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1952.earlymt-1.1 | [Reproduced by permission of the Rockefeller Foundation Archives.]
The attached memorandum on translation from one language to another, and on the possibility of contributing to this process by the use of modern computing devices of very high speed, capacity, and logical flexibility, has been written with one hope onl... |
1952.earlymt-1.10 | ## MECHANICAL TRANSLATION WITH A PRE-EDITOR AND WRITING FOR MECHANICAL TRANSLATION
Paper read before the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 1720, 1952, at the M.I.T., Cambridge, Mass., by Dr. Erwin Reifler, Associate Professor of Chinese, University of Washington, Seattle.
One of the most important factors in... |
1952.earlymt-1.11 | [Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 1952. Not published]
## The Treatment of "idioms" by a Translating Machine
Y. Bar-Hillel
One of the standard objections I heard often raised against the possibility of MT was its alleged inability to cope with idiom... |
1952.earlymt-1.12 | Model English for Mechanical Translation an example of a national language regularized for electronic translators
(This paper be entirely writed in Model English) For the Conference on Mechanical Translation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, June 1820, 1952
by Stuart C. Dodd
Washington Public... |
1952.earlymt-1.13 | [Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 1952. Not published]
## Word-by-Word Translation
Victor A. Oswald, Jr.
When I learned that I had been summoned to address myself to the topic of word-by-word translation I felt like a geographer invited... |
1952.earlymt-1.14 | [Presented at the Conference on Mechanical Translation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 18 June 1952. Not published.]
## Operational Grammar
Y. Bar-Hillel
The purpose of this talk is to elaborate on one of the points treated in my report "The present state of research on mechanical translation' 1 , pre... |
1952.earlymt-1.16 | ## [Paper presented at the first MT conference, June 1952, MIT. Not published.]
## MICROSEMANTICS
(Victor A. Oswald, Jr.)
As I have said before, I am persuaded that we must devise the product of MT in some fashion that will make it, at the conclusion of our process, more or less immediately intelligible to a monolin... |
1952.earlymt-1.17 | ## PROBLEMS OF VOCABULARY FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION
by
## William E. Bull
PART I: Introduction: I assumed in preparing this report that this group would be more interested in conclusions and operational facts than in the procedures by which such information was obtained. To save valuable time f... |
1952.earlymt-1.18 | GENERAL MT AND UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR
Paper read before the Conference on Mechanical Translation, June 17 - 20, 1952 at the M.I.T., Cambridge, Mass., by Dr. Erwin Reifler, Associate Professor of Chinese, University of Washington, Seattle
In a previous manuscript 1 I have already indicated the advisability of distinguishi... |
1952.earlymt-1.2 | ## [Memorandum from W.F.Loomis to Warren Weaver]
[Reproduced with permission of the Rockefeller Foundation Archives]
FROM: WFL
DATE: January 18, 1951
TO: WW
COMMENTS:
## SUBJECT:
Mechanical Translation
On November 30, 1950, WFL sent out a letter of inquiry on the subject of Mechanical Translation to vario... |
1952.earlymt-1.21 | SOME METHODS OF MECHANIZED TRANSLATION by R.H. RICHENS and A.D. BOOTH
Lisez, lisez; jetez vos grammaires au feu.
Schlegel.
The following outline summarizes some suggestions about ways in which translation may be mechanized that were worked out by the authors in 19481952. The treatment is not exhaustive, and many mod... |
1952.earlymt-1.23 | ## MACHINE TECHNIQUES FOR INDEX SEARCHING AND FOR MACHINE TRANSLATION
James W. Perry Research Associate, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. Director, Scientific Literature Dept., Bjorksten Research Laboratories, Madison, Wis.
At first glance, it may seem strange to direct consideration in a singl... |
1952.earlymt-1.24 | |
1952.earlymt-1.25 | ## THE FIRST CONFERENCE ON MECHANICAL TRANSLATION
## Erwin Reifler
Department of Far Eastern and Slavic Languages and Literature University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
THE FOLLOWING is a report on the proceedings of the first MT Conference, held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., June ... |
1952.earlymt-1.26 | ## THE CONFERENCE ON MECHANICAL TRANSLATION* Held at M.I.T., June 17-20, 1952
## A. C. Reynolds, Jr.
International Business Machines Corporation, Endicott, N. Y.
The following report was prepared immediately after the writer's return from the conference. It was written from the viewpoint of an engineer listening to... |
1952.earlymt-1.3 | ## MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
## Conference on Mechanical Translation
You are cordially invited to attend the public opening session of the Conference on Mechanical Translation on June 17, 1952 at 8:00 PM. in Huntington Hall, 10-250.
This session will have the form of a symposium. Five speakers will ta... |
1952.earlymt-1.4 | ## THE PRESENT STATE OF RESEARCH ON MECHANICAL TRANSLATION
## YEHOSHUA BAR-HILLEL*
One of the interesting examples of the influence which a newly invented tool may exert in opening up fresh lines in theoretical research and in advancing new techniques for the solution of old problems is provided by the rise of electr... |
1952.earlymt-1.5 | [Opening address by Yehoshua Bar-Hillel at the first MT conference, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 17 June 1952. Taken from unpublished typescript.]
## Mechanical Translation: Needs and Possibilities
The invention of electronic computers has revolutionized not only the performance of certain mathematical oper... |
1952.earlymt-1.7 | [Presented at the MIT conference on mechanical translation, June 1952]
## The Structure of the Problem of Mechanical Translation
## Olaf Helmer The RAND Corporation
The problem of mechanical translation has three principal components: (i) the formulation of a set of specifications for the objective to be attained; ... |
1956.earlymt-1.0 | VOLUME THREE, NUMBER TWO
NOVEMBER, NINETEEN FIFTY SIX
COPYRIGHT 1957 BY THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
## BABEL
Babel, an international journal of translation, published by the International Federation of Translators with the assistance of UNESCO, devoted its October, 1956, issue e... |
1956.earlymt-1.1 | ## Machine Translation Development at the University of Washington
Erwin Reifler, Far Eastern Department, University of Washington, Seattle
MACHINE TRANSLATION development at the University of Washington is a joint enterprise of the Department of Far Eastern & Slavic Languages & Literature and the Electrical... |
1956.earlymt-1.10 | ## Mechanical Translation of French †
L. Brandwood, Birkbeck College Research Laboratory, University of London
IN THE NEAR FUTURE an attempt to translate from a foreign language by machine will be made at the computational laboratory of Birkbeck College. It will differ from previous experiments in that the sentence... |
1956.earlymt-1.2 | ## Mechanical Translation Work at the University of Michigan
A. Koutsoudas and R. Machol, Willow Run Laboratories, University of Michigan
THE PRINCIPAL differences between the work at The University of Michigan and other work in machine translation is in the emphasis placed on the problem of multiple meaning and the ... |
1956.earlymt-1.3 | ## Organisation and Method in Mechanical Translation Work
L. E. Dostert, Institute of Languages and Linguistics, Georgetown University
Certain postulates are posited as a basis for the orientation and organization of research in mechanical translation. They are the following:
1. The essential problem of mechanica... |
1956.earlymt-1.4 | ## Report on Research
Cambridge Language Research Unit, Cambridge, England
THE CAMBRIDGE Language Research Unit is primarily concerned with analytic investigation of language, and in particular with a correlative study of the descriptive-linguistic, logical, algebraic and other notational characteristics of natural ... |
1956.earlymt-1.5 | ## Stochastic Methods of Mechanical Translation
Gilbert W. King, International Telemeter Corp., Los Angeles, California
IT IS WELL KNOWN that Western languages are 50% redundant. Experiment shows that if an average person guesses the successive words in a completely unknown sentence he has to be told only half of t... |
1956.earlymt-1.6 | ## Contextual Analysis in Word-for-word MT
Kenneth E. Harper, Slavic Department, University of California, Los Angeles
EXPERIMENTS with word-for-word MT of Russian scientific literature have given results which, except for such limited purposes as indexing, are far from satisfactory. The difficulty is not so much o... |
1956.earlymt-1.7 | ## On the Problem of Mechanical Translation †
D. Panov, The Academy of Sciences, Moscow, U.S.S.R.
HAVING STARTED WORK on mechanical translation, we arrived at the conclusion that both the lexical meaning and the morphological shape of the word can and should be utilized in analyzing the text, and that for purposes o... |
1956.earlymt-1.8 | ## Mechanical Translation Research at MIT †
Victor H. Yngve. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
WORK IN THE FIELD of mechanical translation started at MIT in 1951 when Y. Bar-Hillel became perhaps the first full-time worker in the field. In 1952, he organized the first international con... |
1956.earlymt-1.9 | ## Mechanical Translation and the Problem of Multiple Meaning †
A. Koutsoudas and R. Korfhage, Willow Run Laboratories, University of Michigan
THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN undertook research, late in 1955, in the analysis of language structure for mechanical translation. Emphasis was placed on the use of the contextua... |
1957.earlymt-1.0 | ## Foreword
The increasing interest in machine translation of languages and the growing scope of research in this field in several countries justified this year a departure from the established pattern of the Round Table Meetings on Linguistics and Languages Studies. Former meetings have... |
1957.earlymt-1.1 | ## Introduction
The Reverend Frank Fadner, S. J., Regent of the School of Foreign Service, made the following welcoming remarks:
Language is man's most primitive means of communication. And I don't suppose I exaggerate when I say that today, more than ever before in the world's history, ... |
1957.earlymt-1.10 | ## The Rationale Of The Idioglossary Technique
## VICTOR A. OSWALD, JR. University of California, Los Angeles
Upon reviewing recent linguistic publications in the field of Machine Translation, one cannot fail to be struck by the extent to which the principle of translation via idioglossaries, which met with wide ... |
1957.earlymt-1.11 | ## Word Decomposition for Machine Translation
R. H. Richens and M. A. K. Halliday Cambridge Language Research Unit, Cambridge, England Presented by R. A. Crossland, University of Durham, England
All feasible systems of machine translation are based on a unit smaller, in a great many cases, than the word. This unit, w... |
1957.earlymt-1.12 | [ Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies , Georgetown University, 1957]
## The Requirements Of Lexical Storage
Gilbert W. King
International Telemeter Corporation Los Angeles 25, California
## Lexical Search
In recent studies of Machine Translation a good deal of attention ... |
1957.earlymt-1.13 | [ Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies , Georgetown University, 1957]
## German Pre-Nominal Modifiers As Clues In Machine Translation
Hugo J. Mueller
Institute of Languages and Linguistics
From items that precede a noun in a German noun phrase (NP) we obtain a great a... |
1957.earlymt-1.15 | ## Linguistics And Information Retrieval
## Simon M. Newman Patent Research Expert U. S. Patent Office
Retrieval of information from technical literature as practiced in the Patent Office is much more concerned with the specific interrelations of things than with the specificity of the things themselves.
In... |
1957.earlymt-1.16 | ## DISCUSSION-PANEL II, FRIDAY AFTERNOON
OSWALD (to KING): I'd like to start the ball rolling by asking Mr. King what kind of language program he thinks it would take to make this computer work.
KING: You mean, how do we get the machine loaded? One of the points I wanted to make is th... |
1957.earlymt-1.17 | ## Structure Of Noun Phrases In German
W. P. Lehmann University of Texas
Analyzing German materials with a view to mechanical translation in accordance with current linguistic practices, we find the noun phrase as one of the commonest constituents. The noun phrase is an immediate constituent of most subject-p... |
1957.earlymt-1.18 | [ Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies , Georgetown University, 1957]
## Types Of Russian Sentences
M. M. Zarechnak
Institute of Languages and Linguistics
In relation to problems of MT from Russian to English one must first of all consider the nucle... |
1957.earlymt-1.19 | ## Some Ideas On Inter-structural Syntax
Jane A. Pyne Institute of Languages and Linguistics
Many theories and applications of syntax are discussed in the literature of machine translation. Various linguists' utilization of syntactic analysis in MT research represents diverse points of view, indicating far-reaching ... |
1957.earlymt-1.2 | ## Brief History Of Machine Translation Research
Leon Dostert Georgetown University
Only five years ago the idea of using electronic computers to effect the translation of language seemed to many to be highly premature, if not actually fanciful. In the few short years that have elapsed since the first ... |
1957.earlymt-1.20 | ## The Use Of SEAC In Syntactic Analysis
Richard B. Thomas National Bureau of Standards
The purpose of this structure search is to determine whether the syntactical patterns of English sentences, expressed symbolically, show that a relatively small number of such patterns represents a significantly la... |
1957.earlymt-1.21 | [ Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies , Georgetown University, 1957]
## Programming Aspects Of MT
Dan A. Belmore Consultant Programmer Institute of Languages and Linguistics
The general steps in MT research prior to programming might be outlined thus:
Step 1: Linguistic anal... |
1957.earlymt-1.22 | ## DISCUSSION - Panel III, Saturday morning
OSWALD: May I ask, Mr. Belmore, what the speed of the key punch operation is?
BELMORE: This is done gradually. It is similar to a typewriter. The material to be translated could be punched days before actually putting it on the machine. All the pu... |
1957.earlymt-1.23 | ## Practical Objectives Of Machine Translation Research Closing Luncheon Address
Léon Dostert
I think it is fitting that the sessions of our Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies-focused as they have been on the theoretical, linguistic, and technical aspects... |
1957.earlymt-1.24 | [ Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies , Georgetown University, 1957]
## APPENDIX 1
## Program of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies
FIRST SESSION-Friday, April 12, 9:30 a.m.
## WELCOMING REMARKS:
Reverend Frank L. Fadner, S. J. (Regent, Schoo... |
1957.earlymt-1.25 | [ Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies , Georgetown University, 1957]
## APPENDIX 1
## Program of the Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies
FIRST SESSION-Friday, April 12, 9:30 a.m.
## WELCOMING REMARKS:
Reverend Frank L. Fadner, S. J. (Regent, Schoo... |
1957.earlymt-1.3 | ## Meaning In Relation To MT
## MARTIN JOOS University of Wisconsin
It is not my purpose here to compete with or to anticipate the contributions which other panel members will make with regard to such things as vocabulary size and storage, or even the problem of multiple meanings i... |
1957.earlymt-1.5 | [ Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies , Georgetown University, 1957]
## Linguistic Analysis And Translation Analysis
Paul L. Garvin Institute of Languages and Linguistics
I have stated my theoretical position on MT in a recent paper in For Roman Jakobson. 1 I think tha... |
1957.earlymt-1.6 | ## Language As Symbolic Logic
William M. Austin
Institute of Languages and Linguistics
The symbolic logic of the last century, the 'new logic' of Boole, De Morgan, Frege, Peano, Peirce, Russell, Carnap and others, must be understood as representing a system (or systems) partially based, but not co... |
1957.earlymt-1.8 | [ Eighth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Studies , Georgetown University, 1957]
## PANEL I - DISCUSSION
DOSTERT: 1 note in your paper, Mr. Joos, at the end, the same note of pessimism which was found in your review of Locke and Booth's collection of articles on MT. I don't kno... |
1957.earlymt-1.9 | ## Character Sensing As An Input To Machine Translation
## CLYDE C. HEASLY
Intelligent Machines Research Corporation
The need for automatic character sensing extends across the entire data processing field. There are numerous potential applications and, fortunately, a few present commercial applications which are pr... |
1960.earlymt-fsmtw.0 | SUMMARY OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY CONFERENCE OF FEDERALLY SPONSORED MACHINE TRANSLATION WORKERS
Held At Princeton Inn, Princeton, New Jersey July 18-22, 1960
Sponsored Jointly By: National Science Foundation and Office of Naval Research, Information Systems Branch
The idea of holding a meeting... |
1960.earlymt-fsmtw.1 | ## GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY PRESENTATION Tuesday, 19 July, 9:00-10:15 a.m. ZARECHNAK
Mr. Zarechnak opened the session with general comments concerning the problems of dictionary storage. He added that storage would include only those features which are constant, and stems without endings.
Re explained that, serving... |
1960.earlymt-fsmtw.10 | ## UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESENTATION
Dr. Lytle concluded the presentation with some observations concerning the solution to semantic problems by means of coordinated and dimension.
## UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PRESENTATION
## PENDERGRAFT
Mr. Pendergraft opened his presentation with a description of an IBM 709 compute... |
1960.earlymt-fsmtw.11 | ## ELLSON
Dr. Ellson opened his presentation with a brief account of the results so far obtained by the Indiana project. He said that their basic approach was semantic but this did not mean that syntax was being (or could be) neglected. He added that a problem in semantic analysis has been that of avoiding the necessi... |
1960.earlymt-fsmtw.2 | ## GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY PRESENTATION
## A.F.R. BROWN
Dr. Brown had nothing he felt he might offer in the way of linguistic information, in view of the fact that he has spent the past fourteen months concentrating on questions of programming only. A significant product of this fourteen month period is Dr. Brown's "Si... |
1960.earlymt-fsmtw.3 | ## MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PRESENTATION
sentences at random. He explained that the program was text-oriented, that he had used a childrens book, Engineer Small, which, with its forty word vocabulary, was understandably limited. The product result is output without initial input.
Dr. Yngve concluded with... |
1960.earlymt-fsmtw.4 | ## BERKELEY PRESENTATION
After he offered a definition of a lexeme as "the basic unit of the dictionary or lexicon", Professor Lamb made some observations on lexemes in general, and then, turning back to the handout, shifted the discussion to nonce forms (forms coined as combinations of items), and related material on... |
1960.earlymt-fsmtw.5 | ## CAMBRIDGE LANGUAGE RESEARCH UNIT PRESENTATION
Two questions receiving primary attention in the following open discussion period were concerned with scanning technique and the order of precedence to be taken regarding volume of data and awkward cases. It was generally agreed that scanning should be done back and for... |
1960.earlymt-fsmtw.6 | ## WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY PRESENTATION
## JANIOTIS
Miss Janiotis briefly discussed a 709 interpretive subroutine for machine translation problems (a description and flowcharts appear in the Wayne handout). She answered several questions and then proceeded to discuss nominal, prepositional, and governing modifier b... |
1960.earlymt-fsmtw.7 | ## CENTRO DI CIBERNETICA DI MILANO PRESENTATION
operations; moreover, the problem at hand could be reduced to two questions that confront the investigator: (1) What is the structure of our thought? and (2) How are we to put a link between our language and our thought?
He attempted to clarify his hypothesis further by... |
1960.earlymt-fsmtw.8 | ## MEETING WITH THE SPONSORS
research were in a better position to decide what kinds of meetings should be held and when, than those outside the field.
5. It was also suggested that communication with the Meetings Committee under Leon Dostert is necessary and desirable in connection with all meetings relating to mech... |
1960.earlymt-fsmtw.9 | ## NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS PRESENTATION
- (2) too many such matches (symbolized by 'H2')
- (3) doubtful choices (symbolized by 'H1')
- (4) any morphological alternatives left over (symbolized by 'H3')
UNIVERSITY OF\_ WASHINGTON PRESENTATION Thursday, 21 July, 10:45-12:00 a.m.
## SWARM
Dr. Swarm opened his ... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.0 | ## FOREWORD
The National Symposium on Machine Translation served both to mark the end of the first decade of machine translation and to inaugurate the second. During the last ten years, MT has grown from probing discussions of its possibility to detailed investigations of its concrete realization. These inter... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.1 | ## WELCOME George W. Brown University of California at Los Angeles
I want to bid you welcome to the University of California, to Los Angeles, and to this Symposium. It is, of course, a truism that time is important to all of us--and I say it only in order to tell you, first, that I shall be very brief; and ... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.10 | |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.11 | ## Session 2: CURRENT RESEARCH
## REPORT ON SOME PRINCIPLES OF THE UNIFIED TRANSFER SYSTEM Ariadne Lukjanow
C-E-I-R, Inc.
## I. Introduction
Several approaches have been employed in machine translation in the course of the past few years. These approaches were either determined by specific objectives or inf... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.12 | ## Session 2; CURRENT RESEARCH
## REPORT ON THE TEXAS PROJECT Stanley N. Werbow University of Texas
Since the machine translation project of the University of Texas is a new one and our project reports have had rather limited distribution, it may be well to review the background of our interest in MT. This in... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.13 | ## Session 2: CURRENT RESEARCH
## MT AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 1 Victor H. Yngve Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Mechanical translation has had a long history at M.I.T. Shortly after the Warren Weaver memorandum of 1949, Yehoshua Bar-Hillel became the first full-time worker in the fiel... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.14 | ## Session 2: CURRENT RESEARCH
## QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION
CANNON: I see that Professor Oettinger would like to be the first discussant.
OETTINGER: I would like to address the following question to Mr. Zarechnak. In the last issue of the Georgetown Newsletter a statement was made that an automatic transl... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.15 | [ Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation , UCLA February 1960]
## Session 2: CURRENT RESEARCH SUMMATION BY CHAIRMAN
CANNON: I am confronted with the situation which was well described by Professor Dostert this morning. I do wish to thank the speakers for their presentations. If one att... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.16 | ## Session 3: CURRENT RESEARCH
## MT RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Sydney M. Lamb University of California, Berkeley
People sometimes ask me how we plan to instruct the machine to translate Russian sentences. I usually reply that questions of this kind remind me of the old Chinese recipe... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.17 | [ Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation , UCLA February 1960] Session 3: CURRENT RESEARCH
## CURRENT RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Erwin Reifler University of Washington
MT research at the University of Washington has, it appears to me, hitherto differed mainly in three import... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.18 | ## Session 3: CURRENT RESEARCH
## RESEARCH IN MACHINE TRANSLATION Harry H. Josselson Wayne State University
The Russian Machine Translation project, sponsored by the Office of Naval Research, has been carried out at Wayne State University since July 1958. Our group consists of a linguist, Prof. H.H. Jossel... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.19 | ## Session 3: CURRENT RESEARCH
## CURRENT RESEARCH ON AUTOMATIC TRANSLATION AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY 1 AND PREDICTIVE SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS Anthony G. Oettinger and Murray E. Sherry
## Harvard University
The problem of automatic language translation has been studied at the Harvard Computation Laboratory intermitten... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.2 | [ Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation , UCLA February 1960]
ORIENTATION H. P. Edmundson Planning Research Corporation
Like most orientations, this one is intended to determine where we have been, where we are, and where we are going. Our story of machine translation will unfold grad... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.20 | [ Proceedings of the National Symposium on Machine Translation , UCLA February 1960]
## Session 3: CURRENT RESEARCH
## QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION
SEBEOK: I propose that we discuss the papers in reverse order of presentation and I, therefore, call for questions regarding either Professor Oettinger's or Mr. Sherr... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.21 | ## Session 3: CURRENT RESEARCH
## SUMMATION BY CHAIRMAN
SEBEOK: First, perhaps I had better present my credentials. I am a linguist which is a profession, as you know, that was discovered by Mrs. Rhodes a few weeks ago. I come from Indiana University which is a remarkable institution in at least one re... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.22 | ## Session 4
## METHODOLOGY
Chairman: Robert M.Hayes Electrada Corporation
Introducer: H.P. Edmundson Planning Research Corporation
Discussants: A. F. R. Brown
Georgetown University
Vincent Giuliano
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
David G. Hays
The RAND Corporation
Harry H. Josse... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.23 | ## Session 4
## METHODOLOGY
Chairman: Robert M.Hayes Electrada Corporation
Introducer: H.P. Edmundson Planning Research Corporation
Discussants: A. F. R. Brown
Georgetown University
Vincent Giuliano
Arthur D. Little, Inc.
David G. Hays
The RAND Corporation
Harry H. Josse... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.24 | ## Session 4: METHODOLOGY
## QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION
HAYES: Are there questions from the floor?
WALLACE: Semantic problems that have been dealt with here peripherally, I think, may be due to dealing traditionally only with the written language and the written language is only a part of any tongue. I think... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.25 | ## Session 4: METHODOLOGY
## SUMMATION BY CHAIRMAN
HAYES: Summations can be of two natures -- precreated or postcreated. The trouble with the precreated is that they don't necessarily match what happens. The trouble with the post-created, at least for the chairman, is that he is too busy paying attention ... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.26 | ## Session 5: GRAMMATICAL STUDIES
## AUTOMATIC ENGLISH INFLECTION 1 William D. Foust Harvard University
This paper is a description of a system for classifying English nouns and verbs into inflectional classes semi-automatically, and for inflecting English automatically, using these inflectional classes. T... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.27 | ## Session 5: GRAMMATICAL STUDIES
## GERMAN SYNTAX PATTERNS James W. Marchand University of California, Berkeley
I had intended to present what I considered to be a completely new and powerful method in machine translation, a method in which the German sentence was to be treated as a series of progressive pr... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.28 | ## Session 5: GRAMMATICAL STUDIES
## THE USE OF GRAMMARS WITHIN THE MECHANICAL TRANSLATION ROUTINE 1
## G. H. Matthews Massachusetts Institute of Technology
I assume your acquaintance with V.H. Yngve's article, "A Framework for Syntactic Translation", which appeared in the journal Mechanical Translation, ... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.29 | ## Session 5: GRAMMATICAL STUDIES
## QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION
LEHMAN: I would like to make some comments on Mr. Marchand's fine paper. The first comment is on your model of the German declarative clause. I make it not to indicate any objection to your analysis here but to point out some of the problems t... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.3 | ## Session 1: CURRENT RESEARCH
## SOVIET RESEARCH IN MACHINE TRANSLATION Kenneth Harper
University of California, Los Angeles, and The RAND Corporation
A survey of the literature indicates that Soviet researchers are attacking the problem of machine translation on a broad front, with considerable numbers of w... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.30 | ## Session 6: SYNTAX
## INTRODUCTION
HARPER: Syntax has received considerable attention at Georgetown and RAND. I think it is fair to say that the Harvard group have not addressed themselves to this problem in the past but that they are ready now to approach it, having completed an admirable automatic d... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.31 | ## Summary
Immediate-constituent analysis and dependency analysis (two theories of syntactic description) are based, respectively, on the topologies of grouping and of trees. A correspondence between structures of the two types is defined, and the two topologies are compared, mainly in terms of t... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.32 | Session 6: SYNTAX
## NESTING WITHIN THE PREPOSITIONAL STRUCTURE Michael Zarechnak Georgetown University
This paper presents a preliminary description of an algorithmic operation to handle nested strings within the prepositional structure in Russian.
The prepositional structure is defined as consisting of a pre... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.33 | ## Session 6: SYNTAX
## SYNTAX OF THE GERMAN NOUN PHRASE Joseph R. Applegate Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1
It is generally agreed that a successful mechanical translation routine must be based on an accurate grammatical description of both the source and target languages. Furthermore, the descriptio... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.34 | ## Session 6: SYNTAX
## SYNTACTIC RETRIEVAL Paul L. Garvin 1 Ramo-Wooldridge Laboratories and Wayne State University
Let me state briefly that in my opinion the major purpose of a syntax routine in machine translation is to recognize and appropriately record the boundaries and functions of the various components... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.35 | ## Session 6: SYNTAX
## QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION
TOMPKINS: I would like to take it upon myself to point out that a digital computer, for example, knows completely the sequencing of its operations, the sequencing of its words, and the syntax of its sentences, if you like; that, on the other hand, as we have obse... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.36 | ## Session 7: THE DICTIONARY
## INTRODUCTION
SWANSON: I am going to assume, since the function of an introducer is a relatively new invention, that a certain amount of freedom to experiment is permissible. Introducing the subject matter, I think, may be somewhat less important than a slightly differen... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.37 | ## Session 7: THE DICTIONARY
## THE SOLUTION OF MT LINGUISTIC PROBLEMS THROUGH LEXICOGRAPHY
Erwin Reifler University of Washington
I believe it is appropriate to quote here a genuine statement of Confucius that is very applicable to machine translation. Confucius once said:
"The gentleman seeks perfection i... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.38 | ## Session 7: THE DICTIONARY
## AUTOMATIC AFFIX INTERPRETATION AND RELIABILITY OF THE HARVARD AUTOMATIC DICTIONARY 1
Murray E. Sherry Harvard University
## 1. Affix Interpretation
In the terminal phase of lookup in any stem dictionary, it is necessary to associate the stem and affix of each word, in ... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.39 | ## Summary
Most of the work on the dictionary problem for machine translation has consisted of attempts to reduce the amount of information involved, thus bringing the problem within the capabilities of currently available or soon-to-be-available computing equipment. This paper presents a technique for handlin... |
1960.earlymt-nsmt.4 | ## Summary
This paper describes postediting rules for description of funclion in context, work on computational routines for semi-automatic analysis, the concept of idiom-in-structure, and two broad problems on which work is just beginning at RAND: grammatic transformation and distributional semantics. The latter prob... |
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