train_maze.py

"""

This training script can be run both on a single gpu in debug mode,

and also in a larger training run with distributed data parallel (ddp).



To run on a single GPU, example:

$ python train_maze.py --batch_size=32 --compile=False



To run with DDP on 4 gpus on 1 node, example:

$ torchrun --standalone --nproc_per_node=4 train_maze.py



To run with DDP on 4 gpus across 2 nodes, example:

- Run on the first (master) node with example IP 123.456.123.456:

$ torchrun --nproc_per_node=8 --nnodes=2 --node_rank=0 --master_addr=123.456.123.456 --master_port=1234 train_maze.py

- Run on the worker node:

$ torchrun --nproc_per_node=8 --nnodes=2 --node_rank=1 --master_addr=123.456.123.456 --master_port=1234 train_maze.py

(If your cluster does not have Infiniband interconnect prepend NCCL_IB_DISABLE=1)

"""

import os
import time
import math
import pickle
from contextlib import nullcontext
import argparse


import numpy as np
import torch
import torch.nn.functional as F
from torch.nn.parallel import DistributedDataParallel as DDP
from torch.distributed import init_process_group, destroy_process_group
import networkx as nx
import re 

from model.transformer import GPTConfig, GPT
from model.transformer_rope import GPTRoPEConfig, GPTRoPE
from model.transformer_nextlat import TransformerNextLatConfig, TransformerNextLat
from model.mamba import MambaConfig, Mamba
from model.mamba2 import Mamba2Config, Mamba2
from model.gated_deltanet import GatedDeltaNetConfig, GatedDeltaNet
from model.gru import GRUConfig, GRU
from logger import get_logger
import logging
from cli_utils import parse_count, format_count

# Suppress verbose PyTorch Dynamo debug messages
logging.getLogger("torch._dynamo").setLevel(logging.WARNING)

# torch.backends.cuda.enable_flash_sdp(False)
# torch.backends.cuda.enable_mem_efficient_sdp(False)

# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# the input parameters

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Training of the NanoGPT for maze data.')

parser.add_argument('--dataset', type=str, default='maze', help='Name of the dataset to use')
parser.add_argument('--model', type=str, default='transformer-nextlat', choices=['transformer', 'transformer-rope', 'transformer-nextlat', 'mamba', 'mamba2', 'gated-deltanet', 'gru'],
                    help='Model architecture to train. Outputs go to out/<model>/... (default: transformer)')
parser.add_argument('--n_layer', type=int, default=6, help='Number of layers (default: 1)')
parser.add_argument('--n_head', type=int, default=6, help='Number of attention heads (default: 1)')
parser.add_argument('--n_embd', type=int, default=384, help='Size of the embeddings (default: 120)')
parser.add_argument('--max_iters', type=int, default=10000, help='Number of Iterations (default: 10000)')
parser.add_argument('--num_nodes', type=int, default=100, help='Number of Nodes (default: 100)')
parser.add_argument('--num_of_paths', type=int, default=20, help='Number of Paths (default: 20)')
parser.add_argument('--multitasks', action=argparse.BooleanOptionalAction, default=True, help='Use multitask data (default: True)')
parser.add_argument('--num_train_dataset', type=parse_count, default='500K', help='Number of multitask training entries (supports K/M/B, default: 50000)')
parser.add_argument('--num_test_dataset', type=parse_count, default=10000, help='Number of multitask test entries (supports K/M/B, default: 10000)')
parser.add_argument('--tasks', type=str, default='A1', help='Task specification (e.g., A1, A1B1, A3B2, A1D1F1). Default: A1')
parser.add_argument('--init_ckpt', type=int, default=0, help='Initial checkpoint iteration to resume from (default: 0 means train from scratch)')
parser.add_argument('--validation', action=argparse.BooleanOptionalAction, default=False, help='Enable periodic validation and checkpointing (default: False)')
parser.add_argument('--ckpt_interval', type=int, default=None, help='Override checkpoint save interval (default: max_iters // 2)')
parser.add_argument('--CL', action=argparse.BooleanOptionalAction, default=False, help='Enable Task C label mode (append node labels after L/R turns) and add _CL_ in filenames')
parser.add_argument('--local', action='store_true', default=False, help='Disable flash attention for local GPU compatibility (default: False)')
parser.add_argument('--path_type', type=str, default='RWs', choices=['RWc', 'RWa', 'RWs'],
                    help='Path generation type: RWc (random walk with cycles), RWa (random walk acyclic, default), RWs (single source random walk).')
parser.add_argument('--compile', action=argparse.BooleanOptionalAction, default=True, help='Use PyTorch 2.0 to compile the model (default: True). Disable with --no-compile if you encounter Triton/CUDA errors.')
parser.add_argument('--batch_size', type=int, default=128, help='Training batch size (default: 1024). Reduce if you encounter OOM errors.')
parser.add_argument('--grad_accum', type=int, default=8, help='Gradient accumulation steps (default: 1). Use a small --batch_size with larger --grad_accum to keep tokens/iter constant under memory limits (e.g. pure-PyTorch Mamba).')
parser.add_argument('--mamba_cuda', action='store_true', default=True,
                    help='For --model mamba: use the official mamba_ssm CUDA selective-scan kernel (much faster) instead of the pure-PyTorch parallel scan. Requires mamba-ssm + causal-conv1d to be installed.')
# New argument to handle data without task tags
parser.add_argument('--no_task_tag', action='store_true', default=False,
                    help='Data files do not contain task identifiers (A, B, C, etc.). When enabled, data decoding will handle the no-task-tag format. This should match the setting used during data generation.')
parser.add_argument('--num_labels', type=int, default=10,
                    help='Number of distinct node labels (default: 10). Must match data generation.')
# NextLat (Next-Latent Prediction) arguments (used with --model transformer-nextlat)
parser.add_argument('--nextlat_horizon', type=int, default=8,
                    help='NextLat latent dynamics rollout horizon d (default: 1)')
parser.add_argument('--lambda_h', type=float, default=1.0,
                    help='NextLat weight for next-hidden-state regression loss (default: 1.0)')
parser.add_argument('--lambda_kl', type=float, default=0.1,
                    help='NextLat weight for KL divergence loss (default: 1.0)')
parser.add_argument('--mlp_hidden_dim', type=int, default=None,
                    help='NextLat MLP hidden dimension (default: 2*n_embd)')
# PostGRU: Post-Transformer GRU refinement layer
parser.add_argument('--PostGRU', action='store_true', default=False,
                    help='Enable Post-Transformer GRU refinement layer (adds _PGR suffix to filenames)')
# NLS: Per-block Non-Linear prefix Scan sublayer
parser.add_argument('--NLS', action='store_true', default=False,
                    help='Enable per-block Non-Linear prefix Scan sublayer (adds _NLS suffix to filenames)')
# DyadicAttn: baseline transformer whose attention is hard-coded to the
# same fixed 0.5/0.5 dyadic-doubling pattern as the NLS scan. Mutually
# exclusive with --NLS / --PostGRU. For fair comparison set
# n_layer = ceil(log2(block_size)).
parser.add_argument('--DyadicAttn', action='store_true', default=False,
                    help='Enable DyadicTransformer baseline: replace self-attention with fixed 0.5/0.5 dyadic-pattern attention (adds _DA suffix to filenames)')
parser.add_argument('--DyadicHybrid', action='store_true', default=False,
                    help='Enable DyadicHybrid ablation: each --n_layer normal Transformer block is followed by ceil(log2(block_size)) DyadicAttn blocks (adds _DH suffix to filenames). Total physical blocks = n_layer * (1 + ceil(log2(block_size))).')
parser.add_argument('--auto_n_layer', action='store_true', default=False,
                    help='For DyadicAttn: automatically set n_layer = ceil(log2(block_size)) so the per-layer dyadic strides cover the full sequence length recorded in meta.')
# Auxiliary state-supervision: force one layer's OUTPUT hidden state to linearly
# decode the walker's (current_node, facing). Supported on transformer+Task C
# and gru+Task H.
parser.add_argument('--aux_layer', type=int, default=None,
                    help='1-based index of the block/layer whose OUTPUT hidden state is '
                         'supervised toward (node, facing). None disables the auxiliary loss '
                         '(default: None). E.g. --aux_layer 3 = the 3rd layer. Supported on '
                         'transformer (Task C) and gru (Task H). Enabling it adds an _SA suffix '
                         'to checkpoint filenames.')
parser.add_argument('--aux_lambda', type=float, default=1.0,
                    help='Weight of the auxiliary (node, facing) cross-entropy loss.')

args = parser.parse_args()

dataset = args.dataset
model_type = args.model
n_layer = args.n_layer
n_head = args.n_head
n_embd = args.n_embd
max_iters = args.max_iters
num_nodes = args.num_nodes
num_of_paths = args.num_of_paths
multitasks = args.multitasks
num_train_dataset = args.num_train_dataset
num_test_dataset = args.num_test_dataset
train_label = format_count(num_train_dataset)
test_label = format_count(num_test_dataset)
tasks_str = args.tasks
tasks_tag = f"{tasks_str}_CL" if args.CL else tasks_str
# Parse path_type for filenames (RWc = cyclic, RWa = acyclic, RWs = single source)
allow_cycles = (args.path_type == 'RWc')
path_type_tag = args.path_type
tasks_tag = f"{tasks_tag}_{path_type_tag}"
# Include num_labels in tags when non-default
if args.num_labels != 10:
    tasks_tag = f"{tasks_tag}_L{args.num_labels}"
# Add _NT_ tag to tasks_tag when no_task_tag is enabled
if args.no_task_tag:
    tasks_tag = f"{tasks_tag}_NT"
# NextLat mode: enabled by selecting --model transformer-nextlat. The latent
# dynamics model is encapsulated in the module, so a single optimizer + single
# checkpoint covers everything.
use_nextlat = (args.model == 'transformer-nextlat')
nextlat_horizon = args.nextlat_horizon
lambda_h = args.lambda_h
lambda_kl = args.lambda_kl
# data_tasks_tag: used for finding data/meta files (no _NL suffix)
data_tasks_tag = tasks_tag
# Add _NL tag to tasks_tag when NextLat is enabled (affects checkpoint naming only)
if use_nextlat:
    tasks_tag = f"{tasks_tag}_NL"
# PostGRU mode
use_post_gru = args.PostGRU
# Add _PGR tag to tasks_tag when PostGRU is enabled (affects checkpoint naming only)
if use_post_gru:
    tasks_tag = f"{tasks_tag}_PGR"
# NLS mode
use_nls = args.NLS
# DyadicAttn mode (mutually exclusive with NLS / PostGRU / transformer-nextlat)
use_dyadic_attn = args.DyadicAttn
use_dyadic_hybrid = args.DyadicHybrid
if use_dyadic_hybrid and use_dyadic_attn:
    # Hybrid takes precedence; DyadicAttn default may be True from CLI.
    print('[Info] --DyadicHybrid given; auto-disabling DyadicAttn for this run.')
    use_dyadic_attn = False
if (use_dyadic_attn or use_dyadic_hybrid) and (use_post_gru or use_nextlat):
    raise ValueError('--DyadicAttn / --DyadicHybrid is mutually exclusive with --PostGRU / --model transformer-nextlat')
if (use_dyadic_attn or use_dyadic_hybrid) and use_nls:
    print(f"[Info] --{'DyadicAttn' if use_dyadic_attn else 'DyadicHybrid'} given; auto-disabling NLS for this run.")
    use_nls = False
# Add _NLS tag to tasks_tag when NLS is enabled (affects checkpoint naming only)
if use_nls:
    tasks_tag = f"{tasks_tag}_NLS"
if use_dyadic_attn:
    tasks_tag = f"{tasks_tag}_DA"
if use_dyadic_hybrid:
    tasks_tag = f"{tasks_tag}_DH"
# Auxiliary state-supervision (Task C, transformer). Enabled when --aux_layer is
# given. Adds a separate linear head that decodes (current_node, facing) from a
# chosen block's output; its loss is added to the LM loss. Checkpoints get an
# _SA suffix so they never overwrite the baseline (load via test_maze.py
# --ckpt_suffix SA).
use_aux = args.aux_layer is not None
# --aux_layer is 1-based on the CLI; convert to a 0-based block/layer index internally.
aux_layer = (args.aux_layer - 1) if use_aux else None
aux_lambda = args.aux_lambda
aux_task = None  # 'C' (transformer) or 'H' (gru) when use_aux
if use_aux:
    aux_task = args.tasks[0].upper()
    if model_type == 'transformer':
        if aux_task != 'C':
            raise ValueError('--aux_layer with --model transformer is defined for Task C only')
    elif model_type == 'gru':
        if aux_task != 'H':
            raise ValueError('--aux_layer with --model gru is defined for Task H only')
    else:
        raise ValueError('--aux_layer state-supervision is only implemented for '
                         '--model transformer (Task C) or --model gru (Task H)')
    if use_nextlat or use_post_gru or use_nls or use_dyadic_attn or use_dyadic_hybrid:
        raise ValueError('--aux_layer is mutually exclusive with NextLat / PostGRU / NLS / DyadicAttn / DyadicHybrid')
    tasks_tag = f"{tasks_tag}_SA"
# Mamba does not support the transformer-only training variants.
if model_type in ('mamba', 'mamba2', 'gated-deltanet', 'gru') and (use_nextlat or use_post_gru or use_nls
                              or use_dyadic_attn or use_dyadic_hybrid):
    raise ValueError(f'--model {model_type} is incompatible with '
                     'transformer-nextlat / --PostGRU / --NLS / --DyadicAttn / --DyadicHybrid')
# Graph tag without path type (same graph structure)
graph_tag = f"{tasks_str}_CL" if args.CL else tasks_str
# Add _NT_ tag to graph_tag when no_task_tag is enabled
if args.no_task_tag:
    graph_tag = f"{graph_tag}_NT"
init_ckpt = args.init_ckpt
validation = args.validation
local_mode = args.local
no_task_tag = args.no_task_tag  # Get the no_task_tag flag

data_dir = os.path.join('data', f'{dataset}/{num_nodes}')

def pick_first_existing(candidates):
    for path in candidates:
        if os.path.exists(path):
            return path
    return candidates[0]

meta_path = pick_first_existing([
    os.path.join(data_dir, f'meta_{data_tasks_tag}.pkl'),
    os.path.join(data_dir, f'meta_{tasks_str}.pkl'),
    os.path.join(data_dir, 'meta.pkl'),
])
print(f"Loading meta from {meta_path}...")
with open(meta_path, 'rb') as f:
    meta = pickle.load(f)

stoi, itos = meta['stoi'], meta['itos']
block_size = meta['block_size']

# Auto-derive n_layer for DyadicAttn so the dyadic strides reach the full
# sequence length (max stride = 2^(n_layer-1) >= block_size).
if use_dyadic_attn and args.auto_n_layer:
    auto_n = max(1, math.ceil(math.log2(block_size))) if block_size > 1 else 1
    if n_layer != auto_n:
        print(f"[auto_n_layer] DyadicAttn: overriding n_layer {n_layer} -> {auto_n}"
              f" (block_size={block_size}, ceil(log2)={auto_n})")
        n_layer = auto_n
        args.n_layer = auto_n

# Check if metadata contains no_task_tag flag
meta_no_task_tag = meta.get('no_task_tag', False)
print(f"Metadata no_task_tag flag: {meta_no_task_tag}")
print(f"Command line no_task_tag flag: {no_task_tag}")

# Use metadata flag if provided, otherwise use command line flag
# This ensures consistency with the data generation
if 'no_task_tag' in meta:
    no_task_tag = meta['no_task_tag']
    print(f"Using no_task_tag flag from metadata: {no_task_tag}")

nt_suffix = '_NT' if args.no_task_tag else ''
model_dir = model_type.replace('-', '_')  # filesystem-friendly (transformer-nextlat -> transformer_nextlat)
# Recurrent / SSM models have no attention heads, so omit n_head from the dir name.
if model_type in ('mamba', 'mamba2', 'gated-deltanet', 'gru'):
    arch_tag = f'{n_layer}_{n_embd}'
else:
    arch_tag = f'{n_layer}_{n_head}_{n_embd}'
out_dir = f'out/{model_dir}/{dataset}_{arch_tag}_{num_nodes}{nt_suffix}/'
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# default config values designed to train a gpt2 (124M) on OpenWebText
# I/O
eval_interval = max_iters // 10 if validation else None
checkpoint_interval = args.ckpt_interval if args.ckpt_interval is not None else max_iters // 2  # checkpoint cadence (independent of validation)
log_interval = max_iters // 100
eval_iters = max_iters // 10 if validation else 1

eval_only = False # if True, script exits right after the first eval
always_save_checkpoint = True # if True, always save a checkpoint after each eval
init_from = 'resume' if init_ckpt > 0 else 'scratch' # determined by --init_ckpt argument
# wandb logging
wandb_log = False # disabled by default
wandb_project = 'owt'
wandb_run_name = 'gpt2' # 'run' + str(time.time())
# data
#dataset = 'reasoning'
gradient_accumulation_steps = args.grad_accum # used to simulate larger batch sizes
train_batch_size = args.batch_size # if gradient_accumulation_steps > 1, this is the micro-batch size
val_batch_size = 64
batch_size = train_batch_size
#block_size = 64
# model
#n_layer = 1 #12
#n_head = 1 #12
#n_embd = 384 #768


dropout = 0.0 # for pretraining 0 is good, for finetuning try 0.1+
bias = False # do we use bias inside LayerNorm and Linear layers?
# adamw optimizer
learning_rate = 5e-4 # max learning rate
#max_iters = 50000 # total number of training iterations
weight_decay = 1e-1
beta1 = 0.9
beta2 = 0.95
grad_clip = 1.0 # clip gradients at this value, or disable if == 0.0
# learning rate decay settings
decay_lr = True # whether to decay the learning rate
warmup_iters = max_iters//20 # how many steps to warm up for
lr_decay_iters = max_iters # should be ~= max_iters per Chinchilla
min_lr = learning_rate/10 # minimum learning rate, should be ~= learning_rate/10 per Chinchilla
# DDP settings
backend = 'nccl' # 'nccl', 'gloo', etc.
# system
device = 'cuda' # examples: 'cpu', 'cuda', 'cuda:0', 'cuda:1' etc., or try 'mps' on macbooks
dtype = 'bfloat16' # 'float32', 'bfloat16', or 'float16', the latter will auto implement a GradScaler
compile = args.compile # use PyTorch 2.0 to compile the model to be faster

'''check_type = 'shortest'

max_path_len = 10

max_new_tokens = 200

flag = 0

test_interval = 100'''
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
config_keys = [k for k,v in globals().items() if not k.startswith('_') and isinstance(v, (int, float, bool, str))]
#exec(open('configurator.py').read()) # overrides from command line or config file
config = {k: globals()[k] for k in config_keys} # will be useful for logging
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

# various inits, derived attributes, I/O setup
ddp = int(os.environ.get('RANK', -1)) != -1 # is this a ddp run?
if ddp:
    init_process_group(backend=backend)
    ddp_rank = int(os.environ['RANK'])
    ddp_local_rank = int(os.environ['LOCAL_RANK'])
    ddp_world_size = int(os.environ['WORLD_SIZE'])
    device = f'cuda:{ddp_local_rank}'
    torch.cuda.set_device(device)
    master_process = ddp_rank == 0 # this process will do logging, checkpointing etc.
    seed_offset = ddp_rank # each process gets a different seed
    assert gradient_accumulation_steps % torch.cuda.device_count() == 0
    gradient_accumulation_steps //= torch.cuda.device_count()
else:
    # if not ddp, we are running on a single gpu, and one process
    master_process = True
    seed_offset = 0
    ddp_world_size = 1
tokens_per_iter = gradient_accumulation_steps * ddp_world_size * batch_size * block_size
print(f"tokens per iteration will be: {tokens_per_iter:,}")

if master_process:
    os.makedirs(out_dir, exist_ok=True)
torch.manual_seed(1337 + seed_offset)
torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32 = True # allow tf32 on matmul
torch.backends.cudnn.allow_tf32 = True # allow tf32 on cudnn
device_type = 'cuda' if 'cuda' in device else 'cpu' # for later use in torch.autocast
# note: float16 data type will automatically use a GradScaler
ptdtype = {'float32': torch.float32, 'bfloat16': torch.bfloat16, 'float16': torch.float16}[dtype]
ctx = nullcontext() if device_type == 'cpu' else torch.amp.autocast(device_type=device_type, dtype=ptdtype)


def pick_first_existing(candidates):
    for path in candidates:
        if os.path.exists(path):
            return path
    return candidates[0]

# poor man's data loader
if multitasks:
    train_file = pick_first_existing([
        os.path.join(data_dir, f'train_{data_tasks_tag}_{train_label}.bin'),
        os.path.join(data_dir, f'train_{data_tasks_tag}_{num_train_dataset}.bin'),
        os.path.join(data_dir, f'train_{tasks_str}_{train_label}.bin'),
        os.path.join(data_dir, f'train_{tasks_str}_{num_train_dataset}.bin'),
    ])
    val_file = pick_first_existing([
        os.path.join(data_dir, f'val_{data_tasks_tag}_{test_label}.bin'),
        os.path.join(data_dir, f'val_{data_tasks_tag}_{num_test_dataset}.bin'),
        os.path.join(data_dir, f'val_{tasks_str}_{test_label}.bin'),
        os.path.join(data_dir, f'val_{tasks_str}_{num_test_dataset}.bin'),
    ])
    train_data = np.memmap(train_file, dtype=np.uint16, mode='r')
    val_data = np.memmap(val_file, dtype=np.uint16, mode='r')
else:
    if(num_of_paths == 0):
        train_file = os.path.join(data_dir, 'train.bin')
        val_file = os.path.join(data_dir, 'val.bin')
    else:
        train_file = os.path.join(data_dir, f'train_{num_of_paths}.bin')
        val_file = os.path.join(data_dir, 'val.bin')
    train_data = np.memmap(train_file, dtype=np.uint16, mode='r')
    val_data = np.memmap(val_file, dtype=np.uint16, mode='r')

if master_process:
    print(f"Training data file: {train_file}")
    print(f"No task tag mode: {'Enabled' if no_task_tag else 'Disabled'}")


# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Auxiliary state-supervision. Per-position (current_node, facing) labels are
# recomputed on the fly by replaying each row against the maze. Two label
# schemes:
#   * Task C (transformer): replay relative turns L/R/F/T starting facing East.
#   * Task H (gru): replay clockwise feasible-direction indices starting facing
#     East -- identical logic to train.py / create_multitask_maze.py::taskH.
if use_aux:
    aux_n_grid = int(round(num_nodes ** 0.5))
    AUX_DELTA = {'N': -aux_n_grid, 'S': aux_n_grid, 'E': 1, 'W': -1}
    AUX_FACE = {'N': 0, 'E': 1, 'S': 2, 'W': 3}
    AUX_NUM_STATES = num_nodes * 4
    AUX_IGNORE = -1
    AUX_PAD_ID, AUX_NL_ID = 0, 1
    AUX_COLON_ID = stoi[':']
    assert 0 <= aux_layer < n_layer, f"--aux_layer must be in [1, {n_layer}] (1-based)"
    if aux_task == 'C':
        AUX_LEFT = {'N': 'W', 'W': 'S', 'S': 'E', 'E': 'N'}
        AUX_RIGHT = {v: k for k, v in AUX_LEFT.items()}
        AUX_OPP = {'N': 'S', 'S': 'N', 'E': 'W', 'W': 'E'}
        AUX_C_ID = stoi['C']
        AUX_L_ID, AUX_R_ID = stoi['L'], stoi['R']
        AUX_F_ID, AUX_T_ID = stoi['F'], stoi['T']
    else:  # Task H
        AUX_CLOCKWISE_SCAN = {
            'N': ['N', 'E', 'S', 'W'],
            'E': ['E', 'S', 'W', 'N'],
            'S': ['S', 'W', 'N', 'E'],
            'W': ['W', 'N', 'E', 'S'],
        }
        AUX_H_ID = stoi['H']
        aux_graph_path = os.path.join(data_dir, f'maze_graph_{tasks_str}_{path_type_tag}.graphml')
        print(f"[aux] Loading maze graph from {aux_graph_path}...")
        _aux_G = nx.read_graphml(aux_graph_path)
        AUX_NODE_DIRS = {}
        for _nd in range(num_nodes):
            _dirs = set()
            for _d in ('N', 'E', 'S', 'W'):
                _nb = _nd + AUX_DELTA[_d]
                if 0 <= _nb < num_nodes and _aux_G.has_edge(str(_nd), str(_nb)):
                    _dirs.add(_d)
            AUX_NODE_DIRS[_nd] = _dirs


def row_state_labels_taskC(row):
    """Given a (block_size+1)-id Task C row, return a length-block_size int array

    S aligned to y (= row[1:]) where S[t] is the PRE-move state (node*4 + facing)

    the walker stands in just before emitting the turn token at row position t+1,

    and AUX_IGNORE elsewhere. Node token id n encodes node (n-2)."""
    S = np.full(block_size, AUX_IGNORE, dtype=np.int64)
    if len(row) < 5 or int(row[0]) != AUX_C_ID or int(row[3]) != AUX_COLON_ID:
        return S
    source = int(row[1]) - 2  # node token id n -> node (n-2)
    if not (0 <= source < num_nodes):
        return S
    current = source
    facing = 'E'
    p = 4  # row position of the first turn token
    while p < len(row):
        tok = int(row[p])
        if tok == AUX_NL_ID or tok == AUX_PAD_ID:
            break
        t = p - 1  # hidden at row pos p-1 predicts token at pos p
        if 0 <= t < block_size:
            S[t] = current * 4 + AUX_FACE[facing]
        if tok == AUX_F_ID:
            new_facing = facing
        elif tok == AUX_L_ID:
            new_facing = AUX_LEFT[facing]
        elif tok == AUX_R_ID:
            new_facing = AUX_RIGHT[facing]
        elif tok == AUX_T_ID:
            new_facing = AUX_OPP[facing]
        else:
            break
        current = current + AUX_DELTA[new_facing]
        if not (0 <= current < num_nodes):
            break
        facing = new_facing
        p += 1
    return S


def row_state_labels_taskH(row):
    """Given a (block_size+1)-id Task H row, return a length-block_size int array

    S aligned to y (= row[1:]) where S[t] is the PRE-move state (node*4 + facing)

    the walker stands in just before emitting the index token at row position

    t+1, and AUX_IGNORE elsewhere. Replays clockwise feasible-direction indices

    starting facing East. Node token id n encodes node (n-2)."""
    S = np.full(block_size, AUX_IGNORE, dtype=np.int64)
    if len(row) < 5 or int(row[0]) != AUX_H_ID or int(row[3]) != AUX_COLON_ID:
        return S
    source = int(row[1]) - 2  # node token id n -> node (n-2)
    if not (0 <= source < num_nodes):
        return S
    current = source
    facing = 'E'
    p = 4  # row position of the first index token
    while p < len(row):
        tok = int(row[p])
        if tok == AUX_NL_ID or tok == AUX_PAD_ID:
            break
        idx = tok - 2  # index '1'..'4' encoded as node tokens 1..4 -> ids 3..6
        t = p - 1  # hidden at row pos p-1 predicts token at pos p
        if 0 <= t < block_size:
            S[t] = current * 4 + AUX_FACE[facing]
        scan_order = AUX_CLOCKWISE_SCAN[facing]
        feasible = [d for d in scan_order if d in AUX_NODE_DIRS[current]]
        if idx < 1 or idx > len(feasible):
            break
        direction = feasible[idx - 1]
        current = current + AUX_DELTA[direction]
        if not (0 <= current < num_nodes):
            break
        facing = direction
        p += 1
    return S


if use_aux:
    row_state_labels = row_state_labels_taskC if aux_task == 'C' else row_state_labels_taskH


def get_batch(split):
    data = train_data if split == 'train' else val_data
    batch_size = train_batch_size if split == 'train' else val_batch_size

    data_size = block_size + 1
    data = train_data if split == 'train' else val_data
    ix = torch.randint( (len(data) - data_size)//data_size , (batch_size,)) * data_size
    x = torch.stack([torch.from_numpy((data[i:i+block_size]).astype(np.int64)) for i in ix])
    y = torch.stack([torch.from_numpy((data[i+1:i+1+block_size]).astype(np.int64)) for i in ix])

    if use_aux:
        rows = [np.asarray(data[i:i + data_size]).astype(np.int64) for i in ix.tolist()]
        s = torch.stack([torch.from_numpy(row_state_labels(r)) for r in rows])
    else:
        s = None

    if device_type == 'cuda':
        # pin arrays x,y, which allows us to move them to GPU asynchronously (non_blocking=True)
        x, y = x.pin_memory().to(device, non_blocking=True), y.pin_memory().to(device, non_blocking=True)
        if s is not None:
            s = s.pin_memory().to(device, non_blocking=True)
    else:
        x, y = x.to(device), y.to(device)
        if s is not None:
            s = s.to(device)
    return x, y, s


# init these up here, can override if init_from='resume' (i.e. from a checkpoint)
iter_num = 0
best_val_loss = 1e9

# logger
if(num_of_paths == 0):
    logger = get_logger(os.path.join(out_dir, "no_output_train_maze.log"))
    log_file_name = os.path.join(out_dir, "train_maze.log")
    #logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
else:
    logger = get_logger(os.path.join(out_dir, f'no_output_train_maze_{num_of_paths}.log'))
    log_file_name = os.path.join(out_dir, f"train_maze_{num_of_paths}.log")
    #logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)



# attempt to derive vocab_size from the dataset
# Use the task-specific meta file (already loaded earlier) instead of hardcoded meta.pkl
meta_vocab_size = None
if meta is not None and 'vocab_size' in meta:
    meta_vocab_size = meta['vocab_size']
    print(f"found vocab_size = {meta_vocab_size} (inside {meta_path})")

def get_shortest(p_graph):
    shortest_paths = {}
    for i in p_graph.nodes:
        for j in p_graph.nodes:
            try:
                shortest_paths[(i,j)] = list(nx.all_shortest_paths(p_graph, i, j))
            except:
                shortest_paths[(i,j)] = []
    return shortest_paths

if dataset == 'reasoning':
    p_graph_path = os.path.join(data_dir, 'fixed_model.graphml')
    p_graph = nx.read_graphml(p_graph_path)
    shortest_paths = get_shortest(p_graph)

stoi, itos = meta['stoi'], meta['itos']

# Modified decode function to handle no_task_tag format
def decode_token_list(l):
    """Decode a list of token IDs to string."""
    if no_task_tag:
        # In no_task_tag mode, just join all tokens with spaces
        return ' '.join([itos[i] for i in l if i in itos])
    else:
        # Original decode behavior
        return ''.join([itos[i] for i in l if i in itos])

decode = decode_token_list  # Assign the function to decode variable

# model init
if model_type in ('transformer', 'transformer-rope'):
    model_args = dict(n_layer=n_layer, n_head=n_head, n_embd=n_embd, block_size=block_size,
                      bias=bias, vocab_size=None, dropout=dropout, use_flash=not local_mode,
                      post_gru=use_post_gru, per_block_nls=use_nls,
                      dyadic_attn=use_dyadic_attn,
                      dyadic_hybrid=use_dyadic_hybrid) # start with model_args from command line
elif model_type == 'transformer-nextlat':
    # GPT backbone + encapsulated NextLat latent dynamics model. The latent model
    # is part of the module, so a single optimizer / checkpoint covers everything.
    model_args = dict(model_type='transformer-nextlat',
                      n_layer=n_layer, n_head=n_head, n_embd=n_embd, block_size=block_size,
                      bias=bias, vocab_size=None, dropout=dropout, use_flash=not local_mode,
                      mlp_hidden_dim=args.mlp_hidden_dim,
                      nextlat_horizon=nextlat_horizon, lambda_h=lambda_h, lambda_kl=lambda_kl)
elif model_type == 'gru':
    # Stacked residual GRU baseline (no attention). pad_id=0 mirrors the
    # transformer's ignore_index=0 for the padding token.
    model_args = dict(model_type='gru', n_layer=n_layer, n_embd=n_embd,
                      vocab_size=None, dropout=dropout, bias=bias, pad_id=0)
elif model_type == 'gated-deltanet':
    # Gated DeltaNet (linear-attention / delta-rule). No positional encoding;
    # token order is carried by the recurrence. pad_id=0 mirrors the
    # transformer's ignore_index=0 for the padding token.
    model_args = dict(model_type='gated-deltanet', n_layer=n_layer, n_embd=n_embd,
                      vocab_size=None, pad_id=0)
else:  # mamba
    # By default use the pure-PyTorch parallel scan so it runs without the
    # mamba_ssm package. With --mamba_cuda, use the official fused CUDA
    # selective-scan kernel (much faster) when mamba-ssm is installed.
    # pad_id=0 mirrors the transformer's ignore_index=0 for the padding token.
    if model_type == 'mamba2':
        # Semi-official Mamba-2: official fused Triton kernel when mamba_ssm>=2.2
        # is installed (--mamba_cuda, default), else pure-PyTorch chunked SSD.
        model_args = dict(model_type='mamba2', n_layer=n_layer, n_embd=n_embd,
                          vocab_size=None, pscan=True, use_cuda=args.mamba_cuda, pad_id=0)
    else:
        model_args = dict(model_type='mamba', n_layer=n_layer, n_embd=n_embd,
                          vocab_size=None, pscan=True, use_cuda=args.mamba_cuda, pad_id=0)


def build_model(margs):
    """Instantiate the architecture selected by --model from a model_args dict."""
    if model_type == 'mamba':
        return Mamba(MambaConfig(**margs))
    if model_type == 'mamba2':
        return Mamba2(Mamba2Config(**margs))
    if model_type == 'gated-deltanet':
        return GatedDeltaNet(GatedDeltaNetConfig(**margs))
    if model_type == 'transformer-nextlat':
        return TransformerNextLat(TransformerNextLatConfig(**margs))
    if model_type == 'transformer-rope':
        return GPTRoPE(GPTRoPEConfig(**margs))
    if model_type == 'gru':
        return GRU(GRUConfig(**margs))
    return GPT(GPTConfig(**margs))


if init_from == 'scratch':
    print("Initializing a new model from scratch")
    if meta_vocab_size is None:
        print("defaulting to vocab_size of GPT-2 to 50304 (50257 rounded up for efficiency)")
    model_args['vocab_size'] = meta_vocab_size if meta_vocab_size is not None else 50304
    model = build_model(model_args)
elif init_from == 'resume':
    # Determine the checkpoint file path based on init_ckpt and multitask setting
    if multitasks:
        candidate_ckpts = [
            os.path.join(out_dir, f'{init_ckpt}_ckpt_maze_{tasks_tag}_{train_label}.pt'),
            os.path.join(out_dir, f'{init_ckpt}_ckpt_maze_{tasks_tag}_{num_train_dataset}.pt'),
            os.path.join(out_dir, f'{init_ckpt}_ckpt_maze_{tasks_str}_{train_label}.pt'),
            os.path.join(out_dir, f'{init_ckpt}_ckpt_maze_{num_of_paths}.pt'),
            os.path.join(out_dir, f'{init_ckpt}_ckpt_maze.pt'),
        ]
        ckpt_path = None
        for path in candidate_ckpts:
            if os.path.exists(path):
                ckpt_path = path
                break
        if ckpt_path is None:
            ckpt_path = candidate_ckpts[0]
    else:
        if num_of_paths == 0:
            ckpt_path = os.path.join(out_dir, f'{init_ckpt}_ckpt_maze.pt')
        else:
            ckpt_path = os.path.join(out_dir, f'{init_ckpt}_ckpt_maze_{num_of_paths}.pt')
    print(f"Resuming training from {ckpt_path}")
    # resume training from a checkpoint.
    checkpoint = torch.load(ckpt_path, map_location=device)
    checkpoint_model_args = checkpoint['model_args']
    # force these config attributes to be equal otherwise we can't even resume training
    # the rest of the attributes (e.g. dropout) can stay as desired from command line
    if model_type in ('transformer', 'transformer-rope'):
        for k in ['n_layer', 'n_head', 'n_embd', 'block_size', 'bias', 'vocab_size']:
            model_args[k] = checkpoint_model_args[k]
        # Restore optional transformer-variant flags from checkpoint if present
        for k in ['post_gru', 'per_block_nls', 'dyadic_attn', 'dyadic_hybrid']:
            if k in checkpoint_model_args:
                model_args[k] = checkpoint_model_args[k]
    elif model_type == 'transformer-nextlat':
        for k in ['model_type', 'n_layer', 'n_head', 'n_embd', 'block_size', 'bias',
                  'vocab_size', 'use_flash', 'dropout', 'mlp_hidden_dim',
                  'nextlat_horizon', 'lambda_h', 'lambda_kl']:
            if k in checkpoint_model_args:
                model_args[k] = checkpoint_model_args[k]
    elif model_type == 'gru':
        for k in ['model_type', 'n_layer', 'n_embd', 'vocab_size', 'dropout', 'bias', 'pad_id']:
            if k in checkpoint_model_args:
                model_args[k] = checkpoint_model_args[k]
    elif model_type == 'gated-deltanet':
        for k in ['model_type', 'n_layer', 'n_embd', 'vocab_size', 'pad_id',
                  'head_dim', 'expand_v', 'conv_size']:
            if k in checkpoint_model_args:
                model_args[k] = checkpoint_model_args[k]
    else:  # mamba / mamba2
        for k in ['model_type', 'n_layer', 'n_embd', 'vocab_size', 'pscan', 'use_cuda',
                  'pad_id', 'd_state', 'expand_factor', 'd_conv', 'dt_rank',
                  'headdim', 'ngroups']:
            if k in checkpoint_model_args:
                model_args[k] = checkpoint_model_args[k]
    # create the model
    model = build_model(model_args)
    state_dict = checkpoint['model']
    # fix the keys of the state dictionary :(
    # honestly no idea how checkpoints sometimes get this prefix, have to debug more
    unwanted_prefix = '_orig_mod.'
    for k,v in list(state_dict.items()):
        if k.startswith(unwanted_prefix):
            state_dict[k[len(unwanted_prefix):]] = state_dict.pop(k)
    model.load_state_dict(state_dict)
    iter_num = checkpoint['iter_num']
    best_val_loss = checkpoint['best_val_loss']
elif init_from.startswith('gpt2'):
    print(f"Initializing from OpenAI GPT-2 weights: {init_from}")
    override_args = dict(dropout=dropout)
    model = GPT.from_pretrained(init_from, override_args)
    for k in ['n_layer', 'n_head', 'n_embd', 'block_size', 'bias', 'vocab_size']:
        model_args[k] = getattr(model.config, k)

if model_type in ('transformer', 'transformer-rope', 'transformer-nextlat') and block_size < model.config.block_size:
    model.crop_block_size(block_size)
    model_args['block_size'] = block_size # so that the checkpoint will have the right value
model.to(device)

# NextLat: the latent dynamics model is encapsulated inside the
# transformer-nextlat module (model.latent_model), covered by the single
# optimizer / checkpoint below.
if use_nextlat:
    print(f"NextLat (encapsulated) enabled: horizon={nextlat_horizon}, lambda_h={lambda_h}, lambda_kl={lambda_kl}, mlp_hidden_dim={args.mlp_hidden_dim if args.mlp_hidden_dim is not None else 2 * n_embd}")

if use_post_gru:
    gru_params = sum(
        p.numel()
        for block in model.transformer.h
        if block.per_block_gru is not None
        for p in block.per_block_gru.parameters()
    )
    print(f"PostGRU enabled (per-block): total GRU parameters: {gru_params / 1e6:.4f}M")

if use_nls:
    nls_params = sum(
        p.numel()
        for block in model.transformer.h
        if block.per_block_nls is not None
        for p in block.per_block_nls.parameters()
    )
    # Number of dyadic-doubling levels actually traversed for this block_size:
    # stride starts at 1 and doubles until stride >= L, so levels = ceil(log2(L)).
    nls_levels = max(1, math.ceil(math.log2(block_size))) if block_size > 1 else 0
    nls_blocks = sum(1 for block in model.transformer.h if block.per_block_nls is not None)
    nls_share = all(
        block.per_block_nls.share
        for block in model.transformer.h
        if block.per_block_nls is not None
    )
    print(
        f"NLS enabled (per-block): {nls_blocks} blocks, "
        f"{nls_levels} scan levels per block (block_size={block_size}, share={nls_share}), "
        f"total NLS parameters: {nls_params / 1e6:.4f}M"
    )

# Auxiliary (node, facing) linear head reading the chosen block's output.
aux_head = None
if use_aux:
    import torch.nn as nn
    aux_head = nn.Linear(n_embd, AUX_NUM_STATES, bias=True).to(device)
    _aux_unit = 'block' if model_type == 'transformer' else 'layer'
    print(f"Auxiliary supervision (Task {aux_task}): {_aux_unit} {aux_layer + 1} (1-based) output -> (node, facing) "
          f"{AUX_NUM_STATES}-way, lambda={aux_lambda}")

# optimizer
optimizer = model.configure_optimizers(weight_decay, learning_rate, (beta1, beta2), device_type)
if use_aux:
    optimizer.add_param_group({'params': [aux_head.weight], 'weight_decay': weight_decay})
    optimizer.add_param_group({'params': [aux_head.bias], 'weight_decay': 0.0})
if init_from == 'resume':
    optimizer.load_state_dict(checkpoint['optimizer'])
    if use_aux and 'aux_head' in checkpoint:
        aux_head.load_state_dict(checkpoint['aux_head'])

# initialize a GradScaler. If enabled=False scaler is a no-op
scaler = torch.cuda.amp.GradScaler(enabled=(dtype == 'float16'))
if init_from == 'resume' and 'scaler' in checkpoint:
    scaler.load_state_dict(checkpoint['scaler'])

# restore random states for reproducibility
if init_from == 'resume':
    if 'torch_rng_state' in checkpoint:
        # RNG state must be a ByteTensor on CPU
        torch.set_rng_state(checkpoint['torch_rng_state'].cpu())
    if 'cuda_rng_state' in checkpoint and checkpoint['cuda_rng_state'] is not None and torch.cuda.is_available():
        # CUDA RNG state must also be a ByteTensor on CPU before setting
        torch.cuda.set_rng_state(checkpoint['cuda_rng_state'].cpu())
    if 'numpy_rng_state' in checkpoint:
        np.random.set_state(checkpoint['numpy_rng_state'])

checkpoint = None # free up memory

# compile the model
if compile and model_type in ('mamba', 'mamba2', 'gated-deltanet'):
    print(f"[Info] --model {model_type} uses a custom parallel-scan autograd Function; "
          "disabling torch.compile for stability.")
    compile = False
if compile and use_aux:
    print("[Info] --aux_layer hooks into the model's internal blocks; disabling torch.compile.")
    compile = False
if use_aux and ddp:
    raise ValueError('--aux_layer state-supervision does not support DDP; run on a single GPU.')
if compile:
    print("compiling the model... (takes a ~minute)")
    unoptimized_model = model
    model = torch.compile(model) # requires PyTorch 2.0

# wrap model into DDP container
if ddp:
    model = DDP(model, device_ids=[ddp_local_rank])

# helps estimate an arbitrarily accurate loss over either split using many batches
@torch.no_grad()
def estimate_loss():
    out = {}
    model.eval()
    for split in ['train', 'val']:
        losses = torch.zeros(eval_iters)
        for k in range(eval_iters):
            X, Y, _ = get_batch(split)
            with ctx:
                _, loss = model(X, Y)
            losses[k] = loss.item()
        out[split] = losses.mean()
    model.train()
    return out

# learning rate decay scheduler (cosine with warmup)
def get_lr(it):
    # 1) linear warmup for warmup_iters steps
    if it < warmup_iters:
        return learning_rate * it / warmup_iters
    # 2) if it > lr_decay_iters, return min learning rate
    if it > lr_decay_iters:
        return min_lr
    # 3) in between, use cosine decay down to min learning rate
    decay_ratio = (it - warmup_iters) / (lr_decay_iters - warmup_iters)
    assert 0 <= decay_ratio <= 1
    coeff = 0.5 * (1.0 + math.cos(math.pi * decay_ratio)) # coeff ranges 0..1
    return min_lr + coeff * (learning_rate - min_lr)

def open_and_append(filename, text):
    with open(filename, 'a') as file:
        file.write(text + '\n')

# logging
if wandb_log and master_process:
    import wandb
    wandb.init(project=wandb_project, name=wandb_run_name, config=config)

# Helper function to format seconds into HH:MM:SS
def format_time(seconds):
    hours = int(seconds // 3600)
    minutes = int((seconds % 3600) // 60)
    secs = int(seconds % 60)
    return f"{hours:02d}:{minutes:02d}:{secs:02d}"

# training loop
X, Y, S = get_batch('train') # fetch the very first batch
t0 = time.time()
start_time = time.time()  # record overall training start time
local_iter_num = 0 # number of iterations in the lifetime of this process
raw_model = model.module if ddp else model # unwrap DDP container if needed
running_mfu = -1.0
accuracy = []
corrects = []
totals = []


def forward_with_aux(idx, targets, state_targets):
    """Forward that also returns the auxiliary (node, facing) loss computed from

    the chosen block/layer's output. Branches on model_type: transformer mirrors

    GPT.forward, gru mirrors GRU.forward for the LM path."""
    if model_type == 'gru':
        h = raw_model.drop(raw_model.embedding(idx))
        h_aux = None
        for i, layer in enumerate(raw_model.layers):
            h = layer(h)
            if i == aux_layer:
                h_aux = h
        h = raw_model.out_norm(h)
        logits = raw_model.lm_head(h)
    else:
        b, t = idx.size()
        pos = torch.arange(0, t, dtype=torch.long, device=idx.device).unsqueeze(0)
        h = raw_model.transformer.drop(raw_model.transformer.wte(idx) + raw_model.transformer.wpe(pos))
        h_aux = None
        for i, block in enumerate(raw_model.transformer.h):
            h = block(h)
            if i == aux_layer:
                h_aux = h
        h = raw_model.transformer.ln_f(h)
        logits = raw_model.lm_head(h)
    lm_loss = F.cross_entropy(logits.view(-1, logits.size(-1)), targets.view(-1), ignore_index=AUX_PAD_ID)
    aux_logits = aux_head(h_aux)
    aux_loss = F.cross_entropy(aux_logits.view(-1, AUX_NUM_STATES), state_targets.view(-1), ignore_index=AUX_IGNORE)
    with torch.no_grad():
        mask = state_targets.view(-1) != AUX_IGNORE
        if mask.any():
            pred = aux_logits.view(-1, AUX_NUM_STATES).argmax(-1)
            aux_acc = (pred[mask] == state_targets.view(-1)[mask]).float().mean()
        else:
            aux_acc = torch.zeros((), device=idx.device)
    return logits, lm_loss, aux_loss, aux_acc

# Consolidated training-config summary
if master_process:
    variant_flags = []
    if use_nextlat: variant_flags.append('NextLat')
    if use_post_gru: variant_flags.append('PostGRU')
    if use_nls: variant_flags.append('NLS')
    if use_dyadic_attn: variant_flags.append('DyadicAttn')
    if use_dyadic_hybrid: variant_flags.append('DyadicHybrid')
    if use_aux: variant_flags.append(f'AuxState{aux_task}(L{aux_layer + 1},λ{aux_lambda})')
    variant_str = '+'.join(variant_flags) if variant_flags else 'baseline'
    total_params = sum(p.numel() for p in raw_model.parameters())
    print("=" * 70)
    print("TRAINING CONFIGURATION")
    print("=" * 70)
    print(f"  Variant         : {variant_str}")
    print(f"  Dataset         : {dataset} | tasks={tasks_str} | path_type={args.path_type}"
          f" | num_nodes={num_nodes} | no_task_tag={no_task_tag}")
    print(f"  Model           : n_layer={n_layer}, n_head={n_head}, n_embd={n_embd},"
          f" block_size={block_size}, vocab_size={meta['vocab_size']}, bias={bias}, dropout={dropout}")
    print(f"  Total params    : {total_params / 1e6:.2f}M")
    print(f"  Optim           : AdamW lr={learning_rate} (min={min_lr}), wd={weight_decay},"
          f" betas=({beta1},{beta2}), grad_clip={grad_clip}")
    print(f"  Schedule        : max_iters={max_iters}, warmup={warmup_iters},"
          f" decay_iters={lr_decay_iters}, decay_lr={decay_lr}")
    print(f"  Batch / dtype   : batch_size={batch_size}, grad_accum={gradient_accumulation_steps},"
          f" tokens/iter={tokens_per_iter:,}, dtype={dtype}, compile={compile}, ddp={ddp} (world={ddp_world_size})")
    print(f"  Init from       : {init_from}" + (f" (iter {init_ckpt})" if init_from == 'resume' else ""))
    if use_nextlat:
        print(f"  NextLat         : horizon={nextlat_horizon}, lambda_h={lambda_h},"
              f" lambda_kl={lambda_kl}, mlp_hidden_dim={args.mlp_hidden_dim or 2 * n_embd}")
    if use_post_gru:
        print(f"  PostGRU         : per-block GRU enabled")
    if use_nls:
        print(f"  NLS             : per-block Non-Linear prefix Scan enabled")
    if use_dyadic_attn:
        recommended_layers = max(1, math.ceil(math.log2(block_size))) if block_size > 1 else 1
        warn = '' if n_layer == recommended_layers else f' [WARNING: for fair comparison set n_layer={recommended_layers} (= ceil(log2({block_size})))]'
        strides = [1 << i for i in range(n_layer)]
        print(f"  DyadicAttn      : fixed 0.5/0.5 attention; per-layer strides={strides}{warn}")
    if use_dyadic_hybrid:
        L_levels = max(1, math.ceil(math.log2(block_size))) if block_size > 1 else 1
        total_blocks = n_layer * (1 + L_levels)
        unit_strides = [1 << k for k in range(L_levels)]
        print(f"  DyadicHybrid    : {n_layer} units of (1 normal + {L_levels} DyadicAttn) = {total_blocks} physical blocks; per-unit dyadic strides={unit_strides}")
    print(f"  Output dir      : {out_dir}")
    print("=" * 70)
    logger.info(f"TRAINING CONFIG: variant={variant_str}, n_layer={n_layer}, n_head={n_head},"
                f" n_embd={n_embd}, block_size={block_size}, batch_size={batch_size},"
                f" max_iters={max_iters}, lr={learning_rate}, params={total_params/1e6:.2f}M")
    open_and_append(log_file_name,
                    f"TRAINING CONFIG: variant={variant_str}, n_layer={n_layer}, n_head={n_head},"
                    f" n_embd={n_embd}, block_size={block_size}, batch_size={batch_size},"
                    f" max_iters={max_iters}, lr={learning_rate}, params={total_params/1e6:.2f}M")

while True:

    # determine and set the learning rate for this iteration
    lr = get_lr(iter_num) if decay_lr else learning_rate
    for param_group in optimizer.param_groups:
        param_group['lr'] = lr

    # evaluate the loss on train/val sets and write checkpoints
    if iter_num % checkpoint_interval == 0 and master_process:
        losses = None
        if validation and eval_interval is not None:
            losses = estimate_loss()
            print(f"step {iter_num}: train loss {losses['train']:.4f}, val loss {losses['val']:.4f}")
            logger.info(f"step {iter_num}: train loss {losses['train']:.4f}, val loss {losses['val']:.4f}")
            open_and_append(log_file_name, f"step {iter_num}: train loss {losses['train']:.4f}, val loss {losses['val']:.4f}")
            if wandb_log:
                wandb.log({
                    "iter": iter_num,
                    "train/loss": losses['train'],
                    "val/loss": losses['val'],
                    "lr": lr,
                    "mfu": running_mfu*100, # convert to percentage
                })

        # Decide whether to save checkpoint
        save_due_to_val = validation and losses is not None and losses['val'] < best_val_loss
        save_due_to_policy = always_save_checkpoint

        if (save_due_to_val or save_due_to_policy) and iter_num > 0:
            if validation and losses is not None:
                best_val_loss = min(best_val_loss, losses['val'])
            checkpoint = {
                'model': raw_model.state_dict(),
                'optimizer': optimizer.state_dict(),
                'model_args': model_args,
                'model_type': model_type,
                'iter_num': iter_num,
                'best_val_loss': best_val_loss,
                'config': config,
                'scaler': scaler.state_dict(),
                'torch_rng_state': torch.get_rng_state(),
                'cuda_rng_state': torch.cuda.get_rng_state() if torch.cuda.is_available() else None,
                'numpy_rng_state': np.random.get_state(),
            }
            if use_aux:
                checkpoint['aux_head'] = aux_head.state_dict()
                checkpoint['aux_layer'] = aux_layer
                checkpoint['aux_lambda'] = aux_lambda
            print(f"saving checkpoint to {out_dir} (validation={'on' if validation else 'off'})")
            logger.info(f"saving checkpoint to {out_dir}")
            open_and_append(log_file_name, f"saving checkpoint to {out_dir}")
            if multitasks:
                torch.save(checkpoint, os.path.join(out_dir, f'{iter_num}_ckpt_maze_{tasks_tag}_{train_label}.pt'))
            elif num_of_paths == 0:
                torch.save(checkpoint, os.path.join(out_dir, f'{iter_num}_ckpt_maze.pt'))
            else:
                torch.save(checkpoint, os.path.join(out_dir, f'{iter_num}_ckpt_maze_{num_of_paths}.pt'))

    # if iter_num % test_interval == 0 and master_process:
    #     correct, tot = test_model()
    #     corrects.append(correct)
    #     totals.append(tot)

    if iter_num == 0 and eval_only:
        break

    # forward backward update, with optional gradient accumulation to simulate larger batch size
    # and using the GradScaler if data type is float16
    for micro_step in range(gradient_accumulation_steps):
        if ddp:
            model.require_backward_grad_sync = (micro_step == gradient_accumulation_steps - 1)
        with ctx:
            if use_aux:
                logits, lm_loss, aux_loss, aux_acc = forward_with_aux(X, Y, S)
                loss = (lm_loss + aux_lambda * aux_loss) / gradient_accumulation_steps
            elif use_nextlat:
                total_loss, loss_nt, loss_nh, loss_kl = raw_model.forward_nextlat(
                    X, Y, horizon=nextlat_horizon,
                    lambda_h=lambda_h, lambda_kl=lambda_kl)
                loss = total_loss / gradient_accumulation_steps
            else:
                logits, loss = model(X, Y)
                loss = loss / gradient_accumulation_steps # scale the loss to account for gradient accumulation
        X, Y, S = get_batch('train')
        # backward pass, with gradient scaling if training in fp16
        scaler.scale(loss).backward()
    # clip the gradient
    if grad_clip != 0.0:
        scaler.unscale_(optimizer)
        clip_params = list(model.parameters()) + (list(aux_head.parameters()) if use_aux else [])
        torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(clip_params, grad_clip)
    scaler.step(optimizer)
    scaler.update()
    optimizer.zero_grad(set_to_none=True)

    # timing and logging
    t1 = time.time()
    dt = t1 - t0
    t0 = t1
    if iter_num % log_interval == 0 and master_process:
        lossf = loss.item() * gradient_accumulation_steps
        if local_iter_num >= 5: # let the training loop settle a bit
            mfu = raw_model.estimate_mfu(batch_size * gradient_accumulation_steps, dt)
            running_mfu = mfu if running_mfu == -1.0 else 0.9*running_mfu + 0.1*mfu
        # Compute elapsed and estimated remaining time
        elapsed = time.time() - start_time
        if iter_num > 0:
            eta = (elapsed / iter_num) * (max_iters - iter_num)
            elapsed_str = format_time(elapsed)
            eta_str = format_time(eta)
            time_info = f"elapsed {elapsed_str}, eta {eta_str}"
        else:
            time_info = "elapsed 00:00:00, eta --:--:--"
        if use_nextlat:
            print(f"iter {iter_num}: loss {lossf:.4f} (nt={loss_nt.item():.4f}, nh={loss_nh.item():.4f}, kl={loss_kl.item():.4f}), time {dt*1000:.2f}ms, mfu {running_mfu*100:.2f}%, {time_info}")
        elif use_aux:
            print(f"iter {iter_num}: loss {lossf:.4f} (lm={lm_loss.item():.4f}, aux={aux_loss.item():.4f}, aux_acc={aux_acc.item()*100:.1f}%), time {dt*1000:.2f}ms, mfu {running_mfu*100:.2f}%, {time_info}")
        else:
            print(f"iter {iter_num}: loss {lossf:.4f}, time {dt*1000:.2f}ms, mfu {running_mfu*100:.2f}%, {time_info}")
        logger.info(f"iter {iter_num}: loss {lossf:.4f}")
        open_and_append(log_file_name, f"iter {iter_num}: loss {lossf:.4f}")
    iter_num += 1
    local_iter_num += 1

    if iter_num > max_iters:
        break

torch.save(torch.tensor(corrects).cpu(), os.path.join(out_dir, f'corrects_maze.pt'))
torch.save(torch.tensor(totals).cpu(), os.path.join(out_dir, f'totals_maze.pt'))

# Final total training time summary
if master_process:
    total_elapsed = time.time() - start_time
    total_str = format_time(total_elapsed)
    avg_iter_ms = (total_elapsed / max(1, iter_num)) * 1000
    summary = (f"Total training time: {total_str} ({total_elapsed:.1f}s) "
               f"over {iter_num} iters, avg {avg_iter_ms:.2f} ms/iter")
    print(summary)
    logger.info(summary)
    open_and_append(log_file_name, summary)

if ddp:
    destroy_process_group()