image image | image_id string | caption string | cui list | questions list |
|---|---|---|---|---|
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000001 | Chest X-ray showing enlarged cardiac silhouette with cardiothoracic ratio of 70%, and mild pulmonary congestion. | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What is the clinical significance of an enlarged cardiac silhouette with a cardiothoracic ratio of 70% on a chest X-ray?",
"What are the possible underlying conditions that could lead to mild pulmonary congestion as seen on this chest X-ray?",
"How does the presence of an enlarged cardiac silhouette correlate ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000002 | Digital subtraction ureterogram with contrast injected as the sheath was retracted demonstrating a fistula between the distal ureter and an IMA branch (black arrow). Also seen, multiple filling defects within the left renal pelvis and left dilated proximal ureter, consistent with blood clots | [
"C1306645",
"C0030797"
] | [
"What anatomical structure is identified as having a fistula with an IMA branch, and what is the significance of this finding in the context of the imaging study?",
"What are the characteristics of the multiple filling defects observed within the left renal pelvis and left proximal ureter, and what is the most li... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000003 | Fifty-eight-year-old woman with 2 cancers: one seen on DBT but not visible with US, and one seen on US but not on DBT. She presented for screening with DBT. (A) Right 2D MLO view was negative, but asymmetry was seen (B) medially on the craniocaudal (CC) view. DBT (C) MLO and (D) CC views show architectural distortion (arrows) in the upper inner quadrant. US was negative in the upper inner quadrant (no image), but showed a suspicious mass in the 9 o’clock position (arrows in (E). (F) The upper inner quadrant mass was biopsied with DBT-guidance (scout view) and was an invasive lobular carcinoma. The 9 o’clock mass was biopsied with US-guidance and was an invasive ductal carcinoma. | [
"C1306645",
"C0006141"
] | [
"What specific imaging findings are described in the DBT MLO and CC views that suggest architectural distortion in the upper inner quadrant of the right breast?",
"What type of lesion was identified in the 9 o’clock position by ultrasound, and how does its detection compare to the findings on DBT in that region?"... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000004 | CT scan image for lung cancer. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What are the characteristic radiological findings typically associated with lung cancer observed in this CT scan image?",
"Is there evidence of nodular or mass-like lesion in the lungs, and if so, what is the size, location, and morphology of the lesion?",
"Are there any signs of lymphadenopathy or metastatic ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000005 | A giant retroperitoneal tumor. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What are the potential differential diagnoses for a giant retroperitoneal tumor based on its imaging characteristics?",
"What are the common imaging features that can help differentiate between benign and malignant retroperitoneal tumors?",
"What are the possible complications associated with a giant retroperi... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000006 | Biphasic CECT of the abdomen showing dilated CBD in its entire course (arrow) with an abrupt cutoff in the distal end before joining the duodenum. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What anatomical structure is depicted as dilated in the entire course within the provided biphasic CECT image of the abdomen?",
"What specific imaging feature is noted at the distal end of the dilated structure, and what does this suggest about its continuity with the duodenum?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000007 | 18F-FDG PET-CT showing FDG avid soft tissue periampullary thickening measuring ~2.7 × 1.2 cm with a maximum standard unit value (SUVmax) of 6.9 extending into the D2–D3 junction with ill-defined fat planes with pancreas medially (arrow). | [
"nan"
] | [
"What is the size and location of the FDG-avid soft tissue lesion observed in the periampullary region, and what is its SUVmax value?",
"What anatomical structures are involved by the lesion, and how is the relationship between the lesion and surrounding tissues described in the radiological image caption?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000008 | Early axial T2-weighted MRI. | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are typically visualized in an early axial T2-weighted MRI, and what pathologies can be identified based on signal intensity changes in this sequence?",
"How does the contrast-to-noise ratio in an early axial T2-weighted MRI affect the detection of subtle abnormalities such as edema or... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000009 | Late sagittal T2-weighted MRI. | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are typically visualized in a late sagittal T2-weighted MRI, and how does the T2 weighting influence the contrast of these structures?",
"What types of pathological findings can be more easily identified on a late sagittal T2-weighted MRI compared to other MRI sequences?",
"How does ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000010 | Chest X-ray revealing bilateral pleural effusions right middle lobe consolidation. | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What are the potential underlying causes of the bilateral pleural effusions observed in the chest X-ray?",
"What clinical conditions could be associated with the presence of right middle lobe consolidation on the radiological image?",
"What differential diagnoses should be considered in a patient presenting wi... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000011 | DSA showing tight left internal carotid artery stenosis.Foot note: DSA, Digital Subtraction Angiography. | [
"C0002978"
] | [
"What anatomical structure is primarily affected by the stenosis depicted in the DSA image, and what are the potential clinical implications of this finding?",
"What imaging modality is used to visualize the stenosis, and what are the advantages of this modality in diagnosing vascular abnormalities?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000012 | Abdominal X-ray. Improvement of the obstruction was confirmed. | [
"C1306645",
"C0000726",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific findings on the abdominal X-ray indicate improvement of the obstruction?",
"What anatomical structures are typically evaluated to confirm resolution of an obstruction on an abdominal X-ray?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000013 | Neck and head computed tomography image showing left odontogenic infection. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are typically involved in a left odontogenic infection, and how might they be visualized on a computed tomography scan of the neck and head?",
"What are the potential complications of an odontogenic infection that could be identified on a CT image, and how would they appear radiologica... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000014 | Initial chext X-ray at presentation to the ER which shows B/L diffuse patchy infiltrates | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What is the likely clinical significance of the presence of bilateral diffuse patchy infiltrates on the initial chest X-ray?",
"What are the possible differential diagnoses that could account for the appearance of bilateral diffuse patchy infiltrates on this chest X-ray?",
"What additional imaging or clinical ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000015 | Retrograde portography performed with 40 mL iodinated contrast medium over a 10 French guiding catheter. | [
"C0002978"
] | [
"What is the purpose of using a 10 French guiding catheter during the retrograde portography procedure?",
"How does the volume of iodinated contrast medium (40 mL) used in this procedure affect the quality of the imaging?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000016 | Coronal plane of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing an increased bilateral signal intensity involving the cortex and subcortical white matter of the occipital lobe (Arrows) on the T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR). | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What is the specific anatomical region affected by the increased signal intensity observed on the T2-weighted FLAIR sequence in this coronal brain MRI?",
"What type of imaging sequence was used to identify the increased signal intensity in the occipital lobe, and what does this sequence primarily highlight in th... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000017 | Visualization of the different insertion angles (exemplary representation of a patient of conventional surgery group A). White arrow represents the optimal insertion vector (theoretical; through the middle cranial fossa). Green arrow represents the theoretical hybrid CBCT-laser-fluoroscopic-guided insertion vector. Red arrow represents the actual surgical insertion vector. (A) angle of deviation of the conventional surgery vector from the optimal insertion vector (angle alpha). (B) Angle of deviation of the hybrid CBCT-laser-fluoroscopic-guided insertion vector from the optimal insertion vector (angle beta). (C) Cutaneous distance between actual surgical vector and the theoretical hybrid CBCT-laser-fluoroscopic-guided vector | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the clinical significance of the angle of deviation (angle alpha) between the conventional surgery vector and the optimal insertion vector in the context of surgical accuracy?",
"How does the angle of deviation (angle beta) between the hybrid CBCT-laser-fluoroscopic-guided insertion vector and the optima... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000018 | Chest X-ray. Chest X-ray showed no abnormal findings such as obvious infiltration shadows or consolidative change. R: right side. | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What specific findings were observed in the chest X-ray that indicate the absence of pulmonary infiltration or consolidative changes?",
"How does the radiological appearance of the right side of the chest compare to the left side based on the provided description?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000019 | Preoperative ankle MRI showed initial diagnosis of peroneal brevis split tear. The yellow circle indicated a split tear of peroneal brevis tendon. | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What specific anatomical structure is indicated by the yellow circle in the preoperative ankle MRI, and what is the nature of the abnormality observed?",
"What clinical implications might a split tear of the peroneal brevis tendon have on the patient's ankle function and stability?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000020 | Chest X-ray obtained upon initial presentation. Notable for left lower lobar consolidation with associated pleural effusion, and atelectasis. | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What is the likely etiology of the left lower lobar consolidation seen on the chest X-ray, and what clinical conditions should be considered in the differential diagnosis?",
"How does the presence of pleural effusion in conjunction with lobar consolidation influence the differential diagnosis, and what additiona... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000021 | Brain MRI coronal T2 showing hyperintensity in the left anterior temporal lobe | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What is the significance of hyperintensity observed in the left anterior temporal lobe on the coronal T2-weighted MRI sequence?",
"What are the potential differential diagnoses that could account for the hyperintensity in the left anterior temporal lobe on T2-weighted imaging?",
"What additional imaging sequen... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000022 | The whole body F18-FDG PET/CT tomography scan (July 31, 2009) showing a pulmonary nodule on upper lobe of the left lung. The radioactive intake is moderate and a nodule on left Lung Gate. F18-FDG-PET/CT = Fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose- Positron emission tomography/computed tomography. | [
"nan"
] | [
"What is the significance of the moderate radioactive intake observed in the PET/CT scan, and how does it relate to the presence of the pulmonary nodule in the upper lobe of the left lung?",
"What characteristics of the pulmonary nodule in the upper lobe of the left lung would be further evaluated to determine it... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000023 | Computed tomography images after treatment. Thoracic SMARCA4‐deficient undifferentiated tumor showing osteolytic changes in the ribs (asterisk) is noted. However, pleural thickening (yellow arrow) disappears and pleural effusion (yellow arrowhead) decreases in the mediastinal window setting. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What specific radiological findings are observed in the thoracic region related to the SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumor?",
"What changes are noted in the pleural findings when viewed in the mediastinal window setting?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000024 | The typical computer tomography of the chest finding of a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 infection showing bilateral ground-glass opacity. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the significance of bilateral ground-glass opacity in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 infection as seen on the computed tomography scan of the chest?",
"How does the presence of ground-glass opacity on a chest CT correlate with the clinical presentation and progression of coronavirus disease 2019... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000025 | Transverse view of the lesion within the left adnexa, which contains a thin septation measuring 4.3 cm and adjacent free fluid extending to the posterior cul-de-sac. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the size and characteristic of the septation observed within the lesion in the left adnexa?",
"What anatomical location is described as containing free fluid adjacent to the lesion?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000026 | Computer tomography of chest axial view. Computer tomography of chest showing multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules noted (black arrows) largest 1.5 cm in right lower lobe. Multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules were also noted concerning metastases. There were filling defects noted in the right lower lobe compatible with pulmonary emboli. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the size and location of the largest pulmonary nodule identified in the right lower lobe on the CT scan, and what is the clinical concern regarding the presence of multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules?",
"What findings on the CT scan are compatible with pulmonary emboli, and how are these findings typica... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000027 | Computer tomography image of chest/abdomen/pelvis showing adrenal mass on coronal plane. Image showing heterogenous 7.7 cm lesion in length (black arrow) appearing to be arising from left adrenal glands in contact with the upper pole of left kidney with areas of hypodensity suggesting necrosis. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What are the characteristics of the adrenal mass observed in the coronal plane CT image, and what imaging features suggest the possibility of necrosis within the lesion?",
"Based on the described location and size of the lesion, what differential diagnoses should be considered for a heterogeneous adrenal mass in... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000028 | The moderate subtype of perirolandic injury (red arrows) including partial SMA involvement at the ventral aspect of the PCL (yellow arrows) | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What specific anatomical structures are indicated by the red arrows in the image, and what is the clinical significance of identifying a moderate subtype of perirolandic injury?",
"What is the relationship between the partial superior mesenteric artery (SMA) involvement and the ventral aspect of the posterior ce... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000029 | Preoperative panoramic radiograph observing the carious lesions. | [
"C1306645",
"C0037303"
] | [
"What is the location and extent of the carious lesions observed in the panoramic radiograph?",
"Are there any associated radiographic signs of pulp involvement or periapical pathology visible in the image?",
"What is the overall dental arch morphology, and are there any other structural abnormalities present i... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000030 | Measurement technique of the femoral head sphericity. A indicates the radius of the smallest circle that fits within the contour of the femoral head. B indicates the radius of the largest circle which encloses the femoral head. The ratio is calculated by A divided by B. | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216"
] | [
"What is the clinical significance of measuring the sphericity of the femoral head using the ratio of the smallest enclosing circle to the largest enclosing circle?",
"How does the ratio of the radius of the smallest circle fitting within the femoral head contour to the radius of the largest circle enclosing the ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000031 | Chest radiographs show no obvious substantial lesions in both lungs. | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What specific findings are noted in the lungs on the chest radiographs?",
"Are there any signs of interstitial or alveolar infiltrates visible on the radiographs?",
"Does the radiographic appearance suggest any acute or chronic pulmonary pathology?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000032 | A postoperative lateral radiograph of the torso (red arrows) demonstrates a properly aligned stent inside the abdominal aorta. Yellow arrows indicate strong pedicle crew fixation from L1-S1. | [
"C1306645",
"C0037949",
"C0205129"
] | [
"What specific anatomical structure is shown to have proper alignment based on the radiological findings in the image?",
"What type of fixation is indicated by the yellow arrows in the radiological image, and which spinal regions are involved?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000033 | X-ray of the abdomen without preparation: Large extra luminal gas collection (black arrow). | [
"C1306645",
"C0000726",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What is the most likely anatomical location of the large extra luminal gas collection observed in the X-ray of the abdomen?",
"What are the potential clinical causes that could lead to the presence of a large extra luminal gas collection in the abdominal X-ray?",
"What imaging features should be evaluated in c... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000034 | Preoperative CT (axial plane) demonstrating appendix rupture with a gas containing collection (red arrows) adjacent to the caecum (green arrow). The collection contains multiple appendicoliths (white arrow). | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are identified in the radiological image, and what is their clinical significance in the context of appendicitis?",
"What specific findings are indicated by the presence of gas-containing collection and appendicoliths, and how do they contribute to the diagnosis of appendix rupture?",
... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000035 | Computed tomography (9CT) abdomen Yellow arrow indication 5.3 cm mass | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the approximate size of the mass identified in the computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen, and what anatomical structures should be evaluated to determine its origin?",
"Based on the description of the mass in the CT scan, what are the possible differential diagnoses that should be considered, and ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000036 | Day 3 Chest X-ray, showed right-sided pneumothorax (yellow arrows) with left-sided ICT in situ (red arrow). | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are identified in the radiological image, and what is the significance of the presence of right-sided pneumothorax as indicated by the yellow arrows?",
"What does the term 'left-sided ICT in situ' refer to in the context of this radiological image, and what clinical implications might ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000037 | CT Chest image after receiving chemotherapy showed cystic change in the parenchymal nodule (yellow arrow), with right-sided surgical emphysema (green arrow) and right-sided ICT in situ (red arrow). A lesion can also be seen in the left breast (orange arrow). | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the significance of the cystic change observed in the parenchymal nodule on the CT Chest image, and what potential underlying conditions might this suggest?",
"What are the possible etiologies and clinical implications of the right-sided surgical emphysema noted in the radiological image?",
"What does ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000038 | Plain film showing metallic object in appendix | [
"C1306645",
"C0030797",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What is the significance of the presence of a metallic object in the appendix on a plain film radiograph?",
"What potential clinical implications or complications could arise from the presence of a metallic object in the appendix?",
"What additional imaging modalities might be considered to further evaluate th... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000039 | Representative case with pulmonary cryptococcosis showed some nodules accompanied by halo signs, positive for CrAg in both the serum and lung aspirate. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the significance of the halo signs observed in the nodules on the radiological image in the context of pulmonary cryptococcosis?",
"How does the presence of Cryptococcus antigen (CrAg) in both the serum and lung aspirate contribute to the diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis?",
"What are the typical r... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000040 | Computed tomography scan 3 months following SARS-CoV2 infection.Bilateral ground-glass opacities and mild peripheral reticular pattern. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the significance of the presence of bilateral ground-glass opacities on a CT scan performed 3 months after SARS-CoV2 infection?",
"How does the mild peripheral reticular pattern observed in the CT scan correlate with the post-viral pulmonary changes associated with SARS-CoV2 infection?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000041 | Ultrasound images in the transverse view at the midaxillary line. The target is the fascial plane (yellow) in between the latissimus dorsi muscle and serratus anterior muscle. Needle path (red) should be at a 30° to 60° angle from the skin. For orientation purposes the intercostal muscles, rib, and visceral parietal pleural interfaces have been noted in the figure. | [
"C0041618"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are identified in the ultrasound image, and how are they oriented relative to the needle path?",
"How is the fascial plane (yellow) positioned in relation to the latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior muscles in the transverse view at the midaxillary line?",
"What specific angular or... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000042 | CT-scan abdomen showing the bezoar at the pylorus. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the radiological appearance of the bezoar in the pylorus on the CT-scan of the abdomen, and how is it typically visualized on imaging studies?",
"What are the potential clinical implications of a bezoar located at the pylorus, and what symptoms might be associated with its presence?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000043 | Ultrasonography showing hypoechoic mass. | [
"C0041618"
] | [
"What are the possible differential diagnoses for a hypoechoic mass identified on ultrasonography?",
"What additional imaging characteristics or features should be evaluated to better characterize the hypoechoic mass?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000044 | Computer tomography assisted cisternography. Note the lack of contrast medium flow into the intraorbital optic nerve subarachnoid space and enlarged optic nerve sheath diameters. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are being evaluated in this computer tomography assisted cisternography, and what is the significance of the absence of contrast medium flow into the intraorbital optic nerve subarachnoid space?",
"What clinical implications might be associated with the observation of enlarged optic ne... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000045 | Contrast-enhanced CT showing an irregular hepatic artery (arrow), inhomogeneous contrast of the liver in cirrhosis and changes in angiosarcoma in the right lobe of the liver. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What specific findings are described in the contrast-enhanced CT image regarding the hepatic artery, and how might these findings be clinically significant?",
"How does the inhomogeneous contrast of the liver in cirrhosis appear on the CT image, and what does this suggest about the underlying liver pathology?",
... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000046 | CT image of the pronounced constriction of the portal vein and VMS in the region of the hepatic hilus and the mesenteric root. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are primarily involved in the pronounced constriction described in the CT image?",
"What potential clinical implications might the constriction of the portal vein and VMS in the hepatic hilus and mesenteric root suggest?",
"What imaging features should be evaluated in further detail ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000047 | Lateral tibia-fibula radiographs of initial open tibia/fibula shaft fractures. | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C0205129"
] | [
"What specific features of the tibia and fibula shafts are indicative of an open fracture on the lateral radiograph?",
"What imaging findings would help differentiate between a high-energy and low-energy mechanism of injury in this type of fracture?",
"What are the key radiographic signs that suggest the presen... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000048 | Lateral tibia-fibula intra-operative radiographs of irrigation and debridement with concomitant flexible nailing of the tibial shaft. | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C0205129"
] | [
"What specific surgical procedure is being performed based on the description of the intra-operative radiographs of the tibia-fibula?",
"What is the purpose of the flexible nailing technique in the context of the tibial shaft injury depicted in the radiograph?",
"What anatomical structures are visualized in the... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000049 | One-month post-operative anterior-posterior tibia-fibula radiographs of flexible nailing of the tibia. | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What specific anatomical structures are visualized in the one-month post-operative anterior-posterior tibia-fibula radiographs?",
"What is the purpose of the flexible nailing technique as depicted in the radiographic image?",
"What radiographic features would be expected to be evaluated in the assessment of th... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000050 | Three-month post-operative lateral tibia-fibula radiographs of flexible nailing of tibial shaft. | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C0205129"
] | [
"What specific radiographic features should be evaluated to confirm proper alignment and position of the flexible nail in the tibial shaft?",
"What radiographic signs would indicate potential complications such as malalignment, nonunion, or hardware failure in the post-operative lateral tibia-fibula radiographs?"... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000051 | A cortical fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) image A hyperintense lesion in the medial side of the right frontal lobe with restricted diffusion in the diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), representing a small acute infarction (white arrow). | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What is the significance of the hyperintensity observed in the medial aspect of the right frontal lobe on the FLAIR sequence, and how does it correlate with the findings on the diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)?",
"What clinical features or symptoms would be most consistent with the presence of a small acute infa... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000052 | A CT scan of the chest The scan shows a right upper lobe cavitary nodule (white arrow) with left lung ground-glass nodules and bilateral pleural effusion. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the likely differential diagnosis for the cavitary nodule observed in the right upper lobe on this CT scan, and what clinical features would support each possibility?",
"What are the potential underlying causes of the ground-glass nodules seen in the left lung, and how might they be distinguished from ot... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000053 | Abdominal CT scan The scan shows a septated cystic lesion in segment 5/6 of the liver (white arrow). | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the location of the septated cystic lesion identified in the abdominal CT scan, and what anatomical landmarks can be used to confirm this location?",
"What are the typical imaging characteristics of a septated cystic lesion in the liver, and what differential diagnoses should be considered based on these... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000054 | Abdominal CT scan The scan shows large multiloculated cystic lesions in segment 8/7 of the liver (dashed circle). | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the anatomic location of the multiloculated cystic lesions as described in the radiological image caption?",
"What imaging characteristics of the lesions are highlighted in the radiological image caption, and what could they suggest about the possible pathology?",
"What is the significance of the multi... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000055 | Pelvic CT scan. The scan shows loculated prostatic abscesses (dashed circle). | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the anatomical location of the loculated prostatic abscesses depicted in the pelvic CT scan?",
"What imaging characteristics of the loculated prostatic abscesses can be observed on the pelvic CT scan?",
"What potential clinical implications or differential diagnoses might be associated with the presenc... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000056 | A CT scan of the chest. The scan shows a small nodule-like consolidation in the lower lobe of the left lung (white arrow). | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the location and appearance of the abnormality identified in the CT scan of the chest?",
"What are the possible differential diagnoses for a small nodule-like consolidation in the lower lobe of the left lung?",
"What imaging characteristics would be important to evaluate in order to differentiate betwe... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000057 | Multiple ground-glass nodules appear on CT after 5 courses of nivolumab. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the significance of the presence of multiple ground-glass nodules on the CT scan in the context of prior nivolumab treatment?",
"What are the possible differential diagnoses for multiple ground-glass nodules observed on a CT scan following immunotherapy with nivolumab?",
"What imaging characteristics o... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000058 | AP view plain radiograph reveals a markedly distended inverted U-shaped bowel loop sigmoid colon (coffee bean sign). | [
"C1306645",
"C0000726",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific anatomical structure is identified by the coffee bean sign in the AP view plain radiograph?",
"What radiographic feature suggests the presence of a markedly distended bowel loop in the given image?",
"What clinical condition is often associated with the appearance of an inverted U-shaped bowel lo... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000059 | Fifty-six-year-old man with atypical load-independent chest pain not extending further. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), also referred to as Forestier disease, was diagnosed and treated with analgesics and physical therapy, which contributed to chest pain relief | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What specific radiological findings are typically associated with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) that would be visible on the radiological image of this patient?",
"How does the presence of DISH contribute to the development of atypical load-independent chest pain in this patient, based on the a... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000060 | Computed tomography image of a patient with esophageal cancer before receiving elective thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). The arrowheads are esophageal cancer invading the aortic wall. The arrow demonstrates the obliteration of the triangular fat space between the esophagus and thoracic aorta. These findings are indicated for elective TEVAR. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are shown in the computed tomography image, and how does the esophageal cancer appear to interact with these structures based on the described findings?",
"What specific imaging findings are highlighted by the arrowheads and the arrow in the image, and what do these findings suggest ab... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000061 | Illustrative stuttering symptom case. | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What specific imaging findings are typically associated with the stuttering symptom as illustrated in the radiological image?",
"Which anatomical structures are most likely involved in the manifestation of the stuttering symptom depicted in the image?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000062 | Coronal CT demonstrating left ventricular wall defect and intrapericardial thrombus; asterisk = left ventricular cavity, arrow = left ventricle free wall defect, arrowhead = thrombus. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What anatomical structure is indicated by the asterisk in the coronal CT image, and what clinical significance might this have in the context of the described findings?",
"What is the likely etiology of the left ventricular free wall defect as visualized in the coronal CT, and what are the potential implications... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000063 | Immediate postoperative plain radiograph showing femoral head fixation | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific findings are typically associated with femoral head fixation on an immediate postoperative plain radiograph?",
"What radiographic features would confirm successful placement of the femoral head implant in this imaging study?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000064 | Follow-up radiograph at 1 month postoperatively | [
"C1306645",
"C0030797",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific anatomical structures are visualized in the follow-up radiograph, and how are they positioned relative to one another?",
"Are there any visible foreign bodies, implants, or surgical hardware present in the image, and if so, what is their location and condition?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000065 | Follow-up radiograph at 12 months showing femoral head osteonecrosis | [
"C1306645",
"C0030797",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What are the typical radiographic features of femoral head osteonecrosis that might be observed in this follow-up radiograph?",
"What are the potential underlying causes of femoral head osteonecrosis that could be considered based on the radiographic findings?",
"What are the possible complications associated ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000066 | The patient was found to have a single liver mass during a regular physical examination in 2016. | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What is the significance of identifying a single liver mass during a routine physical examination in terms of potential underlying pathology?",
"What imaging characteristics would be important to evaluate in order to determine the nature of the liver mass (e.g., benign vs. malignant)?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000067 | Coronary angiogram image showing type III (yellow arrow) left anterior descending artery arising from the right ostium (red arrow) supplying up to the apex. The right coronary artery shows multiple lesions (green arrow). | [
"C0002978"
] | [
"What is the significance of the left anterior descending artery arising from the right coronary ostium in this coronary angiogram?",
"What are the potential clinical implications of the multiple lesions observed in the right coronary artery?",
"How does the anatomical variation of the left anterior descending ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000068 | Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine showing signal abnormalities of the cord involving the central aspect with inflammatory etiologies consistent with neuromyelitis optica (red arrows). | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What specific anatomical region is affected by the signal abnormalities observed in the magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine?",
"What are the characteristics of the signal abnormalities that suggest an inflammatory etiology in this radiological image?",
"What clinical condition is the radiologist c... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000069 | Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a 3 × 2.6-cm soft tissue mass in the anterior abdominal wall. | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What is the size and location of the soft tissue mass identified on the MRI of the anterior abdominal wall?",
"What are the potential differential diagnoses for a soft tissue mass in the anterior abdominal wall based on the MRI findings?",
"What imaging characteristics would be useful to further evaluate the n... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000070 | A 69-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain and jaundice 12 mo after surgery for high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Endoscopic ultrasound from the duodenal bulb revealed numerous metastatic lymph nodes obstructing the bile duct by extrinsic compression. Endoscopic biliary drainage was performed, but the patient died 1 mo later. | [
"C0041618"
] | [
"What is the likely cause of the bile duct obstruction observed in the endoscopic ultrasound image of the duodenal bulb?",
"What clinical findings are associated with the presence of numerous metastatic lymph nodes in the region of the bile duct?",
"What anatomical structure is being compressed by the metastati... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000071 | Computed tomography of the chest demonstrating a large right-sided pleural effusion with near-complete right lung collapse and a mediastinal shift of thoracic structures to the left. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are affected by the pleural effusion, and how does this effusion contribute to the observed lung collapse?",
"What is the significance of the mediastinal shift to the left in the context of a large right-sided pleural effusion?",
"What potential underlying conditions could be respons... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000072 | Chest radiograph 24 hours following initial t-PA and DNase administration through the IPC, demonstrating interval improvement in right-sided opacities.t-PA: tissue plasminogen activator; DNase: dornase alfa; IPC: indwelling pleural catheter. | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific findings on the chest radiograph suggest improvement in the right-sided opacities following the administration of t-PA and DNase through the IPC?",
"What radiological features would typically be associated with the resolution of pleural effusion or inflammation in the right lung field after treatme... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000073 | Radiography after cement filling following large cortical bone allograft insertion after curettage. The arrow indicates the large cortical bone allograft | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What is the purpose of the cement filling in the context of the large cortical bone allograft insertion after curettage?",
"What specific anatomical feature is indicated by the arrow in the radiographic image?",
"How does the presence of the cortical bone allograft appear radiographically in relation to the su... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000074 | “Barcode sign” seen in M-mode. | [
"C0041618"
] | [
"What is the clinical significance of the 'barcode sign' observed in the M-mode image?",
"What anatomical structures are typically associated with the appearance of the 'barcode sign' in M-mode echocardiography?",
"What pathophysiological conditions can be suggested by the presence of the 'barcode sign' in the ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000075 | CT scan of abdomen and pelvis with contrast. Arrows show diffuse colonic wall thickening involving the mid-transverse colon to the rectum/anus compatible with significant inflammation in a 23-year-old man with UC. UC, ulcerative colitis; CT, computed tomography. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What specific anatomical regions are involved in the diffuse colonic wall thickening observed in the CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis with contrast?",
"What clinical condition is the radiological finding of diffuse colonic wall thickening from the mid-transverse colon to the rectum/anus most consistent with in ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000076 | Initial chest x-ray on presentation to the emergency department | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific findings are present on the initial chest x-ray that may indicate acute respiratory distress or infection?",
"Are there any signs of pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or consolidation visible on the chest x-ray, and if so, what are their locations and characteristics?",
"What is the overall appeara... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000077 | Axial MRI T2 showing heterogeneous necrotic mass arising from the left prostate (red arrow), invading the rectal wall | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What is the nature of the lesion observed in the left prostate on the axial MRI T2 sequence, and what does the term 'heterogeneous necrotic mass' suggest about its composition and possible pathology?",
"Based on the description, how is the lesion interacting with adjacent anatomical structures, and what does the... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000078 | Representative CT simulation image in the sagittal plane of the field borders for high tangents. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What specific anatomical structures are included within the field borders depicted in the sagittal plane CT simulation image?",
"How are the high tangent field borders oriented in relation to the spinal anatomy as visualized in the sagittal plane?",
"What is the purpose of delineating the field borders in the ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000079 | Fluoroscopic image showing final strut graft and bone graft substitute construct spanning the metatarsal phalangeal joint. | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific anatomical structures are visualized in the fluoroscopic image, and how is the graft construct positioned relative to the metatarsal phalangeal joint?",
"What type of graft material is likely represented by the bone graft substitute construct, and what is its purpose in the context of the metatarsa... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000080 | 1-month post-operative anteroposterior image demonstrating maturation of arthrodesis. | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific radiological features would indicate the maturation of arthrodesis on an anteroposterior radiograph?",
"What anatomic structures are typically evaluated to confirm the successful maturation of a fusion in post-operative imaging?",
"What radiographic signs are commonly associated with the consolid... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000081 | Septostomy With Peripheral Balloon Before Left Atrial Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Venous Cannula Insertion | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What is the purpose of the septostomy in the context of left atrial venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation venous cannula insertion?",
"How does the placement of the peripheral balloon relate to the procedure of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation?",
"What anatomical structur... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000082 | Axial view of non-enhancing T1 hyperintensity within the right putamen | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What is the significance of non-enhancing T1 hyperintensity observed in the right putamen on the axial MRI image?",
"What potential differential diagnoses could be considered for a non-enhancing T1 hyperintensity in the right putamen?",
"What are the possible etiologies that could lead to a non-enhancing T1 hy... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000083 | Sagittal view of non-enhancing T1 hyperintensity within right putamen | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What is the significance of non-enhancing T1 hyperintensity observed in the right putamen on the sagittal MRI view?",
"What potential pathological conditions could be associated with non-enhancing T1 hyperintensity in the right putamen?",
"What differential diagnoses should be considered for a non-enhancing T1... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000084 | Ultrasonographic image of the lumbar spine of a dog in the longitudinal paramedian plane on the dorsal side: AP—articular process; FJ—facet joint. | [
"C0041618"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are specifically identified in the ultrasonographic image of the lumbar spine, and what is their clinical significance in the context of canine musculoskeletal evaluation?",
"Based on the imaging plane described, what specific features of the articular process and facet joint can be vi... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000085 | Cone-beam computed tomography image of a medial lingual foramen and the measured parameters | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are visualized in the cone-beam computed tomography image of the medial lingual foramen?",
"What specific parameters were measured in the cone-beam computed tomography image of the medial lingual foramen?",
"How does the cone-beam computed tomography technique contribute to the visua... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000086 | Lung image without pneumonia. | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What specific anatomical structures are visible in the lung image, and how do they appear in the absence of pneumonia?",
"Are there any abnormalities or pathological findings present in the lung fields that could be indicative of other pulmonary conditions besides pneumonia?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000087 | Computed tomography image showing osteonecrosis of the talus. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What are the typical imaging features of osteonecrosis of the talus that might be observed on a computed tomography scan?",
"What potential complications or clinical manifestations could be associated with osteonecrosis of the talus based on the imaging findings?",
"How does the appearance of osteonecrosis of ... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000088 | KUB x-ray demonstrating the stone KUB: kidney, ureter, and bladder | [
"C1306645",
"C0000726",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific anatomical structures are visualized in the KUB x-ray, and how does the presence of a stone affect their appearance?",
"What are the typical radiographic features of a stone seen in a KUB x-ray, and how can they be differentiated from other calcified structures?",
"What potential complications or... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000089 | T2-weighted magnetic resonance image. The image demonstrates heterogeneously T2 hyperintense lesions in the right greater than left thalami with associated elevated T2 signal in the right internal capsule and adjacent white matter. | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What is the significance of the heterogeneously T2 hyperintense lesions observed in the thalami, and what potential differential diagnoses should be considered based on this finding?",
"How does the involvement of the right internal capsule and adjacent white matter with elevated T2 signal contribute to the over... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000090 | Coronal plane MRI showing oedema in the distracted symphysis with a cavity in the right periarticular subchondral bone, indicating a spread of infection from the cartilaginous disc | [
"C0024485"
] | [
"What anatomical structure is primarily affected by the oedema observed in the coronal plane MRI, and what clinical implications might this have?",
"What specific finding in the right periarticular subchondral bone suggests the presence of infection, and how does this correlate with the surrounding oedema?",
"B... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000091 | Shearwave. 2D shearwave assessment of a normal liver: both qualitative (blue coloured box) and quantitative information (ROI measurement: 5.1 kPa) are available. | [
"C0041618"
] | [
"What is the purpose of the blue coloured box in the qualitative assessment of the liver in this shearwave elastography image?",
"What does the quantitative ROI measurement of 5.1 kPa indicate about the stiffness of the liver in this shearwave elastography assessment?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000092 | Cardiac CT scan demonstrating a left mediastinal shift in the patient. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What anatomical structures are typically displaced in the presence of a left mediastinal shift, and what could be the underlying cause of this finding?",
"What clinical conditions are commonly associated with a left mediastinal shift observed on a cardiac CT scan, and how might they be further evaluated?",
"Wh... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000093 | Chest/abdomen x-ray: AP view showing bilateral hazy opacities. No pleural effusion or pneumothorax was noted. AP: anteroposterior | [
"C1306645",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What is the likely differential diagnosis for the presence of bilateral hazy opacities on the chest/abdomen x-ray in the AP view?",
"What anatomical structures are typically evaluated for pleural effusion or pneumothorax in an AP chest x-ray, and why were these findings not observed in this case?",
"How does t... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000094 | Post-extubation chest/abdomen x-ray: AP view showing significantly improved aeration of both lungs. AP: anteroposterior | [
"C1306645",
"C1999039"
] | [
"What specific radiological findings indicate improved aeration of both lungs in the post-extubation chest/abdomen x-ray?",
"How does the AP view of the chest/abdomen x-ray contribute to the assessment of pulmonary aeration in this clinical scenario?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000095 | An infant with chondrodysplasia punctata. Multiple puncta are seen in the tarsal bones and the phalanges | [
"C1306645",
"C0023216",
"C0205129"
] | [
"What specific anatomical regions are most prominently affected by the chondrodysplasia punctata in this infant, and what are the typical radiographic features of puncta in these locations?",
"What are the potential differential diagnoses for chondrodysplasia punctata in an infant, and how does the presence of pu... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000096 | A 26-year-old male with pachydermoperiostosis. Radiograph shows irregular periosteal reaction of the short tubular bones and the long bones. Digital clubbing is also seen | [
"C1306645",
"C1140618",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What specific radiographic findings are associated with pachydermoperiostosis in this 26-year-old male, and how do they correlate with the clinical condition?",
"What is the significance of the irregular periosteal reaction observed in the short tubular bones and long bones in the context of this patient's diagn... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000097 | Abdominal computed tomography scan showing a large well-defined mass of the left adrenal gland with fat density suggesting myelolipoma (Blue arrow). | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What imaging characteristics of the lesion are most suggestive of a myelolipoma on the abdominal computed tomography scan?",
"How does the presence of fat density within the adrenal mass support the differential diagnosis of myelolipoma over other adrenal neoplasms?"
] | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000098 | Typical 21-MHz ultrasound biomicroscopy image depicting sections of the rat liver and right kidney.The regions of interest (ROIL and ROIK) surrounded by a yellow contour were used to calculate the corresponding the average gray-level intensities AIL and AIK for the liver and kidney parenchyma, respectively. | [
"C0041618"
] | [
"What specific anatomical structures are visualized in the 21-MHz ultrasound biomicroscopy image, and how are they delineated for analysis?",
"What is the purpose of using regions of interest (ROIL and ROIK) surrounded by a yellow contour in this image, and how does this contribute to the analysis of the liver an... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000099 | Chest plain radiography (portable) showing bilateral diffuse pulmonary opacities and cardiomegaly suggestive of ARDS.ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome | [
"C1306645",
"C0817096",
"C1996865"
] | [
"What specific radiological features are present in the portable chest radiography that are indicative of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?",
"How does the presence of bilateral diffuse pulmonary opacities correlate with the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome?",
"What clinical impl... | |
ROCOv2_2023_valid_000100 | CT scan showing left lobe liver abscess with fishbone. | [
"C0040405"
] | [
"What is the most likely etiology of the liver abscess seen in the left lobe of the liver on the CT scan?",
"What imaging features on the CT scan would support the presence of a foreign body such as a fishbone in conjunction with the liver abscess?",
"What potential complications should be considered in a patie... |
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