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README.md

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+---
+task_categories:
+- text-to-3d
+- image-to-3d
+- image-text-to-image
+- any-to-any
+tags:
+- Camera
+- 3D Vision
+- Spatial AI
+- Physical AI
+- World Model
+- Camera Parameter
+- Open Images
+- Generation
+
+---
+
+# Open-Images-Camera
+
+![camera map collage](analysis/Open-Images-Camera.png)
+
+Per-image camera parameter annotations for the **Open Images** dataset
+(the image-bearing WebDataset build `dalle-mini/open-images`; 8,338,780 images across 1,838 shards), captioned by the [**Puffin-World**](https://github.com/KangLiao929/Puffin) model. More captioned datasets are provided in our [**Puffin-16M**](https://kangliao929.github.io/projects/puffin-16m/) website.
+
+The collage above visualizes the camera maps on sample images — each
+pair shows the **up field** (green arrows: the projected gravity-up direction)
+and the **latitude field** (colored contours: angle above/below the horizon).
+
+## Format
+
+One `.tar` per source shard (`oi_train_*.tar`, `oi_test_*.tar`, `oi_valid_*.tar`),
+each containing one `.json` per image whose name matches the source image stem.
+
+Each JSON holds the predicted monocular camera parameters:
+
+| Field | Meaning | Unit |
+|-------|---------|------|
+| `roll`  | camera roll        | radians |
+| `pitch` | camera pitch       | radians |
+| `vfov`  | vertical field-of-view | radians |
+| `k1`    | radial distortion coefficient | – |
+| `parse_ok` | whether the model output parsed within valid ranges | bool |
+
+Example:
+
+```json
+{"roll": 0.0123, "pitch": -0.0871, "vfov": 1.0123, "k1": 0.0000, "parse_ok": true}
+```
+
+## Camera Parameter Distributions
+
+Histograms of the predicted roll / pitch / vertical-FoV over the whole dataset
+(proportion of valid samples per 10° bin; `parse_ok=False` excluded).
+
+![open-images camera stats](analysis/openimages_camera_stats.png)
+
+| split | roll μ / med / σ | pitch μ / med / σ | FoV μ / med / σ |
+|-------|------------------|-------------------|-----------------|
+| all (8,317,951) | 0.1° / 0.0° / 6.2° | −3.1° / −1.1° / 14.8° | 31.8° / 31.2° / 8.2° |
+
+- **Roll** is sharply peaked at 0° (web images shot upright/level).
+- **Pitch** is centered slightly negative with a broad spread (σ ≈ 14.8°),
+  reflecting the unconstrained viewpoints of large-scale web imagery.
+- **FoV** concentrates in 25–40° (median ≈ 31°).
+
+If you'd like a dataset with a more diverse and uniform distribution of camera parameters, please refer to our [Puffin-4M](https://huggingface.co/datasets/KangLiao/Puffin-4M) and [Puffin-16M](https://huggingface.co/datasets/KangLiao/Puffin-16M) datasets.
+
+### Dataset Download
+You can download the entire dataset using the following command:
+```bash
+hf download KangLiao/Open-Images-Camera --repo-type dataset
+```
+
+### Caption Pipeline
+Beyond this captioned dataset, we also release **a complete captioning pipeline** for annotating camera parameters for arbitrary datasets, analyzing camera parameter distributions, and visualizing the corresponding camera maps. The pipeline is available in our [GitHub repository](https://github.com/KangLiao929/Puffin).
+
+
+### Citation
+If you find the captioned dataset useful for your research or applications, please cite our paper using the following BibTeX:
+
+```bibtex
+  @article{liao2025puffin,
+    title={Thinking with Camera: A Unified Multimodal Model for Camera-Centric Understanding and Generation},
+    author={Liao, Kang and Wu, Size and Wu, Zhonghua and Jin, Linyi and Wang, Chao and Wang, Yikai and Wang, Fei and Li, Wei and Loy, Chen Change},
+    journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.08673},
+    year={2025}
+  }
+```