is on the phone with John F. Kennedy, whose election she has supported, accepting Kennedy's offer to be made ambassador to the (fictional) island of Santa Emilia in the Caribbean.
Read on
Joseph Hergesheimer: Linda Condon (1919) (lack of purpose in life among the privileged and well-to-do towards the end of the 19th century)
Booth Tarkington: Alice Adams (1921) (girl encouraged by her mother to become a social climber at her father's expense)
Philip Barry: Holiday (1928) (eligible young man disinclined to fit in with the work ethic of his wealthy surroundings)
Jessie Redmon Fauset: Plum Bun: A Novel Without a Moral (1929) (the very rich seen from the angle of the less fortunate)
Nancy Mitford: The Pursuit of Love (1945) and Love in a Cold Climate (1949) (the lives and loves of a rich aristocratic family in inter-war Britain).
References
2000 American novels
Novels by Louis Auchincloss
Houghton Mifflin books
Novels set in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%20Infinite%20Variety |
The Maserati Boomerang is a concept car designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro and produced by Italdesign. It was first revealed at the Turin Motor Show in 1971 as a non-functional epowood model, but by the time of the 1972 Geneva Auto Show it was based on Maserati Bora chassis as a one-off.
The Boomerang was registered as a road car, but it was intended as a one-off show car. It was shown in dozens of places, and after the 1974 car show in Barcelona it was sold to a private individual. In 1990, it was shown at the Bagatelle Concours in Paris, 1993 Concorso Italiano, Carmel (Calf.) and Pebble Beach, with a new owner and some restoration work having been done. It made an appearance again in 2000 at the Monterey Historic Automobile Races, and Pebble Beach - 50th Anniversary -, 2012 "BEST OF SHOW", May, Monte Carlo, Monaco, 2013 "BEST OF SHOW", October, Knokke, Belgium, 2014 "Paris Motor Show". On 5 September, 2015, the Boomerang was auctioned by Bonhams at the Château de Chantilly, France, and sold for $3.7 million.
Design
The design of the Boomerang would resonate through Giugiaro's future designs for many years. Its sharp angles and wedge shape could be easily recognised in the 1973 Audi Asso di Picche concept, 1973 VW Passat Mk1, 1974 VW Golf Mk1, 1976 Lotus Esprit and Medici II show car, 1979 Lancia Delta and Maserati Quattroporte III, as well as the 1976 designed and 1981 launched DeLorean.
Specifications
The Boomerang is powered by a 4.7L V8 engine producing and of torque, driving the rear wheels and mated to a 5-speed manual transmission. The interior feature a unique dashboard layout where the steering wheel and gauge cluster are part of a single console that emerges from the dash, and the steering wheel rotates around the stationary gauges.
Other media
The Boomerang featured prominently in a 2014 series of Louis Vuitton print and video ads, with photographs by Jürgen Teller showing the car and fashion models at the Giardini della Biennale (Venice).
References
External links
Boomerang
Italdesign concept vehicles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati%20Boomerang |
The Gothic double is a literary motif which refers to the divided personality of a character. Closely linked to the Doppelgänger, which first appeared in the 1796 novel Siebenkäs by Johann Paul Richter, the double figure emerged in Gothic literature in the late 18th century due to a resurgence of interest in mythology and folklore which explored notions of duality, such as the fetch in Irish folklore which is a double figure of a family member, often signifying an impending death.
A major shift in Gothic literature occurred in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, where evil was no longer within a physical location such as a haunted castle, but expanded to inhabit the mind of characters, often referred to as "the haunted individual." Examples of the Gothic double motif in 19th-century texts include Charlotte Brontë's novel Jane Eyre (1847) and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's short story The Yellow Wallpaper (1892), which use the motif to reflect on gender inequalites in the Victorian era, and famously, Robert Louis Stevenson's novella Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886).
In the early 20th century, the Gothic double motif was featured in new mediums such as film to explore the emerging fear of technology replacing humanity. A notable example of this is the evil mechanical double depicted in the German expressionist film Metropolis by Fritz Lang (1927). Texts in this period also appropriate the Gothic double motif present in earlier literature, such as Daphne du Maurier's Gothic romance novel Rebecca (1938), which appropriates the doubling in Jane Eyre. In the 21st century, the Gothic double motif has further been featured in horror and psychological thriller films such as Darren Aronofsky's Black Swan (2010) and Jordan Peele's Us (2019). In addition, the Gothic double motif has been used in 21st century Anthropocene literature, such as Jeff VanderMeer's Annihilation (2014).
Origins
The emergence of the Gothic novel in the 18th century coincided with a renewed interest in Celtic folklore and pagan mythology, which is abundant with supernatural double figures. The period from 1750 to 1830 is known as the “Gothic and Celtic revival” in which the Irish, Scottish, and Welsh folklore which had previously become absorbed into British literature as a result of colonial expansion into these territories began to influence the development of the Gothic genre. For example, the doppelgänger motif was inspired by the Celtic double figure called the fetch or Macasamhail, a lookalike of a relative or friend who would appear as an omen of death if encountered at night, according to Irish and Scottish superstition.
Short stories detailing encounters with fetches began to appear in the early 19th century, such as the tale The Fetches (1825) published by Irish brothers John Banim and Michael Banim, and the collection of ghost-sightings The Night Side of Nature (1848) published by Catherine Crowe. Crowe's collection of tales featured a chapter detailing encounters with double figures, including John Donne's claim that he saw a double of his wife holding a dead child in Paris at the same moment she gave birth to their stillborn child in London. In these early Gothic tales, the double was believed to be a sentient spirit which had the ability to leave the physical body and travel to communicate with family members.
18th century
Siebenkas (1796)
The German Romantic novel Siebenkas features the first appearance of the term doppelgänger, meaning double-walker. A footnote in the novel which first coins the term defines doppelgänger as “the name for people who see themselves.” Unlike the supernatural fetch in Celtic folklore, in Siebenkas the doppelgänger is initially not a supernatural apparition or hallucination but Siebankas’ friend Leibgeber who looks very similar to Siebenkas except for his limp. However, later in the novel the term doppelgänger begins to take on the meaning of a hallucination when Leibgeber is represented as Siebenkas’ alter ego or spectre rather than just his lookalike friend. This novel marked the beginning of the Gothic double motif as a sinister split personality.
19th century
Victorian Gothic literature altered depictions of evil to explore the potential darkness of the human mind. Rather than evil being an external force such as a ghost haunting a castle, as apparent in early Gothic texts such as Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto (1764), Victorian Gothic literature examined how evil can exist within the minds of individuals. As a result, the double motif was heavily featured in Victorian Horror to explore the innate darkness of humanity rather than just the presence of external sources of evil. Manifestations of the double motif in this period include mirrors, shadows, reflections, and automatons.
Novels
Jane Eyre (1847)
Charlotte Brontë's novel Jane Eyre uses the Gothic double motif to mirror the protagonist Jane Eyre with Mr Rochester's wife Bertha Mason who is imprisoned in the attic of Thornfield Hall due to an unidentified mental illness. This doubling between the identities of Jane and Bertha is used to challenge the expected roles of women regarding marriage and sexuality in the Victorian era. In the novel, Bronte alters the typical use of the double figure by placing the motif into a domestic rather than supernatural context which addresses marriage issues, as Jane is the second wife of Mr Rochester who replaces his first wife, Bertha Mason. While Jane is initially represented as Bertha's replacement and therefore her opposite, their identities are doubled in the novel to represent the powerlessness of women during this era, as both characters are imprisoned within gender stereotypes imposed on them by Mr Rochester. Bertha symbolises Jane's repressed desires for freedom and independence in a context which restricts women's lives through marriage, as evident in the chapter describing the night before Jane's wedding where Bertha appears in her bedroom and rips her wedding veil, as shown in the quote below.“But presently she took my veil from its place; she held it up, gazed at it long, and then she threw it over her own head, and turned to the mirror. At that moment I saw the reflection of the visage and features quite distinctly in the dark oblong glass…Sir, it removed my veil from its gaunt head, rent it in two parts, and flinging both on the floor, trampled on them.” This quote uses the mirror motif commonly featured in 19th century Gothic literature to enhance the doubling of Jane and Bertha's identities. Through staring at herself in the mirror while wearing Jane's wedding veil and ripping the veil in half, Bertha embodies Jane's repressed anger and her desire to escape the confines of marriage. Jane's longing for independence is finally enacted by Bertha at the end of the novel when she burns down Thornfield Hall, which symbolises a destruction of Mr Rochester's dominance over her identity.
Short stories
The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886)
Robert Louis Stevenson's novella The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a famous example of the Gothic double motif which explores the duality of man and the inner struggle between good and evil within the mind of an individual. In the novella, the physician Dr Henry Jekyll invents a medicine which allows one to separate their good and bad selves from each other, transforming into the evil and grotesque Mr Hyde when he takes the drug. Notably, Dr Jekyll's transformation into his evil double is not supernatural, but rather facilitated by a scientific experiment, reflecting the growing interest in science and psychology in the 19th century. However, much like the monstrous creation in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, this ambition of scientific discovery and advancement has disastrous consequences for Dr Jekyll as he is consumed by the evil within him. Stevenson's novella suggests that the desire to solve mysteries of the human condition through science are impossible, as Dr Jekyll is unable to control the evil aspect of his identity and his experiment ultimately fails.
The novella also comments on the awareness of drug addiction which emerged in the late 19th century, which was viewed as a mental and moral deficiency linked to the pursuit of vice. Mr Hyde is represented in the novella as the embodiment of addiction, a destructive and evil figure who unleashes chaos upon the life of Dr Jekyll, resulting in his suicide. Some interpretations argue that Mr Hyde is not a real figure but a hallucination of Dr Jekyll's, caused by his addiction to drugs and deviant behaviour which has resulted in psychological damage.
The Yellow Wallpaper (1892)
Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Gothic short story The Yellow Wallpaper utilises the double motif to explore the impact of patriarchal authority on the freedom of women. The Yellow Wallpaper is an example of the Female Gothic sub-genre through its use of the double motif to expose the fragmented and divided identities that women experience as a result of societal limitations in the 19th century. Written in an epistolary structure as a series of diary entries, the story is narrated by a woman who has been confined to an isolated manor in order to recover from postpartum depression, cared for by her physician husband who frequently dismisses her illness as trivial and made-up. Echoing Bertha Mason's imprisonment in the attic in Jane Eyre, the narrator of The Yellow Wallpaper is similarly confined to an upper room of the manor which features a bright yellow Arabesque patterned wallpaper that she becomes increasingly obsessed with, spending hours trying to make sense of the confusing pattern. The narrator begins to experience hallucinations that the figure of a woman is creeping behind the wallpaper and shaking it as if she is trying to escape, as shown in the quotes below."This wallpaper has a kind of sub-pattern in a different shade, a particularly irritating one, for you can only see it in certain lights, and not clearly then. But in the places where it isn't faded and where the sun is just so – I can see a strange, provoking, formless sort of figure, that seems to skulk about behind that silly and conspicuous front design."
“The faint figure behind seemed to shake the pattern, just as if she wanted to get out.” The narrator's schizophrenic hallucination is a metaphor for her divided identity controlled by the authority of her husband, in which the woman behind the wallpaper symbolises her repressed self, imprisoned within the patriarchal institution of marriage and motherhood. At the end of the story the narrator begins to identify herself with the figure behind the wallpaper so that their identities merge and become indistinguishable from one another, confirming that the figure represents her repressed double. This is shown when the narrator locks herself in the room and rips the wallpaper off the walls in an attempt to free the imprisoned woman, preparing a rope so that she can tie the woman up when she emerges from behind the wallpaper."I've got a rope up here that even Jennie did not find. If that woman does get out, and tries to get away, I can tie her!" This statement indicates that the narrator still views herself and the woman as separate people as she plans to tie the woman up, however, this distinction is soon blurred once she succeeds in ripping off the wallpaper. The quotes below demonstrate this final merging of identities between the narrator and the woman behind the wallpaper, in which her repressed self is liberated."I don't like to look out of the windows even – there are so many of those creeping women, and they creep so fast. I wonder if they all come out of that wall-paper as I did? But I am securely fastened now by my well-hidden rope...I suppose I shall have to get back behind the pattern when it comes night, and that is hard!"
"'I've got out at last,' said I, 'in spite of you and Jane. And I've pulled off most of the paper, so you can't put me back!'"
20th century
Novels
Rebecca (1938)
Daphne du Maurier's Gothic romance novel Rebecca uses the double motif to explore the inability of women to fulfil gender expectations in the 20th century, particularly the idea of a perfect wife. This is explored in the struggles of the unnamed narrator who, after impulsively marrying the aristocrat Maxim de Winter, experiences feelings of inadequacy when trying to measure up to the esteemed reputation of his deceased wife Rebecca. As the novel progresses, the narrator becomes increasingly obsessed with the ghostly memory of Rebecca, who she views as the embodiment of an ideal wife. Echoing the doubling of wives in Jane Eyre, Rebecca centres on a doubling of identities between the timid and obedient second wife and the rebellious first wife, Rebecca. While the narrator views Rebecca as her rival, she is simultaneously her alter ego, embodying the rebelliousness and freedom that the narrator is unable to obtain in her marriage to Maxim. This doubling is represented using the mirror motif, much like in Jane Eyre, as evident in the following quote where the narrator dreams that she is Rebecca. “I got up and went to the looking glass. A face stared back at me that was not my own. It was very pale, very lovely, framed in a cloud of dark hair. The eyes narrowed and smiled. The lips parted. The face in the glass stared back at me and laughed…Maxim was brushing her hair. He held her hair in her hands, and as he brushed it he wound it slowly into a thick rope. It twisted like a snake, and he took hold of it with both hands and smiled at Rebecca and put it round his neck.”
Films
Metropolis (1927)
Silent German Expressionist film Metropolis, directed by Fritz Lang, uses the motif of a mechanical double to reflect concerns about the growing influence of technology in Germany's Weimar Republic. Depicting a hierarchical society dominated by technology where the lower class workers live below ground and operate machinery to keep the city above ground functioning, the film exposes the dehumanisation that lower-class people are subject to, as the workers are represented as part of the machinery itself through their synchronised, rhythmic movements. This is emphasised when the scientist Rotwang creates an evil automaton double of the character Maria, a maternal Madonna-like figure who symbolises purity, goodness, and liberation from oppressive class hierarchies. The robotic double of Maria is her demonic opposite, embodying promiscuity and chaos, as evident in the dark eyeliner she wears which distinguishes her from the purity of the real Maria, and in the scene where robot Maria performs a seductive dance at the Yoshiwara nightclub in front of a male audience who gaze at her with desire. While Maria symbolises the Madonna, her cyborg double symbolises the Whore of Babylon, emphasising the virgin-whore binary that women are often subjected to in literature. Metropolis captures the emergence of interest in the 20th century to create an artificial human using science and technology, however it simultaneously represents the fear of the cyborg as humanity's monstrous other.
21st century
Films
Black Swan (2010)
Darren Aronofsky's psychological thriller film Black Swan uses the Gothic double motif to portray the protagonist Nina Sayers' descent into madness as a result of the extreme perfectionism and competitiveness of the New York ballet world. Nina becomes obsessed with obtaining the role of Odette/Odile in a ballet production of Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake, pushing herself to her physical and psychological limits in order to achieve her ideal of artistic perfection. Nina's rival Lily is represented as her alter ego or shadow self who symbolises repressed aspects of her identity such as her sexuality. While Nina desires to play Odette, the white swan who embodies purity, Lily plays Odile, the evil black swan and dark doppelganger of Odette. The costumes featured in the film enhance the duality between Nina and Lily, as Nina wears childlike white and pink clothes in the beginning of the film whereas Lily wears black clothes. As Nina becomes further absorbed into Lily's identity, she begins to wear darker clothing, as shown in the scene where Nina wears Lily's black lingerie top when they go to a nightclub together, embracing a wild, sexual lifestyle which Nina previously repressed.
Subtle references to the Gothic double motif are also present in the film through fragmented images of Nina in mirrors, and Nina encountering doppelgängers of herself on the street, in the bath, and in her bedroom. Nina's split personality between the Black Swan and the White Swan has destructive consequences at the end of the film, where she hallucinates in her dressing room before the performance that Lily is taking over the role of Swan Queen, and stabs the double with a shard of mirror, only to realise that she has stabbed herself.
Us (2019)
Jordan Peele's horror film Us portrays the Wilson family on a vacation near Santa Cruz Beach, whose holiday home is invaded by four intruders who are their exact doubles, wearing red jumpsuits and carrying large scissors. These doubles are called 'the Tethered,' a class of rebels who live in subterranean tunnels and plan to take the place of their middle-class counterparts who live above ground. This Gothic double motif is used in the film to comment on societal inequality and the illusory nature of the American dream, indicating that affluence and success are often achieved at the expense of lower-class people in America, as symbolised by the Tethered who seek revenge on their more prosperous doppelgängers. The Tethered represent the dark Other, or the 'Us and Them' mentality which drives America's societal inequalities. The Tethered also symbolise the fear, hatred, dehumanisation, and negative stereotypes that people of a high socioeconomic status project onto lower-class people, particularly African-Americans.
Racial inequality is a prominent theme in the film, shown when the African-American Wilson family attempt to compete with the status of the white Tyler family. While both families are middle class and both fathers, Gabe Wilson and Josh Tyler, work at the same company, the Tyler family has a higher economic status due to racial privilege. This is shown in the scene where Gabe buys a used boat in an attempt to compete with Josh's private yacht. The Tethered are also used to expose how racism creates a divided identity or split self in African-American people, through the difference between how they perceive themselves and how they are viewed by white people. While the Wilson family attempts to live a conventional middle-class life and live up to the status of the white Tyler family, the invasion of the Tethered, who are their monstrous, grunting lookalikes, represents the shadow of underlying racial bias and reveals how they are perceived by others - monstrous intruders into a social and economic class that people of colour are typically excluded from.
Literature
Annihilation (2014)
Jeff VanderMeer’s novel Annihilation, the first in the Southern Reach trilogy, utilizes the Gothic double motif in its portrayal of its characters, particularly the Biologist, to show how Area X has ensnared and entangled them, leading to the character’s physical and mental transformation throughout the novel. As a result of traveling down the Tower, as the Biologist describes it, she becomes contaminated by Area X and begins to experience changes, such as having her senses heightened, and being able to resist the Psychologist’s hypnosis that she continually places on the rest of the group. As these changes happen, the Biologist describes herself as no longer being a biologist but something new, and she asserts that she sees “with such new eyes.” This use of Gothic doubling is unique in that it also connects with the Anthropocene epoch and what has been called Anthropocene literature or the Anthropocene genre. Rather than a physical double that stands separate from her, the Biologist’s doubling is entirely psychological and internal, with Area X’s minuscule bacteria changing her and projecting back onto her. This leads to a division in the Biologist, between that of her ‘human’ identity/personality, and the way she views the world and environment. Later in the novel, when the Biologist finds and reads from her dead husband’s journal, she notes his recount of seeing someone who was not him but resembled him coming out of the Tower. This doppelganger, a physical embodiment of the Gothic double motif, is assumed to be who came back home from Area X, not actually her husband, and is suggested to be how Area X defends itself against humans. By transforming humans that cross its borders, and sending doppelgangers back in their place, Area X continues to survive and grow with each passing year.
The Gothic motif of doubling that is used in Annihilation also connects closely with real and new scientific discoveries regarding bacteria and DNA. In the book, Arts of Living on a Damaged Planet: Ghosts and Monsters of the Anthropocene, it is described how horizontal DNA has shown that “genetic material from bacteria sometimes ends up in the bodies of beetles, that of fungi in Aphids, and that of humans in malaria” and that only about half of the cells in human’s bodies contain a so-called ‘human genome.’ Taking these scientific breakthroughs with the way that the Gothic motif is represented in Annihilation, doubling is represented in the novel as being a tool to show the interconnection between humans and the environment, as well as potentially argue for the environment as holding more power and control over humans than previously thought.
See also
Doppelgänger
Alter ego
Gothic fiction
References
External links
Gothic doubling definition
Doppelgänger definition
British Library Gothic Motifs
Gothic Poets and Writers Literary Club
Gothic Romance Forum
Literary concepts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic%20double |
Brigadier Archibald Robert Allen, (20 October 1888 – September 1961) was a senior Australian Army officer in the Second World War.
Allen is believed to have enlisted in the First World War on 16 September 1914 and was assigned to H Company in the 16th Battalion (according to the AIF Project website).
Between the wars Allen was the Commanding Officer 43rd/48th Infantry Battalion.
During the Second World War Allen was Commanding Officer of the 3rd Infantry Brigade (1936–1942), and Commandant of the Western Reinforcement Training Centre (1944). He retired in 1944.
References
1888 births
1961 deaths
Australian brigadiers
Australian military personnel of World War I
Australian Army personnel of World War II
British emigrants to Australia
People from Nunhead
Military personnel from London | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald%20Allen |
Timothy H. Rigby is a politician in Ontario, Canada. He served as Mayor of St. Catharines from 1997 to 2006, and is currently a Niagara Regional Councillor.
Rigby is an insurance broker in private life, and was a partner with the Rose, Horne and Stevenson Group from 1979 to 1997. He has also been active in the sports community, serving as the president of Rowing Canada and leading a successful drive for St. Catharines to host the 1999 World Rowing Championships. In 1996, he was inducted into the St. Catharines Sports Hall of Fame.
Rigby was endorsed by outgoing Mayor Alan Unwin in 1997, and defeated city councillor Rick Dykstra by a significant margin. As Mayor of St. Catharines, he received an automatic position on the Niagara Regional Council. He was re-elected without opposition in 2000. Rigby has tried to reduce St. Catharines's traditional dependence on industry, and to permit diversification in the high-tech sector. He nonetheless joined with other southern Ontario mayors to seek federal and provincial assistance for Canada's automotive sector in 2002.
He was narrowly re-elected in 2003, defeating rival candidate Wendy Patriquin by 54 votes. Rigby was 63 years old during this campaign.
Rigby supported the 2005 merger of Hamilton Hydro Inc. and St. Catharines Hydro Utility Services Inc., which created the third-largest electricity distribution company in Ontario. He has also given support in principle to plans for a ferry service from St. Catharines to Toronto. In June 2006, he led council in approving a controversial seventeen-storey condominium in the Port Dalhousie waterfront area.
On April 25, 2006, Rigby announced that he would not seek a fourth term as mayor. He instead sought direct election to the Niagara Regional Council, and was narrowly defeated for the sixth and final regional seat in St. Catharines. Rigby was, however, appointed to Regional Council as St. Catharines' sixth representative, replacing Peter Partington who will serve as Regional Chair.
Electoral record
The 2003 results are taken from the City of St. Catharines website, available here. The 1997 results are taken from the Hamilton Spectator, 11 November 1997, B9. The final official results were not significantly different.
Footnotes
Mayors of St. Catharines
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Rigby%20%28politician%29 |
Deshler High School can refer to:
Deshler High School (Alabama) in Tuscumbia, Alabama
Deshler High School (Nebraska) in Deshler, Nebraska | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deshler%20High%20School |
The Claremont Riding Academy, originally Claremont Stables, 175 West 89th Street, between Columbus and Amsterdam Avenues on Manhattan's Upper West Side, was designed by Frank A. Rooke and built in 1892. Closed in 2007, Claremont was the oldest continuously operated equestrian stable in New York City and the last public stable in Manhattan. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and designated a New York City Landmark in 1990. Since 2010, it has belonged to the Stephen Gaynor School.
Claremont Stables
In 1892, when horses still provided the primary means of transportation – the first automobile appeared on Manhattan's streets six years later – developer Edward W. Bedell, architect Frank A. Rooke, and builder Richard Deeves created a four-story carriage stable with a full basement. A penthouse was added in 1901. The structure had stalls for horses on the basement and second floors, and carriage storage space on the third, fourth, and penthouse floors; the main floor was used for carriage storage and for hitching the horses to their burdens. Horses and carriages could be had for hire, and horses could be boarded.
At the same time, Rooke designed three two-story architecturally compatible private stables which were built on the neighboring lots – now 167, 169, and 171 West 89th Street – which Bedell then sold to local families. These were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. They were rehabilitated in 1989 by Buck & Cane to serve as the home of Ballet Hispanico.
The style is Romanesque Revival. Prevalent in the 1880s and found throughout the Upper West Side, the style was adapted for a number of different building types, both residential and commercial. The facade is beige Roman brick, limestone, and terra cotta.
The building is supported by the two outside brick walls, plus column and girders. The ground floor and basement columns are cast iron. The stable floors were of scored concrete or cement, with drains for liquid waste disposal. The basement and first and second floors were connected by ramps.
Bedell sold the building in 1893, and over the next thirty-four years a number of different concerns operated the stable as lessees.
Claremont Riding Academy
In 1927 the Claremont Stables became a riding school, in part to encourage the employment of the bridle paths in nearby Central Park. In December 1943, Irwin J. Novograd, a Polish immigrant employed as a bookkeeper for Claremont, purchased the building.
In 1961 the building was condemned by the City of New York for demolition as part of the West Side Urban Renewal Area. The academy remained as month-to-month tenant for 37 years, with Irwin's son, Paul J. Novograd, becoming the academy's president in 1984, and continuing to offer boarding privileges, group and private riding lessons, and horse rentals. The city changed its plans, the demolition never occurred, and the academy was able to repurchase the building from the city in 1998.
The Central Park bridle paths, however, had been allowed to deteriorate, and were no longer restricted to equestrian use, which became practically impossible, resulting in a loss of business to the academy. This, and the expenses resulting from a historic restoration, the owners said, led to the academy's demise in 2007. Claremont was the oldest stable structure in New York still in use at the time.
In 2010, the building was purchased by the Stephen Gaynor School – whose main building, at 148 West 90th Street, is behind it – which adapted it for the school's arts center and early learning center, building a rooftop addition in 2012.
Notes
References
Further reading
Has a detailed chapter about Claremont, its horses, and its people.
Claremont is introduced in the chapter titled Birchbark, which also delves into how New York City was built by and for horses.
External links
Pictures:
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
Equestrian educational establishments
Upper West Side
Agricultural buildings and structures in New York (state)
Stables in the United States
Agricultural buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont%20Riding%20Academy |
Travis Baird (born 25 July 1986) is an Australian rules football player who was drafted by the Western Bulldogs from the Brisbane Lions in the 2005 AFL Draft (3rd round, number 46 overall). He played 3 games with the Bulldogs, and played 2 games with Brisbane in 2005.
Overview
Baird was destined to spend the rest of 2006 on Brisbane's rookie list, and thus took the decision to enter the draft at the end of 2005. He played most of 2005 with the Suncoast Lions in the AFLQ as a midfielder, showing enough ability to be promoted to Brisbane's senior list in the second half of the season, where he played two senior games.
Following the 2007 AFL season Baird was delisted by the Western Bulldogs, after he was unable to secure a single senior game for the year.
External links
References
Western Bulldogs players
1986 births
Living people
Brisbane Lions players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Werribee Football Club players
Queensland Australian Football League players
Bendigo Pioneers players
People from Donald, Victoria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis%20Baird |
Formosa BBS (or NSYSU Formosa BBS) was one of the earliest, if not the first, telnet-based Bulletin board systems (BBS) to have Chinese language capability. Work used from creating Formosa was combined with the open source Pirate BBS to create Eagle BBS from which the more user friendly Phoenix BBS was derived. The open source Phoenix BBS was the parent of the widely used Firebird BBS and Maple BBS.
Taiwanese BBS software
Formosa BBS
Formosa BBS established in October 1992 by Professor Nien-Hsing Chen of the National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), was one of the earliest, if not the first, telnet-based Bulletin board systems (BBS) to have Chinese language capability. The objective was to provide a means for professors, universities and students to communicate.
Eagle BBS
In developing the Formosa BBS Chinese language interface Professor Chen used code from the open source Pirate BBS. The developed code was returned to the Pirate BBS developers who created Eagle BBS as an open source BBS with a Chinese language interface.
Phoenix BBS
Phoenix BBS was development of the Eagle BBS but incorporated a more user-friendly interface.
Firebird BBS
Firebird BBS is one of two main telnet-based Bulletin board systems developed in Taiwan. It is also gained popularity in mainland China and was adopted by most sites there. Several derived BBS systems are based on its source code. Some popular sites like SMTH BBS and HKiBBS are using the derived system of the Firebird.
Maple BBS
Maple BBS is one of two main telnet-based Bulletin board systems developed in Taiwan, the other being Firebird BBS. IN Taiwan most BBS adopted Maple or its descendants in preference to Firebird BBS. Several BBS systems are based on its source code. In Taiwan Maple BBS and its descendants generally gained market share from FireBird BBS.
References
See also
Chinese input methods for computers
Bulletin board system software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa%20BBS |
Truth was a Melbourne tabloid newspaper established in 1902 as a subsidiary of Sydney's Truth. It was "a sensational weekly paper with a large circulation, delighting while shocking its readers with its frequent exposure of personal scandal and social injustice. Detailed police and court reports, illustrated by drawings and photographs of prosecutors and defendants."
History
In its early years Truth was left-leaning, and painted itself as the voice of the working class. Before 1945 it had a style of journalism that was high pitched, sensational and melodramatic. The newspaper from its earliest days was based on scandal, particularly based on the records of the divorce courts, which were not subject to restrictions on reporting.
Truth broke stories involving Agent Orange and Vietnam veterans, as well as the whole story of what happened at Maralinga with the A-bomb tests. In 1967, Richard L'Estrange broke the scandal surrounding the Melbourne-Voyager collision. Evan Whitton's report on police protection of abortion care providers led to an inquiry into the abortion protection racket of the 1960s, and the jailing of several officers.
In December 1958, Ezra Norton and the other shareholders of its holding company, Truth and Sportsman Ltd, sold their shares to the Fairfax group, which sold it on to Rupert Murdoch's News Ltd. The late Owen Thomson and Mark Day were the final owners of the paper before it folded. It is said that Dame Elisabeth Murdoch (Rupert's mother) took a dim view of the scandal sheet, which was later passed on to Thomson and Day.
In its final years, the newspaper was noted for its eclectic coverage, which combined photos of women with bare breasts on page 3 (recycled from The Sun (United Kingdom) newspaper), and tongue-in-cheek humour with hard-edged reporting, as well as the racing liftout form guide, Truform. It also had a Dorothy Dix segment page called, Heart Balm. It was last published on the 15th of May 1993.
Sensationalist headlines
In 1987 one-time Liberal Party leader Sir Billy Snedden died in unusual circumstances. Snedden died of a heart attack in the Rushcutter Travelodge, possibly whilst having sexual intercourse with a mystery woman whose identity has never been revealed. As Wright and Nader point out, Snedden was known for his 'extra-curricular' activities, and in the words of his son, Drew Seddon, Billy Snedden "got around a lot." The Truth published an article under the tongue-in-cheek headline "Snedden Died on the Job - Police Seeking Deathbed Girl" to announce his death.
Circulation
At its peak in the mid-1960s, the Truth sold 400,000 copies per week.
Notable journalists and columnists
At one time or other, many of Australia's respected journalists worked on the paper:
Stanley Cecil (Sol) Chandler
Jack "Ace" Ayling
Geoffrey Hawthorne, former editor (1984)
Mark Hawthorne, later Victorian Publisher of Fairfax Media
Richard L'Estrange
John Norton
Adrian Tame
Owen Thomson, former Publisher
Tim Blair
Evan Whitton
Digitisation
The paper's 1914-1918 issues have been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program project of the National Library of Australia.
See also
List of newspapers in Australia
References
External links
Truth (Melbourne ed.) (Vic.: 1914-1918) at Trove
Newspapers on Trove
Newspapers established in 1902
Publications disestablished in 1993
Defunct newspapers published in Melbourne
1902 establishments in Australia
Truth (Newspaper)
Weekly newspapers published in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth%20%28Melbourne%20newspaper%29 |
Bobsleigh at the 1968 Winter Olympics consisted of two events, at L'Alpe d'Huez. The competition took place between 8 and 11 February 1968.
Medal summary
Medal table
Five countries won medals in Grenoble, with Italy leading the medal table, winning both gold medals. West Germany won its first medal in bobsleigh, while Romania's bronze medal was its first, and as of 2010, only, Winter Olympic medal.
Events
There was a tie for first place in the two-man event. Despite initially ruling that both teams would be awarded the gold medals, the judges awarded the sole gold to the Italian team based on their fastest single heat time.
Participating NOCs
Eleven nations participated in bobsleigh at the 1968 Games. West Germany made their Olympic bobsleigh debut, in their first games sending athletes separate from a unified German team.
References
External links
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2009). "Bobsleigh". In The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited.
1968
1968 Winter Olympics events
1968 in bobsleigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh%20at%20the%201968%20Winter%20Olympics |
Present Montenegrin car plates have black characters on a rectangular white background, with blue strip on the left. The plates follow the 520 mm x 110 mm format, except for motorcycles. The present licence plates format was introduced on 6 June 2008, and replaced the old format (format of Yugoslav licence plates) gradually over the following year. The new format is on par with common European Union format.
Overview
The plate is in following layout: to the left, a blue-colored field contains Montenegro's international automobile code (MNE); continuing in white background, the two-letter code of the municipality where the vehicle was registered in, then the coat-of-arms of Montenegro following by the registration code, which generally consists of two letters followed by three numbers. However, with an additional payment, it is possible to obtain the customized plates with any letter-number combination.
Letters I and O are omitted in serial combinations because of the similarity with the numbers 1 and 0, but they can be used on a customized plate amongst other letters which are omitted: W, X, Y, Q and Serbo-Croatian Latin Alphabet letters (Č,Ć,Š,Đ,Ž).
Police vehicles have plates with blue letters, while military vehicles have plates with green letters. The diplomatic corps cars have separate format licence plates, with no municipality code, coat of arms, and with yellow code on white background. The plates used on bigger trucks and other vehicles that can be oversized for some of the smaller roads are red with white characters.
Unlike the older licence plates, which were inherited from SFRY-era, and slightly changed in 1998, the new licence plates have a separate area code for every municipality in Montenegro. The municipalities that were previously absent were Andrijevica, Danilovgrad, Kolašin, Mojkovac, Plav, Plužine, Rožaje, Šavnik, Tivat and Žabljak.
Municipal codes
These are the Montenegrin car license plate codes by municipality and in alphabetical order:
Special types
Diplomatic license plates
Vehicles operated by foreign embassies, consulates, consular and diplomatic staff and various international organizations have been given plates with a distinguishing format of two (or three) numbers, one letter, three numbers, e.g., 12(3)–X–456. Vehicle owned by a diplomat, by accredited non-diplomatic staff or by a consular carries a plate with characters printed in yellow on a white background while the vehicle owned by a foreign press agency, a foreign cultural representative or by an office of a foreign company and/or its staff, has plates with characters printed in black on a white background, as normal ones.
The first group of two/three numbers (123) identifies the country or organization to which the plate has been issued, the second group of three numbers (456) is a serial number. The letter in the middle (X) is denoting the status of the owner.
List of codes by country (not complete):
Agricultural plates
Montenegro also has agricultural plates. These plates are used by agricultural machines like tractors etc. The plates consist of two-letter code of the municipality where the vehicle is registered, then the coat-of-arms of Montenegro followed by two serial letters and two serial numbers on the lower side. The characters are printed in white on a light-green background.
Government codes
These plate formats are very similar to civilian plates.
P – Police
V – Military
Temporary plates
Temporary license plates show after the coat of arms the letters RP over each other as well as a two digit representing year number. RP means registrovan privremeno which means registered temporarily. The license plate concludes with three digits. Temporary plates are used among other possible uses for vehicles owned by temporary residents.
Plates for oldtimers
Montenegro also has special plates for oldtimers. These plates are issued only to certified oldtimers which have passed a thorough inspection. The plates consist of two-letter code of the municipality where the vehicle is registered, then the coat-of-arms of Montenegro followed by OT letter combination and three serial numbers. The characters are printed in black on a brown background.
Specific serial combinations
In Podgorica amongst normal serial combinations exist two more which are used for two urban municipalities. One of them is Tuzi/Malesia located eastern of Podgorica and uses combination PG Tx123 (e.g. PG TD123). The other one is Golubovci/Zeta located south of Podgorica and uses combination PG Gx123 (e.g. PG GD123). Trailers registered in one of these urban municipalities also have specific combinations e.g. PG 123TA.
Also, there exist two other combinations like PG MN123 and PG CG123. MN stands for Montenegro and CG also for Montenegro but on Montenegrin language (Crna Gora). These two combinations are only used by state authorities and Montenegrin administrations.
Another common practice is special second letter pair for taxi service cars, regional independent. Like PG TX123 or KO TX456.
References
External links
Licence plates in Montenegro
Montenegro
Transport in Montenegro
Montenegro transport-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle%20registration%20plates%20of%20Montenegro |
Doniphan High School can refer to:
Doniphan High School (Nebraska) in Doniphan, Nebraska
Doniphan High School (Missouri) in Doniphan, Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doniphan%20High%20School |
Josef Beran (29 December 1888 – 17 May 1969) was a Czech Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Archbishop of Prague from 1946 until his death and was elevated into the cardinalate in 1965.
Adam Beran was imprisoned in the Dachau concentration camp during World War II after the Nazis had targeted him for "subversive and dangerous" behavior where he almost died in 1943 due to disease. He was freed in 1945 upon Allied liberation and Pope Pius XII nominated him to head the Prague archdiocese. But the introduction of the communist regime saw him imprisoned and placed under house arrest. His release in 1963 came with the condition that he could not perform his episcopal duties and he was later exiled to Rome in 1965 as part of a coordinated deal between the church and the national government.
His cause for canonization opened in 1998 and he became titled as a Servant of God. He was granted the rare honor of being buried in Saint Peter's Basilica upon his death and remained the sole Czech national to be buried there until 2018 when his remains were transferred back to his native homeland for interment in the Saint Vitus Cathedral.
Life
Education and priesthood
Josef Beran was born in Plzeň on 29 December 1888 as the eldest of four children to the schoolteacher Josef Beran and Marie Lindauerová (b. 16 May 1866; the niece of famous painter Gottfried Lindauer). Father Josef Jaroslav baptized Beran whose godparents were Josef Beneš and Rozálie Benešová. Beran's siblings (in order) were his brothers Jaroslav, Karel and Slavoj and his sister Marie. His father's earnings were meager. Beran thought about learning medicine but a religious instructor at his school thought that he would make a fine priest and so used his influence to secure him a position for ecclesial studies.
Beran commenced his ecclesial studies in Plzeň from 1899 to 1907 (graduating with distinction in June 1907) and later at the Pontifical Urbaniana in Rome from 1907 until 1911. He was ordained to the priesthood in the Basilica of Saint John Lateran on 10 June 1911 in Rome. In 1912 he obtained a doctorate. Beran began doing pastoral work in Plzeň until 1932. From 1912 until 1917 he did work in a worker's district parish and was later named as both a chaplain for the Sisters of Notre Dame in Prague and then as the director for the Saint Anne Institute from 1917 until 1929. Beran was made the spiritual director for seminarians in Prague from 1932 until 1942 and also served as a professor at Charles College in 1932. Pope Pius XI later named him as a monsignor on 11 June 1936.
Beran ensured that Pius XI's document Mit brennender Sorge was published and circulated in Prague due to the anti-racism stance the document made. Beran was made a full professor in 1939 ending his stint as an assistant professor. Pope Pius XII reconfirmed him as a monsignor on 19 October 1939. On 21 April 1941 the cardinal Karel Kašpar died and the Nazis seized the moment insisting Beran broadcast on radio the announcement of the cardinal's death. The Nazis made him do this and placed Beran near the top of the list of "religious radicals".
At the beginning of June 1942 he announced he would celebrate a Mass for the Czechoslovak prisoners of war detained and in Czech in direct defiance of Nazi directives. The Gestapo arrested Beran on 6 June 1942 during World War II (on the basis of being "subversive and dangerous") and he was later imprisoned without trial in Pankrác at Theresienstadt (alongside future cardinal Štěpán Trochta) and also the Dachau concentration camp. From 6 June 1942 until 6 July he was held in Pankrác before being sent for two months to Terzin. He arrived at Dachau on 4 September 1942 where his number was 25844. It was there that a typhoid epidemic in 1943 almost killed him but he rallied from it and remained there until 29 April 1945 after Allied forces liberated the camp. Upon his immediate return to Prague the President of Czechoslovakia Edvard Beneš decorated him with the Iron Cross and the medal of Hero of the Resistance - the two highest honors the nation had.
Episcopate
On 4 November 1946 he was appointed as the Archbishop of Prague and thus the leader of the Czechoslovakian Church; this also made him the Primate. Beran received his episcopal consecration on the following 8 December from Archbishop Saverio Ritter with Bishops Mořic (Maurice) Pícha and Anton Eltschkner serving as the co-consecrators.
The election of Klement Gottwald - the communist president of Czechoslovakia in 1948 - prompted Beran to have a Te Deum sung for the new president in the Prague Cathedral. However the rise of the communist regime in 1948 saw Beran prohibit his priests from taking an oath of allegiance to the new regime (viewing such an action as a "treason to the Christian faith") and in public protested the seizure of land that belonged to the Prague archdiocese. as well as the infringement of religious freedom. He declared: "The Catholic Church should enjoy the absolute freedom to which it has a right, both God-given and guaranteed by the existing Constitution". He condemned as schismatic the Communist government-approved Czech Catholic Action. On 19 June 1949 he was placed under house arrest and complained of being "deprived of all personal freedom and all rights as the archbishop".
He was convicted in a show trial and his house arrest - confining him to the archiepiscopal residence - ended on 7 March 1951. On 10 March he was taken from Prague with few knowing his precise location. In that period he was first taken to a villa near Liberec before being sent to Mištěves and Hořice. He was then sent to Paběnice and Mukařov near Prague. On 4 October 1963 before going to Radvanov. His release came in 1963 and he was forbidden to perform his ecclesial duties; this lasted until his relocation to Rome in 1965. During his time in imprisonment he resisted regime pressure to resign from his see. In May 1961 the pope sent him a letter to commemorate the 50th anniversary of his ordination. But the letter was sent back to the pope with the words "without delivery". To that end John XXIII published the letter in L'Osservatore Romano. It was a widespread rumour that Beran was one of the three prelates that Pope John XXIII elevated into the College of Cardinals reserved in pectore on 28 March 1960; the pope's death in 1963 meant that it was never known if that was indeed true since the pope did not reveal the names of those reserved.
Cardinalate and exile
Beran was impeded from exercising his episcopal duties upon his release and offered his resignation to the pope on numerous occasions despite such resignations being refused each time. Beran later went to live in Rome on 17 February 1965 in exchange for governmental concessions to the Church following negotiations in late 1964 that saw the appointment of new bishops and an apostolic administrator for the Prague archdiocese due to Beran's negotiated exit. He knew going to Rome was an exile and tried to resist at first. But Beran relented for the good of the Czech Church and the progress that had been made.
Pope Paul VI elevated him into the cardinalate and made him the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Croce in Via Flaminia on 22 February 1965; he received his red hat and title on 25 February. He was made a member of both the Congregation for the Clergy and the Congregation for Rites. In 1965 he participated in the last session of the Second Vatican Council. During the council's discussion on its document Dignitatis humanae on 20 September 1965 he suggested that expiation for past attacks on religious freedom was a possible cause of the Church's modern suffering. He spoke on the principle of ecclesial independence and received a standing ovation. In 1966 he made a trip to the United States of America where he received several honorary academic citations. In 1968 the pope sent him a letter in Latin to commemorate his 80th birthday. In 1969 he gave an address on Vatican Radio in response to the suicide of Jan Palach. Beran disapproved of his suicide but highlighted Palach's ideals. His address drew some criticism.
Death
Beran died from lung cancer in Rome in 1969 at the Pontifical Nepomucene College where he lived. Pope Paul VI learned of the cardinal's precarious health condition and he rushed to visit the ailing cardinal but was too late. Beran had died just a few minutes before Paul VI arrived at his bedside. He was buried in the grotto of Saint Peter's Basilica in the chapel of the Bruised Madonna after Paul VI celebrated his funeral. Upon his death Cardinal Franjo Šeper referred to Beran as "the second Saint Adalbert".
Burial and re-interment
Beran's last will expressed his desire to be buried in Prague but this never materialized after his death because the Czechoslovak communist government forbade his remains to be brought in. This changed in 2018 after Pope Francis permitted the transfer of the late cardinal's remains to Prague which occurred on 20 April with Cardinal Angelo Comastri overseeing it. A permanent plaque was put in place of his old tomb to commemorate Beran and the small bag of earth buried with him was also sent back to his homeland. His coffin was then transported to the Pontifical Neopomucenum where he lived in Rome for a short gathering with the Czech Culture Minister leading the Czech delegation. His remains were then buried on 23 April in the Saint Vitus Cathedral in the Saint Agnes of Bohemia chapel. The translation of his remains came after the cardinal's relatives and Cardinal Dominik Duka requested it of the pope.
Monument
Cardinal Miloslav Vlk blessed the foundation stone of a memorial to Beran unveiled on 13 May 2009 in Prague. The cardinal underlined that "truth" and fairness" were integral aspects to Beran's life. Present at the unveiling were Archbishop Karel Otcanasek and the archdiocesan vicar-general Fr. Michael Slavik.
Beatification process
The beatification process for Beran was introduced on 9 February 1998 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints titled the late cardinal as a Servant of God and issued the official "nihil obstat" edict opening the cause; this came after the forum for the cause was moved on 14 February 1997 from Rome to Prague. On 2 April 1998 the beatification process was launched in Prague in a diocesan process tasked with the collection of both documentation and witness testimonies in relation to his life and reputation for holiness. Cardinal Miloslav Vlk presided over the launch of the process with the apostolic nuncio Giovanni Coppa present. The diocesan process was later closed on 17 May 2018.
References
External links
The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Hagiography Circle
Catholic-Hierarchy
"We Believe in Each Other" - TIME Magazine
Geni
Find a Grave
Radio Praha
1888 births
1961 deaths
20th-century cardinals
20th-century Czech people
Roman Catholic archbishops in Czechoslovakia
20th-century venerated Christians
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Czechoslovakia
Roman Catholic archbishops of Prague
Bishops appointed by Pope Pius XII
Burials at St. Peter's Basilica
Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI
Czech cardinals
Czechoslovak prisoners and detainees
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
People from Plzeň
Persecution by Nazi Germany
Pontifical Urban University alumni
Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
Religious persecution by communists
Servants of God
Soviet show trials
Deaths from lung cancer in Lazio
Anti-Christian sentiment in Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef%20Beran |
The 2002 Victorian state election, held on Saturday, 30 November 2002, was for the 55th Parliament of Victoria. It was held to elect the 88 members of Victorian Legislative Assembly and 22 members of the 44-member Legislative Council.
The Labor government led by Premier Steve Bracks was returned for a second term in a landslide victory, taking 62 seats, a gain of 20. It was easily the biggest majority that Labor had ever won in Victoria, and one of Labor's best-ever performances at the state level in Australia. Additionally, it was only the third time that a Labor government had been reelected in Victoria. Labor also recorded 57.8 percent of the two-party preferred vote, their highest on record for a Victorian election.
Jeff Kennett had resigned as Liberal leader soon after his shock defeat in 1999, and was succeeded by former Health Minister Denis Napthine. However, Napthine was unable to get the better of Bracks, and was ousted in August 2002 by Shadow Health Minister Robert Doyle. With just a few months before the writs were dropped, Doyle was unable to recover any significant ground. The Liberals saw their seat tally more than halved, to 17 seats — their worst result since the 1952 election.
Labor also won a majority of seats in the Legislative Council for the first time in its history and secured the largest majority government in Victorian history. The Nationals (who after breaking off their Coalition with the Liberals renamed themselves the 'VicNats') retained the seven seats they held from 1999.
Labor was assisted by a strong economy and by the popularity of Steve Bracks, while the Liberal Party was badly divided between the Kroger and Kennett factions. The Liberal campaign was also damaged by the revelation that the shadow treasurer, Robert Dean, was ineligible to run. Dean's electorate of Berwick had been abolished and merged into the new electorate of Gembrook. Dean won Liberal preselection for Gembrook, but failed to update his address after moving to his new electorate. As a result, he was no longer on the electoral roll; Victorian law requires candidates to be registered voters. Treasurer John Brumby loudly wondered if the Liberals could be trusted to manage Victoria's economy if their shadow treasurer could not manage his own affairs.
This was the last Victorian election where the Legislative Council was elected using preferential voting in single-member districts (while each province has two members, they were elected at alternate elections). The Constitution (Parliamentary Reform) Act 2003 abolished the electoral provinces and divided Victoria into eight regions each electing five members using proportional representation, with all seats being vacated each election.
Results
Legislative Assembly
|}
Legislative Council
The following voting statistics exclude the two mid-term by-elections held on the same day, at which one seat each was retained by the Liberal and National parties.
|}
Electoral maps
Seats changing hands
Results for Benalla are based from the 2000 by-election, which Labor won from the Nationals.
Cranbourne became a notionally Labor seat after the redistribution.
Members listed in italics did not recontest their seats.
See also
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, 2002–2006
Candidates of the 2002 Victorian state election
Notes
References
Victorian Electoral Commission,
Elections in Victoria (state)
2002 elections in Australia
2000s in Victoria (state)
November 2002 events in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20Victorian%20state%20election |
Smith's Weekly was an Australian tabloid newspaper published from 1919 to 1950. It was an independent weekly published in Sydney, but read all over Australia.
History
The publication took its name from its founder and chief financer Sir James Joynton Smith, a prominent Sydney figure during World War One, conducting fund-raising and recruitment drives. Its two other founders were theatrical publicist Claude McKay and journalist Clyde Packer, father of Sir Frank Packer and grandfather of media baron Kerry Packer.
Mainly directed at the male (especially ex-Servicemen) market, it mixed sensationalism, satire and controversial opinions with sporting and finance news. It also included short stories, and many cartoons and caricatures as a main feature of its lively format.
One of its chief attractions in the 1920s was the Unofficial History of the A.I.F. feature, whose cartoons and contributions from returned soldiers helped perpetuate the image of the "digger" as an easy-going individual with a healthy disrespect for authority. It also worked hard to ensure that promises made to soldiers during hostilities were not swept aside in peacetime. Of particular concern was men affected by shellshock, a condition which was being minimised by some "experts" as deserving scorn rather than sympathy. Staff cartoonists associated with this feature included the succession of Cecil Hartt, Frank Dunne and Lance Mattinson.
From 1922 the Smith's Weekly offices were at 126-130 Phillip Street.
It also had a special Investigation department staffed by journalists with a bent for sleuthing. One of its many exposures is credited with dealing a fatal blow to the New Guard, an incipient fascist movement of the 1930s.
One of Smith's Weeklys innovations was, in conjunction with Union Theatres Ltd., the first "Miss Australia" beauty contest, selected from winners from each State. Prizes included a trip to America with £500 spending money, a screen test and paid speaking engagements. Winners were:
1926: Beryl Mills of Geraldton, Western Australia; she married journalist Frank Davison of Smith's Weekly, her escort on the World Tour.
1927: Phyllis von Alwyn of Launceston, Tasmania. The company which promised a motor car as part of the prize never delivered. The winner of the "Miss New South Wales" heat was controversially changed at the last moment.
The contest was then quietly dropped, but re-instituted in 1936 with much broader selection criteria, in which beauty was not mentioned. The judging panel was composed entirely of prominent women; the winner was Sheila Martin of Wagga, New South Wales. The prize for "Miss Australia 1937" was a trip to London to attend the coronation of Edward VIII on 12 May 1937 (which instead became the coronation of George VI) followed by a tour of Canada and the United States.
Smith's Weekly staff included notable poet Kenneth Slessor as editor, and cartoonists of the stature of George Finey, Emile Mercier and Stan Cross. It was a launching pad for two generations of outstanding Australian journalists and cartoonists.
In the 1930s Dick Randall submitted articles for publication in Smith's Weekly, later becoming finance editor. In 1966, as Sir Richard Randall, he became Secretary to the Treasury, Canberra.
Three rare Lovecraftian stories were originally published by the well-known "Witch of the Cross" in Sydney, Rosaleen Norton in Smith's Weekly. They were later reprinted as, Three Macabre Tales (US: Typographeum Press, 1996).
Decline and closure
On 5 April 1932, Francis Barnby Wilkinson and his girlfriend Dorothy Ruth Denzel, were victims of a callous double murder at Moorebank by William Cyril Moxley. In the issue dated 30 July 1932, Smith's Weekly published a barrage of ugly allegations against Wilkinson, including attempted extortion and being a police informant. They were quickly proven false, a fact that was seized on by the daily newspapers. Smith's Weekly never fully recovered from its loss of reputation.
Its fortunes revived somewhat during World War II, once again doggedly supporting the men at the front, but at war's end rising costs and lack of capital (new owners seeing its value as real estate rather than a business) accelerated its decline, and the last issue, dated 28 October 1950, was a tabloid of a mere 24 pages.
Noteworthy employeesEditors-in-ChiefClaude McKay 1919–1927
Frank Marien 1928–1936
Harry Cox 1938–1939
Kenneth Slessor June–September 1939
Claude McKay 1939–1950EditorsReg Moses 1930–1935
Kenneth Slessor 1935–1939
George Goddard 1939–1947
Edgar Holt 1947–1950ArtistsStan Cross – employed from March 1919, the second artist employed by Smith's Weekly.
Les Dixon
George Donaldson
Lance ('Driff') Driffield
Frank Dunne
John Endean
George Finey
Charles Hallett
Cec Hartt – employed from the first edition in March 1919 to his death in 1930; the first artist employed by Smith's Weekly.
Mollie Horseman
Eric Jolliffe
Joe Jonsson
Alex King
Joseph Lynch
Lance Mattinson
Emile Mercier
Syd Miller
Norm Mitchell
Joan Morrison
'Petrov' (Geoffrey Claude Turton)
Jim Phillips – Walkley awards 1960, 1962.
Virgil Reilly – began to contribute during 1924, probably becoming a staff artist from about January 1925; he left Smith's in about January 1938 to work for Consolidated Press (publisher of The Daily Telegraph and The Australian Women's Weekly).
Jim Russell
Alek Sass (born Alexander Phillip Williams; known as Alek or Alec Sass) – employed from March 1919, the third artist employed by Smith's Weekly, and its first art editor. Alek Sass died on 1 December 1922.Crime reportersVince Kelly, who also wrote: Guarded Pearls (1948); The Shadow – Australia's underworld cop (1954) – about Frank Fahy; The Bogey Man – the exploits of Sergeant C J Chuck, Australia's most unpopular cop (1956); Rugged Angel – the amazing career of policewoman Lillian Armfield (1961, 1995? ); The Shark-arm Case (1963, 1975 ); The Charge is Murder (1965).
Harry MaddisonWriters and reportersBartlett Adamson
George Blaikie 1931–1950
Clem Cleveson
Dorothy Drain (journalist and poet)
Reg Harris (later press secretary to several Federal Ministers)
Bernard Hesling
Errol Knox (later Sir Errol of The (Melbourne) Argus)
Henry Lawson
Lennie Lower
Ronald McCuaig
Alex MacDonald (previously scriptwriter for "Mo" Roy Rene)
Adam McKay (literary editor)
Reg Moses ("Mo") (satirist) 1920–1935
John O'Donnell
John Quinn (poet) 1945–1947
Dick Randall (finance editor) 1930s (later Sir Richard Randall)
Helen Seager
Colin Simpson (author, journalist and traveller)
Kenneth Slessor
Rupert Tribe (motoring journalist, also wrote short stories)
Gus WalkerSports writersJim Donald (boxing)
Tom Foley (racing)
Cliff Graves (racing)Advertising'''
Ernie Brewer
Hugh Dash (later press secretary to Prime Minister Menzies)
William Gasnier (later father of Rugby League star Reg Gasnier)
Digitisation Smith's Weekly'' has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program of the National Library of Australia.
See also
List of newspapers in New South Wales
References
External links
Defunct newspapers published in Sydney
Defunct weekly newspapers
Newspapers established in 1919
Publications disestablished in 1950
1919 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%27s%20Weekly |
Dorchester High School may refer to:
Dorchester High School (Massachusetts) (1852–2003) in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Dorchester High School for Girls (1925–1953) in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Dorchester High School (Nebraska) in Dorchester, Nebraska, United States
Lord Dorchester Secondary School in Dorchester, Ontario, Canada
See also
Dorchester (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester%20High%20School |
,
also known as Honinbo Kunwa, was a Japanese professional Go player and writer who achieved the rank of 9-dan.
Biography
Iwamoto was born in Masuda of the Shimane Prefecture, Japan. During his childhood he spent several years in Busan, Korea (1905–1913), where he learned Go from his father.
He returned to Japan to study Go, moved to Tokyo, and became a disciple of Hirose Heijiro 6-dan of Hoensha in 1913. He achieved 1-dan in 1917, and swiftly rose through the ranks. In 1924, when Nihon Ki-in was established, Iwamoto joined it and achieved 6-dan.
He retired as a professional Go player and emigrated to Brazil as a coffee farmer in 1929. However, he came back to Japan and resumed his career of Go after the failure of this venture in 1931.
He won the Oteai, the most important tournament in Japan at that time, in 1935. He challenged the third Honinbo match against Hashimoto Utaro in 1945.
The second game of this match, played in the outskirts of Hiroshima, is famous as the atomic bomb go game. The players owed their lives to the fact that the local police had ordered the game moved from the center of Hiroshima. The match was continued after the war but ended in a 3-3 draw. A three-game playoff was held in 1946, with Iwamoto winning two straight games to take the Honinbo title. He assumed the name Honinbo Kunwa.
After the war
Iwamoto's home was a temporary site for the Nihon Ki-in which was burnt out by the B-29 bombing in 1945, and he was instrumental in finding new headquarters for the Nihon Ki-in.
Iwamoto defended the Honinbo title against Kitani Minoru in 1947, and in 1948 achieved 8-dan, becoming president of the Nihon Ki-in. He later lost the Honinbo title to Hashimoto Utaro in 1950. He won the NHK Cup in 1955.
Iwamoto traveled extensively throughout the West with the aim of spreading Go to Western people. He spent 18 months in 1961-1962 in New York, teaching and promoting Go. He achieved 9-dan in 1967, and had many disciples, including James Kerwin, the first Westerner to achieve professional status at the Nihon Ki-in.
Retirement and later life
Iwamoto retired in April, 1983. In his later years he was the main benefactor to several European and American Go centers in London, São Paulo, New York, Seattle and Amsterdam, largely through setting up the Iwamoto Foundation in 1986, with an initial contribution of 530 million yen.
He is the author of three books in English, "Go for Beginners", "Keshi and Uchikomi" and "The 1971 Honinbo Tournament".
In 2014, the Nihon Ki-in and the American Go Association jointly founded the Iwamoto North America Foundation for Go, in order to "foster, promulgate, and develop the game and culture of Go in North America according to the vision and wishes of the late Japanese Go master, Iwamoto Kaoru."
References
External links
Sensei's Library profile
Birthplace & museum of Kaoru Iwamoto
The Iwamoto North America Foundation for Go
1902 births
1999 deaths
Japanese Go players
Go (game) writers
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoru%20Iwamoto |
The Dirigo Health Agency (sometimes known simply as Dirigo Health) was a government agency run by the state of Maine in the United States. It oversees the state's subsidized health insurance program, DirigoChoice. The program was launched in 2005, and takes its name from the state motto of Maine, Dirigo, which is a Latin phrase meaning "I Lead." The program ended December 31, 2013 with the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (also known as Obamacare).
Origins
Dirigo Health was created as part of Maine Public Law 469, also known as the Dirigo Health Reform Act. It was originally presented to the Maine Legislature by Governor John Baldacci in May 2003 and became law in June 2003. The law is a comprehensive reform of the state's health care system, addressing cost, quality and access. Along with DirigoChoice, it created the Maine Quality Forum, a state health plan and put forth measures to reduce the growth of health care costs in Maine, including asking hospitals to voluntarily cap their annual cost increases at 3% per year and their operating margins at 3.5% per year. The law further expanded Medicaid program in the state.
DirigoChoice
DirigoChoice is a subsidized health insurance program available to Maine businesses with fewer than 50 employees, the self-employed, and other individuals. The program is funded through a one-time grant of $53 million from the state, employer and employee contributions, Medicaid payments, and an ongoing assessment on insurance entities known as the "Savings Offset Payment" (SOP) based on savings attributable to the operations of Dirigo.
In 2002, it was estimated that over 100,000 Maine residents were uninsured. Almost 80% of enrollees have family incomes below 300% of the Federal Poverty Level. 700 small employers were enrolled in DirigoChoice, representing 2.5% of the firms that are eligible. The primary barrier for very small employers appears to be price. The revenues for the program have been lower than expected, creating political pressure to find other funding sources.
Harvard Pilgrim Health Care became the insurance carrier for DirigoChoice effective January 1, 2008.
Caps on enrollment were put into place in September 2007 which remained in place as of the November 2009 enrollment report.
Controversy
Although proponents of the legislation that set up Dirigo Health projected that it could cover 31,000 previously uninsured Maine residents in its first year, the actual figure through the program's first twelve months was 8,600. After fifteen months, enrollment had grown to 9,800; an additional 4,900 people had enrolled in the Medicaid expansion. Anthem, the initial carrier for DirigoChoice, says that enrollment rates for the program are significantly higher than other new insurance programs.
The Dirigo Health Agency Board of Directors has been accused of inflating the cost savings from the program to drive up the amount the state can recoup through the SOP. However, the final savings determination of $43.7 million was decided by the state's Superintendent of Insurance. His decision came after an independent and thorough review of testimony provided during an adjudicatory hearing from opponents and proponents to Dirigo. Several organizations within the state, including the Maine State Chamber of Commerce and the Maine Association of Health Plans, of which Anthem is a member, have brought legal action against the state to argue that the SOP is improperly calculated and assessed.
See also
Comprehensive health insurance (Maine)
References
External links
Dirigo Health
State Senator Peter Mills on Dirigo Health
State agencies of Maine
Medicare and Medicaid (United States)
Health departments in the United States
Health insurance in the United States
Medical and health organizations based in Maine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirigo%20Health |
Bobsleigh at the 1972 Winter Olympics consisted of two events, at Sapporo Teine. The competition took place between 4 and 12 February 1972.
Medal summary
Medal table
Three countries won medals in Sapporo, West Germany leading the medal table.
Events
Participating NOCs
Eleven nations participated in bobsleigh at the 1972 Games. Japan made their Olympic bobsleigh debut.
References
External links
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2009). "Bobsleigh". In The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited.
1972
1972 Winter Olympics events
1972 in bobsleigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh%20at%20the%201972%20Winter%20Olympics |
Santa Josefina (Portuguese for Saint Josephine) is a village in the southern part of São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe. Its population is 17 (2008 est.). It lies 4 km north of Porto Alegre.
Population history
References
Populated places in Caué District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Josefina%2C%20S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Pr%C3%ADncipe |
The Nakusp Music Fest was an annual music festival held in Nakusp, British Columbia, which is situated in the West Kootenay region of British Columbia, Canada. Held every summer usually in July, it was touted as the British Columbia Interior's largest classic rock festival, although classic rock was not the only genre of music played at the event.
The inaugural event was held in 2004 with more than ten acts, including of Dr. Hook, Randy Bachman, Trooper and Wide Mouth Mason.
Since then, Nakusp Music Festival has featured Smash Mouth, Collective Soul, 54-40, Steppenwolf, Aaron Pritchett and Paul Rodgers. This year's line-up will include The Doobie Brothers, Kevin Costner & Modern West, The Sheepdogs Soul Asylum, Spirit of the West. Canned Heat, Savoy Brown, Honeymoon Suite.
2011 lineup
July 15th
The Sheepdogs
Mobadass
The Led Zeppelin Show
Honeymoon Suite
July 16th
Kevin Costner and Modern West
Spirit of the West
Skavenjah
Canned Heat
Gary Hoey
The Pack AD
Odds
Tambura Rasa
July 17th
The Doobie Brothers
Soul Asylum
Grapes of Wrath
Savoy Brown
Canned Heat
Alan Kirk Band
The Perms
2010 lineup
July 16th
54-40
Headpins
Powder Blues Band
The Mason Rack Band
July 17th
Bachman–Turner Overdrive
Corb Lund and the Hurtin' Albertans
The Trews
Raul Malo (The Mavericks)
Delhi 2 Dublin
Rude City Riot
LeeRoy Stagger and the Wildflowers
Shades of Loud
July 18th
Eric Burdon and the Animals
Doc Walker
Bif Naked
Default
Mudmen
Dustin Bentall
Lucy and the Lucky Four
2009 lineup
July 17th
Sweet
Trooper
Nick Gilder & Sweeney Todd
The Hip Replacement
July 18th
Blues Traveler
Sam Moore
The Yardbirds
East Blues Experience
Skavenjah
Sweatshop Union
Delhi2Dublin
Mad Shadow
Hot Rash
July 19th
John Kay & Steppenwolf
Colin James
Emerson Drive
Greg Rolie Band (Santana original lead singer)
The Zombies
Suzie McNeil
MOBADASS
Eddie Fryer and the Lost Tribe
2008 lineup
July 18th
Kenny Shields & Streetheart
Prism
Skavenjah
Funkafeelya
July 19th
Smash Mouth
The Commitments
BC/DC
Brittany Kalesnikoff
Johnny Reid
Brian Byrne
Ryan Donn
Rita Chiarell
July 20th
Honeymoon Suite
Paul Rodgers
Gin Blossoms
MerQury
McCuaig
Aaron Pritchett
Cassidy Wethal & 23 North
Jimmy Bowskill
Past lineups
2007
2006
2005
2004
References
Music festivals established in 2004
Music festivals disestablished in 2011
Rock festivals in Canada
Music festivals in British Columbia
Arrow Lakes
2004 establishments in British Columbia
2011 disestablishments in British Columbia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakusp%20Music%20Fest |
Elwood High School can refer to:
Elwood High School (Kansas) in Elwood, Kansas
Elwood High School (Nebraska) in Elwood, Nebraska
Elwood High School (Australia) former name of Elwood College in Australia
Elwood High School (Newfoundland and Labrador) in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood%20High%20School |
Shona Rubens (born 31 October 1986 in Sydney, Australia) is a Canadian alpine skier.
Rubens qualified to compete for Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics after placing 18th in a World Cup downhill in St. Moritz, Switzerland.
Her other career highlights including placing second in downhill at the 2004 Lake Louise Nor-Am Cup and placing fifth in the super-G at 2005 Canadian championships.
Personal life
Rubens has lived in Canmore, Alberta for two years and grew up in Calgary, Alberta.
Rubens went to high school at the Calgary-based National Sport School.
References
External links
Shona Rubens on Real Champions
1986 births
Living people
Olympic alpine skiers for Canada
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Alberta
Canadian female alpine skiers
Australian female alpine skiers
Sportswomen from New South Wales
Skiers from Calgary
Skiers from Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona%20Rubens |
QuickWin was a library from Microsoft that made it possible to compile command line MS-DOS programs as Windows 3.1 applications, displaying their output in a window.
Since the release of Windows NT, Microsoft has included support for console applications in the Windows operating system itself via the Windows Console, eliminating the need for QuickWin. But Intel Visual Fortran still uses that library.
Borland's equivalent in Borland C++ 5 was called EasyWin.
There is a program called QuickWin on CodeProject, which does a similar thing.
See also
Command-line interface
References
Computer libraries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickWin |
Ewing High School can refer to:
Ewing High School (Nebraska) in Ewing, Nebraska
Ewing High School (New Jersey) in Ewing, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewing%20High%20School |
Major General Arthur Samuel "Tubby" Allen, (10 March 1894 – 25 January 1959) was an Australian Army officer and accountant. During the Second World War he reached the rank of major general and commanded Allied forces in the Syria–Lebanon and New Guinea campaigns. Allen was frequently referred to during the Second World War by the nickname "Tubby"; an indication of his stocky build and the affection with which he was regarded by both soldiers and the Australian public.
Early life
Allen was born in Hurstville, in Sydney. He attended Hurstville Superior Public School before gaining work as an audit clerk with the New South Wales Government Railways. Allen also joined the cadets and then the 39th Battalion of the Militia.
First World War
Allen was commissioned in 1913 and joined the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) on 24 June 1915. Allen embarked for Egypt with reinforcements for the 13th Battalion in August. In March 1916 he was promoted to captain and assigned to the 45th Battalion. He arrived in France on 8 June 1916 and fought at the Battle of Pozières in August. Allen remained in the front line on the Somme into 1917 and led his men through the Battle of Messines in June. His leadership amidst heavy losses earned Allen the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) and a promotion to major in July. The citation for his DSO reads:
He continued to lead men in combat, at the Battle of Dernancourt in April 1918, and then as an acting lieutenant colonel, in charge of the 48th Battalion, at Battle of Monument Wood.
In June 1918, Allen went to England to attend the Senior Officers' Course at Aldershot. Less than two weeks after the war ended – at the age of 24 – he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and given command of the 13th Battalion. He was awarded the French for his service on the Western Front. His appointment with the AIF ended on 10 November 1919.
Between the wars
Allen became an accountant after the war and in December 1921 married Agnes Blair. Allen returned to accounting, but remained active in the Militia. In 1933 he became a full colonel, in charge of the 14th Brigade. Five years later, in 1938, he became a brigadier.
Second World War
In October 1939, Allen was given command of the 16th Brigade in the 6th Division as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force. Later in 1940, Allen was in North Africa, where his brigade fought at Bardia and Tobruk. In March, Allen and the brigade left North Africa for the ill-fated Greek campaign, following which he was awarded the Greek War Cross. For his services in North Africa, Allen was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in April 1941, and a Companion of the Order of the Bath in July the same year.
Allen was then given command of the 7th Division, and commanded it in the invasion of Syria and Lebanon, against Vichy French forces. Allen was officially promoted to major general in August 1941.
Following the outbreak of war with Japan, Allen returned to Australia in March 1942, and in August took charge of operations against the Japanese advance along the Kokoda Track. Although he was successful, Allen nevertheless came under what many consider unfair criticism from the Allied commander in the South West Pacific Area, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur and the Allied land forces commander, the Australian General Sir Thomas Blamey, for moving too slowly in pursuit of the Japanese across the Owen Stanley Ranges. He was relieved of his command on 29 October 1942. Lesser appointments followed, but in October 1944, Blamey recommended Allen be made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, although Allen was never appointed.
Later life
After the war Allen became a senior partner in a Sydney accountancy firm. He died on 25 January 1959 and was given a military funeral before being cremated. He was survived by his wife and two sons. The art critic Christopher Allen and the writer, performer and filmmaker Richard James Allen are his grandsons.
See also
List of Australian Army generals
References
Further reading
External links
AS Allen, Bio at www.generals.dk
Major General Arthur Samuel 'Tubby' Allen, CB, CBE, DSO, VD, Biography at www.awm.gov.au
Official Portrait being painted by William Dargie
Photo, March 1942
A. J. Sweeting, 'Allen, Arthur Samuel (1894–1959)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 13, Melbourne University Press, 1993, pp 32–33.
|-
1894 births
1959 deaths
Australian accountants
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Australian Companions of the Order of the Bath
Australian generals
Military personnel from Sydney
Australian military personnel of World War I
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Recipients of the War Cross (Greece) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Allen%20%28general%29 |
Go-Set was the first Australian pop music newspaper, published weekly from 2 February 1966 to 24 August 1974, and was founded in Melbourne by Phillip Frazer, Peter Raphael and Tony Schauble. Widely described as a pop music "bible", it became an influential publication, introduced the first national pop record charts and featured many notable contributors including fashion designer Prue Acton, journalist Lily Brett, rock writer / band manager Vince Lovegrove, music commentator Ian "Molly" Meldrum, rock writer / music historian Ed Nimmervoll and radio DJ Stan Rofe. It spawned the original Australian edition of Rolling Stone magazine in late 1972.
History
Foundation: 1964–1967
In 1964, Monash University student newspaper Chaos co-editors, John Blakeley, Damien Broderick and Tony Schauble, renamed the paper Lot's Wife. Phillip Frazer was a staffer and later became co-editor with future parliamentarian Peter Steedman. Late in 1965, Schauble, Frazer, Broderick, and another student writer, Doug Panther, discussed ideas to make money during the holidays including the idea to create a teen-oriented pop music newspaper. Local rock group The Mood's manager, Peter Raphael, joined Frazer and Schauble and together they founded Go-Set Publications. Raphael brought in photographer Colin Beard and advertising manager Terry Cleary. Waverley Press, which owned Waverley Offset Printers, had printed Lot's Wife, and agreed to print Go-Set on credit. Schauble, Frazer and Panther produced the newspaper from their home in the Melbourne suburb of Malvern.
The first edition of Go-Set, dated 2 February 1966, was published with Schauble cited as editor because Frazer, a medical student, asked to be listed in the low-key role of designer and Panther, who had not registered for the military draft, was described as a feature writer. The first issue showcased Tom Jones (see right) and Herman's Hermits interviewed by Panther and photographed by Colin Beard at Palais Theatre, St Kilda. Initial sales were low, about 3000 to 5000 but Issue 3, which covered The Rolling Stones tour in Melbourne and Sydney, doubled their sales.
Initially Go-Set was intended for Melbourne distribution only. A book distributor, Bill Robinson, managed circulation throughout Victoria, and several weeks later the newspaper was introduced to Sydney and within its first year, all the remaining states. From 28 February 1966, the Go-Set office was three rooms at Charnwood Crescent, St Kilda until December 1970 when it relocated to Drummond Street, Carlton. Key staff included Tony Schauble as editor then manager, Phillip Frazer, who had switched to an arts degree at Monash, as co-editor, and Colin Beard as photographer. Peter Raphael was advertising manager assisted by Terry Cleary. Doug Panther continued as feature writer for several months before leaving for Western Australia with Commonwealth Police and the Australian Army searching for him as a 'draft dodger'. Panther was replaced by Lily Brett who likes to recall that she got the job because she had a car. Other personnel were Honey Lea, originally a typist, who later became fashion editor when Prue Acton dropped out, and Sue Flett who wrote an advice column under the name Leslie Pixie.
Ian "Molly" Meldrum wrote his first story for Go-Set in July 1966, and joined as a news, gossip and feature writer in August. Frazer urged Meldrum to join week day, TV show Kommotion on Channel 0 as a mimer so that Go-Set could get more inside stories. A key element in the early success of the newspaper was the centre page spread called "The Scene-The Seen", a weekly pictorial survey photographed by Beard in Melbourne and Grant Mudford in Sydney around the discos and dance halls. These were its original target audience - the thousands of teenagers, especially girls, caught up in the excitement of the swinging sixties, following their favourite local Rock group around the suburban dancehalls of Melbourne. Go-Set started its annual pop poll in October 1966 with readers voting for Normie Rowe as 'Best Male Vocal', Lynne Randell as 'Best Girl Vocal' and The Easybeats as 'Best Group'. The following year, Normie Rowe was crowned as the inaugural 'King of Pop' on TV series The Go!! Show, also on Channel 0.
Go-Set had become the indispensable chronicle of the local scene, described by Jim Keays, lead singer of The Masters Apprentices, as the Australian music bible. From 5 October 1966, it featured Australian singles charts and international charts, local state gig listings and record reviews.
Go-Set developed an international focus when, in a promotional arrangement with BOAC airlines, Brett and Beard were flown to London and the USA. They spent four months in the United Kingdom from January 1967 touring with Australian singer Normie Rowe, and The Troggs, The Who, The Small Faces, The Easybeats and others.
In America they covered the New York City scene and attended the Monterey Pop Festival from 16 to 19 June 1967. The first full colour centre spread was a Beard photograph of Jimi Hendrix taken at The Monterey Pop Festival. In Los Angeles they did personality stories and photographic fashion spreads with Sonny and Cher, The Mamas & the Papas and covered a recording session with The Byrds. In Brett's absence, Meldrum became the principal local feature writer while Vera Kaas-Jager covered the local photography for Beard.
Offshoots: 1968–1973
Over its nine-year history there were many significant additional contributors including David Elfick, Vince Lovegrove, Ed Nimmervoll, Stan Rofe, Stephen MacLean, Wendy Saddington, Michele O'Driscoll (aka Mitch), Cleo Calvo (now singer, Clelia Adams), Eril Bilson, Philip Morris (photographer), Ian McCausland (graphics), Jon Hawkes (editor), Geoff Pendlebury (graphics), Geoff Watson (management) and his off-sider Margaret Rose Dunphy on bookkeeping and classifieds, Helen Hooper, Jean Bedford, and Pat Wilson who wrote under the pen-name of "Mummy Cool" (1971–1972).
Ian "Molly" Meldrum wrote a weekly column for Go-Set from August 1966 until its demise in 1974. His writing style represented his own stream of consciousness and came across in the same "bumbling" manner which was to later be a hallmark of his public persona. His nickname "Molly" was given to him and first published in Go-Set in 1968 by fellow columnist and radio DJ Stan Rofe. Both Meldrum's and Rofe's columns contained many camp in jokes. Meldrum became editor of a monthly Go-Set offshoot, Gas, which was aimed at younger teen girls and was first published in October 1968 with a feature on The Monkees; its last issue was in March 1971.
Nimmervoll, an architecture student, started with Go-Set as the compiler of the national Top 40 charts, beginning in February 1967. He then wrote feature stories and record reviews, and in December 1969 began editing Go-Set'''s counter-culture supplement, Core, which was influenced by the US magazine Rolling Stone.
Founders, Schauble and Beard had left by February 1969 and Frazer became editor and publisher; Jon Hawkes joined as co-editor in April. Frazer launched two monthly counter-culture magazines, Revolution, which lasted from 1 May 1970 – 1 August 1971, and High Times, co-founded with Macy McFarland and Pat Woolley, which published August 1971 – 1 January 1972. Frazer left Go-Set in February 1972 (after Waverley Press took control of the company) and founded The Digger in September 1972. Frazer also launched the Australian edition of Rolling Stone magazine first as a supplement in the fourth issue of Revolution, then as a fully-fledged magazine in early 1972. Frazer left Rolling Stone Australia in 1974 but continued with The Digger until December 1975, after which he moved to United States.Go-Set reached its peak in circulation, with 72,000 copies per week, in June to December 1970. After Frazer left as editor in 1972 to concentrate on The Digger, Piotre Olszewski was editor from May to July before Nimmervoll took over with Meldrum as co-editor. Nimmervoll remained until December 1973 when Sungravure Ltd bought Go-Set and relocated its headquarters to Sydney.
Last edition and beyond: 1974–current
In December 1973, Nimmervoll left Go-Set and founded Juke Magazine in 1975. Subsequently, he established Take 40 Australia and, since 2000, he has edited HowlSpace, a website detailing Australian rock music history. He is also an author of books on the same subject.
By January 1974, Go-Set was sold to Sungravure Ltd (part of the Fairfax company), with Jenny Irvine as editor. Reprints from UK and US papers replaced staff writing during 1973 and 1974. Sungravure was taken over by IPC Magazines, after which Go-Sets circulation declined with the final issue being on 24 August 1974.
Meldrum remained to the last issue and became an integral part of Australian Broadcasting Corporation TV pop music series Countdown, which began broadcasting nationally in November 1974. He initially worked behind the scenes as a "Talent Co-ordinator" but, from 1975, he became an on-screen host and developed a news and gossip segment titled Humdrum. Countdown re-united Meldrum with Grant Rule from his Kommotion days. After Countdown ended in 1987, Meldrum continued his music commentary for various TV shows, including Hey Hey Its Saturday.
Frazer has edited and managed political magazines in America and, with Jim Hightower, published The Hightower Lowdown, a progressive political newsletter, from 1999 through 2013, after which he returned to Australia.
In 2012, Brett published Lola Bensky, her sixth novel, a semi-autobiographical work of fiction based on her experiences as a writer for Go-Set. The book was long-listed for the Miles Franklin Literary Award, and won the 2014 Prix Medicis étranger in France.
Go-Set Australian national charts
From March 1966, Go-Set published radio station 3UZ's Top 40 singles for Melbourne and 2SM's King 40 for Sydney. A national Top 40 chart appeared on 5 October 1966 alongside top 15s from 2SM, 3UZ, 4BC in Brisbane, 5AD in Adelaide and 6KY in Perth. In February 1967, Ed Nimmervoll compiled the national chart, with commentary and statistics. The newspaper began publishing Australia's first national weekly album chart on 23 May 1970.
In May 1974, the first Kent Music Report was published by David Kent, which became Australia's official national charts. The Kent Music Report appeared just before the last Go-Set'' charts were published on 24 August 1974.
References
External links
Go-Set Magazine Australian Top 40 Charts 1966-1974
Go-Set Magazine's articles on Cat Stevens in August 1972
Colin Beard photographs
1966 establishments in Australia
1974 disestablishments in Australia
Music magazines published in Australia
Australian record charts
Weekly magazines published in Australia
Defunct magazines published in Australia
Listings magazines
Magazines established in 1966
Magazines disestablished in 1974
Mass media in Melbourne | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Set |
Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level is a book written by evolutionary biologist and botanist G. Ledyard Stebbins which was first published in 1974.
References
Bibliography
1974 non-fiction books
Belknap Press books
Books about evolution
Botany books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering%20Plants%3A%20Evolution%20Above%20the%20Species%20Level |
Richardson Bay (originally Richardson's Bay) is a shallow, ecologically rich arm of San Francisco Bay, managed under a Joint Powers Agency of four northern California cities. The Richardson Bay Sanctuary was acquired in the early 1960s by the National Audubon Society. The bay was named for William A. Richardson, early 19th century sea captain and builder in San Francisco. It contains both Strawberry Spit and Aramburu Island.
In spite of its urbanized periphery, Richardson Bay supports extensive eelgrass areas and sizable undisturbed intertidal habitats. It is a feeding and resting area for a panoply of estuarine and pelagic birds, while its associated marshes and littoral zones support a variety of animal and plant life. Richardson Bay has been designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA), based upon its large number of annual bird visitors and residents, its sightings of California clapper rail and its strategic location on the Pacific Flyway. The bay's waters are subject to a "no discharge" rule to protect the elaborate and fragile ecosystems present, including a complex fishery, diverse mollusk populations and even marine mammals such as the harbor seal.
Owing to its lack of depth and complicated channel structure, Richardson Bay is limited in boating uses to kayaking and small sailing craft. There are extensive hiking and bicycling paths at the bay perimeter, especially in the shore areas of Mill Valley and the town of Tiburon.
History of the name
On August 22, 1822, an English whaler, the Orion, put into Yerba Buena Cove in San Francisco for supplies; the captain was William Anthony Richardson, described as tall, fair haired, blue-eyed and young, was sighted by Maria Antonia, daughter of the Commandante of the Presidio of San Francisco, Ygnacio Martinez. Martinez, for whom the town of Martinez is named, decided to invite the Captain to reside with their family. Maria married the captain after he joined the Catholic Church, being baptized "Guillermo Antonio Richardson." This wedding, held at Mission Dolores on May 12, 1826 was the first great Spanish-Anglo Saxon wedding in North America.
Richardson taught carpentry, boat building and navigation at Mission Dolores, served as Captain of the Port of San Francisco, and built the first significant residence in San Francisco, although it was meant to be a trading post. He had charge of several schooners belonging to the Mission Dolores and Mission Santa Clara. Richardson received a Mexican land grant in 1838, Rancho Saucelito, which is all of the land north of the Golden Gate extending from bay to ocean and ranging north to Mount Tamalpais The grant contained all the land southeast of Mount Tamalpais, and included Redwood Canyon and the lands now within Muir Woods National Monument. Richardson Bay was thus named in the honor of this energetic early settler and builder.
The Tiburon Peninsula on the northeast side of the bay was part of Rancho Corte Madera del Presidio granted to John Thomas Reed in 1834.
According to local sources and period maps, the Bay's original given name was possessive: Richardson's Bay. However, the United States Board on Geographic Names discourages the use of apostrophes in United States place names, which is why the name appears as Richardson Bay in government databases and maps.
Geology
Richardson Bay is developed on surficial sediments of clays, silts and minor sands and gravels deposited in a primarily marine and estuarine environment during periods of previous high stands of water relative to the present shoreline. The bay muds are widespread in San Francisco Bay and, at Richardson Bay, are approximately 80 to 95 feet (24 to 30 meters) deep. The Bay Muds are of Holocene Age (less than 10,000 years of age). They overlie firm alluvial soils which contain two sand layers at 92 and 110 feet (29 and 35 meters), respectively. This section, in turn, overlies shale of the Franciscan Complex, a heterogeneous mixture of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rock gathered together in the course of the tectonic evolution of the region from the Late Jurassic to the Middle Miocene. These assemblages of Franciscan rocks are referred to as tectonostratigraphic terrains and two of them, the Central Belt and the Coastal Belt, are in fault contact near Richardson Bay.
Ecology
Richardson Bay is an important ecological area being managed by Audubon California as the Richardson Bay Audubon Center & Sanctuary. There are significant estuarine resources, marsh birdlife, mammalian species and marsh plants.
Birds are abundant in Richardson Bay, with over one million migratory visitors each winter, many of whom utilizing the upper mudflats and Bothin Marsh associated with the area west of the U.S. Route 101. In addition to being designated a high score IBA, Richardson's Bay has been dedicated as a Hemispheric Reserve of the Western Shorebird Network. Migrating birds that winter regularly at Richardson's Bay include least sandpiper, western sandpiper, spotted sandpiper, American avocet, dunlin, marbled godwit, greater yellowlegs, willet, long-billed curlew and dowitchers. A special resident of Bothin Marsh, Blackies' Creek mouth and DeSilva Island is the California clapper rail, a non-migratory endangered species. Beginning in 2014, endangered black oystercatchers have been observed nesting on Aramburu Island.
Common year around residents of the Richardson Bay Sanctuary include great blue heron, snowy egret, and great egret; mallard; red-tailed hawk and turkey vulture; killdeer and western gull; mourning dove and rock dove; Anna's hummingbird. Common residents Passeriformes include scrub jay, American crow, chestnut-backed chickadee, bushtit, Bewick's wren, house sparrow, red-winged blackbird, house finch, California towhee and song sparrow.
Fishery characteristics of Richardson Bay include a Pacific herring fishery and oyster beds. The herring fishing fleet serving all of San Francisco Bay is based in Richardson Bay at the Sausalito harbor. This herring fishing is overseen by the California Department of Fish and Game; the herring population is in a downward trend, although not from excessive fishing pressure with the net techniques in use, but rather from ocean environmental factors. Herring spend most of their lives in the open ocean and come to Richardson Bay and other estuaries for winter spawning in the shallow protected waters. In Richardson Bay their eggs attach to assorted surfaces such as eelgrass, piers or rip rap. After the eggs hatch, the herring larvae consume plankton; before hatching the eggs are subject to predation by gulls at low tide and sturgeon and other assorted estuarine fauna at higher tides.
Regarding the oyster beds, an experimental program is underway as of 2006, in which foreign oyster shells (biologically inert) are bagged and em-placed in underwater locations to serve as larval substrates, in order to assist the native oysters in propagating. Locally oysters are preyed upon by the bat ray and certain crabs.
The extensive mudflats of Richardson Bay provide a rich habitat for marine invertebrates. Many of the species are found elsewhere in San Francisco Bay. Characteristic organisms include burrowing clams, polychaete worms, decapod crustaceans, amphipods, phoronids and anemones. A field survey conducted on a broad mudflat along the Strawberry/Belvedere shoreline found species associated with rocks including: bivalves, (Macoma balthica, Mya arenaria and Mytilus edulis); the sea snail Littorina planaxis; the crab Hemigrapsis oregonensis; the isopod Sphaeroma quoyanum; the barnacles Balanus glandula and Balanus amphitrite; the nemertean Lineus ruber; and the anemones Diadumene leucolena and Haliplanella luciae.
Mammals visiting Richardson Bay include the harbor seal, which hauls out on DeSilva Island and on the Tiburon shore near the Richardson Bay Audubon Sanctuary headquarters. The endangered salt marsh harvest mouse is also thought to be present.
Flora include intertidal and upland species. Probably the most notable feature is the extensive eelgrass population at the tideland perimeter of Richardson Bay. This eelgrass occurrence in Richardson Bay is considered one of the most sizeable stands in Northern California, and it is being restored, leading to further extent of this habitat. There is an extensive pickleweed habitat at the western end of the bay, where many acres of mudflat areas are exposed to shorebirds at low tide at the efflux of Pickleweed Inlet. Upland plants found at the perimeter of Richardson's Bay include toyon, coast live oak, California bay, and native California bunch grasses.
On November 7, 2007, there was a large oil spill in the San Francisco Bay. This Cosco Busan oil spill was found to be lethal to herring fry in oiled versus non-oiled sites in Richardson Bay. This spill has greatly affected the organisms in the bay.
Modern history
Through the latter 19th century and early 20th century, the land fronting on Richardson Bay was extensively subdivided into public and private ownership encompassing thousands of parcels. The cities of Tiburon, Mill Valley, Belvedere and Sausalito have enacted strong shoreline development policies to protect the perimeter of Richardson Bay, even though considerable development has occurred. The Audubon Society manages the whole Richardson Bay Sanctuary subject to governance by the Joint Powers Agency of the four peripheral cities.
One parcel deeded from Reed to Rosie Verall, who worked for the Reed family, is now the core of the Audubon Richardson Bay Sanctuary. Verall donated this land of approximately to be held in permanent trust as a wildlife sanctuary. The Audubon Society purchased this upland parcel along with the entirety of the subtidal and intertidal lands of Richardson Bay in 1960. The Lyford House built in 1876 occupies the Verall parcel, even though the house was built at a different location in the vicinity known as Strawberry Point. The house is furnished in period style and is used by the National Audubon Society for special functions and events.
As of 2019, the bay contains about one hundred people who live on boats one-quarter mile from the shore.
Hydrology and boating data
Richardson bay joins San Francisco Bay where the water depth becomes , demarcated by a highly irregular boundary connecting the southern end of the Sausalito Marina] with the southern tip of Belvedere, sometimes called Peninsula Point. At this line of demarcation the depth increases rapidly on the San Francisco Bay side, becoming in depth almost immediately. This portion of San Francisco Bay, also known as Raccoon Strait, possesses highly turbulent waters. Boating in Richardson Bay is limited to small sailing craft and kayaks due to limited draft available, and nearly 900 acres of the bay is closed for six months during the winter each year to provide protection for the ecological system, particularly migratory waterbirds.
Richardson Bay receives inflow from numerous seasonal small unnamed streams and three major streams: Arroyo Corte Madera del Presidio which receives the surface runoff from the steep southeast slopes of Mount Tamalpais; Pickleweed Inlet; and Coyote Creek (Marin County), which receives the runoff from the slopes to the west of Richardson Bay. These streams empty into Richardson Bay from the northwest. Arroyo Corte Madera del Presidio and Coyote Creek are intermittent in flow.
Richardson Bay Audubon Center & Sanctuary
The National Audubon Society operates a nature center in Tiburon that offers adult and children's nature programs, including summer camp, school science programs, birthday and family events, lectures, guided walks, environmental education workshops, Bay Shore Studies docent programs and volunteer projects. Recent efforts included renovation of the human-made islands Aramburu, Pickleweed, and Unnamed to enhance their value as bird refuges.
See also
Arroyo Corte Madera del Presidio
Coyote Creek
Old Mill Creek
Ring Mountain
Strawberry Lagoon
References
External links
Richardson Bay Audubon Center
Richardson Bay Boating and Map Information
Richardson Bay Aerial Photo from Google Maps
Richardson's Bay Topographic Map from TopoQuest
Discussion of the term Important Bird Area
San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission Richardson Bay Special Area Plan
Bays of San Francisco Bay
Estuaries of California
Estuaries of Marin County, California
Landforms of the San Francisco Bay Area
Mill Valley, California
Sausalito, California
Tiburon, California
Protected areas of Marin County, California
Nature centers in California
Richardson
National Audubon Society
Bays of California
Bays of Marin County, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson%20Bay |
James "Judge" Fulton (1739 – 25 September 1826) was a justice of the peace, judge, surveyor, politician, and founder of the village of Bass River, Nova Scotia.
Born in Belfast, Fulton migrated from Ulster to New England around 1760, where he worked as a surveyor. Arriving in Nova Scotia in 1765, he settled by 1767 in the Londonderry Township, an area settled primarily by Ulster families since 1761. He was appointed JP for the district of Colchester, which was then still part of Halifax County. He was one of the first land grantees of the township. In 1791, he was appointed a judge of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas for Colchester and in 1793 was commissioned as captain of the local militia regiment. He also made the first complete survey of the township and its villages.
Fulton was elected to the 8th General Assembly of Nova Scotia, representing rural Halifax County from 1799-1806. He joined Edward Mortimer of Pictou and William Cottnam Tonge of Hants County to form a "country party" that opposed powerful Halifax merchants allied with then Lieutenant Governor, Sir John Wentworth and the Privy Council. The country party took three of four Halifax County seats contested, including Fulton who finished third. (At the time all candidates campaigned county-wide with the top four finishers receiving the four available seats.)
As a Member of the Assembly, Fulton however voted independently on matters and would at times side with court party members. He served on Assembly committees, particularly ones dealing with road or bridge construction. Fulton spent the remainder of his days a farmer on his Bass River homestead until his death. He and his wife Margaret (née Campbell) had seven sons and seven or eight daughters. His great-grandson George Fulton founded Dominion Chair Company in 1875.
References
Bibliography
External links
Early 20th century poem written in dedication to Judge Fulton
1739 births
1826 deaths
British surveyors
Canadian surveyors
Irish surveyors
Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs
Politicians from Belfast
People from Colchester County
Canadian people of Ulster-Scottish descent
Colony of Nova Scotia judges
Irish emigrants to pre-Confederation Nova Scotia
Lawyers from Belfast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge%20Fulton |
Tamariba Club is a rugby union club in Tokyo, so-called because it is located near the Tama River (Tamagawa). It has been in existence since 2000, and has also been the top club side in Japan for most of that time. Most of the players are former members of Waseda University Rugby Football Club and Keio University Rugby Football Club.
Results
As the champion club team, playing the top university team:
February 4, 2006. Lost to Waseda University in the first round of the 43rd All-Japan Championship. Tamariba 7 Waseda 47
February 3, 2007. Lost to Kanto Gakuin University RFC in the first round of the 44th All-Japan Championship. Tamariba 17 Kanto Gakuin 47
February 23, 2008. Lost to Waseda University in the first round of the 45th All-Japan Championship. Tamariba 0 Waseda 48
February 7, 2008. Lost to Waseda University in the first round of the 46th All-Japan Championship. Tamariba 13 Waseda 55
External links
Tamariva Club official home page
Rugby union teams in Japan
Rugby in Kantō
Rugby clubs established in 2000
2000 establishments in Japan
Sports clubs and teams in Tokyo | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamariba%20Club |
Clarence Clifford Pendergast III (born November 29, 1967) is the former defensive coordinator for the Arizona Cardinals, Kansas City Chiefs, California Golden Bears, and USC Trojans football teams.
Early coaching career
He was a graduate assistant or assistant coach at Mississippi State, University of Southern California, University of Oklahoma, and University of Alabama at Birmingham before joining the Houston Oilers in 1995.
After a year with the Oilers, he joined the Dallas Cowboys, where he spent seven seasons, first as defensive assistant/quality control/linebackers coach (1996–99), and later handing responsibilities in nickel defense packages (2000) and the secondary (2001–02). Pendergast helped develop first-round draft pick Roy Williams into a Pro Bowl safety. In 2003, he was linebackers coach with the Cleveland Browns.
Arizona Cardinals
While working in Cleveland, Pendergast impressed personnel man Jeremy Green to the point that when Green's father, Dennis Green, became the head coach of the Arizona Cardinals, Jeremy convinced him to interview Pendergast for the job. Green was so impressed that he hired Pendergast as the Cardinals' Defensive Coordinator.
After Dennis Green's firing, he was retained as defensive coordinator under new Cardinals head coach Ken Whisenhunt. Pendergast helped lead the Cardinals into Super Bowl XLIII, but was fired on Friday February 6, 2009, less than one week after Arizona lost to Pittsburgh 27–23 in the Super Bowl.
Kansas City Chiefs
When the Cardinals fired Pendergast, he was immediately linked with a move to Kansas City Chiefs. Clancy Pendergast officially became the defensive coordinator for the Chiefs on March 13, 2009, where he reunited with Head Coach Todd Haley, who was offensive coordinator at Arizona during Pendergast's time there. On January 14, 2010, the Chiefs named former Cleveland Browns head coach Romeo Crennel their new defensive coordinator. According to NFL.com Pendergast was not retained for the 2010 season by the Chiefs in any coaching position. Pendergast was hired to become the Oakland Raiders defensive backs coach on February 6, 2010.
California Golden Bears
On February 19, 2010, Pendergast was hired as defensive coordinator for the California Golden Bears, succeeding Bob Gregory. Under Pendergast, the Golden Bears led the conference in total defense, pass defense and fewest first downs allowed in 2010 and 2011. Pendergast also helped produce nine NFL players, including first-round pick defensive end Cameron Jordan, and Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year linebacker Mychal Kendricks. He gained a reputation for containing the spread offense after his 2010 Bears slowed down Chip Kelly's No. 1 ranked Oregon Ducks, holding them to 40 points below their average in a 15–13 loss.
USC Trojans
Pendergast was hired by the USC Trojans as defensive coordinator and defensive backs coach in 2013. Under Pendergast, USC's defense shifted from a 4–3 alignment to a 5–2 with elements of the 3–4 defense. Although head coach Lane Kiffin was fired midseason, Pendergast's defense finished the season ranked 13th in the nation and led the Pac-12.
He did not return to the team in 2014, but did so in 2016 after spending 2015 as inside linebackers coach of the San Francisco 49ers. Pendergast spent four seasons in his return to the Trojans, and was fired after a 49–24 loss to Iowa in 2019 Holiday Bowl; in 2019, USC had the 78th-ranked defense and 77th in yardage allowed. He was fired after the 2019 season.
Personal life
The son of a farmer, Pendergast attended Tolleson High School, where his sister, Bonnie Pendergast, now teaches calculus. He graduated from the University of Arizona in 1990, he graduated with a bachelor's degree in agriculture. Pendergast did not play football in college, but did coach his fraternity team (Phi Gamma Delta).
References
1967 births
Living people
Arizona Cardinals coaches
Arizona Wildcats football players
California Golden Bears football coaches
Cleveland Browns coaches
Dallas Cowboys coaches
Houston Oilers coaches
Mississippi State Bulldogs football coaches
National Football League defensive coordinators
Oklahoma Sooners football coaches
UAB Blazers football coaches
USC Trojans football coaches
San Francisco 49ers coaches
Sportspeople from Phoenix, Arizona
Players of American football from Phoenix, Arizona | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clancy%20Pendergast |
The St. Catharines municipal election of 2000 was held to elect a mayor and councillors for the city of St. Catharines, Ontario.
Mayor
Niagara Regional Council
|-
| align="left" | T. Roy Adams
| align="right" | 17,167
| align="right" | 15.18
|-
| align="left" | Michael R. Collins
| align="right" | 13,890
| align="right" | 12.28
|-
| align="left" | Bruce Timms
| align="right" | 13,750
| align="right" | 12.16
|-
| align="left" | Peter Partington
| align="right" | 13,123
| align="right" | 11.61
|-
| align="left" | Mark Brickell
| align="right" | 13,015
| align="right" | 11.51
|-
| align="left" | Brian McMullan
| align="right" | 11,571
| align="right" | 10.23
|-
| align="left" | Christel Haeck
| align="right" | 10,444
| align="right" | 9.24
|-
| align="left" | James Wilson
| align="right" | 7,670
| align="right" | 6.78
|-
| align="left" | Ted Mouradian
| align="right" | 6,544
| align="right" | 5.79
|-
| align="left" | John E. Kirby
| align="right" | 5,900
| align="right" | 5.22
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
! align="left" | Total valid votes
! align="right" | 113,074
! align="right" | 100.00
|}
Electors could vote for six candidates.
Percentages are determined in relation to the total number of votes.
St. Catharines City Council
Ward 1 - Merriton
Ward 2 - St. Andrew's
Ward 3 - St. George's
Ward 4 - St. Patrick's
Carol Disher was elected to council in 1997, 2000 and 2003. She was president of the Niagara Bruce Trail Club in the early 1990s. She tried to prevent the merger of Hamilton and St. Catharines power utilities in 2004, and unsuccessfully urged council to ban the cosmetic use of pesticides in January 2006. She was also a prominent opponent of the Port Dalhousie tower complex purchase.
Ward 5 - Grantham
Ward 6 - Port Dalhousie
Footnotes
2000 Ontario municipal elections
2000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%20St.%20Catharines%20municipal%20election |
Raina may refer to:
People
Given name
Raina (singer), stage name of Oh Hye-rin (born 1989), lead singer of the South Korean girl group After School
Raina A. Mercedes Echerer (born 1963), Austrian actress and politician
Raina Hein (born c. 1988), American model and runner-up on America's Next Top Model (cycle 14)
Raina Kabaivanska (born 1934), Bulgarian opera singer
Rayna Knyaginya (1856–1917), Bulgarian teacher and revolutionary
Raina Telgemeier (born 1977), American cartoonist
Surname
Ankita Raina (born 1993), Indian tennis player
M. K. Raina (born 1948), Indian theatre actor and director
Mohit Raina (), Indian actor
Suresh Raina (born 1986), Indian cricketer
Samay Raina (born 1997), Indian comedian
Vineet Raina, Indian actor
Jasmeet Singh Raina (born 1989), Indian-Canadian comedian known by the stage name Jus Reign
Fictional characters
Raina Petkoff, the heroine in George Bernard Shaw's Arms and the Man
Raina Thorpe, on the TV show Gossip Girl
Raina (Marvel Cinematic Universe), from Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
Raina, on the TV series Cleopatra 2525
Geography
Raina, Bardhaman, a village with a police station, in Bardhaman district, West Bengal, India
Raina I, community development block, in West Bengal, India
Raina II, community development block, in West Bengal, India
Raina (Vidhan Sabha constituency) in West Bengal India
Reineh (sometimes transliterated as Raina), an Arab town in Israel
See also
Ratina (disambiguation)
Reina (disambiguation)
Reina (given name)
Raina (surname) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raina |
The St. Catharines municipal election of 2003 was held on 10 November 2003 to determine a mayor, regional and city councillors and school trustees in the city of St. Catharines, Ontario.
Mayoral results
Niagara Regional Council
Electors could vote for six candidates.
Percentages are determined in relation to the total number of votes.
St. Catharines City Council
Ward 1 - Merriton
Ward 2 - St. Andrew's
Ward 3 - St. George's
Ward 4 - St. Patrick's
Ward 5 - Grantham
Ward 6 - Port Dalhousie
Footnotes
2003 Ontario municipal elections
2003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%20St.%20Catharines%20municipal%20election |
An air flow bench is a device used for testing the internal aerodynamic qualities of an engine component and is related to the more familiar wind tunnel.
It is used primarily for testing the intake and exhaust ports of cylinder heads of internal combustion engines. It is also used to test the flow capabilities of any component such as air filters, carburetors, manifolds or any other part that is required to flow gas. A flow bench is one of the primary tools of high performance engine builders, and porting cylinder heads would be strictly hit or miss without it.
A flow bench consists of an air pump of some sort, a metering element, pressure and temperature measuring instruments such as manometers, and various controls. The test piece is attached in series with the pump and measuring element and air is pumped through the whole system. Therefore, all the air passing through the metering element also passes through the test piece. Because the volumetric flow rate through the metering element is known and the flow through the test piece is the same, it is also known. The mass flow rate can be calculated using the known pressure and temperature data to calculate air densities, and multiplying by the volume flow rate.
Air pump
The air pump used must be able to deliver the volume required at the pressure required. Most flow testing is done at 10 and 28 inches of water pressure (2.5 to 7 kilopascals). Although other test pressures will work, the results would have to be converted for comparison to the work of others. The pressure developed must account for the test pressure plus the loss across the metering element plus all other system losses. The greater the accuracy of the metering element the greater is the loss. Flow volume of between 100 and 600 cubic feet per minute (0.05 to 0.28 m³/s) would serve almost all applications depending on the size of the engine under test.
Any type of pump that can deliver the required pressure difference and flow volume can be used. Most often used is the dynamic-compression centrifugal type compressor, which is familiar to most as being used in vacuum cleaners and turbochargers, but multistaged axial-flow compressor types, similar to those used in most jet engines, could work as well, although there would be little need for the added cost and complexities involved, as they typically don't require such a high flow rate as a jet engine, nor are they limited by the aerodynamic drag considerations which makes a narrow-diameter axial compressor more effective in jet engines than a centrifugal compressor of equal air flow. Positive displacement types such as piston compressors, or rotary types such as a Roots blower could also be used with suitable provisions for damping the pulsations in the air flow (however, other rotary types such as twin screw compressors are capable of providing a steady supply of compressed fluid). The pressure ratio of a single fan blade is too low and cannot be used.
Metering element
There are several possible types of metering element in use. Flow benches ordinarily use one of three types: orifice plate, venturi meter and pitot/static tube, all of which deliver similar accuracy. Most commercial machines use orifice plates due to their simple construction and the ease of providing multiple flow ranges. Although the venturi offers substantial improvements in efficiency, its cost is higher.
Instrumentation
Air flow conditions must be measured at two locations, across the test piece and across the metering element. The pressure difference across the test piece allows the standardization of tests from one to another. The pressure across the metering element allows calculation of the actual flow through the whole system.
The pressure across the test piece is typically measured with a U tube manometer while, for increased sensitivity and accuracy, the pressure difference across the metering element is measured with an inclined manometer. One end of each manometer is connected to its respective plenum chamber while the other is open to the atmosphere.
Ordinarily all flow bench manometers measure in inches of water although the inclined manometer's scale is usually replaced with a logarithmic scale reading in percentage of total flow of the selected metering element which makes flow calculation simpler.
Temperature must also be accounted for because the air pump will heat the air passing through it making the air down stream of it less dense and more viscous. This difference must be corrected for. Temperature is measured at the test piece plenum and at the metering element plenum. Correction factors are then applied during flow calculations. Some flow bench designs place the air pump after the metering element so that heating by the air pump is not as large a concern.
Additional manometers can be installed for use with hand held probes, which are used to explore local flow conditions in the port.
Flow bench data
The air flow bench can give a wealth of data about the characteristics of a cylinder head or whatever part is tested. The result of main interest is bulk flow. It is the volume of air that flows through the port in a given time. Expressed in cubic feet per minute or cubic meters per second/minute.
Valve lift can be expressed as an actual dimension in decimal inches or mm. It can also be specified as a ratio between a characteristic diameter and the lift L/D. Most often used is the valve head diameter. Normally engines have an L/D ratio from 0 up to a maximum of 0.35. For example, a valve would be lifted a maximum of 0.350 inch. During flow testing the valve would be set at L/D 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 and readings taken successively. This allows the comparison of efficiencies of ports with other valve sizes, as the valve lift is proportional rather than absolute. For comparison with tests by others the characteristic diameter used to determine lift must be the same.
Flow coefficients are determined by comparing the actual flow of a test piece to the theoretical flow of a perfect orifice of equal area. Thus the flow coefficient should be a close measure of efficiency. It cannot be exact because the L/D does not indicate the actual minimum size of the duct.
An orifice with a flow coefficient of 0.59 would flow the same amount of fluid as a perfect orifice with 59% of its area or 59% of the flow of a perfect orifice with the same area (orifice plates of the type shown would have a coefficient of between 0.58 and 0.62 depending on the precise details of construction and the surrounding installation).
Valve/port coefficient is non dimensional and is derived by multiplying a characteristic physical area of the port and by the bulk flow figures and comparing the result to an ideal orifice of the same area. It is here that air flow bench norms differ from fluid dynamics or aerodynamics at large. The coefficient may be based on the inner valve seat diameter, the outer valve head diameter, the port throat area or the valve open curtain area. Each of these methods are valid for some purpose but none of them represents the true minimum area for the valve/port in question and each results in a different flow coefficient. The great difficulty of measuring the actual minimum area at all the various valve lifts precludes using this as a characteristic measurement. This is due to the minimum area changing shape and location throughout the lift cycle. Because of this non standardization, port flow coefficients are not "true" flow coefficients, which would be based on the actual minimum area in the flow path. Which method to choose depends on what use is intended for the data. Engine simulation applications each require their own specification. If the result is to be compared to the work of others then the same method would have to be selected.
Using extra instrumentation (manometers and probes) the detailed flow through the port can be mapped by measuring multiple points within the port with probes. Using these tools, the velocity profile throughout the port can be mapped which gives insight into what the port is doing and what might be done to improve it.
Of less interest is mass flow per minute or second since the test is not of a running engine which would be affected by it. It is the weight of air that flows through the port in a given time. Expressed in pounds per minute/hour or kilograms per second/minute. Mass flow is derived from the volume flow result to which a density correction is applied.
With the information gathered on the flow bench, engine power curve and system dynamics can be roughly estimated by applying various formulae. With the advent of accurate engine simulation software, however, it is much more useful to use flow data to create an engine model for a simulator.
Determining air velocity is a useful part of flow testing.
For incompressible flow (below 230 Ft/s or 70 M/s this equation gives a less than 1% error corresponding to a test pressure of 12" of water or 306mm of water) it is calculated as follows:
For one set of English units
Where:
V, velocity in feet per minute
H, pressure drop across test piece in inches of water measured by the test pressure manometer
d, density of air in pounds per cubic foot (0.075 pound per cubic foot at standard conditions)
For SI units
Where:
V, velocity in meters per second
H, pressure drop across test piece in pascals measured by the test pressure manometer
d, density of air in kilograms per cubic meter (1.20 kilograms per cubic meter at standard conditions)
This represents the highest speed of the air in the flow path of a normally shaped port, at or near the section of minimum area (through the valve seat at low values of L/D for instance). That would not apply to other shapes such as a venturi tube where the local speed in the throat can be much higher than indicated by the pressure drop across the whole system.(When a pitot tube is used to measure velocities (adiabatic) above 230 Ft/s or 70 M/s, the error due to compressibility increases progressively with this formula from 1% to ~26% at mach 1)
Once velocity has been calculated, the volume can be calculated by multiplying the velocity by the orifice area times its flow coefficient.
Limitations
A flow bench is capable of giving flow data which is closely but not perfectly related to actual engine performance. There are a number of limiting factors which contribute to the discrepancy.
Steady state flow vs dynamic flow
A flow bench tests ports under a steady pressure difference while in the actual engine the pressure difference varies widely during the whole cycle. The exact flow conditions existing in the flow bench test exist only fleetingly if at all in an actual running engine. Running engines cause the air to flow in strong waves rather than the steady stream of the flow bench. This acceleration/deceleration of the fuel/air column causes effects not accounted for in flow bench tests.
This graph, generated with an engine simulation program, shows how widely the pressures vary in a running engine vs. the steady test pressure of the flow bench.
(Note, on the graph, that, in this case, when the intake valve opens, the cylinder pressure is above atmospheric (nearly 50% above or 1.5 bar or 150 kPa). This will cause reverse flow into the intake port until pressure in the cylinder falls below the ports pressure).
Pressure differential
The coefficient of the port may change somewhat at different pressure differentials due to changes in Reynolds number regime leading to a possible loss of dynamic similitude.
Flow bench test pressure are typically conducted at 10 to 28 inches of water (2.5 to 7 kPa) while a real engine may see 190 inches of water (47 kPa) pressure difference.
Air only vs mixed gas/fuel mist flow
The flow bench tests using only air while a real engine usually uses air mixed with fuel droplets and fuel vapor, which is significantly different. Evaporating fuel passing through the port-runner has the effect of adding gas to and lowering the temperature of the air stream along the runner and giving the outlet flow rate slightly higher than the flow rate entering the port-runner. A port which flows dry air well might cause fuel droplets to fall out of suspension causing a loss of power not indicated by flow figures alone.
Bulk flow vs flow velocity
Large ports and valves can show high flow rates on a flow bench but the velocity can be lowered to the point that the gas dynamics of a real engine are ruined. Overly large ports also contribute to fuel fall out.
Even room temperature vs. uneven high temperature
A running engine is much hotter than room temperature and the temperature in various parts of the system vary widely. This affects the actual flow, fuel effects as well as the dynamic wave effects in the engine which do not exist on the flow bench.
Physical and mechanical differences
The proximity, shape and movement of the piston as well as the movement of the valve itself significantly alters the flow conditions in a real engine that do not exist in flow bench tests.
Exhaust port conditions
The flow simulated on a flow bench bears almost no similarity to the flow in a real exhaust port. Here even the coefficients measured on flow benches are inaccurate. This is due to the very high and wide-ranging pressures and temperatures. From the graph above it can be seen that the pressure in the port reaches 2.5 bar (250 kPa) and the cylinder pressure at opening is 6 bar (600 kPa) and more. This is many times more than the capabilities of a typical flow bench of 0.06 bar (6 kPa).
The flow in a real exhaust port can easily be sonic with choked flow occurring and even supersonic flow in areas. The very high temperature causes the viscosity of the gas to increase, all of which alters the Reynolds number drastically.
Added to the above is the profound effect that downstream elements have on the flow of the exhaust port. Far more than upstream elements found on the intake side.
Exhaust port size and flow information might be considered as vague, but there are certain guidelines which are used when creating a base-line to optimum performance. This base line, of course, is further tuned and qualified through a dynamometer.
See also
Air flow meter
References
External links
Free demo engine simulator used to generate graph above
Plans for a home built flow bench
Original forum for those interested in the design and construction of flow benches
Latest forums for those interested in the design and construction of flow benches
Engine tuning instruments
Aerodynamics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20flow%20bench |
Sharon Rugel Long (born March 2, 1951) is an American plant biologist. She is the Steere-Pfizer Professor of Biological Science in the Department of Biology at Stanford University, and the Principal Investigator of the Long Laboratory at Stanford.
Long studies the symbiosis between bacteria and plants, in particular the relationship of nitrogen-fixing bacteria to legumes. Her work has applications for energy conservation and sustainable agriculture.
She is a 1992 MacArthur Fellows Program recipient,
and became a Member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1993.
Early life and education
Sharon Rugel Long was born on to Harold Eugene and Florence Jean (Rugel) Long.
She attended George Washington High School in Denver, Colorado.
Long spent a year at Harvey Mudd College before becoming one of the first women to attend Caltech in September 1970. She completed a double major in biochemistry and French literature in the Independent Studies Program, and obtained her B.S. in 1973.
Long went on to study biochemistry and genetics at Yale, receiving her Ph.D. in 1979.
She began her research on plants and symbiosis while a postdoc at Frederick M Ausubels lab at Harvard University.
Career and research
Long joined the Stanford University faculty in 1982 as an assistant professor, rising to associate professor in 1987, and full professor in 1992.
From 1994-2001 she was also an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
She currently holds the Steere-Pfizer chair in Biological Sciences at Stanford.
From 1993-1996 she was part of the National Research Councils Committee on Undergraduate Science Education.
She served as Dean of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University from 2001 to 2007.
In September 2008 she was identified as one of 5 science advisors for Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama. In 2011, she was appointed to the President's Committee on the National Medal of Science by President Obama.
Long identified and cloned genes that allow bacteria to find and enter certain plants in which they live symbiotically. She has examined the interactions of Rhizobium bacteria with legumes such as alfalfa, soybeans and peas, in which they enhance nitrogen production. She has genetically modified bacteria to make them more effective at entering host plants and producing nitrogen. Such initiatives may enable farmers to reduce nitrogen fertilizer use and runoff of fertilizer into local water supplies.
Her current research uses molecular, genetic, and biochemical techniques to study the early stages of symbiosis between Sinorhizobium meliloti and its host plants in the genus Medicago. Rhizobium cells recognize and form nodules on their plant hosts. Her group discovered that a flavone (luteolin) derived from alfalfa seed extracts is necessary for activation of nodulation genes (nod ABC) in Sinorhizobium meliloti. They proved that some nod genes encode enzymes that synthesize Nod Factor. They discovered that plant root hair cells show rapid ionic changes including calcium spiking in response to specific Nod Factors. With colleagues, they have identified plant genes for symbiosis, and correlated these with specific stages in nodule development.
Selected publications
Awards and honors
1984-1989, Presidential Young Investigator Award, National Science Foundation
1985, Shell Research Foundation Award
1989, Charles Albert Shull Award, American Society of Plant Physiology
1992-1997, MacArthur Foundation Fellowship
1993, member, National Academy of Sciences
1994, fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2000, member, American Philosophical Society
2002, Wilbur Cross Medal in Biology, Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (highest alumni honor)
2007, fellow, American Society of Plant Biologists
2019 Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology
Recognized as a Pioneer Member of the American Society of Plant Biologists.
Personal life
Long married her college boyfriend Harold James McGee on July 7, 1979 and divorced in 2004. They had two children.
References
Howard Hughes Medical Investigators
Harvey Mudd College alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
Yale University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Stanford University Department of Biology faculty
Living people
MacArthur Fellows
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1951 births
Members of the American Philosophical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon%20R.%20Long |
Mad Libs is an American children's game show based on the book/word game series. It aired on the Disney Channel from July 26, 1998 to mid-1999 (with a "special pilot" that aired in February 1997), and was hosted by David Sidoni. Dick Clark and J. D. Roth produced the show.
Gameplay
Mad Libs pitted two teams of two kids (one red and the other blue), in a series of physical/mental-related challenges that pertain to the formula of the Mad Libs books, while trying to score points and win prizes.
The Main Game
Round 1 ("Viewer Mad Lib")
In round one, a home viewer recited a Mad Lib that he/she wrote beforehand. That Mad Lib became a physical game, where the objective was to make the most progress within a 45-second time limit or to be the first team to complete the stunt. The team who won the stunt got 20 points. If both teams won the stunt, they both got 20 points.
Round 2 ("Madder Than You")
In this two-minute round, the contestants would come up with a series of words that would fit a category given by Sidoni, controlling a white ball (referred to on the show as the "hot potato") and passing it back and forth. The process continued until one team gave a word that did not fit the category, repeated a word (including a different form of the same word), passed the hot potato before answering, or ran out of time.
When one of those violations occurred, the other team received five points, after which another category was played in the same manner. If time for the round ran out when a category was in play, no points were awarded to either team.
Round 3 ("Mega Stunt")
Both teams competed in a stunt, consisting of anything from picking nose hairs to grabbing mohawks while being strapped to a mailbag, to grab items needed to create a Mad Lib. Each item in the stunt had a word on it, and the object of the stunt was to get four words in four categories. Doing so completed the Mad Lib and earned 20 points.
Round 4 ("Mixed-Up Mad Libs")
In this deciding round, the host read a series of statements with a crazy word inserted in each one. The contestants buzzed in to correct those statements with the right word. If the buzz-in contestant answered incorrectly, the opposing team got a chance to answer. After each statement, the contestants at the buzzers switched places with his/her partner. Each correct answer was worth ten points. The round was played for 90 seconds, and the team with the most points when time ran out won the game. If both teams tied, one last Mixed-Up Mad Lib was read, and the first player to buzz-in and correct the statement won; otherwise his/her opponents automatically won. The winning team proceeded to the bonus round while the losing team went home with parting gifts.
Bonus Round ("Maximum Mad Lib")
In this bonus round, the team decided who would give and who would receive. The giving player during the last commercial break placed five words (given to that player via envelope) anywhere in the five clue areas. After the break, the giver was given 90 seconds to get his/her partner to say those words. Sidoni gave the category to each word.
The clue areas varied each episode, and the actions involved the giving player performing an unusual event, such as saying the word with a mouth stuffed full of marshmallows, licking frosting and spelling the word with their tongue, or miming the word.
Each time the receiver said a word, the team won that word. They could pass on a word and return to it if time permitted. When time ran out, the words were inserted into the Mad Lib and were individually checked after it was read. One of the five words was dubbed the grand prize word and if the team solved that word, or if they solved all five words before time expired, they won the grand prize. Otherwise, they received a consolation prize.
See also
Mad Libs
References
External links
Mad Libs on IMDb
Disney Channel original programming
Television series by Dick Clark Productions
Television series by Disney
1990s American children's game shows
1998 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
Television shows based on books
English-language television shows | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%20Libs%20%28game%20show%29 |
The weapons master, sometimes credited as the armorer, weapons specialist, weapons handler, weapons wrangler, or weapons coordinator, is a film crew specialist that works with the property master, director, actors, stunt coordinator and script supervisor. The weapons master is specifically responsible for maintaining control of any prop weapons, including firearms, knives, swords, bows, and staff weapons.
Duties
In some areas the weapons master must be a licensed armourer when firearms are used as props.
As of 1993, when Brandon Lee was killed by a gun believed to be loaded with blanks, the rules of the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers required:
Someone certified for the weapon in use be present at all times
Firearms must be checked before and after each take
Firearms must be cleaned daily
Firearms must be stored securely by the props master when not in use
Loaded guns must never be pointed at anyone
Protective clothing must be worn by everyone nearby when blanks are fired
If firearms are to be fired directly at the camera, a plexiglass shield must be erected
Only the person certified for the weapon or someone under their direct supervision may hand a weapon to an actor
As of 2021, when Helyna Hutchins was killed by a gun believed to be unloaded, the Industry-Wide Labor-Management Safety Committee's guidelines stressed that blanks can kill, that all firearms were to be treated as loaded and that "live" ammunition was never to be brought onto any set. According to Local 44, a union that represents props masters, no members were on set when the shooting occurred.
According to Mike Papac, an experienced weapons master, a firearm should not be handed to an actor until film is rolling and should be taken from the actor as soon as the director calls "cut" and there should "never, ever, ever [be] any live ammo on the set. Never. Under no circumstances". According to armorer Larry Zanoff, after the director calls "cut", "nobody moves until I gather up every gun and yell 'The weapons are cold.'"
The UK has stricter laws in relation to weapons on set and the Metropolitan Police in co-ordination with the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) they have published two information leaflets for film sets in relation to weapons and stunts ETIS17 and ETIS20
Some weapons masters (particularly in lower-budget productions) are also responsible for training the actors. Prior to the 1980s, weapons were frequently the responsibility of the property master or their assistant, but since then, it has become increasingly common in the industry for the property master to a hire a dedicated weapons master in order to reduce the burden on themselves. However, it is still common for the property master to double as the weapons master, as a cost-saving measure, on productions where National Firearms Act-regulated firearms (such as machine guns or sawed-off shotguns) are not being used.
Prop weapons accidents
Charles Chandler, an extra on the set of The Captive (1915), was shot in the head and killed after another extra neglected to remove a live round from his rifle after a previous scene was shot with live rounds. Director Cecil DeMille in his autobiography wrote that he had told the extras to reload with blanks. Blanche Sweet said that DeMille's pursuit of realism had led to the use of live ammunition on set.
House Peters Sr. suffered serious burns to his face and hands when a prop pistol exploded upon being fired during shooting of The Girl of the Golden West (1915).
On the set of a publicity shoot for Haunted Spooks (1920), Harold Lloyd picked up what he thought was a prop bomb with the fuse lit and it detonated, blowing off the thumb and first finger of his right hand.
Director and actor Buster Keaton was knocked unconscious by a cannon firing, assistant director Harry Barnes was hit in the face by a blank charge, and several extras were injured by misfired muskets on the set of The General (1926).
On the set of They Died with Their Boots On (1941) extra Jack Budlong was killed when his horse tripped; as he fell forward, he threw his sword away, but it landed handle down and Budlong was impaled.
During the filming of the Unconquered (1947), nine extras suffered burns from flaming arrows.
On the set of The Alamo (1960), Laurence Harvey was injured when he was hit by a cannon recoiling after firing.
In 1984 Jon-Erik Hexum was killed on the set of Cover Up when he discharged a gun loaded with blanks against his skull.
While filming Cyborg (1989), Jackson "Rock" Pinckney lost his eye when Jean-Claude Van Damme accidentally struck him with a prop knife.
While filming Highlander II: The Quickening (1991), Michael Ironside inadvertently chopped off part of Christopher Lambert's finger during a sword-fight scene.
Linda Hamilton suffered permanent hearing damage in one ear when she fired a gun inside an elevator without using her ear plugs during filming of Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991).
In 1993 Brandon Lee was killed on the set of The Crow when a prop weapon loaded with blanks with an object unknowingly stuck in the barrel was fired at him.
During filming of Time Team (2007), Paul Allen died after a splinter from a broken lance penetrated his eye socket.
While filming the final episode of Lost in 2010, Terry O'Quinn unknowingly stabbed Matthew Fox with a real knife instead of a collapsible one.
On the set of Fury (2014), a stuntman accidentally stabbed another stuntman with a bayonet during a rehearsal.
In 2021 Halyna Hutchins was killed and Joel Souza was injured on the set of Rust when Alec Baldwin fired a gun thought to be safe at the camera they were standing behind. Alec Baldwin and armorer Hannah Gutierrez-Reed were charged with involuntary manslaughter in 2023.
Notable weapons masters
In the US many weapons masters are members of the American Entertainment Armorers Association in the United Kingdom they should be Registered Firearm Dealers or agents thereof.
Mike Gibbons
Gary Harper
Michael Papac
Thell Reed
James, Ed, and Syd Stembridge of Stembridge Gun Rentals, founded approximately 1920
Mike Tristano
Gary Darling-Parkes
Rick Washburn
See also
Stembridge Gun Rentals, a major supplier of prop firearms to the US movie and television industry from 1920 to 2007
Independent Studio Services, a supplier of prop weapons
List of film and television accidents
References
Entertainment occupations
Stunts
Theatrical occupations
Safety occupations
Performing arts
Filmmaking occupations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons%20master |
Bryant Andrew Johnson (born March 7, 1981) is a former American football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals 17th overall in the 2003 NFL Draft and also played for the San Francisco 49ers, Detroit Lions, and Houston Texans. He played college football at Penn State.
Early years
Johnson attended Baltimore City College high school, excelling at football, basketball, and track. He was selected first-team all-state and the 1998 Baltimore Touchdown Club’s offensive player-of-the-year from the Knight's football team, Johnson also anchored a winning relay team at the Penn Relays for the school's track team.
College career
Johnson was a star wide receiver for Penn State, starting his final two years. He was the sixth player in PSU history to catch more than 100 career passes, and finished second all-time with 2,008 career receiving yards.
Johnson earned a Bachelor of Arts in sociology from Penn State University in 2005.
Professional career
Arizona Cardinals
Johnson played three years predominantly as the Cardinals' third option receiver, playing mainly out of the slot receiver role, due to Anquan Boldin and Larry Fitzgerald being higher on the depth chart. His 35 catches in 2003 was the third most receptions for a rookie (his teammate Anquan Boldin had the most receptions for a rookie that year). In his 5-year career with the Cardinals he caught 210 passes for 2675 yards and 9 touchdowns.
Johnson scored the inaugural touchdown at University of Phoenix Stadium, a 5-yard reception from Kurt Warner in the Arizona Cardinals preseason game on August 12, 2006.
San Francisco 49ers
Johnson signed a one-year deal with the San Francisco 49ers on March 14, 2008. He had 45 receptions for 546 yards and three touchdowns the 2008 season, his fifth straight season with 40 or more receptions. In his tenure with the 49ers, he changed his jersey number from 80 to 82 in respect of retired 49ers WR Jerry Rice, whose jersey number 80 was retired in his honor.
Detroit Lions
On February 28, 2009 Johnson signed a 3-year $9 million deal with the Detroit Lions. He was released on July 28, 2011.
Houston Texans
Johnson signed with the Houston Texans on August 29, 2011.
He re-signed with the Texans on July 26, 2012. On August 27, he was released by the team.
NFL career statistics
References
External links
ESPN profile
Detroit Lions bio
1981 births
Living people
American football wide receivers
Houston Texans players
Arizona Cardinals players
San Francisco 49ers players
Detroit Lions players
Players of American football from Baltimore
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
Baltimore City College alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant%20Johnson |
The Australasian Post, commonly called the Aussie Post, was Australia's longest-running weekly picture magazine.
History and profile
Its origins are traceable to Saturday, 3 January 1857, when the first issue of Bell's Life in Victoria and Sporting Chronicle (probably best known for Tom Wills's famous 1858 Australian rules football letter) was released.
The weekly, which was produced by Charles Frederic Somerton in Melbourne, was one of several Bell's Life publications based on the format of Bell's Life in London, a Sydney version having been published since 1845.
On 1 October 1864, the weekly newspaper The Australasian was launched in Melbourne, Victoria by the proprietors of The Argus. It supplanted three unprofitable Argus publications: The Weekly Argus, The Examiner, and The Yeoman, and contained features of all three.
A competitor, The Age, gloated that as it was printed on coarse heavy paper, its weight exceeded the maximum for concessional postage, adding to its cost to country subscribers.
Its format was similar to the Bell's Life papers, but with much less sport content. As a result, the local papers Bell's Life in Victoria and Bell's Life in Sydney were gradually phased out of publication.
On Saturday, 4 January 1868, the last Melbourne issue appeared (no. 504), while the last Sydney issue (No. 731) came out on Saturday, 31 December 1870 (no. 731). The Australasian adopted locally based editions during the transition. Well-known writers who contributed to its pages include Marcus Clarke (including series The Peripatetic Philosopher under the pseudonym "Q"), T. A. Browne as "Rolf Boldrewood", Ada Cambridge, Louisa Anne Meredith, J. E. Neild, C. H. Spence, and Jessie Couvreur.
The Australasian Sketcher with Pen and Pencil, which was founded by The Argus in April 1873, merged with The Australasian after its last issue of 26 December 1889.
Editors
Frederick William Haddon 1865 to 1866
James Smith 1871 to 1872
Henry Gullett 1872 to 1885
David Watterston 1885 to 1903
Edward Thomas Fricker 1903 to 1917
Alexander Hugh Chisholm 1937 to 1938
Transition to Post
The final edition of The Australasian appeared on 6 April 1946, published by The Argus and Australasian Limited, 365 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, with an announcement that "Next week, this magazine becomes The Australasian Post in an entirely new format, with modern enlarged content."
The Australasian Post was read by millions at the height of its popularity in the 1960s and 1970s, and featured a uniquely Australian mix of scandal, sensationalism, human interest stories, fashion, politics, culture and entertainment, being the staple of barber shops across the country.
One of its features was its focus on Australiana, with pages of jokes and cartoons, including the Ettamogah Pub series by cartoonist Ken Maynard. Its "Letters" column was titled "Pillar to Post", a punning reference to the pillar box method of posting a letter.
In the late 1960s and 1970s, the magazine's covers and content included illustrations and stories focused on sex and nudity.
In 1982, The Sun News-Pictorial features editor Feyne Weaver was appointed Australasian Post editor: he immediately doubled the number of articles in the magazine and, while keeping the bikini-clad cover girl, got rid of all the "tit 'n' bum" inside. The circulation rose to an all-time high, overtaking the then market leader People before Weaver resigned in mid-1984 to move to the United States.
Post's trademark bikini-clad cover girl began to look old-fashioned in the late 1980s, and it suffered a rapid decline in popularity. The execution was stayed momentarily when knockabout Herald Sun columnist Graeme "Jacko" Johnstone took the helm, took the bikini girl off the cover, and focused on its knack for telling uniquely Australian stories. The magazine was renamed Aussie Post in 1997, but it was not enough and it closed its doors on 2 February 2002, after 138 years.
At the time of its last edition, it was the longest-running continuously published magazine in Australia.
References
1864 establishments in Australia
2002 disestablishments in Australia
Weekly magazines published in Australia
Defunct magazines published in Australia
English-language magazines
Magazines disestablished in 2002
Magazines established in 1864
Magazines published in Melbourne
Magazines published in Sydney | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian%20Post |
County Route 554 (CR 554) is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends from Barnegat Boulevard (Route 72) to Main Street (U.S. Route 9 or US 9) in Barnegat Township. The highway was designated as the easternmost segment of CR 532 in the early 1950s and was later a portion of CR 534, but as it had no connection to the western segment, it was renamed by 1984.
Route description
CR 554 begins at an intersection with Route 72 in Barnegat Township, heading east on two-lane undivided Barnegat Road. The road runs through forested areas of the Pine Barrens and intersects CR 611. Farther to the east, the route runs near wooded neighborhoods as Bay Avenue, coming to junctions with CR 111 and CR 105. CR 554 comes to a partial interchange with the Garden State Parkway that has access to and from the northbound direction of the parkway. After the interchange, CR 554 passes through business areas and intersects CR 8 and CR 10. In the community of Barnegat, the route comes to its eastern terminus at US 9.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
NJ State Highways: CR 545-560
554
554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Route%20554%20%28New%20Jersey%29 |
Shannon Rempel (born November 26, 1984) is a Canadian speed skater. An Olympic silver medalist from the 2006 Winter Olympics in the team pursuit. World Champion in the team pursuit from 2007 World Single Distance Championships, SLC, UT. Rempel also participated in the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, in the 500m, and 1000m distances. She specializes in the sprint and middle distances, capturing many podium finishes over the years at the World Cup events. Rempel is also known for her win as the 2003 World Junior Speed Skating Championships.
Previously she held the World Junior record in the 500m, and in the combined sprint distances. Currently she still holds the Canadian Jr. records in the 500m and 1000m.
Shannon signed a flag which was brought up to the international space station.
Biography
Early life
Rempel was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. She was introduced to speed skating at age 10 at the St. James Speed Skating Club when her friend suggested that she try it.
References
External links
Results of Shannon Rempel
1984 births
Living people
Speed skaters from Winnipeg
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skaters for Canada
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Canadian female speed skaters
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Canadian Mennonites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%20Rempel |
Leslie Erin Grossman (born October 25, 1971) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Lauren on The WB sitcom What I Like About You, and for her frequent collaborations with Ryan Murphy, appearing as Mary Cherry on The WB's comedy-drama series Popular (1999–2001), and as various characters on the FX anthology series American Horror Story since 2017. Grossman also had a recurring role on the television series 10 Things I Hate About You, a reboot of the original cult classic movie of the same name.
Early life and education
Grossman was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. She attended Crossroads School for Arts & Sciences, where she directed plays. She started acting in her senior year at Sarah Lawrence College.
Career
In 1999, Grossman was cast in her first major role, playing supporting character Mary Cherry in The WB high school drama series Popular. She had auditioned for the roles of Sam McPherson and Nicole Julian on Popular before having the part of Mary Cherry written for her. After Popular, Grossman joined the cast of The WB sitcom What I Like About You with Amanda Bynes and Jennie Garth. She had a recurring role in the first season before being added to the main cast in the second season. She played Lauren, the co-worker and best friend of Val Tyler (Garth).
On television, Grossman has appeared on Nip/Tuck, Charmed and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, amongst other television series. In 2011 she guest starred on ABC Family's Melissa and Joey, and in 2012 she appeared on The New Normal and Ben and Kate. On film, Grossman appeared in Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous in 2005. She appeared in two movies in 2006, Running with Scissors in an uncredited role and in Itty Bitty Titty Committee as Maude.
In 2017, she joined the cast of the seventh season of American Horror Story as Meadow Wilton and a flashback version of the infamous serial killer and Manson Family gang member, Patricia Krenwinkel. In 2018, she was promoted to series regular for its eighth season portraying witch Coco St. Pierre Vanderbilt. She later appeared in the ninth season as Camp Redwood's owner Margaret Booth. She returned for the tenth season as a strong-willed literary agent named Ursula, and for the eleventh season as Barbara, a New York City citizen that is going through a harrowing divorce process. Her appearances on the show mark the fourth collaboration between Grossman and Ryan Murphy, having appeared on Popular, Nip/Tuck, The New Normal, and American Horror Story.
Personal life
Grossman has a daughter, Goldie. Grossman is Jewish.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1971 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
American film actresses
American television actresses
Living people
Sarah Lawrence College alumni
Jewish American actresses
21st-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Grossman |
Angel Love was a comic book series created by Barbara Slate, published by DC Comics in the 1980s, as well as the lead character of this series. The first issue was dated August 1986. Despite its cartoony style, and some superficial stylistic resemblance to "girl humor" comic books of an earlier era such as Millie the Model, Patsy Walker, and Katy Keene, it was not intended as a children's comic; it covered "adult" issues such as drug use, pregnancy, and sexual abuse, and did not bear the Comics Code Authority seal. The 1987 Angel Love Special which wrapped up the series bore a "For Mature Readers" advisory on its cover. Nevertheless, its letter column sometimes featured letters from children.
Angel Love is a young woman who has moved from her native Scranton, Pennsylvania to New York City in hopes of finding a career as an artist. So far, however, the only career she has found is as a roller-skating waitress at a restaurant. Her adventures are portrayed sometimes with realism, but sometimes with fantasy elements such as talking cockroaches and a "guardian angel" she has drawn which comes to life to attempt to grant her wishes.
This comic book's unusual combination of style and subject matter made it difficult to market successfully. The "special" issue published soon afterward wrapped up the storyline, featuring Angel's attempt to convince her long-lost sister (now running for United States Congress and worrying about the political ramifications of revealing her long-suppressed family history) to supply her bone marrow to possibly save their mother from cancer.
Angel Love only made one appearance in the normal continuity of the DC Universe. She appeared in Animal Man #24, alongside almost every other character that did not exist in the proper continuity anymore, and was seen reading a copy of her own comic book.
Collected editions
DC Through the 80s: The Experiments collects Angel Love #1, 504 pages, May 2021,
References
External links
Angel Love on Barbara Slate's site
Angel Love at the DC Database
1986 comics debuts
1987 comics endings
Romance comics
Drama comics
Fantasy comics
Comics set in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel%20Love |
Mount Stirling is a mountain in the Victorian Alps of the Great Dividing Range, located in the Hume region of Victoria, Australia. The mountain has an elevation of above sea level.
Mount Stirling is also an abbreviation of the Mount Stirling Alpine Resort, a cross-country and backcountry ski resort located on the slopes of the mountain and situated approximately from Melbourne. The Mount Stirling ski resort is a popular location for beginner backcountry skiers and snowboarders due to its distance from Melbourne and proximity to the Mount Buller Alpine Resort. As at the 2011 census, the area had a population of 36.
The Mount Stirling Alpine Resort is contained within an unincorporated area under the direct administration of the government of Victoria, and is surrounded by the Shire of Mansfield.
Mount Stirling was named in honour of James Stirling, a surveyor and later, the Victorian Government Geologist.
Location and features
The mountain and ski resort are located at the head of the Delatite River, which flows westwards. It is surrounded by the Stirling Circuit Road, which provides access to mountains further into the Victorian Alps. In winter the road is closed at Telephone Box Junction, from which it is generally possible to ski to reach the summit (depending on conditions it is sometimes necessary to walk the lower section).
The mountain has fantastic views across to nearby Mount Buller as well as the high range that runs from Mount Cobbler through Mount Speculation and the Cross cut Saw and Mount Howitt. From there the range swings westwards, finishing in The Bluff, an impressive tilted plateau that has large clifflines on its northern side.
The lower reaches of the mountain are dominated by Alpine Ash forests, which merge into Snowgum Woodlands above approximately . There is a small part of the summit area which sits above treeline.
Huts
There are a number of huts in the area of Mount Stirling providing emergency refuge to visitors:
Bluff Spur Hut is a shelter hut near the summit erected as a memorial to a pair of skiers who died of exposure on the mountain.
Kingsaddle Shelter, an open shelter amidst towering Alpine Ash.
Howqua Gap Hut was moved around Mount Stirling for loggers to shelter in and was left at the bottom of the Howqua Gap trail.
Geelong Grammar School Hut on the other side of the summit from Bluff Spur Hut is owned by Geelong Grammar School and is used during cross country skiing by students from the Timbertop campus.
Craig's Hut in the Clear Hills, built as a set for the film, The Man from Snowy River, was destroyed on 11 December 2006 by the Eastern Victoria Great Divide bushfires; and has since been rebuilt.
Mount No 3 Refuge Hut, rebuilt in 2007
Bus Hut on the Mount Number 3 Road
Seasonal activities
In winter the area is a patrolled cross country and back country ski resort. Maps of ski trails are available at the entry gate.
In summer the area is popular with four wheel drivers and bush walkers. The trail from the Circuit Road to the summit takes less than two hours to walk and is popular for day and over night trips. Also, when it is not snowing or in danger of bushfires, the area is used by numerous educational groups.
See also
Alpine National Park
List of mountains in Victoria
Skiing in Victoria
References
External links
Mount Stirling official website
Ski areas and resorts in Victoria (state)
Mountains of Victoria (state)
Victorian Alps
Towns in Victoria (state)
Unincorporated areas of Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Stirling |
Zhangyi () is a town under the administration of Yuanzhou District, Guyuan, Ningxia, China. , it administers the following 15 villages:
Zhangyi Village
Maozhuang Village ()
Hetao Village ()
Tianpu Village ()
Yanguan Village ()
Huangpu Village ()
Nanwan Village ()
Shangmaquan Village ()
Yanni Village ()
Chengou Village ()
Dadian Village ()
Machang Village ()
Tuoxiang Village ()
Songwa Village ()
Hongzhuang Village ()
References
Township-level divisions of Ningxia
Guyuan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangyi |
Holy Name of Jesus Catholic Church in San Francisco is a parish of the Archdiocese of San Francisco in San Francisco, California, United States, one of four Catholic churches in San Francisco's Sunset District. The church is distinctive because of its modern architecture and large size, and can be seen up the hill from nearby Ocean Beach.
The parish was established in 1925 with Father Richard J. Ryan as its first pastor. A temporary structure served as the first church in 1926. Growth of the parish forced a new building to be constructed and built at the corner of Lawton Street and 40th Avenue. Also being built was a parish school. Both facilities opened in 1941. The parish continued to grow, and the school was expanded to accommodate a total of 800 students.
With continued growth of the parish, a new church was necessary. In 1964, the current Holy Name church was dedicated. To make space for the current church, the rectory building had to literally be lifted off of its foundation, loaded onto a truck, and moved across the street. With the new church in place, the old church was converted into a gymnasium/auditorium, named Ryan Hall after the parish's first pastor. Today, the parish and school continues to serve the people of the Sunset.
References
External links
Holy Name's Official Website
Roman Catholic churches in San Francisco
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco
Christian organizations established in 1925
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1964
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy%20Name%20of%20Jesus%20Church%20%28San%20Francisco%29 |
is a maze video game developed by Hudson Soft for the Xbox 360 in 2006 and published by Hudson Soft in Japan and Konami worldwide. It is noteworthy for its departure from standard titles in the Bomberman series; it features more realistic graphics and a dark, dystopian future setting. The game was panned by critics and fans, and is considered one of the worst video games ever made.
Gameplay
Players, as Bombermen, must destroy each other to fight their way to the surface of the Earth and escape. Players can customize their character including their gender. The game is viewed from an overhead perspective, like other Bomberman titles. The levels have a number of pillars throughout that require players' characters to navigate down hallways; there are sometimes obstacles in these paths that can only be destroyed by bombs. The bombs are also necessary to defeat opponents. An alternate mode called "First-Person Battle" allows players to view the action from behind the player character and are able to maneuver the camera. In the standard mode, the Bomberman can be killed by a single bomb (including their own); in FPB mode, they are given a life meter and can take multiple hits. In both modes, the Bombermen can pick up different power-ups (including speed, bomb count, bomb strength, and bomb duration). Both modes last for 99 floors; if the player-character dies, players must restart from the beginning. The game features an online-only battle mode called "world battle" which supports up to eight players.
Development
The game was first announced by Hudson Soft at the Tokyo Game Show 2005 with a brief teaser trailer showing off the redesigned Bomberman. At E3 2006, Konami announced they would be publishing the game at their press conference. In November 2006, a mobile phone version, titled Bomberman: Act Zero Mobile Type, was released for i-Mobile phones exclusively in Japan.
Reception
Pre-release
GameSpots Justin Calvert played a single-player demo of the game at E3 2006. He noted that the gameplay was "largely unchanged" from classic Bomberman titles.
Post-release
Bomberman: Act Zero received "unfavorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 23 out of 40, while Famitsu Xbox 360 gave it a score of two eights and two sevens for a total of 30 out of 40.
The game was criticized for its long loading times, bad collision detection, forgettable soundtrack, use of the same textures and graphics for every stage, tedious and repetitive gameplay, lack of a save feature, unbalanced A.I. and the series' unwelcome shift to a darker and more futuristic setting. The First-Person Bomberman mode was also criticized for its bad camera angles and the fact that it is played in a third-person perspective rather than a first-person perspective. GamePros Patrick Shaw felt that it shouldn't be used to introduce players to the series and that fans of the games should skip it. In the March 2007 issue of Electronic Gaming Monthly, Seanbaby listed the game as one of the Top 10 Worst Games of 2006, describing it as "the Bomberman game that sucks."
The game has been named one of the worst video games of all time by GamesRadar+ and The Guardian. In 2010, GameTrailers ranked the game at number one on their list of the "Top 10 Worst Sequels". Hudson Soft themselves expressed negative opinions on the game during a video for Bomberman Live.
Notes
References
External links
2006 video games
Action games
Act Zero
Cyberpunk video games
Video games about cyborgs
Konami games
Science fiction video games
Video game reboots
Xbox 360-only games
Video games about slavery
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Xbox 360 games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Hudson Soft games
Video games about robots
Video games developed in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomberman%3A%20Act%20Zero |
Valley of the Wolves () is a Turkish media franchise created by Osman Sınav. The franchise includes several TV series, movies, and books. It has gained popularity in Turkey due to its high ratings for the television series and the first film's box office success, which is one of the highest in Turkish cinema history.
Production history
Valley of the Wolves () is the original series created by Osman Sınav, which followed a Turkish intelligence agent working under the assumed identity of Polat Alemdar (Necati Şaşmaz) attempting to infiltrate the Turkish mafia. It ran for 97 episodes from 2003 to 2005.
Valley of the Wolves: Iraq
Valley of the Wolves: Iraq () is a controversial 2006 spin-off film directed by Serdar Akar, which follows Polat Alemdar (Necati Şaşmaz) and his team as they go to northern Iraq during the Occupation of Iraq to avenge the death of Turkish soldiers. Its perceived anti-Americanism and antisemitism generated interest among American and European media and other organizations, such as the Anti-Defamation League. It went on general release across Turkey on and was one of the highest grossing Turkish film of 2006.
Valley of the Wolves: Terror
Valley of the Wolves: Terror () is a short-lived spin-off television series, which followed Polat Alemdar in his attempts to infiltrate Kurdish separatist militant networks in Turkey. The first episode of the program aired on the night of February 8, 2007 and earned considerable ratings, but the political reflection of the painful issues of Turkey and the violence shown in the first episode triggered a harsh response from RTÜK (Radio and Television Supreme Council). As a result, the series was cancelled after its first episode, creating a controversy about censorship in Turkey.
Valley of the Wolves: Ambush
Valley of the Wolves: Ambush () is the current spin-off television series, which was launched by Pana Film some time after the cancellation of the previous series, and has been running on Show TV since April 20, 2007. It has not faced any responses from RTÜK yet and it attracts high ratings.
The new series deal with the relations between the state, mafia, business circles, and the deep state phenomenon in Turkey. According to the plot, Polat Alemdar decides to wage a vigilante struggle against four powerful Turkish families that control the national economy, helping Ahu Toros, a young businesswoman who lost her father in a conspiracy by the said families. Polat Alemdar's biggest rival is "Alexander the Great" (İskender Büyük), who trails him at all times. Polat marries Ebru Duru and lives happily, but things take a turn for the worse in the ensuing episodes. The two other protagonists are Memati and Abdülhey. Memati is a former specialized mafia (working for Süleyman Çakır at the time) but now Memati is converted into a good person with a brave heart and a patriot like Polat, he always follows Polat's orders. Abdülhey is like Polat, an agent working for Turkey intelligence and serving his country like a real patriot.
The main antagonist arrives after the third season and is named Aron Feller, an ex agent of CIA and working in Turkey (or controlling Turkey in some ways). İskender Büyük is considered like an anti-hero, who also loves his country but has different views from Polat; instead of Aron Feller being the main antagonist. After a long fight-relation against İskender Büyük, Polat finally manages to kill his main enemy İskender Büyük, but he loses his wife Ebru and his little daughter is taken by Aron Feller to be raised as a Christian in the USA. After the death of İskender Büyük, Polat and his team are facing a new wage of enemies, they try to fight against Kurdish terrorism, most notables of which are Lale Zara and Şahmeran, by the same time a new character appears, his name is Ersoy Ulubey, Ersoy wants to take the deep state of Turkey by the "force". His methods are : terrorism and many relations with big familie leaders like Haşim Ağa, İzzet Ağa, Yaşar Ağa etc. He creates a secret fraternity to take upon Turkey, but Polat and his team must now take him down. By the same time, Polat keeps his relations with the "İhtiyarlar" (the Elders), they give him new missions and Polat is chosen as the "protector" of Turkey. After many episodes Polat kills Ersoy and the main antagonist Aron Feller, by this way almost destroying "Gladio". Through upcoming episodes Süleyman Çakır's family returns after 6 years and new character "Kara" is being introduced, he was the "old" Polat Alemdar before Polat Alemdar, he too worked for the Elders. As the series goes on, many new characters are making appearance such as; Beyefendi, Mete Ağır, Memduh Baba, Şeref Zazaoğlu, Mete Aymar etc. In the episode 161 Memati is killed by a mysterious group, the "white hair" of the Elders is killed too by the same mysterious group. Polat and his friends are in shock after Memati's death, they are lost and they cannot take his revenge. The Elders must now choose a new white hair, so Adil Eşrefoğlu is chosen. Adil Bey is the brother of Doğu Eşrefoğlu; Adil, Doğu and Aslan Akbey were the ones who created the secret mission: Kurtlar Vadisi. A new youth team, called the "Regional KGT" came to Turkey to help Polat to finish his mission "Kurtlar Vadisi", planned by the former white hair to be formed. After this Polat had to kidnap Adil Bey. With the help of a technological tool, Adil Bey tells him everything about his past and he also tells him that he used to be like Polat in his youth services. He says that he formed with his brother Doğu Bey the created KGT (a secret intelligence agency in Turkey), he also tells Polat that he was the one who trained Aslan Akbey. Later, it turned out that Sencer, one of the Elders, was the mastermind behind the murders of Memati Baş and the former white-elder. Sencer and Adil Eşrefoğlu were later executed by the order of the Elders. After that, all of the Elders were executed, as they are revealed by the Templars. The youth team's leader, Akif, told Polat that he should be killed because he had some secrets and he meant that if he is killed, it would be the best for the state.
However, it was a plan of Akif and "Hoca" (then foreign minister), they showed Polat as dead to everyone else than them and the new members of the Elders. Polat was chosen as the white hair. Sadly, he can't see his family because he is still "dead". Some time after, Cahit decides to "betray" Polat and join the secret organization Templars. He meets Safiye Karahanlı where he tries to obtain her belief in him. Abdülhey is founded by Hoca in the "house of peace" being sad because of the death of Polat. Cahit meets Margaret Theodora and joins the mysterious group. Later on he will be introduced to Maestro Ronald and inspector Kane. Two members of the Elders were murdered by the Templars, and as time goes on Cahit found that there is someone beyond Maestro Ronald, therefore "Its Majesty" who is the leader of that group. Kara's grandchild has been murdered by Poyraz where Kara seeks for revenge. Polat helps Kara and they finally killed Poyraz. Cahit was contacted by Timur -personal guard of Polat when he was the white hair-, where Polat wanted to surprise him with his presence, but, by mistake, Polat was shot by Cahit. The Templars found out that Abdülhey was the vice-president of the Elders, but still they haven't managed to decode Polat. After the death of inspector Kane, UN member Mr. Key decided to take revenge for the death of his friend where he murders Margaret and many other people. Polat formed a new military team called "Siyah Sancak" (black flag) which will in the future help brotherly foreign countries. Commander of "Siyah Sancak" is Kara. There was meeting meant to be in Cyprus, where "Its Majesty" would be present. Cahit demolished the whole place and happily left with Kara. Suddenly, in episode 229, Abdülhey was killed in an explosion, the bomb was planted in the KGT office. In episode 232 Kara was injected with an Ebola virus. He didn't want to die by a virus injected by his enemies, so he ordered "Siyah Sancak" to be killed as a commander. Mr. Key was finally murdered by Akif. The new Turkish baron is Fehmi Kuzuzade, Fehmi in many occasion tried to form a council in order to rule over Turkey which was later assassinated by Polat himself. New enemies came such as John Smith, Tilki Andrei from the past series, Sagir, Sadık Britani, etc. It was revealed that friend of Safiye, Professor Martin, was another Maestro besides Ronald and he plans to destroy Polat Alemdar's family and kidnap Elif. In episode 233, Ömer died cause of a heart attack in the middle of the pray in the mosque. In episode 244, Nazife was poisoned by professor Martin. Polat was kidnapped by the Templars where he had a chance to talk with "Its Majesty" where he offers Polat to be the ruler of Turkey under the servance of the organisation. Polat escapes and successfully with Cahit, he kills "Its Majesty" and takes his mysterious staff. Polat marries Leyla in episode 262, however, Leyla is killed in an explosion during her honeymoon with Polat in episode 263 .
Muro: Damn the Humanist Inside
Muro: Damn the Humanist Inside () is a 2008 spin-off film, directed by Zübeyr Şaşmaz, starring Mustafa Üstündağ and Şefik Onatoğlu as two revolutionaries recently released from prison, who stumble across an illegal organization run by a former friend. The film, which went on general release across Turkey on , is the third highest-grossing Turkish film of 2008.
Valley of the Wolves: Gladio
Valley of the Wolves: Gladio () is a 2009 spin-off film directed by Sadullah Şentürk, which follows retired security intelligence agent Iskender Buyuk (Musa Uzunlar) as he decides to strike back against his one-time employers by revealing all he knows about Gladio. "It addresses Turkey’s years-long adventure with the deep state and illegal formations nested within the state" and "aims to provide an opportunity for movie fans to closely look at the 'deep gangs' that attempted to stir and divide Turkey with subversive plots," according to Betül Akkaya Demirbaş in Today's Zaman. It went on general release across Turkey on and was the fifth highest grossing Turkish film of 2009.
Valley of the Wolves: Palestine
Valley of the Wolves: Palestine () is a 2011 spin-off film directed by Zübeyr Şaşmaz, which follows Polat Alemdar (Necati Şaşmaz) and his team as they go to Israel to track and bring down the Israeli military commander who planned and put into force an attack on a Gaza aid flotilla.
Cultural impact
"Kurtlar Vadisi became an instant hit with its references to Turkish politics, its unabashed abuse of social sensitivities on patriotism, and with unprecedented scenes of violence that included assassination and torture on television", Hürriyet Daily News reviewer Emrah Güler. "Not unlike John Woo’s Face/Off an undercover Turkish agent goes through a set of plastic surgeries to infiltrate the mafia, along with a gunman who walks surefooted in this muddy underworld", Güler continues, "the two go through ordeals of every kind for Polat to become the next baron so that he can break them apart." "The hype eventually got so big that the final episodes featured Andy Garcia as the big American mafia boss and Sharon Stone as his wife, eventually lending a kiss to our hero."
Lead character Polat Alemdar (Necati Şaşmaz) "established in the image of a mafia-macho Turkish guy", according to Hürriyet Daily News reviewer Emrah Güler, and was "admired by the unemployed and frustrated young men all over Turkey". Güler describes him as “the Turkish equivalent of 24’s Jack Bauer, entangled in the deep state, disguised as a mafia boss”. "Short and ordinary looking," according to Güler, "Polat has a self-defined sense of justice that included hanging traitors in the city center of Istanbul." "The series had reached such a cult status that many young men officially changed their names to Polat Alemdar", Güler concludes.
The show has been dubbed into Syrian Arabic dialect and proved one of the most popular Turkish drama to be dubbed into Arabic.
Controversies
An episode of Valley of the Wolves: Ambush that depicted Israeli Mossad agents spying inside Turkey and kidnapping Turkish babies was roundly criticized by the Israeli government and media. The Turkish government's refusal to act on Israeli requests to more strictly censor the show had contributed to a deepening of a row between the two countries, culminating in Turkey's threat to recall ambassador to Israel Ahmet Oguz Celikkol after a controversial diplomatic meeting with Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon in January 2010.
See also
Ayrılık
Zahra's Blue Eyes
References
External links
www.kurtlarvadisi.com
www.kurtlarvadisipusu.com
Valley of the Wolves at Instagram
Valley of the Wolves at Twitter
Mass media franchises
Television franchises
Israel–Turkey relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley%20of%20the%20Wolves |
Steven Elm (born August 12, 1975 in Red Deer, Alberta) is a Canadian speed skater from Calgary, Alberta.
Elm has been to three Olympics, and in the 2006 Winter Olympics he won a silver medal as part of the Canadian men's pursuit team. He formerly held the world record in the 3000 m from 2000 to 2001. He also broke the world record in the team pursuit, along with Arne Dankers and Denny Morrison in 2007.
Records
Personal records
World records
Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com
References
External links
Steven Elm at SpeedSkatingStats.com
1975 births
Living people
Canadian male speed skaters
World record setters in speed skating
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Speed skaters from Calgary
Sportspeople from Red Deer, Alberta
Speed skaters at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
21st-century Canadian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Elm |
Fullerton High School may refer to:
Fullerton Union High School in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerton%20High%20School |
BQN or bqn may refer to:
BQN, the IATA and FAA LID code for Rafael Hernández Airport, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico
bqn, the ISO 639-3 code for Bulgarian Sign Language, Bulgaria
BQN, an array programming language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BQN |
James Arthur Raye Jr. (born March 26, 1946) is an American football coach and former player who is currently a senior adviser to NFL vice-president Troy Vincent. A book about his college career by award-winning sportswriter Tom Shanahan was published in September 2014 by August Publications titled Raye of Light: Jimmy Raye, Duffy Daugherty, the Integration of College Football and the 1965–66 Michigan State Spartans. Tony Dungy, who considers Raye a mentor, wrote the foreword.
Playing career
Raye attended the segregated E. E. Smith High School in Fayetteville, North Carolina.
In college, as a quarterback, Raye was the backup for the Michigan State Spartans football team that played in the 1966 Rose Bowl, and he started for the 1966 Spartans in the famous 10–10 tie with Notre Dame, a game often referred to as "The Game of the Century." He was the South's first black quarterback to win a national title, on the 1966 Michigan State team. (The first black quarterback to win a national title was Minnesota's Sandy Stephens, from Uniontown, Pennsylvania, in 1960.) Raye and College Football Hall of Famers Bubba Smith (from Texas), George Webster (South Carolina) and Gene Washington (Texas) arrived at Michigan State from the segregated South as part of head coach Duffy Daugherty's Underground Railroad.
Raye was drafted by the Los Angeles Rams for the position of cornerback but was quickly traded to the Philadelphia Eagles.
Coaching career
Raye began his coaching career in 1971 at his alma mater, Michigan State, where he stayed for five years (1971–75). He served a brief stint at Wyoming in 1976 and Texas in 1977 before moving to the NFL ranks in 1977.
He coached in the NFL for a total of 36 years with 10 different teams, serving as offensive coordinator for 13 seasons: 1983–84 with the Los Angeles Rams, 1985–86 with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, 1990 with the New England Patriots, 1998–2000 with the Kansas City Chiefs, 2001 with the Washington Redskins, 2004–05 with the Oakland Raiders (where he was also assistant head coach), and 2009–10 with the San Francisco 49ers.
Following the 2009 49ers season, Raye was praised for his ability to adapt the offense after key players were injured, and he continued as the 49ers' offensive coordinator to start the 2010 season. This was the first time in seven years that the 49ers had an offensive coordinator return to the team for consecutive seasons. But Raye was fired after the 49ers lost their first three games of 2010.
Personal life
His son, Jimmy Raye III, is currently the senior executive advisor to the GM for the Cleveland Browns.
References
1946 births
Living people
American football cornerbacks
American football quarterbacks
Detroit Lions coaches
Kansas City Chiefs coaches
Los Angeles Rams coaches
Los Angeles Rams players
Michigan State Spartans football coaches
Michigan State Spartans football players
National Football League offensive coordinators
New England Patriots coaches
New York Jets coaches
Oakland Raiders coaches
Philadelphia Eagles players
San Francisco 49ers coaches
Tampa Bay Buccaneers coaches
Washington Redskins coaches
Wyoming Cowboys football coaches
Players of American football from Fayetteville, North Carolina
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Raye%20II |
Shredding is a traditional European method of tree pruning by which all side branches are removed repeatedly leaving the main trunk and top growth. In the Middle Ages the practice was common throughout Europe, but it is now rare, found mainly in central and Eastern Europe.
The purpose of shredding is to allow harvest of firewood and animal fodder while preserving a tall main trunk which may be harvested for timber at a later date.
It was formerly practiced in Britain although Oliver Rackham notes that "The medieval practice of shredding – cropping the side-branches of a tree leaving a tuft at the top – vanished from Britain long ago. Only at Haresfield (Gloucestershire) have I seen a few ancient ashes that may once have been shredded".
Another name for cutting side branches off trees, used mainly in Northern England, is snagging.
Other similar woodland management techniques include pollarding and coppicing.
See also
Woodland management
References
Forest management
Horticulture
Trees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shredding%20%28tree-pruning%20technique%29 |
Ogilvie syndrome is the acute dilatation of the colon in the absence of any mechanical obstruction in severely ill patients.
Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction is characterized by massive dilatation of the cecum (diameter > 10 cm) and right colon on abdominal X-ray. It is a type of megacolon, sometimes referred to as "acute megacolon," to distinguish it from toxic megacolon.
The condition carries the name of the British surgeon Sir William Heneage Ogilvie (1887–1971), who first reported it in 1948.
Signs and symptoms
Usually the patient has abdominal distention, pain and altered bowel movements. There may also be nausea and vomiting.
Cause
Ogilvie syndrome may occur after surgery, especially following coronary artery bypass surgery and total joint replacement. Drugs that disturb colonic motility (such as anticholinergics or opioid analgesics) contribute to the development of this condition.
Pathophysiology
The exact mechanism is not known. The probable explanation is imbalance in the regulation of colonic motor activity by the autonomic nervous system. It has been postulated that reactivation of varicella zoster virus (which causes chickenpox and shingles) in the enteric ganglia may be a cause of Ogilvie syndrome.
Acute megacolon develops because of abnormal intestinal motility. Normal colonic motility requires integration of myogenic, neural, and hormonal influences. The enteric nervous system is independent but is connected to the central nervous system by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The targets of the enteric neurons are muscle cells, secretory cells, endocrine cells, microvasculature, and inflammatory cells. The neurons in the enteric plexuses are stimulated by a food bolus, which both distends the gut and stimulates the mucosal surface, leading to the release of factors that stimulate interneurons. The stimulated interneurons transmit excitatory signals proximally, which cause contraction and inhibitory signals distally, and these in turn cause relaxation. These signals are transmitted by the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and serotonin, among others.
Acute megacolon can also lead to ischemic necrosis in massively dilated intestinal segments. This is explained by Pascal's law and Laplaces's law. Pascal's principle states that a change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted undiminished to all points in the fluid; the pressure across all parts of the lumen is equal. Laplace's law states that:
where T is wall tension, P is pressure, r is the radius, and t is wall thickness. Since the wall tension is proportionate to the radius, a dilated intestinal segment has a greater wall tension than a nondilated segment; if the dilatation and tension are sufficiently great, blood flow may be obstructed and ischemia of the bowel will occur. Ogilivie syndrome may precipitate volvulus.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis starts with physical exam, observation, and interview of the patient. Imaging to diagnose dilation of the colon involves one view abdominal xray or obstruction series (PA chest, erect abdomen, and supine abdomen images). If further imaging is needed CT may be ordered.
Treatment
It usually resolves with conservative therapy stopping oral ingestions and employing a nasogastric tube, but resolution may require colonoscopic decompression which is successful in 70% of the cases. A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine showed that neostigmine is a potent pharmacological way of decompressing the colon. According to the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE), it should be considered prior to colonoscopic decompression. The use of neostigmine is not without risk since it can induce bradyarrhythmia and bronchospasms. Therefore, atropine should be within immediate reach when this therapy is used.
Prognosis
Ogilvie syndrome is a serious medical disorder. Its mortality rate can be as high as 30%. The high rate is likely a measure that this syndrome is seen in critically ill patients, rather than this syndrome being in itself lethal, although it can also present in otherwise healthy individuals (especially if the disorder was induced by pharmacologic agents). Drug-induced megacolon (such as from clozapine) has been associated with mortality as high as 27.5%.
References
External links
Diseases of intestines
Varicella zoster virus-associated diseases
Rare syndromes
Syndromes affecting the gastrointestinal tract | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogilvie%20syndrome |
Lake Mountain is a mountain peak on a plateau that hosts a cross-country ski resort that is known by the same name. It is located in Victoria, Australia, approximately north-east of Melbourne. The Mount Bullfight, which is within the Mount Bullfight Nature Conservation Reserve, is the highest peak that can be reached by a cross-country ski trail from Lake Mountain. Access to Lake Mountain's summit is restricted to a snow shoe track in winter. The Lake Mountain Alpine Resort, located near Lake Mountain, is the most popular ski resort in Australia when measured in terms of total visitor numbers, including sightseers, due to its proximity to Melbourne.
The Lake Mountain Alpine Resort is surrounded by the Yarra Ranges National Park into which its ski trails lead. The resort is an unincorporated area under the direct administration of the government of Victoria, and is surrounded to the west, north & east by the Shire of Murrindindi and Yarra Ranges Shire to the south.
There is no lake at Lake Mountain. It is claimed that the mountain was named after George Lake, who was the surveyor-general of the area. Contradicting this, VICNames says that it is named for the "tarns, ponds and bogs near the summit".
Location and features
The Lake Mountain Alpine Resort is situated in a saddle between Lake Mountain and Echo Flat and provides access to a ski trail network through the surrounding Yarra Ranges National Park. It is an exclusively cross-country skiing resort. It is especially popular with families, with the majority (80%) of the visitors to the resort throughout the year being a family demographic. Many go to the resort not to ski but for sightseeing and snow play; there are up to seven toboggan runs though only the two main runs are open to the general public. The first and most popular is directly adjacent to the Lake Mountain Alpine Resort Day Visitor Centre, while the second branches off of the first for a longer and somewhat steeper slope. Snowboarding is not permitted as is walking on the ski trails.
The alpine centre was opened on 12 June 2004 at a cost of 3.7 million along with the refurbishment and restructuring of two other buildings, a toilet block and visitor's locker room area, and the Ski Patroller's Centre, the main area for the coordination and first aid treatments employed by the Ski Patrollers. It has several other facilities, such as two fully equipped conference centres and a licensed café bar. The Heights Bar and Café remains open all year round, to accommodate bushwalkers and bike riders.
In 2005, the Ski Patroller's Centre was equipped to operate as "Snow Gum Lodge" during the off-season, generally available between November and May, for secluded and private overnight stays. It was the only accommodation on-mountain but was destroyed in the 2009 bushfires.
Impact of 2009 bushfires
The bushfires on 7 February 2009 caused considerable damage at Lake Mountain. Much of the forested area was burnt, and almost all buildings except the main Day Visitor Centre/Ski Hire/Bistro were destroyed. Extensive work was undertaken to enable the resort to open for 2009 winter season. Temporary buildings were delivered to serve as toilets, Ski Patrol and kiosk. Damaged wooden trail features and bridges were rebuilt.
Road cycling
Lake Mountain is a popular destination for road cyclists due to the challenging climbs up to the resort. Lake Mountain can be climbed from two sides: from Warburton (a grueling climb up the Reefton Spur) or from Marysville, the more popular route. The climb from Marysville is long and rises at an average gradient of 4.3%. The first of the climb are the most challenging with an average gradient of 8.1%.
See also
Alpine National Park
List of mountains in Victoria
Marysville
Mount Torbreck
Skiing in Australia
References
External links
Lake Mountain Alpine Resort
ski.com.au article
Interactive map
Ski areas and resorts in Victoria (state)
Mountains of Victoria (state)
Victorian Alps
Towns in Victoria (state)
Unincorporated areas of Victoria (state)
Forests of Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Mountain%20%28Victoria%29 |
David James Fisher is a fictional character played by Michael C. Hall on the HBO television series Six Feet Under. The character is the middle child of three and is a third-generation funeral director. Initially, the character is portrayed as conservative, dutiful to his family, emotionally repressed, and conflicted about his homosexuality. Over the course of the series, he faces struggles and triumphs both personally and professionally. His most significant challenges are related to keeping his funeral home in business, navigating his relationship with Keith Charles, surviving being carjacked, and coping with the death of his father. By the show's end, he reconciles his religious beliefs, personal goals, and homosexuality, and he and Keith settle down. They adopt two children: eight-year-old Anthony and 12-year-old Durrell. The series finale and official HBO website indicate that Keith is murdered in a robbery in 2029, and that David at some point finds companionship with Raoul Martinez, with whom he remains until David's death at the age of 75.
Critics have cited David Fisher as the first realistic portrayal of a gay lead male character on television, and the character is popularly regarded as one of the most beloved of the series. Michael C. Hall was widely praised for his portrayal of the character, and was nominated for and won major awards as a result.
Character conception
The show's creator, Alan Ball, says he based the characters Nate, Claire, and David on himself. About David, he said: "I'm like David in that for years I tried to do everything right, as if that would some way redeem me." Ball said in one interview, when he first conceived the characters: "David was just always gay. He was the brother who was 'the best little boy in the world' who did everything to please everybody, and that's such a classic gay thing."
Jeremy Sisto (who was cast as Billy Chenowith) and Peter Krause (who was cast as Nate Fisher) both originally auditioned for the role of David. However, director Sam Mendes had just finished working with Hall on the Broadway show Cabaret and called him one day at noon to invite him to audition for the role that evening. Ball (who had worked with Mendes on the film American Beauty) said that, after four days of auditions "[Hall] started reading, and I just saw the character come to life. And it was David."
Character progression
Show's outset
David is the second son (four years younger than Nate and 14 years older than Claire) of Nathaniel Sr. and Ruth Fisher's. The family owns and operates Fisher & Sons Funeral Home which Nathaniel, Sr. inherited from his own father. Some years prior to the pilot episode, David abandoned his desire to become a lawyer and instead, went to mortuary school to assist his father with the business. These decisions cause him to resent his older brother, who left home at 17 and only visits for major holidays. David's relationship with his mother is affectionate, but his relationship with his father is conflicted. His father's death in the show's pilot episode brings their unresolved issues to the fore.
David is in many ways conservative (more so than either of his siblings) and he was even a Young Republican in college. Although he began to suspect he was gay in childhood, Season 3 reveals that he spent "ten years" dating women, going as far as getting engaged to a woman named Jennifer Mason. Their relationship ended when David revealed he was gay, but he remained closeted about his homosexuality. In the pilot, he is in a several-month-long relationship with Keith Charles, a police officer he met at a gay-friendly church.
Season 1
Soon after his father's death, David becomes angered at Nate's sudden and permanent return home. Worse, their father bequeaths half of the business to Nate, which David takes as a trivialization of the sacrifices he has made for the family business. His anger is complicated when a major funeral home chain called Kroehner Service International, harasses the brothers to sell to them. Nate initially wants to sell and then changes his mind; Ruth backs Nate both times and as a result, David feels even further marginalized.
Meanwhile, he relies emotionally on his boyfriend Keith in private, while he publicly declares them to be racquetball partners. Claire observes them at her father's funeral and deduces that they are a couple. Weeks later, when Nate chances upon the couple having lunch, David tacitly outs himself by taking Keith's hand, which the couple considers a personal triumph. However, moments later David chastises Keith after he angrily confronts a man who called them "fags". Keith accuses David of self-loathing and dumps him. David is devastated. In the wake of their break-up, David is offered and accepts his father's deacon position at the Episcopalian Church while secretly engaging in a series of one-night stands and risky sex. He is even arrested for having sex with a prostitute, and is helped out by Keith who uses his position in the LAPD to get the charges dropped. The brutal murder of a young gay man spurs him to clean his life up and come out of the closet. His mother accepts him, but he is asked to resign as deacon, while the Fisher family in turn leave the church in solidarity with David.
Season 2
By the time David comes out, however, Keith is in a relationship with an emergency medical technician named Eddie. However, after Keith kills someone while on duty, he seeks David for comfort and they have sex, but to David's disappointment, Keith considers it a mistake. David begins dating a lawyer named Ben, but cannot shake his love for Keith. When David's and Keith's respective relationships fail, they get back together. Over time, David moves into Keith's apartment. David bonds with Keith's young niece Taylor of whom Keith gets custody after Taylor's mother is incarcerated. The two begin adoption proceedings. The growing pressures on Keith exacerbate his anger management problems, and he becomes increasingly distant and verbally abusive. After getting suspended from work for use of excessive force, Keith sends Taylor to live with his parents without consulting David. David tolerates his behavior until an argument about attending Claire's graduation turns violent and erupts into the two men grappling on the floor before engaging in rough sex that leaves both of them slightly injured.
Season 3
David and Keith decide to start therapy together to help resolve some of their communication issues. When the therapist suggests that David have an independent hobby, David joins the Gay Men's Chorus of Los Angeles. The difference between his and Keith's social circles is highlighted when Keith reluctantly plays a game of leading ladies with David's friends at a brunch, and later when Keith invites David to play combat-style paintball with Keith's gay cop friends. When one of the paintball players (named Sarge) is too inebriated to drive home, he stays over, which leads to the men having a three-way sexual experience. A part of David enjoys "being wild," but he feels conflicted about having an open relationship; still, he hesitantly agrees to more such encounters.
When David and Keith travel to San Diego for Keith's aunt's funeral, David defends Keith during an explosive and violent argument between Keith and his father, but Keith rejects his support and David, furious and humiliated, catches the bus back to Los Angeles. His chorus buddy, Patrick, picks him up, and the two have sex. The incident coincides with the disappearance of Nate's wife, Lisa, and David stays with his brother for a time while avoiding Keith. Soon after he returns home, a fight about a telemarketer escalates into another battle about the San Diego incident, so David breaks up with Keith and moves back to the family home. A few weeks later they encounter each other at their church and have a long talk.
Season 4
In the season premiere, after a hard night, Nate tells his family that a body that washed ashore has been identified as Lisa's. After mediating a contentious discussion between Nate and Lisa's family, David handles the bulk of the funeral arrangements. David then assists Nate in deceiving Lisa's family by giving them the unclaimed cremains from storage at the mortuary, while Nate buries Lisa's body in an open field according to her wishes. After the funeral, David and Keith revisit their relationship and decide to "start over," but without therapy and on the condition that Keith quit his job. However, Keith and David's relationship remains open and David receives oral sex from a plumber. Keith finds employment with a private security agency to celebrities, but does not come out at work. Soon, he is assigned to go on a three-month tour with a pop star named Celeste.
While Keith is away, David is kidnapped at gunpoint by a hitchhiker he picks up en route to delivering a dead body to the funeral home. The carjacker robs David, makes him smoke crack cocaine, beats him, and finally douses him in gasoline and puts a gun in his mouth, forcing him to beg for his life. When he finds out what happened, Keith rushes home, but David convinces him to go back on tour. However, David begins to experience crippling panic attacks, which worry Keith from afar. David grows increasingly lonely and emotionally unhinged, starts drinking more and tearfully tells Keith that he wants them to become sexually exclusive. Even so, David sleeps with the paintballer Sarge again. Although Keith eventually "comes out" at work, Celeste seduces him into sleeping with her, and then fires him for the indiscretion. When he comes home, Keith confesses his infidelity, and David begins to worry that Keith will leave him for a woman. David eventually confesses his own tryst with Sarge. The pressure builds until finally, an irrational David assaults a man at a restaurant. The victim implies that he will drop a $500,000 lawsuit if Keith will allow him to perform oral sex on him, and Keith complies. The man then hires Keith for personal security.
David confronts his carjacker in jail to put the trauma behind him.
Season 5
David begins to refer to Keith as his husband. As their lives begin to settle down again, they start making plans in earnest to become parents. After a surrogacy attempt fails, the couple adopts two brothers (Durrell and Anthony) after David bonds with Anthony at an adoption fair. The boys suffer from trust issues, and Durrell is particularly rebellious due to their previous experiences in foster care. When Keith considers returning them to the agency, David insists that they keep them. Soon after the adoption is finalized, Nate dies and David begins to fall apart. His panic attacks return along with visions of his carjacker. After six weeks, he's scarcely better and still unready to confer with his business partner (Rico) and Nate's second wife (Brenda) on how to proceed with the business, which the three co-own. After David almost burns down the apartment accidentally, Keith suggests that David live elsewhere until he recovers. After a brief stay with his mother, he and Keith pool their savings to purchase the shares of Fisher & Diaz owned by Brenda and Rico. They redecorate and move into the Fisher home as the new owners, and re-adopt the business' former name, Fisher & Sons.
David's future and death
Between the series finale, "Everyone's Waiting", and the obituaries published at the official HBO website, the viewers learn of David's life after the show up until his death. David teaches Durrell how to embalm a body, and Durrell is seen continuing the business up to adulthood. In 2009, David and Keith are legally married, which was the first depicted on a fictional American series; they remain together until Keith is murdered in 2029. At Claire's wedding, Durrell is seated with a woman and (presumably) their child, while Anthony is seated next to a man, whose hand he is holding. David retires from Fisher & Sons in 2034 (Durrell continues the business), and goes on to star in many local community theater productions. He later enters a relationship with a man named Raoul Martinez, and they are together when David dies at a family function in 2044 at age 75. His final vision is of a young and healthy Keith catching a football and smiling at him.
Legacy
David Fisher is often referred to as the first realistic gay lead portrayed on television, and the character has been widely praised for the way he was written as well as his portrayal by Michael C. Hall. The Essential HBO Reader noted how Six Feet Under offered "an affirming but alternative version of image of non-traditional families and couples," and concluded that, unlike their heterosexual counterparts on the show (Nate and Brenda), they emerge "as the ideal couple at the end." Sally Munt, in her book Queer Attachments: The Cultural Politics of Shame, said, "For the first time in mass broadcasting, gay David is the 'everyman' whose quest for love and self-acceptance inculcates the viewer." In reference to the scene when David comes out to his mother, Queer TV: Theories, Histories, Politics commented that it "purposefully counters the predictability of most coming out scenes in film and television texts, in which a bold declaration is followed swiftly by angry rejection or emotional acceptance." The book Fade to Black and White: Interracial Images in Popular Culture called the relationships between Keith, David, their niece Taylor and their adopted children a "rare exception" to the interracial relationships on television that advance negative stereotypes. Ellen Lewin, in her book Gay Fatherhood: Narratives of Family and Citizenship in America, cited David and Keith as "realistic, if somewhat parodic" examples of real gay fathers who adopt children that heterosexual couples – with "more attractive options (presumably)" – might not adopt, a trend that contrasts with the typical stereotype of the pleasure-seeking and self-indulgent gay male.
David also was a reference point for cultural studies on trends in gay perception and entertainment of the time. One Temple University publication purported that "Six Feet Under offers a critique of bourgeois selfhood through the gay heroic figure of David Fisher and his psychic states are represented as a logical outcome of his homosexual middle-class identity."
For his part, Hall was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and for an AFI Award for Actor of the Year in 2002 for his role as David Fisher. In addition, he shared in the Screen Actors Guild nominations for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series all five years that the show was in production, winning the award in 2003 and 2004.
Notes
Further reading
Six Feet Under: Better Living Through Death, Edited by Alan Ball and Alan Poul, Published by Melcher Media/Pocket Books
References
Six Feet Under (TV series) characters
Fictional gay men
Fictional LGBT characters in television
Fictional Republicans (United States)
Fictional actors
Television characters introduced in 2001
Male characters in television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Fisher%20%28Six%20Feet%20Under%29 |
Auth or AUTH may refer to:
People with the surname
Ferdinand Auth (1914–1995), German politician
Robert Auth (born 1956), American politician
Tony Auth (1942–2014), cartoonist
Other uses
Authentication, and authorization in computer security
Ident, an Internet protocol
SMTP-AUTH
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auth |
Gordon High School can refer to:
Gordon High School (Georgia) in Decatur, Georgia
Gordon High School (Texas) in Gordon, Texas
Gordon High School (Nebraska) in Gordon, Nebraska
Gordon Central High School, Calhoun, Georgia
Gordon Junior High School (former name of Rose L. Hardy Middle School) in Washington, DC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20High%20School |
Bratt may refer to the following:
Given name
Bratt Sinclaire (born 1967), Italian music producer
Surname
Benjamin Bratt (born 1963), American actor
Bill Bratt (born 1945), English football official
Carolyn Bratt (born 1943), American lawyer and activist
Edith Bratt (1889–1971), birth name of Edith Tolkien, English wife of J. R. R. Tolkien
Eyvind Bratt (1907–1987), Swedish diplomat
Harold Bratt (1939–2018), English footballer
James Bratt (born 1949), American scholar
Jesper Bratt (born 1998), Swedish ice hockey player
Lisen Bratt (born 1976), Swedish Olympic equestrian
Peter Bratt (born 1944), Swedish journalist
Ruth Bratt, English actress and comedian
Steve Bratt (born 1957), American internet entrepreneur
Torbjørn Bratt (c.1502–1548), Norwegian clergyman
Will Bratt (born 1988), British racing driver
Places
Bratt-Smiley House, a historic house in Arkansas, U.S.
Other
Bratt pan, a large cooking pan
Bratt system, Swedish system to control alcohol consumption
Bratwurst, a type of German sausage
See also
Brat (disambiguation)
Bratt System
English-language surnames
Swedish-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratt |
Bobsleigh at the 1976 Winter Olympics consisted of two events, at Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck. The competition took place between 6 and 14 February 1976.
Medal summary
Medal table
Three countries won medals in Innsbruck, with East Germany sweeping the gold medals.
Events
Participating NOCs
Thirteen nations participated in bobsleigh at the 1976 Games. East Germany made their Olympic bobsleigh debut.
References
External links
Wallechinsky, David and Jaime Loucky (2009). "Bobsleigh". In The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics: 2010 Edition. London: Aurum Press Limited.
1976
1976 Winter Olympics events
1976 in bobsleigh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh%20at%20the%201976%20Winter%20Olympics |
Wiley mill refers to a specific group of grinding mills manufactured under the name Thomas Scientific. The term Wiley as it relates to cutting or grinding mills is a registered trademark of Arthur H. Thomas Company. These mills prepare materials for analysis with minimal moisture loss. Well-dried samples are preferred. In the grinding mill, the material is loaded cut into crude pieces or lumps and loaded into a hopper. From the hopper, the material drops by gravity into the path of a set of revolving hard tool steel blades driven by an electric motor. The revolving knives work against stationary knives and the resulting powder is forced through a steel screen. The powdered material then drops into a waiting collection vessel underneath.
The Wiley mill is most commonly used in agriculture and soil science laboratories but can be used on a wide variety of materials. The Wiley mill was originally designed for grinding fertilizer materials, animal hair, hoofs and other materials. The hard, tool steel cutting edges of the knives allow for milling of a wide range of materials, including plastics.
References
Laboratory equipment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley%20mill |
John Shoop (born August 1, 1969) is an American football coach and former quarterback, who is the current head coach of the Munich Ravens in the European League of Football (ELF). He played college football at Sewanee. He has coached in the National Football League (NFL) and at the collegiate level.
Early life
Growing up in Oakmont, Pennsylvania, Shoop played quarterback in high school, and continued his football career at Sewanee: The University of the South. Shoop was a member of the Tigers football team from 1987 to 1990, starting from 1988 to 1990. As a senior captain in 1990, Shoop lead the Tigers to a Collegiate Athletic Conference title.
Coaching career
Early career
Shoop began his coaching career as a volunteer quarterbacks coach at Dartmouth College in 1991. He served as a graduate assistant at Vanderbilt University from 1992 to 1994, where he earned a Master of Education degree from Vanderbilt's Peabody School of Education.
Carolina Panthers
Shoop spent four seasons with the Carolina Panthers, where he began his NFL coaching career at the age of 25. Shoop was an offensive quality control assistant for the Panthers from 1995 to 1996. He served as quarterbacks coach for Carolina from 1997 to 1998.
Chicago Bears
Shoop worked five seasons (1999–2003) for the Chicago Bears under head coach Dick Jauron. He served as the quarterbacks coach in 1999 and 2000. He was named offensive coordinator for the last four games of the 2000 season following incumbent Gary Crowton's departure for the head coaching position at Brigham Young University. Shoop then spent the next three seasons as the offensive coordinator (2001–2003).
James "Big Cat" Williams, the Bears Pro Bowl offensive lineman, nicknamed the offense "The Run and Shoop" during Shoop's tenure as offensive coordinator.
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Shoop was quarterbacks coach for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2004 under head coach Jon Gruden.
Oakland Raiders
Shoop then coached for the Oakland Raiders where he served as quarterbacks coach in 2005, the tight ends coach in 2006, and as offensive coordinator for the final five games of the 2006 season.
North Carolina
In January 2007, Shoop left the Raiders to become the offensive coordinator of the North Carolina Tar Heels football team.
Purdue
On January 24, 2013, Purdue University head football coach, Darrell Hazell hired Shoop to be the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach for the Boilermakers football team after taking a year off from coaching. Purdue's offense struggled in 2013 as Purdue was shut out in back-to-back games for the first time in 60 years and averaged less than 70 yards rushing and 285 yards of total offense per game over the course of the season. After two more seasons of similar struggles, Shoop was fired after the 2015 season.
Statistics
Team offensive statistics where Shoop was offensive coordinator.
Personal life
Shoop is an advocate for players' rights in college athletics. His dismissal from Purdue and his subsequent absence from coaching in college football have also been attributed to conflicts with athletic department administrators over player eligibility, concussion education and his support of a player unionization attempt at Northwestern and name, image and likeness (NIL) rights.
He has lived with his wife Marcia Mount Shoop on a farm in Asheville, North Carolina after leaving Purdue. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, he made a complete recovery from prostate cancer but was later diagnosed with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
His older brother Bob Shoop has been the defensive coordinator/safeties coach at the University of South Florida since December 6, 2021.
References
1969 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Carolina Panthers coaches
Chicago Bears coaches
Dartmouth Big Green football coaches
National Football League offensive coordinators
North Carolina Tar Heels football coaches
Oakland Raiders coaches
Purdue Boilermakers football coaches
Sewanee Tigers football players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers coaches
Vanderbilt Commodores football coaches
European League of Football coaches
Players of American football from Pittsburgh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Shoop |
"Performance Review" is the eighth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's fourteenth episode overall. It was written by Larry Wilmore and directed by Paul Feig. It first aired on November 15, 2005 on NBC. The episode guest stars Melora Hardin as Jan Levinson.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In this episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) conducts job performance reviews with his employees, and struggles to get Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin) to talk about their romantic relationship from the previous episode. Meanwhile, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) thinks that it is Friday, when it is in fact Thursday.
The episode was originally going to be about "weight loss" and be one of the early episodes of the second season. Several scenes were created due to onset accidents and ad-libbing, such as Dwight's fitness orb popping and Michael grabbing Jan's breast accidentally. "Performance Review" contained several pop culture references. It received mostly positive reviews from critics and earned a Nielsen rating of 3.9 in the 18–49 demographic, being viewed by 8 million viewers.
Plot
Michael Scott (Steve Carell) is giving his annual performance reviews but, instead of evaluating the employees' job performances, he asks their opinions about a phone message from his own boss, Jan Levinson (Melora Hardin). Jan's message sternly tells Michael not to bring up their recent romantic encounter when she does his performance review, but feeling their workplace standing is on the line, the employees cater to Michael's desires by telling him the message shows Jan has feelings for him. During Michael's performance review, Jan insists he remain strictly professional and present his ideas for improving business. He plunders the employee suggestion box for ideas, but the suggestions - which Jan insists he read in front of her - mostly concern Michael's personal hygiene and include a directive to "Stop sleeping with your boss". As Jan storms out of the office, Michael continues demanding to know why she will not have a relationship with him. Jan finally breaks down and vents her feelings about Michael, both positive and negative, and says she is not ready for another relationship. Michael is satisfied by the rejection, since she implied he was worth having a relationship with.
From a tense exchange with Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson), Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) realizes Dwight thinks it is Friday instead of Thursday. Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) and Jim reinforce this misconception with casual conversation. During his performance review, Dwight asks for a raise, claiming he has never missed a day of work, even breaking into the office to work on holidays. Dwight's calendar confusion continues into the following day, and so he fails to turn up for work that morning, leading Michael to comment skeptically on Dwight's claim of never missing a day of work.
Production
Writing
The episode was written by Larry Wilmore, making it his first and only writing contribution to the series. Wilmore had previously guest starred in the series as Mr. Brown, the diversity instructor who gives a presentation to the office in the first season episode "Diversity Day". The episode was originally going to be about "weight loss" and be one of the first episodes of the second season aired. However, after "The Dundies" and "The Fire", series creator and developer Greg Daniels decided to hold the episode off and combine it with elements of "The Client". When "Performance Review" was being formulated, Wilmore had "four different ideas that were scrunched together to make an episode". One of the ideas was on a card that said "Thursday Friday". After inquiring about the meaning, Wilmore loved the idea and noted that it "would be great" in the episode and a "real funny thing to pull on Dwight". Originally, the episode contained a subplot wherein Pam attempts to get a new chair approved by Michael. The scenes, in fact, were shot, but were never aired.
Filming
The episode was directed by Paul Feig, making it his third episode directed for The Office after "Office Olympics" and "Halloween". During the filming of the episode, Jenna Fischer came down with a cold. Instead of postponing, however, Fischer memorized and performed all her lines, resulting in fellow cast member Angela Kinsey calling her a "trooper".
Several scenes were created due to onset accidents and ad-libbing. In the cold opening, Dwight tries to impress Jim with his recently purchased "fitness orb". Initially dismissive, Jim pops the ball after Dwight becomes increasingly obnoxious and troublesome. Before filming, the scene had been successfully rehearsed "about ten times"; each time, when Krasinski punctured the plastic, the ball slowly deflated. However, when it came time to film the scene, Krasinski accidentally hit the ball "right on the seam", resulting in Wilson quickly—and dramatically—hitting the carpet. In fact, several of the cast members in the background can be seen laughing, due to the unexpected nature of the shot. Initially, the cut was relegated to the blooper reel, but Wilmore pleaded with Daniels to include it in the finished episode. The "accidental boob grab" scene was based on a mistake made by Carell during a rehearsal. Originally, he was supposed to pat Hardin's shoulder. Instead, however, he accidentally brushed past her breast. Hardin, finding the accident "hilarious", demanded that Carell do it during the actual shooting. Furthermore, several of the scenes were improvised beyond the initial lines given to Steve Carell and Melora Hardin, such as the ending wherein Michael and Jan have a discussion about Michael's flaws. Wilson recounts that he had to sit at his desk for "an hour and a half" due to the ad libbing.
During the suggestion box scene, Larry Wilmore envisioned Dwight as an Ed McMahon-type character, repeating everything Michael said. Paul Lieberstein claimed that figuring out the logistics for the conference room scene was "the heart" of the episode. Hardin recalled that it was extremely difficult to stay in character, due to the humorous nature of the dialogue and the cast members' reactions. In fact, the cast broke more than usual during filming. During the scene, Michael reads a suggestion from someone named Tom, who asks for better help for people with depression. After inquiring who this mysterious Tom is, Phyllis tells Michael that he worked in accounting until a year ago and committed suicide. Wilmore claimed during the DVD commentary for the episode that the writers would be bringing him back in the show's third season, in which his backstory would be explained, although this never panned out. However, during the Writer's Block Q&A session at The Office Convention in 2007, the writers, perhaps sardonically, suggested that Tom's death was the reason that Ryan was brought in as a temporary worker. Tom's name is briefly seen on Dwight's organization chart in the fourth season episode "Did I Stutter?", where his name is revealed to be Tom Peets.
The Season Two DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include Michael giving Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez) his performance review, Dwight giving Jim advice for his performance review, an extension of Dwight psyching himself up in the stairwell, Michael calling Jan's ex-husband and her reaction, and Michael describing the office with a confused metaphor involving organs of the body.
Cultural references
To summarize why he deserves a raise, Dwight utilizes a Lex Luthor quote from the "Hothead" episode of Smallville. Writer Jason Kessler was tasked with searching on the internet in order to get the right line. Kinsey was pleased with the inclusion of the Smallville quote. In order to trick Dwight into thinking that Thursday was actually Friday, Pam and Jim discuss who Donald Trump fired on The Apprentice, which was in its fourth season at the time the episode aired. Before his review, Dwight pumps himself up by listening to glam metal band Mötley Crüe.
Reception
"Performance Review" originally aired on NBC in the United States on November 15, 2005. The episode was viewed by 8 million viewers and received a 3.9 rating/9 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 3.9 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 9 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. An encore presentation of the episode, on June 6, 2006, received 2.5 rating/7 percent share and was viewed by over 4.7 million viewers.
"Miss Alli" from Television Without Pity gave the episode an "A−" rating. Dan Phillips of IGN named "Dwight's First Day Late" as the tenth greatest prank on the show. He noted, "Seeing a disheveled, unshaven Dwight run desperately towards the office in hopes of saving his perfect performance record was enough to land this prank on the list despite its lack of complexity." Diane Holloway of the Austin American-Statesman wrote positively of the episode, and cited it as an example of how The Office, along with My Name is Earl, has "restored the comedy hour to NBC". Michael Sciannamea of Huffpost TV wrote that he "liked the idea of having a continuation of a storyline" from "The Client", but that the subplot of Dwight mistaking a Thursday for a Friday "really didn't go anywhere". He also noted that "Dwight's behavior was over the top again", a fact which "can really be disconcerting". Matt Zoller Seitz of Salon named the entry the ninth best episode of the series, praising the comedic confrontation between Michael and Jan, as well as being a "strong Dwight episode". Furthermore, Seitz praised the cold opening, calling it "a classic Jim prank".
Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a "B", and wrote that the episode was "squarely invested in advancing the pieces on The Offices game board—all the while keeping its gaze fixed on the events of the previous episode". Adams felt that the A-story was largely dramatic, but was successfully balanced by the simplistic yet humorous B-story which "helps that A-story find its best beats". Ultimately, he felt that "the episode sets up a portion of the season where secrets and snooping become recurring components—fitting for a show grounded in the truth-telling conventions of documentary film."
Holloway highlighted Michael's review of Angela, wherein he tells her "You're adequate", as the best line in the episode. TV Fanatic reviewed several of the quotes for the episode. The site ranked Angela's monologue about how much she loves being judged, as well as Jim's revelation that Dwight thinks a Thursday is really a Friday, a four out of five. TV Fanatic awarded the conversation between Stanley and Michael—wherein Stanley tells Michael how to properly listen for subtext in a voicemail—as well as Dwight's frustration that he went out and got drunk with his laser tag team, a five out of five. Wilson later claimed that Dwight's line about laser tag caused "quite a buzz" online.
References
External links
"Performance Review" at NBC.com
The Office (American season 2) episodes
2005 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Paul Feig | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance%20Review |
County Route 553 (CR 553) is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends from Hands Landing Road/Ogden Avenue in Commercial Township to Broadway (CR 551) in Deptford Township.
Route description
Cumberland County
CR 553 begins at an intersection with Hands Landing Road and Ogden Avenue in the residential community of Port Norris in Commercial Township, Cumberland County, heading west on two-lane undivided Main Street and intersecting CR 649. The route leaves Port Norris and heads northwest as Port Norris Road, heading into a mix of farms and woods as it reaches a junction with CR 725. CR 553 enters Downe Township and becomes Main Street as it passes through more rural areas and intersects CR 614. The road crosses the Dividing Creek into the community of the same name, where it passes homes and reaches junctions with CR 676, CR 664, and CR 555. After leaving Dividing Creek, the route passes through forested areas with a few lakes, intersecting CR 700 and CR 702 before CR 664 returns to the road. The name of the road becomes Bridgeton-Port Norris Road and it heads west across the marshy Beaver Dam before heading into rural areas of homes, turning north at the CR 732 junction. CR 553 crosses CR 656 before heading northwest into Lawrence Township at the crossing of Pages Run, where the name becomes Main Street and it intersects CR 629. The route passes through woodland with some farms and homes prior to coming into the residential and commercial community of Cedarville. In this area, CR 553 crosses CR 610 and turns north as it passes Cedar Lake, running near homes before turning northwest out of Cedarville. The road heads into agricultural areas and intersects CR 662 before entering Fairfield Township. The route turns north onto Cedarville Road at the CR 648 junction and enters wooded areas of homes as it heads into Fairton and intersects CR 657 and CR 601. CR 553 turns northeast at the latter and passes residences and businesses prior to turning northwest at the CR 692/CR 698 junction. The road passes Clarks Pond and curves north as it comes to the CR 609 intersection.
At this point, the route turns northeast onto Fairton-Gouldtown Road and heads through wooded areas of homes, crossing a Winchester and Western Railroad line. After crossing CR 722 and CR 638, the road heads through a few farm fields before heading back into forested residential areas as it meets CR 706. Upon coming to the CR 670 junction, CR 553 turns north onto Gouldtown-Woodruff Road, with CR 675 heading to the northeast. The road passes a few fields as it crosses Route 49, at which point it passes through a mix of farms, woods, and homes. CR 553 intersects CR 720 before heading into Upper Deerfield Township and becoming South Woodruff Road as it crosses CR 552. The route intersects CR 654 before making a turn to the northwest at the junctions with CR 659 and CR 705. CR 553 crosses the Winchester and Western Railroad before entering agricultural areas and reaching an intersection with Route 56 and CR 687. Here, the route heads northwest along East Finley Road and passes a mix of farms and homes prior to coming to a junction with CR 611. At this point, CR 553 turns north-northeast onto Centerton Road, with CR 617 continuing along Finley Road. The road passes through more farmland as it crosses CR 605, CR 658, and CR 687. The route passes through a mix of farms and woods as it reaches the CR 715 junction.
Salem and Gloucester counties
CR 553 enters Pittsgrove Township in Salem County and passes through forested areas with some homes before reaching CR 540. CR 553 forms a concurrency with CR 540 as the road passes northeast near Centerton Pond in wooded areas. A short distance later, CR 553 splits from 540 by continuing north-northeast on Centerton Road, intersecting CR 612 before passing west of Arthur P. Schalick High School and heading through farmland with a few residences. After the CR 613 junction, the route enters forested areas of residences, crossing CR 674 before passing a few farms and intersecting CR 690 and CR 610, where the name becomes Buck Road. Continuing through more woodland with occasional farm fields and homes, CR 553 crosses CR 621 and CR 639. After running through a dense area of forest, the route heads into Upper Pittsgrove Township at an intersection with US 40. The road runs through more woods before heading into a mix of farms, woods, and homes.
CR 553 heads into Franklin Township in Gloucester County and crosses CR 604 in agricultural areas. A short distance later, the route continues into Elk Township and enters more wooded areas as it reaches intersections with CR 538 and CR 667. CR 553 comes to an interchange with the Route 55 freeway and meets CR 608 as it passes through rural areas of homes before passing through woods. The road crosses CR 610 as the road passes between woodland to the west and farmland to the east. The route heads through more rural areas with homes before crossing into Glassboro. At this point, CR 553 becomes Main Street as it intersects CR 628 and crosses Conrail Shared Assets Operations' Vineland Secondary before passing homes. Upon crossing CR 641, the road heads into a mix of homes and businesses as it comes to the US 322/CR 536 junction. The route intersects CR 682 as it continues north into residential areas, making a turn to the northwest and passing businesses, CR 553 splits from Main Street by turning east onto municipally-maintained Donald Barger Boulevard, with CR 553 Alternate continuing along Main Street. CR 553 comes to an intersection with Route 47 and turns north to form a concurrency with that route along Delsea Drive, a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane that passes shopping centers.
CR 553 splits from Route 47 by turning north-northwest onto two-lane South Woodbury Road. The road passes through wooded residential areas as it comes into Pitman, reaching intersections with CR 639 and CR 624. The route becomes North Woodbury Road at the latter and widens to four lanes at the point it becomes the border between Pitman to the west and Mantua Township to the east. Upon crossing CR 635, CR 553 fully enters Mantua Township and passes through wooded areas of commercial development, widening into a divided highway as it comes to another interchange with the Route 55 freeway. Following this interchange, the road becomes undivided again as it passes more wooded areas of businesses and homes. The route intersects CR 676, where the name becomes Woodbury-Glassboro Road, and CR 603. Upon crossing the Mantua Creek, the road heads into Deptford Township and passes rural areas of homes. At the Salina Road intersection, CR 553 becomes the border between Wenonah to the west and Deptford Township to the east running near farmland and wooded residential developments. The route briefly gains a center left-turn lane and runs through wooded neighborhoods as it intersects CR 632 and becomes Glassboro Road before coming to CR 665 as a two lane road again. The road fully enters Deptford Township again at the Linden Street intersection before crossing into Woodbury Heights. In this area, CR 553 passes more wooded areas of homes, intersecting CR 652 before heading into commercial areas and passing under the New Jersey Turnpike. Upon heading into Woodbury, the route intersects CR 650 at a traffic circle and turns northeast onto Evergreen Avenue. The road passes a mix of homes and businesses, crossing CR 663 before heading north into residential areas. After crossing the Woodbury Creek, the route intersects CR 644 in commercial areas and turns north-northeast past more residences. CR 553 crosses back into Deptford Township and ends at CR 551 a short distance later.
History
The alignment of County Route 553 in Cumberland County was formerly designated as CR 9 (Port Norris–Route 49 in Bridgeton), CR 4 (Bridgeton–Deerfield Township) and CR 11 (Deerfield Township (CR 38)–Salem County line).
Major intersections
CR 553 Alternate
County Route 553 Alternate, abbreviated CR 553 Alt, is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends from Donald Barger Boulevard (CR 553) in Glassboro to Bridgeton Pike (Route 45) in Mantua Township, passing through Pitman.
Historically, the road was maintained by the Glassboro and Carpenter's Landing Turnpike Company, chartered in 1850. The company was in business as late as 1904.
See also
References
External links
New Jersey 5xx Routes (Dan Moraseski)
553
553
553
553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Route%20553%20%28New%20Jersey%29 |
Nine-a-side football is a sport based on Australian rules football played informally by Aussie rules clubs but not yet an official sport in its own right.
9-a-side games are sometimes played on half size fields that are typically rectangular or more commonly rugby or soccer fields, with 9 players on the field at any one time, typically consisting of 3 forwards, 3 backs and 3 centre players. Often two games are played at the same time on a single Australian Rules or cricket pitch. Other times, 9-a-side makes use of the full space of the field when a full complement of players is not available. This variety is a more open, running variety of Australian rules.
Rules
The following rules apply in 9-a-side football as played by Aussie Rules UK:
Up to 9 players on each team, with 3 players each designated as forwards, centres and backs
After each goal the players must be in their respective third of the pitch but may rove freely after the ball-up
Goals and behinds may only be scored from within the forward zone
Players may bounce the ball only once before disposing of it
If the ball goes out of play (whether on the full or not) the nearest opponent shall kick the ball back into play
All other rules remain unchanged. www.9asidefootball.com
Advantages
Australian Rules football has struggled to develop outside Australia partly because the game is highly resource intensive. A game requires the use of a large cricket oval, many players (40 including interchanges) and several officials. The adaptation of the game to rugby fields requires far fewer players and a pitch that is more readily available, and as a result, many more people are being introduced to the game outside Australia.
9-a-side football international
Examples of official tournaments held under these rules include:
The EU Cup
Bali Nines
Aussie Rules UK National League and India
Existing formats
AFL 9s, sanctioned by the Australian Football League is the non-contact game replacing the earlier Rec Footy.
Touch Aussie Rules, sanctioned by Aussie Rules UK is the non-contact game played in the UK.
Metro Footy is a 9-a-side game played on gridiron fields in the United States.
See also
Six-man football (Gridiron)
Eight-man football (Gridiron)
five a side football (Soccer)
Rugby sevens
Rugby tens
References
Variations of Australian rules football
Sports originating in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine-a-side%20footy |
The caladrius, according to Roman mythology, is a snow-white bird that lives in the king's house. It is said to be able to take the sickness into itself and then fly away, dispersing the sickness and healing both itself and the sick person. The caladrius legend formed part of medieval bestiary materials, which typically provided a Christian moralization for the animals they discussed.
Origin
It has been theorized that the caladrius is based on a real bird. Due to descriptions of it being completely white with no black on it, it is possible that it was based on the dove, or possibly some sort of water bird such as the heron. The art historian Louis Réau believed it was most likely a white plover.
In medieval bestiaries
Medieval interpretations focused on the diagnostic potential of the bird: if it looks into the face of a sick person, the person will live; if it looks away, the person will die. This is compatible with the idea that the caladrius' look draws the sickness into itself; the bird is then said to fly up to the sun, where the disease is burned up and destroyed. In the Christian moralization, the caladrius represents Christ, who is pure white without a trace of the blackness of sin. The bird shows how Christ turns away from unrepentant sinners and casts them off; but those to whom he turns his face, he makes whole again. Sometimes this moral is used specifically against the Jews to describe how, because the Jews did not believe, Christ turned his face from them and toward the Gentiles, taking away and carrying their sins to the cross.
In popular culture
In the Saturday Night Live sketch, "Theodoric of York, Medieval Barber", the title character (played by Steve Martin), uses a caladrius (portrayed by a live bird, most likely some form of dove or pigeon) in an attempt to diagnose a patient. The difficulties of using live animals on live television provided most of the humor for the few seconds of the bird's appearance.
In Age of Mythology: The Titans, a myth unit available to the Atlanteans was the "Caladria," which served as a flying scout and a healer, though it more closely resembled an angel than a bird.
A song dedicated to the Caladrius ("Pasărea Calandrinon") appears on the album "Cantafabule", released in 1975 by Romanian rock group Transsylvania Phoenix.
Caladrius is a demon in the Megami Tensei video game series.
The Japanese light novel Redo of Healer mentions it as a monster which is considered a God by a demon race tribe. It has the power to devour diseases and also spread them.
In Hollow Earth (2012), by John and Carole Barrowman, the first book of the Hollow Earth Trilogy, the caladrius is a mythical bird that can see the future.
Caladrius is the name of a minor character in the video game Dragon Age: Origins. He is associated with a plot that involves healers addressing a mysterious new plague actually using this as cover for their illegal slave trade in stolen “patients”.
In "Brute of All Evil" by Devon Monk, a doctor is a caladrius. She takes human form and serves as the town's supernatural doctor as well as taking care of humans.
References
Further reading
Druce, George C. "The Caladrius and its legend, sculptured upon the twelfth-century doorway of Alne Church, Yorkshire" Archaeological Journal, 69, 1912, pp. 381-416
External links
The Caladrius at the Medieval Bestiary
Images of the Caladrius
Caladrius at the Aberdeen Bestiary
Another Page about the Caladrius
Legendary birds
Medieval European legendary creatures
Roman legendary creatures
Christian antisemitism in the Middle Ages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caladrius |
Byram Dinshawji Avari (; 1942 – 22 January 2023) was a Pakistani businessman and twice Asian Games gold medalist. He was based in Karachi, Sindh and owner of Avari Hotels.
Business concerns
Together with his sons, he owned and operated the Avari Group of companies, of which he was the chairman.
Hotel management is the Avari Group's core business. In Pakistan, the group owns and operates Avari Hotels which include 5-star deluxe hotels in Karachi Lahore,Sargodha,Gujranwala,Faisalabad and Now Avari Gilgat the 5-star Avari Towers and the seafront Beach Luxury Hotel in Karachi. The group is also actively pursuing opportunities for owning and/or managing 3 and 4-star properties elsewhere in Pakistan.
The Avari Group is the first Pakistani company to have obtained international hotel management contracts: they operate the 200-room 4-star hotel in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates and manage the 200-room Ramada Inn in Toronto at Pearson Airport in Canada.
Honorary Consul
Avari was the Honorary Consul, or a diplomatic representative, for Canada.
Sailing
Avari was the Commodore of Karachi Yacht Club in 1976 and again in 1980. He was a gold medallist in 'enterprise class' yachting at the 1978 Asian Games in Bangkok with Munir Sadiq and again at the 1982 Asian Games in New Delhi with his wife, Goshpi. He also won a silver medal at the Enterprise World Championship held in Canada in 1978.
Parsi Community
Avari was Chairman of the Karachi Parsi Anjuman.
Personal life and death
Avari was married to Goshpi and had two sons and a daughter.
Avari died on 22 January 2023, at the age of 81.
Awards and recognition
Pride of Performance Award for Sports (Sailing) in 1982 by the President of Pakistan
See also
Avari Hotels
List of Parsis
References
1942 births
2023 deaths
Businesspeople from Karachi
Parsi people
Pakistani industrialists
Pakistani Zoroastrians
Pakistani hoteliers
Pakistani socialites
Pakistani male sailors (sport)
Asian Games gold medalists for Pakistan
Recipients of the Pride of Performance
Sportspeople from Karachi
Asian Games medalists in sailing
Sailors at the 1978 Asian Games
Sailors at the 1982 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1978 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1982 Asian Games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byram%20D.%20Avari |
WKXR (1260 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic country music format. Licensed to Asheboro, North Carolina, United States, the station is owned by Dorothy Grace Keith, through licensee South Triad Broadcasting Corp., and features programming from AP Radio and Jones Radio Network. The station was established in 1947 as WGWR, and is simulcast on translator station W235CO (94.9 FM).
History
The station signed on May 24, 1947 as WGWR. It changed its call letters to WKXR on April 4, 1984. When Chris Kelly of WKRR worked at WKXR as a teenager, the station's playlist included Patsy Cline, Hank Williams Jr. and Tammy Wynette.
WKXR started its broadcast day at 5:00 a.m. and ended its broadcast day at 11:00 p.m. However, in recent years, WKXR has continued to broadcast from 11:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. WKXR turns its power down at 11:00 pm, but its feed still plays on Time Warner Cable of Asheboro's channel 8, a local Public-access television cable TV channel mainly used for local bulletins.
Programming
WKXR also broadcasts live sporting events such as NASCAR racing, college football, college basketball, NFL football, and local high school sports (for Asheboro High School and Southwestern Randolph High School), in addition to American Legion Post 45 baseball, Asheboro Copperheads baseball and news from the North Carolina News Network. One of WKXR's most enduring features is the Swap Shop, a call-in show used to sell used items. WKXR plays a mix of classic country and modern country. On Sundays, WKXR carries Sunday morning worship services from local churches.
Translator
References
External links
KXR
Classic country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1947
1947 establishments in North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKXR |
Non-linguistic (or pre-linguistic) meaning is a type of meaning not mediated or perceived through linguistic signs.
In linguistics, the concept is used in discussions about whether such meaning is different from meaning expressed through language (i.e. semantics), should play a role in linguistic theory, or to which extent thought and conceptualization is affected by linguistic knowledge (as in the language of thought hypothesis or linguistic relativity).
Meaning as internal interpretation
The sense that sentient creatures have that the various objects of our universe are linked is commonly referred to as a person's sense of "meaning". This is the sense of meaning at work when asking a person when they leave a theater, "What did that movie mean to you?" In short, the word "meaning" can sometimes be used to describe the interpretations that people have of the world. Example: "Chunks are pieces of information linked and bound by meaning. (Remembering details vs. getting an overall meaning) links individual memory traces together, to create conceptual chunks."
Basic or non-idealized meaning as a type of semantics is a branch of psychology and ethics and reflects the original use of the term "meaning" as understood early in the 20th century by Lady Welby after her daughter had translated the term "semantics" from French. On the other hand, meaning, in so far as it was later objectified by not considering particular situations and the real intentions of speakers and writers, examines the ways in which words, phrases, and sentences can seem to have meaning. Objectified semantics is contrasted with communication-focused semantics where understanding the intent and assumptions of particular speakers and writers is primary as in the idea that people mean and not words, sentences or propositions. An underlying difference is that where causes are identified with relations or laws then it is normal to objectify meaning and consider it a branch of linguistics, while if causes are identified with particular agents, objects, or forces as if to cause means to influence as most historians and practical people assume, then real or non-objectified meaning is primary and we are dealing with intent or purpose as an aspect of human psychology, especially since human intent can be and often is independent of language and linguistics.
Connotation, such as good or bad reputation, in contrast to denotation, can be considered a kind of non-linguistic meaning.
Semantic meaning
The word "meaning" can be used to describe the internal workings of the mind, independently of any linguistic activity. This sort of meaning is deeply psychological. If we look for other uses we can find intent, feeling, implication, importance, value, and signification. Since the negative form "meaningless" challenges and would deny these uses, experts believe that underlying them all are understanding and understandability.
One approach to this way of understanding meaning was the psychosocial theorist Erik Erikson. Erikson had a certain perspective on the role of meaning in the process of human bodily development and socialization. Within his model, a "meaning" is the external source of gratification associated with the human erogenous zones and their respective modes. See imprinting (psychology) for some related topics.
Some communication by body language arises out of bodily signals that follow directly out of human instinct. Blushing, tears, erections and the startle reaction are examples. This type of communication is usually unintentional, but nevertheless conveys certain information to anyone present.
Pragmatics
Non-linguistic meaning may be identified as pragmatics, and include beliefs, implicatures, social factors and other features of the context. Paul Grice distinguished natural (i.e. non-linguistic) from non-natural meaning, as the latter is intention-based.
This perspective is related to the pragmatists, who insist that the meaning of an expression is its consequences. A proponent of this view was Charles Sanders Peirce, who wrote the following:
Outside of the Pragmatic tradition was Canadian 20th century philosopher of media Marshall McLuhan. His famous dictum, "the medium is the message", can be understood to be a consequentialist theory of meaning. His idea was that the medium which is used to communicate carries with it information: namely, the consequences that arise from the fact that the medium has become popular. For example, one "meaning" of the light bulb might be the idea of being able to read during the night.
Meaning and cognition
Some non-linguistic meaning emerges from natural history as a development over vast periods of time. This is the theory behind autopoiesis and self-organization. Some social scientists use autopoiesis as a model for the development of structural coupling in the family.
A typical example of this kind of relationship is the predator-prey relationship. These relations carry strong intrinsic (life and death) meaning for all living organisms, including people.
Observations of child development and of behavioral abnormalities in some people indicate that some innate capabilities of human beings are essential to the process of meaning creation. Two examples are:
rapid language development in children, at a pace that can not be accounted for by the usual learning process.
the functioning of a personal "theory of mind" about other people, or empathy, as an innate capability of most people. (Recently published research points to a reflex-based "model of mind" that is built upon the mirror neurons - that we share with certain other creatures.)
Ideasthesia
Ideasthesia refers to the capability of our minds to experience meaning. When concepts are activated i.e., when the meaning is extracted, the phenomenal experiences are affected. This tight relationship between meaning and experiences is investigated by research on ideasthesia.
See also
Meaning-making
Notes
Cognitive science
Communication
Philosophy of language
Philosophical logic
Meaning (philosophy of language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning%20%28non-linguistic%29 |
The Great Stupa of Dharmakaya Which Liberates Upon Seeing is located at the Shambhala Mountain Center in Colorado, USA. It was built to inter the ashes of Chogyam Trungpa, who died in 1987. In many Buddhist traditions it is common to build a stupa to honour a respected teacher after their death.
The site of the Great Stupa of Dharmakaya was first identified as an auspicious location by the 16th Karmapa, head of the Kagyü school of Tibetan Buddhism, on his first visit to North America in 1974.
Construction of the stupa began in 1988. The structure took thirteen years to complete and used a special concrete formula designed to last one thousand years. The Stupa was consecrated in a ceremony that lasted several days in the summer of 2001. This ceremony was attended by many important lamas and students of Chogyam Trungpa.
In September 2006, The Dalai Lama visited the Great Stupa for the first time.
References
External links
The Great Stupa of Dharmakaya
The Great Stupa of Dharmakaya video
Asian-American culture in Colorado
Buddhism in Colorado
Buildings and structures in Larimer County, Colorado
Religious buildings and structures completed in 2001
Tibetan Buddhism in the United States
Buddhist temples in the United States
Religious buildings and structures in Colorado
Stupas in the United States
21st-century Buddhist temples | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Stupa%20of%20Dharmakaya |
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