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knowledge_base/raw_text/wiki_Blowout_(well_drilling).txt

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+Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)
+
+Uncontrolled release of crude oil and/or natural gas from a well
+The Lucas Gusher at
+Spindletop
+,
+Texas
+(1901)
+A
+blowout
+is the uncontrolled release of
+crude oil
+and/or
+natural gas
+from an
+oil well
+or
+gas well
+after pressure control systems have failed.
+[
+1
+]
+Modern wells have
+blowout preventers
+intended to prevent such an occurrence. An accidental spark during a blowout can lead to a catastrophic
+oil or gas fire
+.
+Prior to the advent of pressure control equipment in the 1920s, the uncontrolled release of oil and gas from a well while drilling was common and was known as an
+oil gusher
+,
+gusher
+or
+wild well
+.
+History
+[
+edit
+]
+Gushers were an icon of
+oil exploration
+during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During that era, the simple drilling techniques, such as
+cable-tool drilling
+, and the lack of
+blowout preventers
+meant that drillers could not control high-pressure reservoirs. When these high-pressure zones were breached, the oil or natural gas would travel up the well at a high rate, forcing out the drill string and creating a gusher. A well which began as a gusher was said to have "blown in": for instance, the
+Lakeview Gusher
+blew in
+in 1910. These uncapped wells could produce large amounts of oil, often shooting 200 feet (61 m) or higher into the air.
+[
+2
+]
+A blowout primarily composed of natural gas was known as a
+gas gusher
+.
+Despite being symbols of new-found wealth, gushers were dangerous and wasteful. They killed workmen involved in drilling, destroyed equipment, and coated the landscape with thousands of
+barrels
+of oil; additionally, the explosive concussion released by the well when it pierces an oil/gas reservoir has been responsible for a number of oilmen losing their hearing entirely; standing too near to the drilling rig at the moment it drills into the oil reservoir is extremely hazardous. The impact on wildlife is very hard to quantify, but can only be estimated to be mild in the most optimistic models—realistically, the ecological impact is estimated by scientists across the ideological spectrum to be severe, profound, and lasting.
+[
+3
+]
+To complicate matters further, the free flowing oil was—and is—in danger of igniting.
+[
+4
+]
+One dramatic account of a blowout and fire reads,
+With a roar like a hundred express trains racing across the countryside, the well blew out, spewing oil in all directions. The derrick simply evaporated. Casings wilted like lettuce out of water, as heavy machinery writhed and twisted into grotesque shapes in the blazing inferno.
+[
+5
+]
+The development of rotary drilling techniques where the density of the
+drilling fluid
+is sufficient to overcome the downhole pressure
+[
+definition needed
+]
+of a newly penetrated zone meant that gushers became avoidable. However, if the fluid density was not adequate or fluids were lost to the formation, then there was still a significant risk of a well blowout.
+In 1924 the first successful
+blowout preventer
+was brought to market.
+[
+6
+]
+The BOP valve affixed to the
+wellhead
+could be closed in the event of drilling into a high pressure zone, and the well fluids contained.
+Well control
+techniques could be used to regain control of the well. As the technology developed, blowout preventers became standard equipment, and gushers became a thing of the past.
+In the modern petroleum industry, uncontrollable wells became known as blowouts and are comparatively rare. There has been significant improvement in technology, well control techniques, and personnel training which has helped to prevent their occurring.
+[
+1
+]
+From 1976 to 1981, only 21 blowouts occurred.
+[
+1
+]
+Notable gushers
+[
+edit
+]
+A blowout in 1815 resulted from an attempt to drill for salt rather than for oil. Joseph Eichar and his team were digging west of the town of
+Wooster, Ohio
+, US along Killbuck Creek, when they struck oil. In a written retelling by Eichar's daughter, Eleanor, the strike produced "a spontaneous outburst, which shot up high as the tops of the highest trees!"
+[
+7
+]
+Oil drillers struck a number of gushers near
+Oil City, Pennsylvania
+, US in 1861. The most famous was the
+Little & Merrick well
+, in
+Rouseville
+, which began gushing oil on 17 April 1861. The spectacle of the fountain of oil flowing out at about 3,000 barrels (480 m
+3
+) per day had drawn a significant crowd, some of whom stood in the raining oil. That same evening, the rig caught fire, killing between 15 and 19 people, and injuring at least 13 more.
+[
+8
+]
+[
+9
+]
+[
+10
+]
+Other early gushers in northwest Pennsylvania were the
+Phillips #2
+(4,000 barrels (640 m
+3
+) per day) in September 1861, and the
+Woodford well
+(3,000 barrels (480 m
+3
+) per day) in December 1861.
+[
+10
+]
+The
+Shaw Gusher
+in
+Oil Springs, Ontario
+, was Canada's first oil gusher. On January 16, 1862, it shot oil from over 60 metres (200 ft) below ground to above the treetops at a rate of 3,000 barrels (480 m
+3
+) per day, triggering the oil boom in Lambton County.
+[
+11
+]
+Lucas Gusher
+at
+Spindletop
+in
+Beaumont, Texas
+, US in 1901 flowed at 100,000 barrels (16,000 m
+3
+) per day at its peak, but soon slowed and was capped within nine days. The well tripled U.S. oil production overnight and marked the start of the Texas oil industry.
+[
+12
+]
+[
+13
+]
+Masjed Soleiman
+,
+Iran
+, in 1908 marked the first major oil strike recorded in the
+Middle East
+.
+[
+14
+]
+Dos Bocas
+in the State of Veracruz, Mexico, was a famous 1908 Mexican blowout that formed a large crater. It leaked oil from the main reservoir for many years, continuing even after 1938 (when
+Pemex
+nationalized the Mexican oil industry).
+Lakeview Gusher
+on the
+Midway-Sunset Oil Field
+in
+Kern County, California
+, US of 1910 is believed to be the largest-ever U.S. gusher. At its peak, more than 100,000 barrels (16,000 m
+3
+) of oil per day flowed out, reaching as high as 200 feet (61 m) in the air. It remained uncapped for 18 months, spilling over 9 million barrels (1,400,000 m
+3
+) of oil, less than half of which was recovered.
+[
+2
+]
+A short-lived gusher at
+Alamitos #1
+in
+Signal Hill, California
+, US in 1921 marked the discovery of the
+Long Beach Oil Field
+, one of the most productive oil fields in the world.
+[
+15
+]
+The
+Barroso 2
+well in
+Cabimas
+,
+Venezuela
+, in December 1922 flowed at around 100,000 barrels (16,000 m
+3
+) per day for nine days, plus a large amount of natural gas.
+[
+16
+]
+Baba Gurgur
+near
+Kirkuk
+,
+Iraq
+, an oilfield known since
+antiquity
+, erupted at a rate of 95,000 barrels (15,100 m
+3
+) a day in 1927.
+[
+17
+]
+The Yates #30-A in Pecos County, Texas, US gushing 80 feet through the fifteen-inch casing, produced a world record 204,682 barrels of oil a day from a depth of 1,070 feet on 23 September 1929.
+[
+18
+]
+The
+Wild Mary Sudik
+gusher in
+Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
+, US in 1930 flowed at a rate of 72,000 barrels (11,400 m
+3
+) per day.
+[
+19
+]
+The
+Daisy Bradford
+gusher in 1930 marked the discovery of the
+East Texas Oil Field
+, the largest oilfield in the
+contiguous United States
+.
+[
+20
+]
+The largest known '
+wildcat
+' oil gusher blew near
+Qom
+, Iran, on 26 August 1956. The uncontrolled oil gushed to a height of 52 m (171 ft), at a rate of 120,000 barrels (19,000 m
+3
+) per day. The gusher was closed after 90 days' work by Bagher Mostofi and
+Myron Kinley
+(USA).
+[
+21
+]
+On October 17, 1982, a sour gas well Amoco Dome Brazeau River, 13-12-48-12, being drilled 20 km west of Lodgepole, Alberta blew out. The burning well was finally capped 67 days later by the Texas well-control company
+Boots & Coots
+.
+One of the most troublesome gushers happened on 23 June 1985, at well #37 at the
+Tengiz field
+in
+Atyrau
+,
+Kazakh SSR
+,
+Soviet Union
+, where the 4,209-metre deep well blew out and the 200-metre high gusher self-ignited two days later. Oil pressure up to 800
+atm
+and high
+hydrogen sulfide
+content had led to the gusher being capped only on 27 July 1986. The total volume of erupted material measured at 4.3 million metric tons of oil and 1.7 billion m³ of
+natural gas
+, and the burning gusher resulted in 890 tons of various
+mercaptans
+and more than 900,000 tons of
+soot
+released into the atmosphere.
+[
+22
+]
+Deepwater Horizon explosion
+: The largest
+underwater
+blowout in U.S. history occurred on 20 April 2010, in the
+Gulf of Mexico
+at the
+Macondo Prospect
+oil field. The blowout caused the explosion of the
+Deepwater Horizon
+, a mobile offshore drilling platform owned by
+Transocean
+and under lease to
+BP
+at the time of the blowout. While
+the exact volume of oil spilled
+is unknown, as of June 3, 2010
+[update]
+, the
+United States Geological Survey
+Flow Rate Technical Group has placed the estimate at between 35,000 to 60,000 barrels (5,600 to 9,500 m
+3
+) of crude oil per day.
+[
+23
+]
+[
+needs update
+]
+Causes
+[
+edit
+]
+Reservoir pressure
+[
+edit
+]
+See also:
+Petroleum formation
+A petroleum trap. An irregularity (the
+trap
+) in a layer of impermeable rocks (the
+seal
+) retains upward-flowing petroleum, forming a reservoir.
+Petroleum
+or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of
+hydrocarbons
+of various molecular weights, and other organic compounds, found in
+geologic formations
+beneath the Earth's surface. Because most hydrocarbons are lighter than rock or water, they often migrate upward and occasionally laterally through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as reservoirs) by impermeable rocks above. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an oil field forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping. The downhole pressure
+[
+definition needed
+]
+in the rock structures changes depending upon the depth and the characteristics of the
+source rock
+.
+Natural gas
+(mostly
+methane
+) may be present also, usually above the oil within the reservoir, but sometimes dissolved in the oil at reservoir pressure and temperature. Dissolved gas typically comes out of solution as free gas as the pressure is reduced either under controlled production operations or in a kick, or in an uncontrolled blowout. The hydrocarbon in some reservoirs may be essentially all natural gas.
+Formation kick
+[
+edit
+]
+The downhole fluid pressures are controlled in modern wells through the balancing of the
+hydrostatic pressure
+provided by the
+mud
+column. Should the balance of the drilling mud pressure be incorrect (i.e., the mud pressure gradient is less than the formation pore pressure gradient), then formation fluids (oil, natural gas, and/or water) can begin to flow into the wellbore and up the annulus (the space between the outside of the
+drill string
+and the wall of the open hole or the inside of the
+casing
+), and/or inside the
+drill pipe
+. This is commonly called a
+kick
+. Ideally, mechanical barriers such as
+blowout preventers
+(BOPs) can be closed to isolate the well while the hydrostatic balance is regained through circulation of fluids in the well. But if the well is not shut in (common term for the closing of the blow-out preventer), a kick can quickly escalate into a blowout when the formation fluids reach the surface, especially when the influx contains gas that expands rapidly with the reduced pressure as it flows up the wellbore, further decreasing the effective weight of the fluid.
+Early warning signs of an impending well kick while drilling are:
+Sudden change in drilling rate;
+Reduction in drillpipe weight;
+Change in pump pressure;
+Change in drilling fluid return rate.
+Other warning signs during the drilling operation are:
+Returning mud "cut" by (i.e., contaminated by) gas, oil or water;
+Connection gases, high background gas units, and high bottoms-up gas units detected in the mudlogging unit.
+[
+24
+]
+The primary means of detecting a kick while drilling is a relative change in the circulation rate back up to the surface into the mud pits. The drilling crew or mud engineer keeps track of the level in the mud pits and closely monitors the rate of mud returns versus the rate that is being pumped down the drill pipe. Upon encountering a zone of higher pressure than is being exerted by the hydrostatic head of the drilling mud (including the small additional frictional head while circulating) at the bit, an increase in mud return rate would be noticed as the formation fluid influx blends in with the circulating drilling mud. Conversely, if the rate of returns is slower than expected, it means that a certain amount of the mud is being lost to a thief zone somewhere below the last
+casing shoe
+. This does not necessarily result in a kick (and may never become one); however, a drop in the mud level might allow influx of formation fluids from other zones if the hydrostatic head is reduced to less than that of a full column of mud.
+[
+citation needed
+]
+Well control
+[
+edit
+]
+The first response to detecting a kick would be to isolate the wellbore from the surface by activating the blow-out preventers and closing in the well. Then the drilling crew would attempt to circulate in a heavier
+kill fluid
+to increase the hydrostatic pressure (sometimes with the assistance of a
+well control
+company). In the process, the influx fluids will be slowly circulated out in a controlled manner, taking care not to allow any gas to accelerate up the wellbore too quickly by controlling casing pressure with chokes on a predetermined schedule.
+This effect will be minor if the influx fluid is mainly salt water. And with an oil-based drilling fluid it can be masked in the early stages of controlling a kick because gas influx may dissolve into the oil under pressure at depth, only to come out of solution and expand rather rapidly as the influx nears the surface. Once all the contaminant has been circulated out, the shut-in casing pressure should have reached zero.
+[
+citation needed
+]
+Capping stacks are used for controlling blowouts. The cap is an open valve that is closed after bolted on.
+[
+25
+]
+Types
+[
+edit
+]
+Ixtoc I
+oil well blowout
+Well blowouts can occur during the drilling phase, during
+well testing
+, during well
+completion
+, during production, or during
+workover
+activities.
+[
+1
+]
+Surface blowouts
+[
+edit
+]
+Blowouts can eject the
+drill string
+out of the well, and the force of the escaping fluid can be strong enough to damage the
+drilling rig
+. In addition to oil, the output of a well blowout might include natural gas, water, drilling fluid, mud, sand, rocks, and other substances.
+Blowouts will often be ignited from sparks from rocks being ejected, or simply from heat generated by friction. A well control company then will need to extinguish the well fire or cap the well, and replace the casing head and other surface equipment. If the flowing gas contains poisonous
+hydrogen sulfide
+, the oil operator might decide to ignite the stream to convert this to less hazardous substances.
+[
+citation needed
+]
+Sometimes blowouts can be so forceful that they cannot be directly brought under control from the surface, particularly if there is so much energy in the flowing zone that it does not deplete significantly over time. In such cases, other wells (called
+relief wells
+) may be drilled to intersect the well or pocket, in order to allow kill-weight fluids to be introduced at depth. When first drilled in the 1930s relief wells were drilled to inject water into the main drill well hole.
+[
+26
+]
+Contrary to what might be inferred from the term, such wells generally are not used to help relieve pressure using multiple outlets from the blowout zone.
+Subsea blowouts
+[
+edit
+]
+Macondo-1 well blowout on the Deepwater Horizon rig
+, 21 April 2010
+The two main causes of a subsea blowout are equipment failures and imbalances with encountered subsurface reservoir pressure.
+[
+27
+]
+Subsea
+wells have pressure control equipment located on the seabed or between the riser pipe and drilling platform.
+Blowout preventers
+(BOPs) are the primary safety devices designed to maintain control of geologically driven well pressures. They contain hydraulic-powered cut-off mechanisms to stop the flow of hydrocarbons in the event of a loss of well control.
+[
+28
+]
+Even with blowout prevention equipment and processes in place, operators must be prepared to respond to a blowout should one occur. Before drilling a well, a detailed well construction design plan, an Oil Spill Response Plan as well as a Well Containment Plan must be submitted, reviewed and approved by BSEE and is contingent upon access to adequate well containment resources in accordance to NTL 2010-N10.
+[
+29
+]
+The
+Deepwater Horizon well blowout
+in the Gulf of Mexico in April 2010 occurred at a 5,000 feet (1,500 m) water depth.
+[
+30
+]
+Current blowout response capabilities in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico meet capture and process rates of 130,000 barrels of fluid per day and a gas handling capacity of 220 million cubic feet per day at depths through 10,000 feet.
+[
+31
+]
+Underground blowouts
+[
+edit
+]
+An underground blowout is a special situation where fluids from high pressure zones flow uncontrolled to lower pressure zones within the wellbore. Usually this is from deeper higher pressure zones to shallower lower pressure formations. There may be no escaping fluid flow at the wellhead. However, the formation(s) receiving the influx can become overpressured, a possibility that future drilling plans in the vicinity must consider.
+[
+citation needed
+]
+Blowout control companies
+[
+edit
+]
+Myron M. Kinley
+was a pioneer in fighting oil well fires and blowouts. He developed many patents and designs for the tools and techniques of oil firefighting. His father, Karl T. Kinley, attempted to extinguish an oil well fire with the help of a massive explosion—a method still in common use for fighting oil fires. Myron and Karl Kinley first successfully used explosives to extinguish an oil well fire in 1913.
+[
+32
+]
+Kinley would later form the M. M. Kinley Company in 1923.
+[
+32
+]
+Asger "Boots" Hansen and Edward Owen "Coots" Matthews also begin their careers under Kinley.
+Paul N. "Red" Adair
+joined the M. M. Kinley Company in 1946, and worked 14 years with Myron Kinley before starting his own company, Red Adair Co., Inc., in 1959.
+Red Adair Co. has helped in controlling offshore blowouts, including:
+CATCO fire
+in the
+Gulf of Mexico
+in 1959.
+"The
+Devil's Cigarette Lighter
+" in 1962 in
+Gassi Touil
+, Algeria, in the
+Sahara Desert
+.
+The
+Ixtoc I oil spill
+in Mexico's
+Bay of Campeche
+in 1979.
+The
+Piper Alpha
+disaster in the
+North Sea
+in 1988.
+The
+Kuwaiti oil fires
+following the
+Gulf War
+in 1991.
+[
+33
+]
+The 1968 American film
+Hellfighters
+, which starred John Wayne, is about a group of oil well firefighters, based loosely on Adair's life; Adair, Hansen, and Matthews served as technical advisors on the film.
+In 1994, Adair retired and sold his company to Global Industries. Management of Adair's company left and created
+International Well Control
+(IWC). In 1997, they would buy the company
+Boots & Coots International Well Control, Inc.
+, which was founded by Hansen and Matthews in 1978.
+Methods of quenching
+[
+edit
+]
+Subsea well containment
+[
+edit
+]
+Government Accountability Office
+diagram showing subsea well containment operations
+After the
+Macondo-1 blowout on the Deepwater Horizon
+, the offshore industry collaborated with government regulators to develop a framework to respond to future subsea incidents. As a result, all energy companies operating in the deep-water U.S. Gulf of Mexico must submit an OPA 90 required Oil Spill Response Plan with the addition of a Regional Containment Demonstration Plan prior to any drilling activity.
+[
+34
+]
+In the event of a subsea blowout, these plans are immediately activated, drawing on some of the equipment and processes effectively used to contain the Deepwater Horizon well as others that have been developed in its aftermath.
+In order to regain control of a subsea well, the Responsible Party would first secure the safety of all personnel on board the rig and then begin a detailed evaluation of the incident site.
+Remotely operated underwater vehicles
+(ROVs) would be dispatched to inspect the condition of the wellhead,
+blowout preventer
+(BOP) and other subsea well equipment. The debris removal process would begin immediately to provide clear access for a capping stack.
+Once lowered and latched on the wellhead, a capping stack uses stored hydraulic pressure to close a hydraulic ram and stop the flow of hydrocarbons.
+[
+35
+]
+If shutting in the well could introduce unstable geological conditions in the wellbore, a cap and flow procedure would be used to contain hydrocarbons and safely transport them to a surface vessel.
+[
+36
+]
+The Responsible Party works in collaboration with
+BSEE
+and the
+United States Coast Guard
+to oversee response efforts, including source control, recovering discharged oil and mitigating environmental impact.
+[
+37
+]
+Several not-for-profit organizations provide a solution to effectively contain a subsea blowout.
+HWCG LLC
+and
+Marine Well Containment Company
+operate within the U.S. Gulf of Mexico
+[
+38
+]
+waters, while cooperatives like Oil Spill Response Limited offer support for international operations.
+Use of nuclear explosions
+[
+edit
+]
+On Sep. 30, 1966, the
+Soviet Union
+experienced blowouts on five natural gas wells in
+Urtabulak gas field
+, an area about 80 kilometers from
+Bukhara
+,
+Uzbekistan
+. It was claimed in
+Komsomloskaya Pravda
+that after years of burning uncontrollably they were able to stop them entirely.
+[
+39
+]
+The Soviets lowered a specially made 30 kiloton nuclear
+physics package
+into a 6-kilometre (20,000 ft) borehole drilled 25 to 50 metres (82 to 164 ft) away from the original (rapidly leaking) well. A nuclear explosive was deemed necessary because conventional explosives both lacked the necessary power and would also require a great deal more space underground. When the device was detonated, it crushed the original pipe that was carrying the gas from the deep reservoir to the surface and
+vitrified
+the surrounding rock. This caused the leak and fire at the surface to cease within approximately one minute of the explosion, and proved to be a permanent solution.   An attempt on a similar well was not as successful. Other tests were for such experiments as oil extraction enhancement (Stavropol, 1969) and the creation of gas storage reservoirs (Orenburg, 1970).
+[
+40
+]
+Notable offshore well blowouts
+[
+edit
+]
+Data from industry information.
+[
+1
+]
+[
+41
+]
+See also
+[
+edit
+]
+Drilling fluid
+Drilling rig
+List of oil spills
+Oil platform
+Oil well
+Oil well control
+Oil well fire
+Petroleum geology
+Underbalanced drilling
+References
+[
+edit
+]
+^
+a
+b
+c
+d
+e
+'All About Blowout', R. Westergaard, Norwegian Oil Review, 1987
+ISBN
+82-991533-0-1
+^
+a
+b
+"www.sjgs.com"
+. www.sjgs.com.
+Archived
+from the original on 2006-10-19
+. Retrieved
+2016-01-30
+.
+^
+Walsh, Bryan (2010-05-19).
+"Gulf Oil Spill: Scientists Escalate Environmental Warnings"
+.
+Time
+. Archived from
+the original
+on June 29, 2010
+. Retrieved
+June 30,
+2010
+.
+^
+"Hughes McKie Oil Well Explosion"
+. Rootsweb.com. 1923-05-08.
+Archived
+from the original on 2008-02-25
+. Retrieved
+2016-01-30
+.
+^
+"Ending Oil Gushers – BOP |"
+. Aoghs.org.
+Archived
+from the original on 2016-01-31
+. Retrieved
+2016-01-30
+.
+^
+"Engineering History"
+. Asme.org. 1905-03-10.
+Archived
+from the original on 2010-12-26
+. Retrieved
+2016-01-30
+.
+^
+Douglass, Ben (1878).
+"Chapter XVI"
+.
+History of Wayne County, Ohio, from the Days of the First Settlers to the Present Time
+. Indianapolis, Ind.: Robert Douglass, publisher. pp.
+233–
+235.
+OCLC
+4721800
+. Retrieved
+2013-07-16
+.
+One of the greatest obstacles they met with when boring was the striking a strong vein of oil, a spontaneous outburst, which shot up high as the tops of the highest trees!
+^
+Scruggs, Michael H. (1 April 2010).
+"The First Oil Well Fire"
+.
+Penn State University PA Center for the Book
+.
+Archived
+from the original on 14 June 2025
+. Retrieved
+18 November
+2025
+.
+^
+Miller, Ernest C. (1960).
+"A History of Henry R. Rouse (Originally Published in the Warren-Times Observer)"
+(PDF)
+.
+The Rouse Foundation
+.
+Archived
+(PDF)
+from the original on 11 Feb 2025
+. Retrieved
+18 November
+2025
+.
+^
+a
+b
+Taylor, Frank H. (1884).
+The Derrick's Handbook of Petroleum
+. Oil City, Pennsylvania: Derrick Publishing Company. pp.
+20–
+24.
+^
+"The Shaw Gusher"
+. The Village of Oil Springs. Archived from
+the original
+on 2009-12-06
+. Retrieved
+2011-02-23
+.
+^
+"www.sjgs.com"
+. www.sjgs.com.
+Archived
+from the original on 2016-02-02
+. Retrieved
+2016-01-30
+.
+^
+Wooster, Robert; Sanders, Christine Moor:
+Spindletop Oilfield
+from the
+Handbook of Texas
+Online
+.  Retrieved October 18, 2009., Texas State Historical Association
+^
+Ian Ellis.
+"May 26 – Today in Science History – Scientists born on May 26th, died, and events"
+. Todayinsci.com.
+Archived
+from the original on 2015-05-29
+. Retrieved
+2016-01-30
+.
+^
+"The City of Signal Hill – Official Web Site"
+. Archived from
+the original
+on 2007-09-29
+. Retrieved
+2010-05-18
+.
+^
+http://www.propuestas.reacciun.ve/Servidor_Tematico_Petroleo/documentos_articulos6.html#petroleo7
+[
+permanent dead link
+]
+^
+"Paragraphs"
+. Archived from
+the original
+on 2009-05-24
+. Retrieved
+2010-05-18
+.
+^
+Rundell, Walter.p (1982).
+Oil in West Texas and New Mexico : a pictorial history of the Permian Basin
+(1st ed.). College Station: Published for the Permian Basin Petroleum Museum Library, and Hall of Fame, Midland, Texas, by Texas A & M University Press. p. 89.
+ISBN
+0-89096-125-5
+.
+OCLC
+8110608
+.
+^
+Whipple, Tom (2005-03-15).
+"Full steam ahead for BC offshore oil drilling"
+. Energybulletin.net. Archived from
+the original
+on 2008-01-20
+. Retrieved
+2016-01-30
+.
+^
+"East Texas Oil Museum at Kilgore College – History"
+. Easttexasoilmuseum.com. 1930-10-03. Archived from
+the original
+on 2016-02-08
+. Retrieved
+2016-01-30
+.
+^
+Norris Mcwhirter; Donald McFarlan (1989).
+the Guinness Book of Records 1990
+. Guinness Publishing Ltd.
+ISBN
+978-0-85112-341-7
+.
+Archived
+from the original on 2018-05-03.
+^
+Christopher Pala (2001-10-23).
+"Kazakhstan Field's Riches Come With a Price"
+. Vol. 82, no. 715. The St. Petersburg Times. Archived from
+the original
+on 2013-12-28
+. Retrieved
+2009-10-12
+.
+^
+"Oil estimate raised to 35,000–60,000 barrels a day"
+.
+CNN
+. 2010-06-15.
+Archived
+from the original on 2010-06-16
+. Retrieved
+2010-06-15
+.
+^
+Grace, R:
+Blowout and Well Control Handbook
+, p. 42. Gulf Professional Publishing, 2003
+^
+"Blowout Control, Part 10 – Surface Intervention Methods"
+. Jwco.com.
+Archived
+from the original on 2016-02-03
+. Retrieved
+2016-01-30
+.
+^
+"Wild Oil Well Tamed by Scientific Trick"
+.
+Popular Mechanics
+. Hearst Magazines. July 3, 1934. Archived from
+the original
+on May 3, 2018 – via Google Books.
+^
+"How Does Subsea Well Containment and Incident Response Work?"
+.
+Rigzone
+.
+Archived
+from the original on 2015-04-18.
+^
+"Drilling Blowout Preventers"
+. United States Department of Labor.
+Archived
+from the original on 2015-06-30.
+^
+"NTL No. 2010-N10"
+.
+BSEE.gov
+. US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement. Archived from
+the original
+on 2015-09-30.
+^
+"Macondo Prospect, Gulf of Mexico, United States of America"
+.
+Offshore Technology
+.
+Archived
+from the original on 2012-04-26.
+^
+"HWCG Expands Capabilities to Minimize Potential Impact of a Deepwater Incident"
+.
+HWCG.org
+. Archived from
+the original
+on 2016-03-04
+. Retrieved
+2015-09-09
+.
+^
+a
+b
+Boots & Coots History Page :
+"Boots & Coots International Well Control, Inc"
+. Archived from
+the original
+on 2010-05-26
+. Retrieved
+2010-05-21
+.
+^
+"redadair.com"
+.
+www.redadair.com
+. Archived from
+the original
+on 17 July 2008
+. Retrieved
+3 May
+2018
+.
+^
+"Guidance to Owners and Operators of Offshore Facilities Seaward of the Coast Line Concerning Regional Oil Spill Response Plans (NTL No. 2012-N06)"
+(PDF)
+.
+BSEE.gov
+. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. Archived from
+the original
+(PDF)
+on 2016-03-05.
+^
+Madrid, Mauricio; Matson, Anthony (2014).
+"How Offshore Capping Stacks Work"
+(PDF)
+.
+Society of Petroleum Engineers: The Way Ahead
+.
+10
+(1).
+Archived
+(PDF)
+from the original on 2015-11-29.
+^
+"How Does Subsea Well Containment and Incident Response Work?"
+.
+Rigzone.com
+. Rigzone.
+Archived
+from the original on 2015-09-09.
+^
+"Memoranda of Agreement Between the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement and U.S. Coast Guard (MOA: OCS-03)"
+. BSEE/USCG. Archived from
+the original
+on 2015-04-25.
+^
+"Deepwater Horizon Spurs Development of Spill Prevention Systems"
+. Rigzone. April 20, 2011.
+Archived
+from the original on September 8, 2015.
+^
+"Google Translate"
+.
+Komsomoloskaya Pravda
+. 3 May 2010
+. Retrieved
+3 May
+2018
+.
+^
+CineGraphic (4 July 2009).
+"An Atomic Bomb will stop the Gulf Oil Leak"
+.
+Archived
+from the original on 7 November 2017
+. Retrieved
+3 May
+2018
+– via YouTube.
+^
+Rig disaster Website :
+"Worst Offshore Blowouts – Oil Rig Disasters – Offshore Drilling Accidents"
+. Archived from
+the original
+on 2014-12-28
+. Retrieved
+2013-04-05
+.
+^
+Oil Rig Disasters Website :
+"IXTOC I Blowout and Sedco 135F – Oil Rig Disasters – Offshore Drilling Accidents"
+. Archived from
+the original
+on 2010-12-03
+. Retrieved
+2010-05-23
+.
+^
+"Matter of Sedco, Inc., 543 F. Supp. 561 (S.D. Tex. 1982)"
+.
+justia.com
+.
+Archived
+from the original on 7 October 2017
+. Retrieved
+3 May
+2018
+.
+^
+"813 F2d 679 Incident Aboard D/b Ocean King on August Cities Service Company v. Ocean Drilling & Exploration Co Getty Oil Co"
+. OpenJurist. 1987-04-01. p. 679.
+Archived
+from the original on 2016-03-03
+. Retrieved
+2016-01-30
+.
+^
+Rig Disaster Website :
+"Santa Fe al Baz Blowout – Oil Rig Disasters – Offshore Drilling Accidents"
+. Archived from
+the original
+on 2010-12-04
+. Retrieved
+2010-05-23
+.
+^
+"Actinia Blowout – Oil Rig Disasters – Offshore Drilling Accidents"
+. Home.versatel.nl. Archived from
+the original
+on 2016-03-03
+. Retrieved
+2016-01-30
+.
+^
+Oil Rig Disasters website :
+"Ensco 51 Blowout – Oil Rig Disasters – Offshore Drilling Accidents"
+. Archived from
+the original
+on 2010-06-19
+. Retrieved
+2010-05-29
+.
+^
+Oil Rig Disasters Website :
+"Arabdrill 19 AD19 – Oil Rig Disasters – Offshore Drilling Accidents"
+. Archived from
+the original
+on 2010-12-04
+. Retrieved
+2010-09-21
+.
+^
+Oil Rig Disasters Website :
+"GSF Adriatic IV – Oil Rig Disasters – Offshore Drilling Accidents"
+. Archived from
+the original
+on 2010-12-04
+. Retrieved
+2010-05-23
+.
+^
+Usumacinta website :
+"Usumacinta and Kab 101 Blowout – Oil Rig Disasters – Offshore Drilling Accidents"
+.
+Archived
+from the original on 2014-10-11
+. Retrieved
+2014-10-11
+.
+^
+"WA oil spill 'one of Australia's worst'
+"
+.
+www.abc.net.au
+. August 24, 2009. Archived from
+the original
+on 27 August 2009.
+^
+September 2 oil rig explosion
+Archived
+2010-09-03 at the
+Wayback Machine
+, CNN
+^
+New oil rig explosion in Gulf of Mexico
+Archived
+2010-09-05 at the
+Wayback Machine
+WFRV
+External links
+[
+edit
+]
+San Joaquin Geological Society article on famous Californian gushers
+Archived
+2016-02-02 at the
+Wayback Machine
+"Blowout Control, Part 10 – Surface Intervention Methods"
+. Retrieved
+2010-06-19
+.
+Retrieved from "
+https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blowout_(well_drilling)&oldid=1325586024
+"

knowledge_base/raw_text/wiki_Blowout_well_drilling.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,3419 @@
+Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)
+
+Uncontrolled release of crude oil and/or natural gas from a well
+
+The Lucas Gusher at
+
+Spindletop
+
+,
+
+Texas
+
+(1901)
+
+A
+
+blowout
+
+is the uncontrolled release of
+
+crude oil
+
+and/or
+
+natural gas
+
+from an
+
+oil well
+
+or
+
+gas well
+
+after pressure control systems have failed.
+
+[
+
+1
+
+]
+
+Modern wells have
+
+blowout preventers
+
+intended to prevent such an occurrence. An accidental spark during a blowout can lead to a catastrophic
+
+oil or gas fire
+
+.
+
+Prior to the advent of pressure control equipment in the 1920s, the uncontrolled release of oil and gas from a well while drilling was common and was known as an
+
+oil gusher
+
+,
+
+gusher
+
+or
+
+wild well
+
+.
+
+History
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Gushers were an icon of
+
+oil exploration
+
+during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During that era, the simple drilling techniques, such as
+
+cable-tool drilling
+
+, and the lack of
+
+blowout preventers
+
+meant that drillers could not control high-pressure reservoirs. When these high-pressure zones were breached, the oil or natural gas would travel up the well at a high rate, forcing out the drill string and creating a gusher. A well which began as a gusher was said to have "blown in": for instance, the
+
+Lakeview Gusher
+
+blew in
+
+in 1910. These uncapped wells could produce large amounts of oil, often shooting 200 feet (61 m) or higher into the air.
+
+[
+
+2
+
+]
+
+A blowout primarily composed of natural gas was known as a
+
+gas gusher
+
+.
+
+Despite being symbols of new-found wealth, gushers were dangerous and wasteful. They killed workmen involved in drilling, destroyed equipment, and coated the landscape with thousands of
+
+barrels
+
+of oil; additionally, the explosive concussion released by the well when it pierces an oil/gas reservoir has been responsible for a number of oilmen losing their hearing entirely; standing too near to the drilling rig at the moment it drills into the oil reservoir is extremely hazardous. The impact on wildlife is very hard to quantify, but can only be estimated to be mild in the most optimistic models—realistically, the ecological impact is estimated by scientists across the ideological spectrum to be severe, profound, and lasting.
+
+[
+
+3
+
+]
+
+To complicate matters further, the free flowing oil was—and is—in danger of igniting.
+
+[
+
+4
+
+]
+
+One dramatic account of a blowout and fire reads,
+
+With a roar like a hundred express trains racing across the countryside, the well blew out, spewing oil in all directions. The derrick simply evaporated. Casings wilted like lettuce out of water, as heavy machinery writhed and twisted into grotesque shapes in the blazing inferno.
+
+[
+
+5
+
+]
+
+The development of rotary drilling techniques where the density of the
+
+drilling fluid
+
+is sufficient to overcome the downhole pressure
+
+[
+
+definition needed
+
+]
+
+of a newly penetrated zone meant that gushers became avoidable. However, if the fluid density was not adequate or fluids were lost to the formation, then there was still a significant risk of a well blowout.
+
+In 1924 the first successful
+
+blowout preventer
+
+was brought to market.
+
+[
+
+6
+
+]
+
+The BOP valve affixed to the
+
+wellhead
+
+could be closed in the event of drilling into a high pressure zone, and the well fluids contained.
+
+Well control
+
+techniques could be used to regain control of the well. As the technology developed, blowout preventers became standard equipment, and gushers became a thing of the past.
+
+In the modern petroleum industry, uncontrollable wells became known as blowouts and are comparatively rare. There has been significant improvement in technology, well control techniques, and personnel training which has helped to prevent their occurring.
+
+[
+
+1
+
+]
+
+From 1976 to 1981, only 21 blowouts occurred.
+
+[
+
+1
+
+]
+
+Notable gushers
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+A blowout in 1815 resulted from an attempt to drill for salt rather than for oil. Joseph Eichar and his team were digging west of the town of
+
+Wooster, Ohio
+
+, US along Killbuck Creek, when they struck oil. In a written retelling by Eichar's daughter, Eleanor, the strike produced "a spontaneous outburst, which shot up high as the tops of the highest trees!"
+
+[
+
+7
+
+]
+
+Oil drillers struck a number of gushers near
+
+Oil City, Pennsylvania
+
+, US in 1861. The most famous was the
+
+Little & Merrick well
+
+, in
+
+Rouseville
+
+, which began gushing oil on 17 April 1861. The spectacle of the fountain of oil flowing out at about 3,000 barrels (480 m
+
+3
+
+) per day had drawn a significant crowd, some of whom stood in the raining oil. That same evening, the rig caught fire, killing between 15 and 19 people, and injuring at least 13 more.
+
+[
+
+8
+
+]
+
+[
+
+9
+
+]
+
+[
+
+10
+
+]
+
+Other early gushers in northwest Pennsylvania were the
+
+Phillips #2
+
+(4,000 barrels (640 m
+
+3
+
+) per day) in September 1861, and the
+
+Woodford well
+
+(3,000 barrels (480 m
+
+3
+
+) per day) in December 1861.
+
+[
+
+10
+
+]
+
+The
+
+Shaw Gusher
+
+in
+
+Oil Springs, Ontario
+
+, was Canada's first oil gusher. On January 16, 1862, it shot oil from over 60 metres (200 ft) below ground to above the treetops at a rate of 3,000 barrels (480 m
+
+3
+
+) per day, triggering the oil boom in Lambton County.
+
+[
+
+11
+
+]
+
+Lucas Gusher
+
+at
+
+Spindletop
+
+in
+
+Beaumont, Texas
+
+, US in 1901 flowed at 100,000 barrels (16,000 m
+
+3
+
+) per day at its peak, but soon slowed and was capped within nine days. The well tripled U.S. oil production overnight and marked the start of the Texas oil industry.
+
+[
+
+12
+
+]
+
+[
+
+13
+
+]
+
+Masjed Soleiman
+
+,
+
+Iran
+
+, in 1908 marked the first major oil strike recorded in the
+
+Middle East
+
+.
+
+[
+
+14
+
+]
+
+Dos Bocas
+
+in the State of Veracruz, Mexico, was a famous 1908 Mexican blowout that formed a large crater. It leaked oil from the main reservoir for many years, continuing even after 1938 (when
+
+Pemex
+
+nationalized the Mexican oil industry).
+
+Lakeview Gusher
+
+on the
+
+Midway-Sunset Oil Field
+
+in
+
+Kern County, California
+
+, US of 1910 is believed to be the largest-ever U.S. gusher. At its peak, more than 100,000 barrels (16,000 m
+
+3
+
+) of oil per day flowed out, reaching as high as 200 feet (61 m) in the air. It remained uncapped for 18 months, spilling over 9 million barrels (1,400,000 m
+
+3
+
+) of oil, less than half of which was recovered.
+
+[
+
+2
+
+]
+
+A short-lived gusher at
+
+Alamitos #1
+
+in
+
+Signal Hill, California
+
+, US in 1921 marked the discovery of the
+
+Long Beach Oil Field
+
+, one of the most productive oil fields in the world.
+
+[
+
+15
+
+]
+
+The
+
+Barroso 2
+
+well in
+
+Cabimas
+
+,
+
+Venezuela
+
+, in December 1922 flowed at around 100,000 barrels (16,000 m
+
+3
+
+) per day for nine days, plus a large amount of natural gas.
+
+[
+
+16
+
+]
+
+Baba Gurgur
+
+near
+
+Kirkuk
+
+,
+
+Iraq
+
+, an oilfield known since
+
+antiquity
+
+, erupted at a rate of 95,000 barrels (15,100 m
+
+3
+
+) a day in 1927.
+
+[
+
+17
+
+]
+
+The Yates #30-A in Pecos County, Texas, US gushing 80 feet through the fifteen-inch casing, produced a world record 204,682 barrels of oil a day from a depth of 1,070 feet on 23 September 1929.
+
+[
+
+18
+
+]
+
+The
+
+Wild Mary Sudik
+
+gusher in
+
+Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
+
+, US in 1930 flowed at a rate of 72,000 barrels (11,400 m
+
+3
+
+) per day.
+
+[
+
+19
+
+]
+
+The
+
+Daisy Bradford
+
+gusher in 1930 marked the discovery of the
+
+East Texas Oil Field
+
+, the largest oilfield in the
+
+contiguous United States
+
+.
+
+[
+
+20
+
+]
+
+The largest known '
+
+wildcat
+
+' oil gusher blew near
+
+Qom
+
+, Iran, on 26 August 1956. The uncontrolled oil gushed to a height of 52 m (171 ft), at a rate of 120,000 barrels (19,000 m
+
+3
+
+) per day. The gusher was closed after 90 days' work by Bagher Mostofi and
+
+Myron Kinley
+
+(USA).
+
+[
+
+21
+
+]
+
+On October 17, 1982, a sour gas well Amoco Dome Brazeau River, 13-12-48-12, being drilled 20 km west of Lodgepole, Alberta blew out. The burning well was finally capped 67 days later by the Texas well-control company
+
+Boots & Coots
+
+.
+
+One of the most troublesome gushers happened on 23 June 1985, at well #37 at the
+
+Tengiz field
+
+in
+
+Atyrau
+
+,
+
+Kazakh SSR
+
+,
+
+Soviet Union
+
+, where the 4,209-metre deep well blew out and the 200-metre high gusher self-ignited two days later. Oil pressure up to 800
+
+atm
+
+and high
+
+hydrogen sulfide
+
+content had led to the gusher being capped only on 27 July 1986. The total volume of erupted material measured at 4.3 million metric tons of oil and 1.7 billion m³ of
+
+natural gas
+
+, and the burning gusher resulted in 890 tons of various
+
+mercaptans
+
+and more than 900,000 tons of
+
+soot
+
+released into the atmosphere.
+
+[
+
+22
+
+]
+
+Deepwater Horizon explosion
+
+: The largest
+
+underwater
+
+blowout in U.S. history occurred on 20 April 2010, in the
+
+Gulf of Mexico
+
+at the
+
+Macondo Prospect
+
+oil field. The blowout caused the explosion of the
+
+Deepwater Horizon
+
+, a mobile offshore drilling platform owned by
+
+Transocean
+
+and under lease to
+
+BP
+
+at the time of the blowout. While
+
+the exact volume of oil spilled
+
+is unknown, as of June 3, 2010
+
+[update]
+
+, the
+
+United States Geological Survey
+
+Flow Rate Technical Group has placed the estimate at between 35,000 to 60,000 barrels (5,600 to 9,500 m
+
+3
+
+) of crude oil per day.
+
+[
+
+23
+
+]
+
+[
+
+needs update
+
+]
+
+Causes
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Reservoir pressure
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+See also:
+
+Petroleum formation
+
+A petroleum trap. An irregularity (the
+
+trap
+
+) in a layer of impermeable rocks (the
+
+seal
+
+) retains upward-flowing petroleum, forming a reservoir.
+
+Petroleum
+
+or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of
+
+hydrocarbons
+
+of various molecular weights, and other organic compounds, found in
+
+geologic formations
+
+beneath the Earth's surface. Because most hydrocarbons are lighter than rock or water, they often migrate upward and occasionally laterally through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as reservoirs) by impermeable rocks above. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an oil field forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping. The downhole pressure
+
+[
+
+definition needed
+
+]
+
+in the rock structures changes depending upon the depth and the characteristics of the
+
+source rock
+
+.
+
+Natural gas
+
+(mostly
+
+methane
+
+) may be present also, usually above the oil within the reservoir, but sometimes dissolved in the oil at reservoir pressure and temperature. Dissolved gas typically comes out of solution as free gas as the pressure is reduced either under controlled production operations or in a kick, or in an uncontrolled blowout. The hydrocarbon in some reservoirs may be essentially all natural gas.
+
+Formation kick
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+The downhole fluid pressures are controlled in modern wells through the balancing of the
+
+hydrostatic pressure
+
+provided by the
+
+mud
+
+column. Should the balance of the drilling mud pressure be incorrect (i.e., the mud pressure gradient is less than the formation pore pressure gradient), then formation fluids (oil, natural gas, and/or water) can begin to flow into the wellbore and up the annulus (the space between the outside of the
+
+drill string
+
+and the wall of the open hole or the inside of the
+
+casing
+
+), and/or inside the
+
+drill pipe
+
+. This is commonly called a
+
+kick
+
+. Ideally, mechanical barriers such as
+
+blowout preventers
+
+(BOPs) can be closed to isolate the well while the hydrostatic balance is regained through circulation of fluids in the well. But if the well is not shut in (common term for the closing of the blow-out preventer), a kick can quickly escalate into a blowout when the formation fluids reach the surface, especially when the influx contains gas that expands rapidly with the reduced pressure as it flows up the wellbore, further decreasing the effective weight of the fluid.
+
+Early warning signs of an impending well kick while drilling are:
+
+Sudden change in drilling rate;
+
+Reduction in drillpipe weight;
+
+Change in pump pressure;
+
+Change in drilling fluid return rate.
+
+Other warning signs during the drilling operation are:
+
+Returning mud "cut" by (i.e., contaminated by) gas, oil or water;
+
+Connection gases, high background gas units, and high bottoms-up gas units detected in the mudlogging unit.
+
+[
+
+24
+
+]
+
+The primary means of detecting a kick while drilling is a relative change in the circulation rate back up to the surface into the mud pits. The drilling crew or mud engineer keeps track of the level in the mud pits and closely monitors the rate of mud returns versus the rate that is being pumped down the drill pipe. Upon encountering a zone of higher pressure than is being exerted by the hydrostatic head of the drilling mud (including the small additional frictional head while circulating) at the bit, an increase in mud return rate would be noticed as the formation fluid influx blends in with the circulating drilling mud. Conversely, if the rate of returns is slower than expected, it means that a certain amount of the mud is being lost to a thief zone somewhere below the last
+
+casing shoe
+
+. This does not necessarily result in a kick (and may never become one); however, a drop in the mud level might allow influx of formation fluids from other zones if the hydrostatic head is reduced to less than that of a full column of mud.
+
+[
+
+citation needed
+
+]
+
+Well control
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+The first response to detecting a kick would be to isolate the wellbore from the surface by activating the blow-out preventers and closing in the well. Then the drilling crew would attempt to circulate in a heavier
+
+kill fluid
+
+to increase the hydrostatic pressure (sometimes with the assistance of a
+
+well control
+
+company). In the process, the influx fluids will be slowly circulated out in a controlled manner, taking care not to allow any gas to accelerate up the wellbore too quickly by controlling casing pressure with chokes on a predetermined schedule.
+
+This effect will be minor if the influx fluid is mainly salt water. And with an oil-based drilling fluid it can be masked in the early stages of controlling a kick because gas influx may dissolve into the oil under pressure at depth, only to come out of solution and expand rather rapidly as the influx nears the surface. Once all the contaminant has been circulated out, the shut-in casing pressure should have reached zero.
+
+[
+
+citation needed
+
+]
+
+Capping stacks are used for controlling blowouts. The cap is an open valve that is closed after bolted on.
+
+[
+
+25
+
+]
+
+Types
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Ixtoc I
+
+oil well blowout
+
+Well blowouts can occur during the drilling phase, during
+
+well testing
+
+, during well
+
+completion
+
+, during production, or during
+
+workover
+
+activities.
+
+[
+
+1
+
+]
+
+Surface blowouts
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Blowouts can eject the
+
+drill string
+
+out of the well, and the force of the escaping fluid can be strong enough to damage the
+
+drilling rig
+
+. In addition to oil, the output of a well blowout might include natural gas, water, drilling fluid, mud, sand, rocks, and other substances.
+
+Blowouts will often be ignited from sparks from rocks being ejected, or simply from heat generated by friction. A well control company then will need to extinguish the well fire or cap the well, and replace the casing head and other surface equipment. If the flowing gas contains poisonous
+
+hydrogen sulfide
+
+, the oil operator might decide to ignite the stream to convert this to less hazardous substances.
+
+[
+
+citation needed
+
+]
+
+Sometimes blowouts can be so forceful that they cannot be directly brought under control from the surface, particularly if there is so much energy in the flowing zone that it does not deplete significantly over time. In such cases, other wells (called
+
+relief wells
+
+) may be drilled to intersect the well or pocket, in order to allow kill-weight fluids to be introduced at depth. When first drilled in the 1930s relief wells were drilled to inject water into the main drill well hole.
+
+[
+
+26
+
+]
+
+Contrary to what might be inferred from the term, such wells generally are not used to help relieve pressure using multiple outlets from the blowout zone.
+
+Subsea blowouts
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Macondo-1 well blowout on the Deepwater Horizon rig
+
+, 21 April 2010
+
+The two main causes of a subsea blowout are equipment failures and imbalances with encountered subsurface reservoir pressure.
+
+[
+
+27
+
+]
+
+Subsea
+
+wells have pressure control equipment located on the seabed or between the riser pipe and drilling platform.
+
+Blowout preventers
+
+(BOPs) are the primary safety devices designed to maintain control of geologically driven well pressures. They contain hydraulic-powered cut-off mechanisms to stop the flow of hydrocarbons in the event of a loss of well control.
+
+[
+
+28
+
+]
+
+Even with blowout prevention equipment and processes in place, operators must be prepared to respond to a blowout should one occur. Before drilling a well, a detailed well construction design plan, an Oil Spill Response Plan as well as a Well Containment Plan must be submitted, reviewed and approved by BSEE and is contingent upon access to adequate well containment resources in accordance to NTL 2010-N10.
+
+[
+
+29
+
+]
+
+The
+
+Deepwater Horizon well blowout
+
+in the Gulf of Mexico in April 2010 occurred at a 5,000 feet (1,500 m) water depth.
+
+[
+
+30
+
+]
+
+Current blowout response capabilities in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico meet capture and process rates of 130,000 barrels of fluid per day and a gas handling capacity of 220 million cubic feet per day at depths through 10,000 feet.
+
+[
+
+31
+
+]
+
+Underground blowouts
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+An underground blowout is a special situation where fluids from high pressure zones flow uncontrolled to lower pressure zones within the wellbore. Usually this is from deeper higher pressure zones to shallower lower pressure formations. There may be no escaping fluid flow at the wellhead. However, the formation(s) receiving the influx can become overpressured, a possibility that future drilling plans in the vicinity must consider.
+
+[
+
+citation needed
+
+]
+
+Blowout control companies
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Myron M. Kinley
+
+was a pioneer in fighting oil well fires and blowouts. He developed many patents and designs for the tools and techniques of oil firefighting. His father, Karl T. Kinley, attempted to extinguish an oil well fire with the help of a massive explosion—a method still in common use for fighting oil fires. Myron and Karl Kinley first successfully used explosives to extinguish an oil well fire in 1913.
+
+[
+
+32
+
+]
+
+Kinley would later form the M. M. Kinley Company in 1923.
+
+[
+
+32
+
+]
+
+Asger "Boots" Hansen and Edward Owen "Coots" Matthews also begin their careers under Kinley.
+
+Paul N. "Red" Adair
+
+joined the M. M. Kinley Company in 1946, and worked 14 years with Myron Kinley before starting his own company, Red Adair Co., Inc., in 1959.
+
+Red Adair Co. has helped in controlling offshore blowouts, including:
+
+CATCO fire
+
+in the
+
+Gulf of Mexico
+
+in 1959.
+
+"The
+
+Devil's Cigarette Lighter
+
+" in 1962 in
+
+Gassi Touil
+
+, Algeria, in the
+
+Sahara Desert
+
+.
+
+The
+
+Ixtoc I oil spill
+
+in Mexico's
+
+Bay of Campeche
+
+in 1979.
+
+The
+
+Piper Alpha
+
+disaster in the
+
+North Sea
+
+in 1988.
+
+The
+
+Kuwaiti oil fires
+
+following the
+
+Gulf War
+
+in 1991.
+
+[
+
+33
+
+]
+
+The 1968 American film
+
+Hellfighters
+
+, which starred John Wayne, is about a group of oil well firefighters, based loosely on Adair's life; Adair, Hansen, and Matthews served as technical advisors on the film.
+
+In 1994, Adair retired and sold his company to Global Industries. Management of Adair's company left and created
+
+International Well Control
+
+(IWC). In 1997, they would buy the company
+
+Boots & Coots International Well Control, Inc.
+
+, which was founded by Hansen and Matthews in 1978.
+
+Methods of quenching
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Subsea well containment
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Government Accountability Office
+
+diagram showing subsea well containment operations
+
+After the
+
+Macondo-1 blowout on the Deepwater Horizon
+
+, the offshore industry collaborated with government regulators to develop a framework to respond to future subsea incidents. As a result, all energy companies operating in the deep-water U.S. Gulf of Mexico must submit an OPA 90 required Oil Spill Response Plan with the addition of a Regional Containment Demonstration Plan prior to any drilling activity.
+
+[
+
+34
+
+]
+
+In the event of a subsea blowout, these plans are immediately activated, drawing on some of the equipment and processes effectively used to contain the Deepwater Horizon well as others that have been developed in its aftermath.
+
+In order to regain control of a subsea well, the Responsible Party would first secure the safety of all personnel on board the rig and then begin a detailed evaluation of the incident site.
+
+Remotely operated underwater vehicles
+
+(ROVs) would be dispatched to inspect the condition of the wellhead,
+
+blowout preventer
+
+(BOP) and other subsea well equipment. The debris removal process would begin immediately to provide clear access for a capping stack.
+
+Once lowered and latched on the wellhead, a capping stack uses stored hydraulic pressure to close a hydraulic ram and stop the flow of hydrocarbons.
+
+[
+
+35
+
+]
+
+If shutting in the well could introduce unstable geological conditions in the wellbore, a cap and flow procedure would be used to contain hydrocarbons and safely transport them to a surface vessel.
+
+[
+
+36
+
+]
+
+The Responsible Party works in collaboration with
+
+BSEE
+
+and the
+
+United States Coast Guard
+
+to oversee response efforts, including source control, recovering discharged oil and mitigating environmental impact.
+
+[
+
+37
+
+]
+
+Several not-for-profit organizations provide a solution to effectively contain a subsea blowout.
+
+HWCG LLC
+
+and
+
+Marine Well Containment Company
+
+operate within the U.S. Gulf of Mexico
+
+[
+
+38
+
+]
+
+waters, while cooperatives like Oil Spill Response Limited offer support for international operations.
+
+Use of nuclear explosions
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+On Sep. 30, 1966, the
+
+Soviet Union
+
+experienced blowouts on five natural gas wells in
+
+Urtabulak gas field
+
+, an area about 80 kilometers from
+
+Bukhara
+
+,
+
+Uzbekistan
+
+. It was claimed in
+
+Komsomloskaya Pravda
+
+that after years of burning uncontrollably they were able to stop them entirely.
+
+[
+
+39
+
+]
+
+The Soviets lowered a specially made 30 kiloton nuclear
+
+physics package
+
+into a 6-kilometre (20,000 ft) borehole drilled 25 to 50 metres (82 to 164 ft) away from the original (rapidly leaking) well. A nuclear explosive was deemed necessary because conventional explosives both lacked the necessary power and would also require a great deal more space underground. When the device was detonated, it crushed the original pipe that was carrying the gas from the deep reservoir to the surface and
+
+vitrified
+
+the surrounding rock. This caused the leak and fire at the surface to cease within approximately one minute of the explosion, and proved to be a permanent solution.   An attempt on a similar well was not as successful. Other tests were for such experiments as oil extraction enhancement (Stavropol, 1969) and the creation of gas storage reservoirs (Orenburg, 1970).
+
+[
+
+40
+
+]
+
+Notable offshore well blowouts
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Data from industry information.
+
+[
+
+1
+
+]
+
+[
+
+41
+
+]
+
+Year
+
+Rig Name
+
+Rig Owner
+
+Type
+
+Damage / details
+
+1955
+
+S-44
+
+Chevron Corporation
+
+Sub Recessed pontoons
+
+Blowout and fire. Returned to service.
+
+1959
+
+C. T. Thornton
+
+Reading & Bates
+
+Jackup
+
+Blowout and fire damage.
+
+1964
+
+C. P. Baker
+
+Reading & Bates
+
+Drill barge
+
+Blowout in Gulf of Mexico, vessel capsized, 22 killed.
+
+1965
+
+Trion
+
+Royal Dutch Shell
+
+Jackup
+
+Destroyed by blowout.
+
+1965
+
+Paguro
+
+SNAM
+
+Jackup
+
+Destroyed by blowout and fire.
+
+1968
+
+Little Bob
+
+Coral
+
+Jackup
+
+Blowout and fire, killed 7.
+
+1969
+
+Wodeco III
+
+Floor drilling
+
+Drilling barge
+
+Blowout
+
+1969
+
+Sedco 135G
+
+Sedco Inc
+
+Semi-submersible
+
+Blowout damage
+
+1969
+
+Rimrick Tidelands
+
+ODECO
+
+Submersible
+
+Blowout in Gulf of Mexico
+
+1970
+
+Stormdrill III
+
+Storm Drilling
+
+Jackup
+
+Blowout and fire damage.
+
+1970
+
+Discoverer III
+
+Offshore Co.
+
+Drillship
+
+Blowout (S. China Seas)
+
+1971
+
+Big John
+
+Atwood Oceanics
+
+Drill barge
+
+Blowout and fire.
+
+1971
+
+Wodeco II
+
+Floor Drilling
+
+Drill barge
+
+Blowout and fire off Peru, 7 killed.
+
+[
+
+citation needed
+
+]
+
+1972
+
+J. Storm II
+
+Marine Drilling Co.
+
+Jackup
+
+Blowout in Gulf of Mexico
+
+1972
+
+M. G. Hulme
+
+Reading & Bates
+
+Jackup
+
+Blowout and capsize in Java Sea.
+
+1972
+
+Rig 20
+
+Transworld Drilling
+
+Jackup
+
+Blowout in Gulf of Martaban.
+
+1973
+
+Mariner I
+
+Santa Fe Drilling
+
+Semi-sub
+
+Blowout off Trinidad, 3 killed.
+
+1975
+
+Mariner II
+
+Santa Fe Drilling
+
+Semi-submersible
+
+Lost BOP during blowout.
+
+1975
+
+J. Storm II
+
+Marine Drilling Co.
+
+Jackup
+
+Blowout in Gulf of Mexico.
+
+[
+
+citation needed
+
+]
+
+1976
+
+Petrobras III
+
+Petrobras
+
+Jackup
+
+No info.
+
+1976
+
+W. D. Kent
+
+Reading & Bates
+
+Jackup
+
+Damage while drilling relief well.
+
+[
+
+citation needed
+
+]
+
+1977
+
+Maersk Explorer
+
+Maersk Drilling
+
+Jackup
+
+Blowout and fire in North Sea
+
+[
+
+citation needed
+
+]
+
+1977
+
+Ekofisk Bravo
+
+Phillips Petroleum
+
+Platform
+
+Blowout during well workover.
+
+[
+
+42
+
+]
+
+1978
+
+Scan Bay
+
+Scan Drilling
+
+Jackup
+
+Blowout and fire in the Persion Gulf.
+
+[
+
+citation needed
+
+]
+
+1979
+
+Salenergy II
+
+Salen Offshore
+
+Jackup
+
+Blowout in Gulf of Mexico
+
+1979
+
+Sedco 135
+
+Sedco Drilling
+
+Semi-submersible
+
+Blowout and fire in Bay of Campeche
+
+Ixtoc I
+
+well.
+
+[
+
+43
+
+]
+
+1980
+
+Sedco 135C
+
+Sedco Drilling
+
+Semi-submersible
+
+Blowout and fire of Nigeria.
+
+1980
+
+Discoverer 534
+
+Offshore Co.
+
+Drillship
+
+Gas escape caught fire.
+
+[
+
+citation needed
+
+]
+
+1980
+
+Ron Tappmeyer
+
+Reading & Bates
+
+Jackup
+
+Blowout in Persian Gulf, 5 killed.
+
+[
+
+citation needed
+
+]
+
+1980
+
+Nanhai II
+
+People's Republic of China
+
+Jackup
+
+Blowout of Hainan Island.
+
+[
+
+citation needed
+
+]
+
+1980
+
+Maersk Endurer
+
+Maersk Drilling
+
+Jackup
+
+Blowout in Red Sea, 2 killed.
+
+[
+
+citation needed
+
+]
+
+1980
+
+Ocean King
+
+ODECO
+
+Jackup
+
+Blowout and fire in Gulf of Mexico, 5 killed.
+
+[
+
+44
+
+]
+
+1980
+
+Marlin 14
+
+Marlin Drilling
+
+Jackup
+
+Blowout in Gulf of Mexico
+
+[
+
+citation needed
+
+]
+
+1981
+
+Penrod 50
+
+Penrod Drilling
+
+Submersible
+
+Blowout and fire in Gulf of Mexico.
+
+[
+
+citation needed
+
+]
+
+1984
+
+Plataforma Central de Enchova
+
+Petrobras
+
+fixed platform
+
+Blowout and fire in Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 37 fatalities.
+
+1985
+
+West Vanguard
+
+Smedvig
+
+Semi-submersible
+
+Shallow gas blowout and fire in Norwegian sea, 1 fatality.
+
+1981
+
+Petromar V
+
+Petromar
+
+Drillship
+
+Gas blowout and capsize in S. China seas.
+
+[
+
+citation needed
+
+]
+
+1983
+
+Bull Run
+
+Atwood Oceanics
+
+Tender
+
+Oil and gas blowout Dubai, 3 fatalities.
+
+1988
+
+Ocean Odyssey
+
+Diamond Offshore Drilling
+
+Semi-submersible
+
+Gas blowout at
+
+BOP
+
+and fire in the UK North Sea, 1 killed.
+
+1988
+
+Plataforma Central de Enchova
+
+Petrobras
+
+fixed platform
+
+Blowout and fire in Campos Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, no fatality, platform entirely destroyed.
+
+1989
+
+Al Baz
+
+Santa Fe
+
+Jackup
+
+Shallow gas blowout and fire in Nigeria, 5 killed.
+
+[
+
+45
+
+]
+
+1993
+
+M. Naqib Khalid
+
+Naqib Co.
+
+Naqib Drilling
+
+fire and explosion. Returned to service.
+
+1993
+
+Actinia
+
+Transocean
+
+Semi-submersible
+
+Sub-sea blowout in Vietnam.
+
+[
+
+46
+
+]
+
+2001
+
+Ensco 51
+
+Ensco
+
+Jackup
+
+Gas blowout and fire, Gulf of Mexico, no casualties
+
+[
+
+47
+
+]
+
+2002
+
+Arabdrill 19
+
+Arabian Drilling Co.
+
+Jackup
+
+Structural collapse, blowout, fire and sinking.
+
+[
+
+48
+
+]
+
+2004
+
+Adriatic IV
+
+Global Santa Fe
+
+Jackup
+
+Blowout and fire at Temsah platform, Mediterranean Sea
+
+[
+
+49
+
+]
+
+2007
+
+Usumacinta
+
+PEMEX
+
+Jackup
+
+Storm forced rig to move, causing well blowout on
+
+Kab 101
+
+platform, 22 killed.
+
+[
+
+50
+
+]
+
+2009
+
+West Atlas / Montara
+
+Seadrill
+
+Jackup / Platform
+
+Blowout and fire on rig and platform in Australia.
+
+[
+
+51
+
+]
+
+2010
+
+Deepwater Horizon
+
+Transocean
+
+Semi-submersible
+
+Blowout and fire on the rig, subsea well blowout, killed 11 in explosion.
+
+2010
+
+Vermilion Block 380
+
+Mariner Energy
+
+Platform
+
+Blowout and fire, 13 survivors, 1 injured.
+
+[
+
+52
+
+]
+
+[
+
+53
+
+]
+
+2012
+
+KS Endeavour
+
+KS Energy Services
+
+Jack-Up
+
+Blowout and fire on the rig, collapsed, killed 2 in explosion.
+
+2012
+
+Elgin platform
+
+Total
+
+Platform
+
+Blowout and prolonged sour gas release, no injuries.
+
+See also
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Drilling fluid
+
+Drilling rig
+
+List of oil spills
+
+Oil platform
+
+Oil well
+
+Oil well control
+
+Oil well fire
+
+Petroleum geology
+
+Underbalanced drilling
+
+References
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+c
+
+d
+
+e
+
+'All About Blowout', R. Westergaard, Norwegian Oil Review, 1987
+
+ISBN
+
+82-991533-0-1
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+"www.sjgs.com"
+
+. www.sjgs.com.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 2006-10-19
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2016-01-30
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Walsh, Bryan (2010-05-19).
+
+"Gulf Oil Spill: Scientists Escalate Environmental Warnings"
+
+.
+
+Time
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on June 29, 2010
+
+. Retrieved
+
+June 30,
+
+2010
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Hughes McKie Oil Well Explosion"
+
+. Rootsweb.com. 1923-05-08.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 2008-02-25
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2016-01-30
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Ending Oil Gushers – BOP |"
+
+. Aoghs.org.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 2016-01-31
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2016-01-30
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Engineering History"
+
+. Asme.org. 1905-03-10.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 2010-12-26
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2016-01-30
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Douglass, Ben (1878).
+
+"Chapter XVI"
+
+.
+
+History of Wayne County, Ohio, from the Days of the First Settlers to the Present Time
+
+. Indianapolis, Ind.: Robert Douglass, publisher. pp.
+
+233–
+
+235.
+
+OCLC
+
+4721800
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2013-07-16
+
+.
+
+One of the greatest obstacles they met with when boring was the striking a strong vein of oil, a spontaneous outburst, which shot up high as the tops of the highest trees!
+
+^
+
+Scruggs, Michael H. (1 April 2010).
+
+"The First Oil Well Fire"
+
+.
+
+Penn State University PA Center for the Book
+
+.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 14 June 2025
+
+. Retrieved
+
+18 November
+
+2025
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Miller, Ernest C. (1960).
+
+"A History of Henry R. Rouse (Originally Published in the Warren-Times Observer)"
+
+(PDF)
+
+.
+
+The Rouse Foundation
+
+.
+
+Archived
+
+(PDF)
+
+from the original on 11 Feb 2025
+
+. Retrieved
+
+18 November
+
+2025
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+Taylor, Frank H. (1884).
+
+The Derrick's Handbook of Petroleum
+
+. Oil City, Pennsylvania: Derrick Publishing Company. pp.
+
+20–
+
+24.
+
+^
+
+"The Shaw Gusher"
+
+. The Village of Oil Springs. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2009-12-06
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2011-02-23
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"www.sjgs.com"
+
+. www.sjgs.com.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 2016-02-02
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2016-01-30
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Wooster, Robert; Sanders, Christine Moor:
+
+Spindletop Oilfield
+
+from the
+
+Handbook of Texas
+
+Online
+
+.  Retrieved October 18, 2009., Texas State Historical Association
+
+^
+
+Ian Ellis.
+
+"May 26 – Today in Science History – Scientists born on May 26th, died, and events"
+
+. Todayinsci.com.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 2015-05-29
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2016-01-30
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"The City of Signal Hill – Official Web Site"
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2007-09-29
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2010-05-18
+
+.
+
+^
+
+http://www.propuestas.reacciun.ve/Servidor_Tematico_Petroleo/documentos_articulos6.html#petroleo7
+
+[
+
+permanent dead link
+
+]
+
+^
+
+"Paragraphs"
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2009-05-24
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2010-05-18
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Rundell, Walter.p (1982).
+
+Oil in West Texas and New Mexico : a pictorial history of the Permian Basin
+
+(1st ed.). College Station: Published for the Permian Basin Petroleum Museum Library, and Hall of Fame, Midland, Texas, by Texas A & M University Press. p. 89.
+
+ISBN
+
+0-89096-125-5
+
+.
+
+OCLC
+
+8110608
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Whipple, Tom (2005-03-15).
+
+"Full steam ahead for BC offshore oil drilling"
+
+. Energybulletin.net. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2008-01-20
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2016-01-30
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"East Texas Oil Museum at Kilgore College – History"
+
+. Easttexasoilmuseum.com. 1930-10-03. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2016-02-08
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2016-01-30
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Norris Mcwhirter; Donald McFarlan (1989).
+
+the Guinness Book of Records 1990
+
+. Guinness Publishing Ltd.
+
+ISBN
+
+978-0-85112-341-7
+
+.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 2018-05-03.
+
+^
+
+Christopher Pala (2001-10-23).
+
+"Kazakhstan Field's Riches Come With a Price"
+
+. Vol. 82, no. 715. The St. Petersburg Times. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2013-12-28
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2009-10-12
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Oil estimate raised to 35,000–60,000 barrels a day"
+
+.
+
+CNN
+
+. 2010-06-15.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 2010-06-16
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2010-06-15
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Grace, R:
+
+Blowout and Well Control Handbook
+
+, p. 42. Gulf Professional Publishing, 2003
+
+^
+
+"Blowout Control, Part 10 – Surface Intervention Methods"
+
+. Jwco.com.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 2016-02-03
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2016-01-30
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Wild Oil Well Tamed by Scientific Trick"
+
+.
+
+Popular Mechanics
+
+. Hearst Magazines. July 3, 1934. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on May 3, 2018 – via Google Books.
+
+^
+
+"How Does Subsea Well Containment and Incident Response Work?"
+
+.
+
+Rigzone
+
+.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 2015-04-18.
+
+^
+
+"Drilling Blowout Preventers"
+
+. United States Department of Labor.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 2015-06-30.
+
+^
+
+"NTL No. 2010-N10"
+
+.
+
+BSEE.gov
+
+. US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2015-09-30.
+
+^
+
+"Macondo Prospect, Gulf of Mexico, United States of America"
+
+.
+
+Offshore Technology
+
+.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 2012-04-26.
+
+^
+
+"HWCG Expands Capabilities to Minimize Potential Impact of a Deepwater Incident"
+
+.
+
+HWCG.org
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2016-03-04
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2015-09-09
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+Boots & Coots History Page :
+
+"Boots & Coots International Well Control, Inc"
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2010-05-26
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2010-05-21
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"redadair.com"
+
+.
+
+www.redadair.com
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 17 July 2008
+
+. Retrieved
+
+3 May
+
+2018
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Guidance to Owners and Operators of Offshore Facilities Seaward of the Coast Line Concerning Regional Oil Spill Response Plans (NTL No. 2012-N06)"
+
+(PDF)
+
+.
+
+BSEE.gov
+
+. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+(PDF)
+
+on 2016-03-05.
+
+^
+
+Madrid, Mauricio; Matson, Anthony (2014).
+
+"How Offshore Capping Stacks Work"
+
+(PDF)
+
+.
+
+Society of Petroleum Engineers: The Way Ahead
+
+.
+
+10
+
+(1).
+
+Archived
+
+(PDF)
+
+from the original on 2015-11-29.
+
+^
+
+"How Does Subsea Well Containment and Incident Response Work?"
+
+.
+
+Rigzone.com
+
+. Rigzone.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 2015-09-09.
+
+^
+
+"Memoranda of Agreement Between the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement and U.S. Coast Guard (MOA: OCS-03)"
+
+. BSEE/USCG. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2015-04-25.
+
+^
+
+"Deepwater Horizon Spurs Development of Spill Prevention Systems"
+
+. Rigzone. April 20, 2011.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on September 8, 2015.
+
+^
+
+"Google Translate"
+
+.
+
+Komsomoloskaya Pravda
+
+. 3 May 2010
+
+. Retrieved
+
+3 May
+
+2018
+
+.
+
+^
+
+CineGraphic (4 July 2009).
+
+"An Atomic Bomb will stop the Gulf Oil Leak"
+
+.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 7 November 2017
+
+. Retrieved
+
+3 May
+
+2018
+
+– via YouTube.
+
+^
+
+Rig disaster Website :
+
+"Worst Offshore Blowouts – Oil Rig Disasters – Offshore Drilling Accidents"
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2014-12-28
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2013-04-05
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Oil Rig Disasters Website :
+
+"IXTOC I Blowout and Sedco 135F – Oil Rig Disasters – Offshore Drilling Accidents"
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2010-12-03
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2010-05-23
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Matter of Sedco, Inc., 543 F. Supp. 561 (S.D. Tex. 1982)"
+
+.
+
+justia.com
+
+.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 7 October 2017
+
+. Retrieved
+
+3 May
+
+2018
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"813 F2d 679 Incident Aboard D/b Ocean King on August Cities Service Company v. Ocean Drilling & Exploration Co Getty Oil Co"
+
+. OpenJurist. 1987-04-01. p. 679.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 2016-03-03
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2016-01-30
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Rig Disaster Website :
+
+"Santa Fe al Baz Blowout – Oil Rig Disasters – Offshore Drilling Accidents"
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2010-12-04
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2010-05-23
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Actinia Blowout – Oil Rig Disasters – Offshore Drilling Accidents"
+
+. Home.versatel.nl. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2016-03-03
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2016-01-30
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Oil Rig Disasters website :
+
+"Ensco 51 Blowout – Oil Rig Disasters – Offshore Drilling Accidents"
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2010-06-19
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2010-05-29
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Oil Rig Disasters Website :
+
+"Arabdrill 19 AD19 – Oil Rig Disasters – Offshore Drilling Accidents"
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2010-12-04
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2010-09-21
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Oil Rig Disasters Website :
+
+"GSF Adriatic IV – Oil Rig Disasters – Offshore Drilling Accidents"
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2010-12-04
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2010-05-23
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Usumacinta website :
+
+"Usumacinta and Kab 101 Blowout – Oil Rig Disasters – Offshore Drilling Accidents"
+
+.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 2014-10-11
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2014-10-11
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"WA oil spill 'one of Australia's worst'
+
+"
+
+.
+
+www.abc.net.au
+
+. August 24, 2009. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 27 August 2009.
+
+^
+
+September 2 oil rig explosion
+
+Archived
+
+2010-09-03 at the
+
+Wayback Machine
+
+, CNN
+
+^
+
+New oil rig explosion in Gulf of Mexico
+
+Archived
+
+2010-09-05 at the
+
+Wayback Machine
+
+WFRV
+
+External links
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+San Joaquin Geological Society article on famous Californian gushers
+
+Archived
+
+2016-02-02 at the
+
+Wayback Machine
+
+"Blowout Control, Part 10 – Surface Intervention Methods"
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2010-06-19
+
+.
+
+v
+
+t
+
+e
+
+Petroleum industry
+
+Petroleum
+
+Primary energy
+
+Benchmarks
+
+Argus Sour
+
+Bonny Light
+
+Brent
+
+Dubai
+
+Indian Basket
+
+Indonesian
+
+Isthmus-34 Light
+
+Japan Cocktail
+
+OPEC Reference Basket
+
+Tapis
+
+Urals
+
+West Texas Intermediate
+
+Western Canadian Select
+
+Data
+
+Natural gas
+
+Consumption
+
+Production
+
+Reserves
+
+Imports
+
+Exports
+
+Price
+
+Petroleum
+
+Consumption
+
+Production
+
+Reserves
+
+Imports
+
+Exports
+
+Posted oil price
+
+Price
+
+of gasoline and diesel
+
+Exploration
+
+Core sampling
+
+Geophysics
+
+Integrated asset modelling
+
+Petroleum engineering
+
+Reservoir simulation
+
+Reservoir modeling
+
+Petroleum geology
+
+Petrophysics
+
+Reflection seismology
+
+Seismic inversion
+
+Seismic source
+
+Drilling
+
+Blowout
+
+Completion
+
+Squeeze job
+
+Differential sticking
+
+Directional drilling
+
+Geosteering
+
+Drill stem test
+
+Drilling engineering
+
+Drilling fluid
+
+invasion
+
+Lost circulation
+
+Measurement
+
+Shale oil extraction
+
+Ljungström method
+
+Tracers
+
+Underbalanced drilling
+
+Well logging
+
+Production
+
+Petroleum fiscal regime
+
+Concessions
+
+Production sharing agreements
+
+Artificial lift
+
+Gas lift
+
+Pumpjack
+
+Submersible pump (ESP)
+
+Downstream
+
+Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
+
+Gas reinjection
+
+Steam injection
+
+Midstream
+
+Petroleum product
+
+Pipeline
+
+Refining
+
+Upstream
+
+Water injection
+
+Well intervention
+
+XT
+
+History
+
+1967 Oil Embargo
+
+1973 oil crisis
+
+1979 oil crisis
+
+1980s oil glut
+
+1990 oil price shock
+
+2000s energy crisis
+
+2010s oil glut
+
+2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
+
+Nationalization
+
+GECF
+
+OPEC
+
+Seven Sisters
+
+Standard Oil
+
+Canada
+
+France
+
+India
+
+Iraq
+
+Norway
+
+Saudi Arabia
+
+United States
+
+Venezuela
+
+Provinces
+
+and fields
+
+List of natural gas fields
+
+List of oil fields
+
+Caspian Sea
+
+Daqing Oil Field
+
+East Midlands Oil Province
+
+East Texas
+
+Gulf of Mexico
+
+Niger Delta
+
+North Sea
+
+Permian Basin
+
+Persian Gulf
+
+Prudhoe Bay
+
+Russia
+
+Venezuela
+
+Shengli Oil Field
+
+Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
+
+Other topics
+
+Abbreviations
+
+Classification
+
+sweet oil
+
+sour oil
+
+Oil shale gas
+
+Orphan wells
+
+Peak oil
+
+fossil fuel phase-out
+
+timing
+
+Petrocurrency
+
+Petrodollar recycling
+
+Petrofiction
+
+Shale band
+
+Shale gas
+
+Swing producer
+
+Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
+
+light crude
+
+heavy crude
+
+oil sands
+
+oil shale
+
+tight oil
+
+Companies and
+
+organisations
+
+Major
+
+petroleum
+
+companies
+
+Supermajors
+
+BP
+
+Chevron
+
+Eni
+
+ExxonMobil
+
+Shell
+
+TotalEnergies
+
+National oil
+
+companies
+
+Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
+
+ANCAP
+
+Bharat Petroleum
+
+China National Offshore Oil Corporation
+
+China National Petroleum Corporation
+
+Ecopetrol
+
+Equinor
+
+Gazprom
+
+Hindustan Petroleum
+
+Indian Oil Corporation
+
+Iraq National Oil Company
+
+KazMunayGas
+
+Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
+
+Lotos
+
+Naftogaz
+
+National Iranian Oil Company
+
+National Iranian South Oil Company
+
+NNPC Limited
+
+Oil & Gas Development Company
+
+Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
+
+Orlen
+
+PDVSA
+
+Pemex
+
+Pertamina
+
+Petrobangla
+
+Petrobras
+
+PetroChina
+
+Petronas
+
+Petrovietnam
+
+PTT Public Company Limited
+
+QatarEnergy
+
+Rosneft
+
+Saudi Aramco
+
+Sinopec
+
+SOCAR
+
+Sonangol
+
+Sonatrach
+
+TPAO
+
+YPF
+
+Energy trading
+
+Enron
+
+Glencore
+
+Gunvor
+
+Mercuria
+
+Naftiran Intertrade
+
+Trafigura
+
+Vitol
+
+Others
+
+APA Corporation
+
+Cenovus Energy
+
+Cepsa
+
+ConocoPhillips
+
+Devon Energy
+
+Eneos Holdings
+
+Galp Energia
+
+Hess Corporation
+
+Husky Energy
+
+Imperial Oil
+
+Lukoil
+
+Marathon Oil
+
+Marathon Petroleum
+
+Occidental Petroleum
+
+OMV
+
+Phillips 66
+
+Port Harcourt Refining Company
+
+Reliance Industries
+
+Repsol
+
+Suncor Energy
+
+Sunoco
+
+Surgutneftegas
+
+TechnipFMC
+
+TNK-BP
+
+Tullow Oil
+
+Tüpraş
+
+Valero Energy
+
+Major
+
+services
+
+companies
+
+Amec Foster Wheeler
+
+Baker Hughes
+
+Cameron International
+
+CGG
+
+CH2M
+
+Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
+
+China Oilfield Services
+
+Enbridge
+
+GE Power
+
+Halliburton
+
+Nabors Industries
+
+Naftiran Intertrade
+
+NOV Inc.
+
+Petrofac
+
+Saipem
+
+Schlumberger
+
+Snam
+
+Subsea 7
+
+TC Energy
+
+Transocean
+
+Valaris Limited
+
+Weatherford International
+
+John Wood Group
+
+Others
+
+American Petroleum Institute
+
+Canadian petroleum companies
+
+Intercontinental Exchange Futures
+
+International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
+
+International Energy Agency
+
+Society of Petroleum Engineers
+
+World Petroleum Council
+
+Category
+
+Retrieved from "
+
+https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blowout_(well_drilling)&oldid=1325586024
+
+"

knowledge_base/raw_text/wiki_Casing_(borehole).txt

@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casing_(borehole)
+
+Pipe inserted into a borehole
+Casing diameters of a borehole
+Casing diagram
+Premium gas tight connections on a casing string
+Casing
+is a large diameter
+pipe
+that is assembled and inserted into a recently drilled section of a
+borehole
+to protect and support the wellstream. The lower portion (and sometimes the entirety) is typically held in place with
+cement
+, as casing that is cemented in place aids the drilling process in several ways. Optimum design of the casing program decreases the well construction costs, enhances the efficiency of operations and also diminishes the environmental impacts. Typically, a well contains multiple intervals of casing successively placed within the previous casing run.
+Description
+[
+edit
+]
+Casing is a large diameter
+pipe
+that is assembled and inserted into a recently drilled section of a
+borehole
+. Similar to the bones of a spine protecting the spinal cord, casing is set inside the drilled borehole to protect and support the
+wellstream
+. The lower portion (and sometimes the entirety) is typically held in place with
+cement
+.
+[
+1
+]
+Deeper strings usually are not cemented all the way to the surface, so the weight of the pipe must be partially supported by a
+casing hanger
+in the
+wellhead
+.
+Casing arranged on a rack at a drilling rig in preparation for installation
+Design
+[
+edit
+]
+Optimum design of the casing program decreases the well construction costs, enhances the efficiency of operations and also diminishes the environmental impacts.
+[
+2
+]
+In the planning stages of a well, a
+drilling engineer
+, usually with input from
+geologists
+and others, will pick strategic depths at which the hole will need to be cased in order for drilling to reach the desired total depth. This decision is often based on subsurface data such as
+formation
+pressures and strengths,
+well integrity
+,
+[
+3
+]
+and is balanced against the cost objectives and desired drilling strategy.
+[
+4
+]
+With the casing set depths determined, hole sizes and casing sizes must follow. The hole drilled for each
+casing string
+must be large enough to accommodate the casing to be placed inside it, allowing room for cement between the outside of that casing and the hole. Also, subsequent bits that will continue drilling obviously must pass through existing casing strings. Thus, each casing string will have a subsequently smaller diameter. The inside diameter of the final casing string (or penultimate one in some instances of a liner completion) must accommodate the
+production tubing
+and associated hardware such as packers, gas lift mandrels and subsurface safety valves.
+Casing design for each size of designed pipes is done by calculating the worst conditions that may be faced during drilling and over the producing life of the well. Mechanical properties such as longitudinal tensile strength, and burst and collapse resistance (calculated considering biaxial effects of axial and hoop stresses), must be sufficient at various depths. Pipe of differing strengths often comprises a long casing string, which typically will have the greatest axial tension and perhaps highest internal burst pressure differentials in the upper parts, and the greatest collapsing loads deeper in the well from external pressure vs lowered internal pressure.
+Casing strings are supported by
+casing hangers
+that are set in the
+wellhead
+, which later will be topped with the
+Christmas tree
+. The lower members of the wellhead usually are installed on top of the first casing string after it has been cemented in place.
+Intervals
+[
+edit
+]
+Typically, a well contains multiple intervals of casing successively placed within the previous casing run.
+[
+4
+]
+The following casing intervals are typically used in an
+oil
+or gas well:
+Conductor casing
+Surface casing
+Intermediate casing (optional)
+Production casing
+Production liner
+The conductor casing serves as a support during drilling operations, to flowback returns during drilling and cementing of the surface casing, and to prevent collapse of the loose
+soil
+near the surface. It can normally vary from sizes such as 18 to 30 in (460 to 760 mm).
+[
+5
+]
+The purpose of surface casing is to isolate freshwater zones so that they are not contaminated during drilling and completion. Surface casing is the most strictly regulated due to these environmental concerns, which can include regulation of casing depth and cement quality. A typical size of surface casing is
+13
++
+3
+⁄
+8
+inches (340 mm).
+[
+5
+]
+Intermediate casing may be necessary on longer drilling intervals where necessary
+drilling mud
+weight to prevent blowouts may cause a
+hydrostatic pressure
+that can fracture shallower or deeper formations. Casing placement is selected so that the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid remains at a pressure level that is between formation pore pressures and fracture pressures.
+[
+6
+]
+[
+5
+]
+In order to reduce cost, a liner may be used which extends just above the shoe (bottom) of the previous casing interval and hung off downhole rather than at the surface. It may typically be 7", although many liners match the diameter of the
+production tubing
+.
+[
+5
+]
+Few wells actually produce through casing, since producing fluids can corrode
+steel
+or form deposits such as
+asphaltenes
+or
+paraffin waxes
+and the larger diameter can make flow unstable.
+Production tubing
+is therefore installed inside the last casing string and the tubing annulus is usually sealed at the bottom of the tubing by a
+packer
+. Tubing is easier to remove for maintenance, replacement, or for various types of workover operations. It is significantly lighter than casing and does not require a
+drilling rig
+to run in and out of hole; smaller "service rigs" are used for this purpose.
+Cementing
+[
+edit
+]
+Casing that is cemented in place aids the drilling process in several ways:
+[
+4
+]
+Prevents contamination of
+fresh water
+well zones.
+Prevents unstable upper formations from caving in and sticking the drill string or forming large
+caverns
+.
+Provides a strong upper foundation to allow use of high-density
+drilling fluid
+to continue drilling deeper.
+Isolates various zones, which may have different
+pressures
+or fluids, in the drilled formations from one another.
+Seals off high pressure zones from the surface, minimizing potential for a
+blowout
+.
+Prevents fluid loss into or contamination of production zones.
+Provides a smooth internal bore for installing production equipment.
+Cementing is performed by circulating a
+cement
+slurry through the inside of the casing and out into the annulus through the
+casing shoe
+at the bottom of the
+casing string
+. In order to precisely place the cement slurry at a required interval on the outside of the casing, a plug is pumped with a displacement fluid behind the cement slurry column, which "bumps" in the casing shoe and prevents further flow of fluid through the shoe. This bump can be seen at surface as a pressure spike at the cement pump. To prevent the cement from flowing back into the inside of the casing, a float collar above the casing shoe acts as a
+check valve
+and prevents fluid from flowing up through the shoe from the annulus.
+Casing Wear
+[
+edit
+]
+A prolonged, recurrent axial and rotational movement within casing would cause wear to the casing interior, with the probability of
+blowouts
+, production loss, and other hazardous and costly complications.
+The following conditions contribute to casing wear:
+Drill pipe
+weight
+Mud and additives
+RPM and ROP
+Tool joint coating
+Well path and dogleg
+The following are recommendations for preventative measures to minimize casing wear:
+Minimization of dogleg severity and expect real dogleg at least 1.5 times higher than the planned value.
+Usage of casing friendly tool joint materials.
+Minimize rotor speed and use
+downhole motor
+.
+Increase ROP.
+Select proper mud type and add lubricants to minimize wear and friction.
+Usage of drill pipe protectors.
+Usage of thick wall casing in the anticipated wear section area.
+Usage of software to reduce risks.
+Related string
+[
+edit
+]
+A slightly different
+metal
+string, called
+production tubing
+, is often used without cement inside the final casing string of a well to contain
+production fluids
+and convey them to the surface from an underground
+reservoir
+.
+References
+[
+edit
+]
+^
+"How Does Casing Work?"
+.
+www.rigzone.com
+. Archived from
+the original
+on July 5, 2018
+. Retrieved
+July 5,
+2018
+.
+^
+Fontenot, Kyle R.; Strickler, Bob; Warren, T. (2005). "Using Casing to Drill Directional Wells".
+Oilfield Review
+.
+S2CID
+16241819
+.
+^
+Wagner, R. R.; Warling, D. J.; Halal, A. S. (January 1, 1996).
+Minimum Cost Casing Design
+. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
+doi
+:
+10.2118/36448-MS
+.
+ISBN
+9781555634230
+.
+^
+a
+b
+c
+Rabia, Hussain (1986).
+Oil Well Drilling Engineering
+. springer. pp.
+185–
+243.
+ISBN
+0860106616
+.
+^
+a
+b
+c
+d
+Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Volume II: Drilling Engineering
+. Society of Petroleum Engineers. 2007. pp.
+287–
+288.
+ISBN
+978-1-55563-114-7
+.
+^
+US patent 2012174581A1
+, "Closed-Loop Systems and Methods for Geothermal Electricity Generation"
+External links
+[
+edit
+]
+Cementer
+Archived
+February 28, 2017, at the
+Wayback Machine
+Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary: Casing
+Archived
+2012-07-16 at the
+Wayback Machine
+How Does Casing Work?
+Retrieved from "
+https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casing_(borehole)&oldid=1334690151
+"

knowledge_base/raw_text/wiki_Casing_borehole.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
+Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casing_(borehole)
+
+Pipe inserted into a borehole
+
+This article
+
+needs additional citations for
+
+verification
+
+.
+
+Please help
+
+improve this article
+
+by
+
+adding citations to reliable sources
+
+. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
+
+Find sources:
+
+"Casing" borehole
+
+–
+
+news
+
+·
+
+newspapers
+
+·
+
+books
+
+·
+
+scholar
+
+·
+
+JSTOR
+
+(
+
+January 2017
+
+)
+
+(
+
+Learn how and when to remove this message
+
+)
+
+Casing diameters of a borehole
+
+Casing diagram
+
+Premium gas tight connections on a casing string
+
+Casing
+
+is a large diameter
+
+pipe
+
+that is assembled and inserted into a recently drilled section of a
+
+borehole
+
+to protect and support the wellstream. The lower portion (and sometimes the entirety) is typically held in place with
+
+cement
+
+, as casing that is cemented in place aids the drilling process in several ways. Optimum design of the casing program decreases the well construction costs, enhances the efficiency of operations and also diminishes the environmental impacts. Typically, a well contains multiple intervals of casing successively placed within the previous casing run.
+
+Description
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Casing is a large diameter
+
+pipe
+
+that is assembled and inserted into a recently drilled section of a
+
+borehole
+
+. Similar to the bones of a spine protecting the spinal cord, casing is set inside the drilled borehole to protect and support the
+
+wellstream
+
+. The lower portion (and sometimes the entirety) is typically held in place with
+
+cement
+
+.
+
+[
+
+1
+
+]
+
+Deeper strings usually are not cemented all the way to the surface, so the weight of the pipe must be partially supported by a
+
+casing hanger
+
+in the
+
+wellhead
+
+.
+
+Casing arranged on a rack at a drilling rig in preparation for installation
+
+Design
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Optimum design of the casing program decreases the well construction costs, enhances the efficiency of operations and also diminishes the environmental impacts.
+
+[
+
+2
+
+]
+
+In the planning stages of a well, a
+
+drilling engineer
+
+, usually with input from
+
+geologists
+
+and others, will pick strategic depths at which the hole will need to be cased in order for drilling to reach the desired total depth. This decision is often based on subsurface data such as
+
+formation
+
+pressures and strengths,
+
+well integrity
+
+,
+
+[
+
+3
+
+]
+
+and is balanced against the cost objectives and desired drilling strategy.
+
+[
+
+4
+
+]
+
+With the casing set depths determined, hole sizes and casing sizes must follow. The hole drilled for each
+
+casing string
+
+must be large enough to accommodate the casing to be placed inside it, allowing room for cement between the outside of that casing and the hole. Also, subsequent bits that will continue drilling obviously must pass through existing casing strings. Thus, each casing string will have a subsequently smaller diameter. The inside diameter of the final casing string (or penultimate one in some instances of a liner completion) must accommodate the
+
+production tubing
+
+and associated hardware such as packers, gas lift mandrels and subsurface safety valves.
+
+Casing design for each size of designed pipes is done by calculating the worst conditions that may be faced during drilling and over the producing life of the well. Mechanical properties such as longitudinal tensile strength, and burst and collapse resistance (calculated considering biaxial effects of axial and hoop stresses), must be sufficient at various depths. Pipe of differing strengths often comprises a long casing string, which typically will have the greatest axial tension and perhaps highest internal burst pressure differentials in the upper parts, and the greatest collapsing loads deeper in the well from external pressure vs lowered internal pressure.
+
+Casing strings are supported by
+
+casing hangers
+
+that are set in the
+
+wellhead
+
+, which later will be topped with the
+
+Christmas tree
+
+. The lower members of the wellhead usually are installed on top of the first casing string after it has been cemented in place.
+
+Intervals
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Typically, a well contains multiple intervals of casing successively placed within the previous casing run.
+
+[
+
+4
+
+]
+
+The following casing intervals are typically used in an
+
+oil
+
+or gas well:
+
+Conductor casing
+
+Surface casing
+
+Intermediate casing (optional)
+
+Production casing
+
+Production liner
+
+The conductor casing serves as a support during drilling operations, to flowback returns during drilling and cementing of the surface casing, and to prevent collapse of the loose
+
+soil
+
+near the surface. It can normally vary from sizes such as 18 to 30 in (460 to 760 mm).
+
+[
+
+5
+
+]
+
+The purpose of surface casing is to isolate freshwater zones so that they are not contaminated during drilling and completion. Surface casing is the most strictly regulated due to these environmental concerns, which can include regulation of casing depth and cement quality. A typical size of surface casing is
+
+13
+
++
+
+3
+
+⁄
+
+8
+
+inches (340 mm).
+
+[
+
+5
+
+]
+
+Intermediate casing may be necessary on longer drilling intervals where necessary
+
+drilling mud
+
+weight to prevent blowouts may cause a
+
+hydrostatic pressure
+
+that can fracture shallower or deeper formations. Casing placement is selected so that the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid remains at a pressure level that is between formation pore pressures and fracture pressures.
+
+[
+
+6
+
+]
+
+[
+
+5
+
+]
+
+In order to reduce cost, a liner may be used which extends just above the shoe (bottom) of the previous casing interval and hung off downhole rather than at the surface. It may typically be 7", although many liners match the diameter of the
+
+production tubing
+
+.
+
+[
+
+5
+
+]
+
+Few wells actually produce through casing, since producing fluids can corrode
+
+steel
+
+or form deposits such as
+
+asphaltenes
+
+or
+
+paraffin waxes
+
+and the larger diameter can make flow unstable.
+
+Production tubing
+
+is therefore installed inside the last casing string and the tubing annulus is usually sealed at the bottom of the tubing by a
+
+packer
+
+. Tubing is easier to remove for maintenance, replacement, or for various types of workover operations. It is significantly lighter than casing and does not require a
+
+drilling rig
+
+to run in and out of hole; smaller "service rigs" are used for this purpose.
+
+Cementing
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Casing that is cemented in place aids the drilling process in several ways:
+
+[
+
+4
+
+]
+
+Prevents contamination of
+
+fresh water
+
+well zones.
+
+Prevents unstable upper formations from caving in and sticking the drill string or forming large
+
+caverns
+
+.
+
+Provides a strong upper foundation to allow use of high-density
+
+drilling fluid
+
+to continue drilling deeper.
+
+Isolates various zones, which may have different
+
+pressures
+
+or fluids, in the drilled formations from one another.
+
+Seals off high pressure zones from the surface, minimizing potential for a
+
+blowout
+
+.
+
+Prevents fluid loss into or contamination of production zones.
+
+Provides a smooth internal bore for installing production equipment.
+
+Cementing is performed by circulating a
+
+cement
+
+slurry through the inside of the casing and out into the annulus through the
+
+casing shoe
+
+at the bottom of the
+
+casing string
+
+. In order to precisely place the cement slurry at a required interval on the outside of the casing, a plug is pumped with a displacement fluid behind the cement slurry column, which "bumps" in the casing shoe and prevents further flow of fluid through the shoe. This bump can be seen at surface as a pressure spike at the cement pump. To prevent the cement from flowing back into the inside of the casing, a float collar above the casing shoe acts as a
+
+check valve
+
+and prevents fluid from flowing up through the shoe from the annulus.
+
+Casing Wear
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+A prolonged, recurrent axial and rotational movement within casing would cause wear to the casing interior, with the probability of
+
+blowouts
+
+, production loss, and other hazardous and costly complications.
+
+The following conditions contribute to casing wear:
+
+Drill pipe
+
+weight
+
+Mud and additives
+
+RPM and ROP
+
+Tool joint coating
+
+Well path and dogleg
+
+The following are recommendations for preventative measures to minimize casing wear:
+
+Minimization of dogleg severity and expect real dogleg at least 1.5 times higher than the planned value.
+
+Usage of casing friendly tool joint materials.
+
+Minimize rotor speed and use
+
+downhole motor
+
+.
+
+Increase ROP.
+
+Select proper mud type and add lubricants to minimize wear and friction.
+
+Usage of drill pipe protectors.
+
+Usage of thick wall casing in the anticipated wear section area.
+
+Usage of software to reduce risks.
+
+Related string
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+A slightly different
+
+metal
+
+string, called
+
+production tubing
+
+, is often used without cement inside the final casing string of a well to contain
+
+production fluids
+
+and convey them to the surface from an underground
+
+reservoir
+
+.
+
+References
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+^
+
+"How Does Casing Work?"
+
+.
+
+www.rigzone.com
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on July 5, 2018
+
+. Retrieved
+
+July 5,
+
+2018
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Fontenot, Kyle R.; Strickler, Bob; Warren, T. (2005). "Using Casing to Drill Directional Wells".
+
+Oilfield Review
+
+.
+
+S2CID
+
+16241819
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Wagner, R. R.; Warling, D. J.; Halal, A. S. (January 1, 1996).
+
+Minimum Cost Casing Design
+
+. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
+
+doi
+
+:
+
+10.2118/36448-MS
+
+.
+
+ISBN
+
+9781555634230
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+c
+
+Rabia, Hussain (1986).
+
+Oil Well Drilling Engineering
+
+. springer. pp.
+
+185–
+
+243.
+
+ISBN
+
+0860106616
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+c
+
+d
+
+Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Volume II: Drilling Engineering
+
+. Society of Petroleum Engineers. 2007. pp.
+
+287–
+
+288.
+
+ISBN
+
+978-1-55563-114-7
+
+.
+
+^
+
+US patent 2012174581A1
+
+, "Closed-Loop Systems and Methods for Geothermal Electricity Generation"
+
+External links
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Cementer
+
+Archived
+
+February 28, 2017, at the
+
+Wayback Machine
+
+Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary: Casing
+
+Archived
+
+2012-07-16 at the
+
+Wayback Machine
+
+How Does Casing Work?
+
+Retrieved from "
+
+https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casing_(borehole)&oldid=1334690151
+
+"

knowledge_base/raw_text/wiki_Directional_drilling.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_drilling
+
+Practice of drilling non-vertical bores
+A horizontal directional drill in operation
+A structure map generated by
+contour map
+software for an 8,500-foot-deep (2,600 m) gas and
+oil reservoir
+in the Erath field,
+Vermilion Parish
+,
+Erath, Louisiana
+.   The left-to-right gap, near the top of the
+contour map
+indicates a
+fault line
+. This fault line is between the blue/green contour lines and the purple/red/yellow contour lines. The thin red circular contour line in the middle of the map indicates the top of the oil reservoir. Because gas floats above oil, the thin red contour line marks the gas/oil contact zone. Directional drilling would be used to target the gas and
+oil reservoir
+.
+Directional drilling
+(or
+slant drilling
+) is the practice of drilling non-vertical
+bores
+. It can be broken down into four main groups:
+oilfield
+directional drilling, utility installation directional drilling,
+directional boring
+(horizontal directional drilling - HDD), and surface in seam (SIS), which horizontally intersects a vertical bore target to extract
+coal bed methane
+.
+History
+[
+edit
+]
+Many prerequisites enabled this suite of technologies to become productive. Probably, the first requirement was the realization that
+oil wells
+, or
+water wells
+, do not necessarily need to be vertical. This realization was quite slow, and did not really grasp the attention of the oil industry until the late 1920s when there were several lawsuits alleging that wells drilled from a rig on one property had crossed the boundary and were penetrating a reservoir on an adjacent property.
+[
+citation needed
+]
+Initially, proxy evidence such as production changes in other wells was accepted, but such cases fueled the development of small diameter tools capable of surveying wells during drilling. Horizontal directional
+drill rigs
+are developing towards large-scale, micro-miniaturization, mechanical automation, hard stratum working, exceeding length and depth oriented monitored drilling.
+[
+1
+]
+Measuring the inclination of a
+wellbore
+(its deviation from the vertical) is comparatively simple, requiring only a pendulum. Measuring the
+azimuth
+(direction with respect to the geographic grid in which the wellbore was running from the vertical), however, was more difficult. In certain circumstances, magnetic fields could be used, but would be influenced by metalwork used inside wellbores, as well as the metalwork used in drilling equipment. The next advance was in the modification of small gyroscopic compasses by the
+Sperry Corporation
+, which was making similar compasses for aeronautical navigation. Sperry did this under contract to
+Sun Oil
+(which was involved in a lawsuit as described above), and a spin-off company "
+Sperry Sun
+" was formed, which brand continues to this day,
+[
+when?
+]
+[
+clarification needed
+]
+absorbed into
+Halliburton
+. Three components are measured at any given point in a wellbore in order to determine its position: the depth of the point along the course of the borehole (measured depth), the inclination at the point, and the magnetic azimuth at the point. These three components combined are referred to as a "survey". A series of consecutive surveys are needed to track the progress and location of a wellbore.
+Prior experience with rotary drilling had established several principles for the configuration of drilling equipment down hole ("bottom hole assembly" or "BHA") that would be prone to "drilling crooked hole" (i.e., initial accidental deviations from the vertical would be increased). Counter-experience had also given early directional drillers ("DD's") principles of BHA design and drilling practice that would help bring a crooked hole nearer the vertical.
+[
+citation needed
+]
+In 1934, H. John Eastman and Roman W. Hines of
+Long Beach, California
+, became pioneers in directional drilling when they and
+George Failing
+of
+Enid, Oklahoma
+, saved the
+Conroe, Texas
+,
+oil field
+. Failing had recently patented a portable drilling truck. He had started his company in 1931 when he mated a drilling rig to a truck and a power take-off assembly. The innovation allowed rapid drilling of a series of slanted wells. This capacity to quickly drill multiple relief wells and relieve the enormous gas pressure was critical to extinguishing the Conroe fire.
+[
+2
+]
+In a May, 1934,
+Popular Science Monthly
+article, it was stated that "Only a handful of men in the world have the strange power to make a bit, rotating a mile below ground at the end of a steel drill pipe, snake its way in a curve or around a dog-leg angle, to reach a desired objective." Eastman Whipstock, Inc., would become the world's largest directional company in 1973.
+[
+citation needed
+]
+Combined, these survey tools and BHA designs made directional drilling possible, but it was perceived as arcane. The next major advance was in the 1970s, when
+downhole
+drilling motors (aka
+mud motors
+, driven by the hydraulic power of drilling mud circulated down the drill string) became common. These allowed the drill bit to continue rotating at the cutting face at the bottom of the hole, while most of the drill pipe was held stationary. A piece of bent pipe (a "bent sub") between the stationary drill pipe and the top of the motor allowed the direction of the wellbore to be changed without needing to pull all the drill pipe out and place another whipstock. Coupled with the development of
+measurement while drilling
+tools (using
+mud pulse telemetry
+,
+networked or wired pipe
+or
+electromagnetism
+(EM) telemetry, which allows tools down hole to send directional data back to the surface without disturbing drilling operations), directional drilling became easier.
+Certain profiles cannot be easily drilled while the drill pipe is rotating. Drilling directionally with a downhole motor requires occasionally stopping rotation of the drill pipe and "sliding" the pipe through the channel as the motor cuts a curved path. "Sliding" can be difficult in some formations, and it is almost always slower and therefore more expensive than drilling while the pipe is rotating, so the ability to steer the bit while the drill pipe is rotating is desirable. Several companies have developed tools which allow directional control while rotating. These tools are referred to as
+rotary steerable systems
+(RSS). RSS technology has made access and directional control possible in previously inaccessible or uncontrollable formations.
+Benefits
+[
+edit
+]
+Wells are drilled directionally for several purposes:
+Increasing the exposed section length through the reservoir by drilling through the reservoir at an angle.
+Drilling into the reservoir where vertical access is difficult or not possible. For instance an oilfield under a town, under a lake, or underneath a difficult-to-drill formation.
+Allowing more
+wellheads
+to be grouped together on one surface location can allow fewer rig moves, less surface area disturbance, and make it easier and cheaper to complete and produce the wells. For instance, on an
+oil platform
+or jacket offshore, 40 or more wells can be grouped together. The wells will fan out from the platform into the reservoir(s) below. This concept is being applied to land wells, allowing multiple subsurface locations to be reached from one pad, reducing costs.
+Drilling along the underside of a reservoir-constraining fault allows multiple productive sands to be completed at the highest stratigraphic points.
+Drilling a "
+relief well
+" to relieve the pressure of a well producing without restraint (a "
+blowout
+"). In this scenario, another well could be drilled starting at a safe distance away from the blowout, but intersecting the troubled wellbore. Then, heavy fluid (kill fluid) is pumped into the relief wellbore to suppress the high pressure in the original wellbore causing the blowout.
+Most directional drillers are given a blue well path to follow that is predetermined by engineers and geologists before the drilling commences. When the directional driller starts the drilling process, periodic surveys are taken with a downhole instrument to provide survey data (inclination and azimuth) of the well bore.
+[
+3
+]
+These pictures are typically taken at intervals between 10 and 150 meters (33 and 492 feet), with 30 meters (98 feet) common during active changes of angle or direction, and distances of 60–100 meters (200–330 feet) being typical while "drilling ahead" (not making active changes to angle and direction). During critical angle and direction changes, especially while using a downhole motor, a
+measurement while drilling
+(MWD) tool will be added to the
+drill string
+to provide continuously updated measurements that may be used for (near) real-time adjustments.
+This data indicates if the well is following the planned path and whether the orientation of the drilling assembly is causing the well to deviate as planned. Corrections are regularly made by techniques as simple as adjusting rotation speed or the drill string weight (weight on bottom) and stiffness, as well as more complicated and time-consuming methods, such as introducing a downhole motor. Such pictures, or surveys, are plotted and maintained as an engineering and legal record describing the path of the well bore. The survey pictures taken while drilling are typically confirmed by a later survey in full of the borehole, typically using a "multi-shot camera" device.
+The multi-shot camera advances the film at time intervals so that by dropping the camera instrument in a sealed tubular housing inside the drilling string (down to just above the drilling bit) and then withdrawing the drill string at time intervals, the well may be fully surveyed at regular depth intervals (approximately every 30 meters (98 feet) being common, the typical length of 2 or 3 joints of drill pipe, known as a stand, since most drilling rigs "stand back" the pipe withdrawn from the hole at such increments, known as "stands").
+Drilling to targets far laterally from the surface location requires careful planning and design. The current record holders manage wells over 10 km (6.2 mi) away from the surface location at a true vertical depth (TVD) of only 1,600–2,600 m (5,200–8,500 ft).
+[
+4
+]
+This form of drilling can also reduce the environmental cost and scarring of the landscape. Previously, long lengths of landscape had to be removed from the surface. This is no longer required with directional drilling.
+Disadvantages
+[
+edit
+]
+Government Accountability Office
+depiction of horizontal drilling being used to cross tracts of land with differing owners
+Until the arrival of modern downhole motors and better tools to measure inclination and azimuth of the hole, directional drilling and horizontal drilling was much slower than vertical drilling due to the need to stop regularly and take time-consuming surveys, and due to slower progress in drilling itself (lower rate of penetration). These disadvantages have shrunk over time as downhole motors became more efficient and semi-continuous surveying became possible.
+What remains is a difference in operating costs: for wells with an inclination of less than 40 degrees, tools to carry out adjustments or repair work can be lowered by gravity on cable into the hole. For higher inclinations, more expensive equipment has to be mobilized to push tools down the hole.
+Another disadvantage of wells with a high inclination was that prevention of sand influx into the well was less reliable and needed higher effort. Again, this disadvantage has diminished such that, provided sand control is adequately planned, it is possible to carry it out reliably.
+Stealing oil
+[
+edit
+]
+In 1990,
+Iraq
+accused
+Kuwait
+of stealing Iraq's oil through slant drilling.
+[
+5
+]
+The
+United Nations
+redrew the border after the
+1991 Gulf war
+, which ended the seven-month
+Iraqi occupation
+of Kuwait. As part of the reconstruction, 11 new oil wells were placed among the existing 600. Some farms and an old naval base that used to be in the Iraqi side became part of Kuwait.
+[
+6
+]
+In the mid-twentieth century, a slant-drilling scandal occurred in the huge
+East Texas Oil Field
+.
+[
+7
+]
+New technologies
+[
+edit
+]
+Between 1985 and 1993, the Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory (NCEL) (now the
+Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center
+(NFESC)) of Port Hueneme, California developed controllable horizontal drilling technologies.
+[
+8
+]
+These technologies are capable of reaching 10,000–15,000 ft (3,000–4,600 m) and may reach 25,000 ft (7,600 m) when used under favorable conditions.
+[
+9
+]
+Techniques
+[
+edit
+]
+Wellbore Surveys
+[
+edit
+]
+Specialized tools determine the
+wellbore's
+deviation from vertical (inclination) and its directional orientation (azimuth). This data is vital for trajectory adjustments. These surveys are taken at regular intervals (e.g., every 30–100 meters) to track the wellbore's progress in real time. In critical sections,
+measurement while drilling (MWD)
+tools provide continuous downhole measurements for immediate directional corrections as needed. MWD uses gyroscopes, magnetometers, and accelerometers to determine borehole inclination and azimuth while the drilling is being done.
+Trajectory Control
+[
+edit
+]
+Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA)
+: The configuration of drilling equipment near the drill bit (BHA) profoundly influences drilling direction. BHAs can be tailored to promote straight drilling or induce deviations.
+Downhole Motors
+: Specialized mud motors rotate only the drill bit, allowing controlled changes in direction while the majority of the
+drill string
+remains stationary.
+Rotary Steerable Systems (RSS)
+: Advanced RSS technology enables steering even while the entire drill string is rotating, ensuring greater efficiency and control.
+See also
+[
+edit
+]
+Deviation survey
+Geosteering
+Hydraulic fracturing
+Logging while drilling
+Measurement while drilling
+Mud motor
+Mudlogger
+Rotary steerable system
+Trenchless technology
+References
+[
+edit
+]
+^
+"Development tendency of horizontal directional drilling"
+.
+DC Solid control
+. 6 June 2013.
+{{
+cite news
+}}
+:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (
+link
+)
+^
+"Technology and the "Conroe Crater"
+"
+. American Oil & Gas Historical Society
+. Retrieved
+23 September
+2014
+.
+^
+"Glossary of geo-steering terms"
+. 26 August 2010
+. Retrieved
+5 September
+2010
+.
+^
+"Maersk drills longest well at Al Shadeen"
+. The
+Gulf Times
+. 21 May 2008. Archived from
+the original
+on 14 February 2012
+. Retrieved
+5 March
+2012
+.
+^
+"How the Gulf Crisis Began and Ended (The Gulf Crisis and Japan's Foreign Policy)"
+. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
+. Retrieved
+28 January
+2014
+.
+^
+"Iraq to Reopen Embassy in Kuwait"
+.
+ABC Inc.
+4 September 2005. Archived from
+the original
+on 2 January 2014
+. Retrieved
+5 March
+2012
+.
+^
+Julia Cauble Smith (12 June 2010).
+"East Texas Oilfield"
+.
+Handbook of Texas Online
+. Texas State Historical Association
+. Retrieved
+23 September
+2014
+.
+^
+Horizontal Drilling System (HDS) Field Test Report - FY 91
+^
+"Horizontal Drilling System (HDS) Operations Theory Report"
+. Archived from
+the original
+on 31 May 2009
+. Retrieved
+31 August
+2008
+.
+External links
+[
+edit
+]
+Wikimedia Commons has media related to
+Directional drilling
+.
+"Slanted Oil Wells, Work New Marvels"
+Popular Science
+, May 1934, early article on the drilling technology
+"Technology and the Conroe Crater"
+American Oil & Gas Historical Society
+Short video explaining horizontal drilling for gas extraction from oil shale.
+(
+American Petroleum Institute
+)
+A video depicting horizontal shale drilling can be seen
+here
+.
+"Mechanical Mole Bores Crooked Wells."
+Popular Science
+, June 1942, pp. 94–95.
+The unsung masters of the oil industry
+21 July 2012
+The Economist
+Retrieved from "
+https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Directional_drilling&oldid=1303792704
+"

knowledge_base/raw_text/wiki_Drill_bit.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2301 @@
+Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_bit
+
+Type of cutting tool
+
+For the types used in drilling holes in the ground, see
+
+Well drilling
+
+.
+
+For other uses, see
+
+Drill bit (disambiguation)
+
+.
+
+This article has multiple issues.
+
+Please help
+
+improve it
+
+or discuss these issues on the
+
+talk page
+
+.
+
+(
+
+Learn how and when to remove these messages
+
+)
+
+This article's
+
+lead section
+
+contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article
+
+.
+
+If this information is appropriate for the lead, it should also be included in the article's body. Relevant discussion may be found on the
+
+talk page
+
+.
+
+(
+
+August 2023
+
+)
+
+(
+
+Learn how and when to remove this message
+
+)
+
+This article
+
+needs additional citations for
+
+verification
+
+.
+
+Please help
+
+improve this article
+
+by
+
+adding citations to reliable sources
+
+. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
+
+Find sources:
+
+"Drill bit"
+
+–
+
+news
+
+·
+
+newspapers
+
+·
+
+books
+
+·
+
+scholar
+
+·
+
+JSTOR
+
+(
+
+July 2021
+
+)
+
+(
+
+Learn how and when to remove this message
+
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+
+Learn how and when to remove this message
+
+)
+
+From top:
+
+Spade
+
+,
+
+brad point
+
+,
+
+masonry
+
+, and
+
+twist drills bits
+
+Drill bit (upper left), mounted on a pistol-grip electric
+
+drill
+
+A set of masonry drills
+
+A
+
+drill bit
+
+is a cutting tool used with a drill to remove material and create holes, typically with a circular cross-section. Drill bits are available in various sizes and shapes, designed to produce different types of holes in a wide range of materials. To function, drill bits are usually mounted in a drill, which provides the rotational force needed to cut into the workpiece. The drill will grasp the upper end of a bit called the
+
+shank
+
+in the
+
+chuck
+
+.
+
+Drills come in standardized
+
+drill bit sizes
+
+. A comprehensive
+
+drill bit and tap size chart
+
+lists
+
+metric
+
+and
+
+imperial
+
+sized drills alongside the required screw tap sizes.  There are also certain specialized drill bits that can create holes with a non-circular cross-section.
+
+[
+
+1
+
+]
+
+Characteristics
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+See also:
+
+Drill bit sizes
+
+Drill geometry has several characteristics:
+
+The
+
+spiral
+
+(or rate of twist) in the drill bit controls the rate of
+
+chip
+
+removal. A fast spiral (high twist rate or "compact flute") drill bit is used in high feed rate applications under low spindle speeds, where removal of a large volume of chips is required.  Low spiral (low twist rate or "elongated flute") drill bits are used in cutting applications where high cutting speeds are traditionally used, and where the material has a tendency to
+
+gall
+
+on the bit or otherwise clog the hole, such as
+
+aluminum
+
+or
+
+copper
+
+.
+
+The
+
+point angle
+
+, or the angle formed at the tip of the bit, is determined by the material the bit will be operating in. Harder materials require a larger point angle, and softer materials require a sharper angle. The correct point angle for the hardness of the material influences wandering, chatter, hole shape, and wear rate.
+
+The
+
+lip angle
+
+is the angle between the face of the cut material and the flank of the lip, and determines the amount of support provided to the cutting edge. A greater lip angle will cause the bit to cut more aggressively under the same amount of point pressure as a bit with a smaller lip angle. Both conditions can cause binding, wear, and eventual catastrophic failure of the tool. The proper amount of lip clearance is determined by the point angle. A very acute point angle has more web surface area presented to the work at any one time, requiring an aggressive lip angle, where a flat bit is extremely sensitive to small changes in lip angle due to the small surface area supporting the cutting edges.
+
+The
+
+functional length
+
+of a bit determines how deep a hole can be drilled, and also determines the stiffness of the bit and accuracy of the resultant hole.  While longer bits can drill deeper holes, they are more flexible meaning that the holes they drill may have an inaccurate location or wander from the intended axis. Twist drill bits are available in standard lengths, referred to as Stub-length or Screw-Machine-length (short), the extremely common
+
+Jobber-length
+
+(medium), and Taper-length or Long-Series (long).
+
+The majority of drill bits intended for consumer use are designed with straight shanks. For heavy duty drilling in industry, bits with
+
+tapered
+
+shanks are sometimes used. Other types of shank used include hex-shaped, and various proprietary quick release systems.
+
+The diameter-to-length ratio of the drill bit is usually between 1:1 and 1:10. Much higher ratios are possible (e.g., "aircraft-length" twist bits, pressured-oil
+
+gun drill bits
+
+, etc.), but the higher the ratio, the greater the technical challenge of producing good work.
+
+The best geometry to use depends upon the properties of the material being drilled. The following table lists geometries recommended for some commonly drilled materials.
+
+Tool geometry
+
+[
+
+2
+
+]
+
+Workpiece material
+
+Point angle
+
+Helix angle
+
+Lip relief angle
+
+Aluminum
+
+90–135
+
+32–48
+
+12–26
+
+Brass
+
+90–118
+
+0–20
+
+12–26
+
+Cast iron
+
+90–118
+
+24–32
+
+7–20
+
+Mild steel
+
+118–135
+
+24–32
+
+7–24
+
+Stainless steel
+
+118–135
+
+24–32
+
+7–24
+
+Plastics
+
+60–90
+
+0–20
+
+12–26
+
+Materials
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Titanium nitride
+
+coated twist bit
+
+Many different materials are used for or on drill bits, depending on the required application. Many hard materials, such as carbides, are much more brittle than steel, and are far more subject to breaking, particularly if the drill is not held at a very constant angle to the workpiece; e.g., when hand-held.
+
+Steels
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Soft
+
+low-carbon
+
+steel
+
+bits are inexpensive, but do not hold an edge well and require frequent sharpening. They are used only for drilling wood; even working with
+
+hardwoods
+
+rather than
+
+softwoods
+
+can noticeably shorten their lifespan.
+
+Bits made from
+
+high-carbon steel
+
+are more durable than low-carbon steel bits due to the properties conferred by
+
+hardening and tempering
+
+the material. If they are overheated (e.g., by frictional heating while drilling) they lose their
+
+temper
+
+, resulting in a soft cutting edge. These bits can be used on wood or metal.
+
+High-speed steel
+
+(HSS) is a form of
+
+tool steel
+
+; HSS bits are hard and much more resistant to heat than high-carbon steel. They can be used to drill metal, hardwood, and most other materials at greater cutting speeds than carbon-steel bits, and have largely replaced carbon steels.
+
+Cobalt
+
+steel
+
+alloys
+
+are variations on high-speed steel that contain more cobalt.  They hold their hardness at much higher temperatures and are used to drill
+
+stainless steel
+
+and other hard materials.  The main disadvantage of cobalt steels is that they are more brittle than standard HSS.
+
+Others
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Tungsten carbide
+
+and other
+
+carbides
+
+are extremely hard and can drill virtually all materials, while holding an edge longer than other bits. The material is expensive and much more brittle than steels; consequently they are mainly used for drill-bit tips, small pieces of hard material fixed or
+
+brazed
+
+onto the tip of a bit made of less hard metal. However, it is becoming common in job shops to use solid carbide bits. In very small sizes it is difficult to fit carbide tips; in some industries, most notably
+
+printed circuit board
+
+manufacturing, requiring many holes with diameters less than 1 mm, solid carbide bits are used.
+
+Polycrystalline diamond
+
+(PCD) is among the hardest of all tool materials and is therefore extremely resistant to wear.  It consists of a layer of diamond particles, typically about 0.5 mm (0.020 in) thick, bonded as a
+
+sintered
+
+mass to a tungsten-carbide support. Bits are fabricated using this material by either brazing small segments to the tip of the tool to form the cutting edges or by sintering PCD into a vein in the tungsten-carbide "nib".  The nib can later be brazed to a carbide shaft; it can then be ground to complex geometries that would otherwise cause braze failure in the smaller "segments". PCD bits are typically used in the automotive, aerospace, and other industries to drill abrasive aluminum alloys, carbon-fiber reinforced plastics, and other abrasive materials, and in applications where machine downtime to replace or sharpen worn bits is exceptionally costly. PCD is not used on ferrous metals due to excess wear resulting from a reaction between the carbon in the PCD and the iron in the metal.
+
+Coatings
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Diamond-coated 2 mm bits, used for drilling materials such as glass
+
+Black oxide
+
+is an inexpensive black coating. A black oxide coating provides heat resistance and lubricity, as well as corrosion resistance. The coating increases the life of high-speed steel bits.
+
+Titanium nitride
+
+(TiN) is a very hard metallic material that can be used to coat a high-speed steel bit (usually a twist bit), extending the cutting life by three or more times. Even after sharpening, the leading edge of coating still provides improved cutting and lifetime.
+
+Titanium aluminum nitride
+
+(TiAlN) is a similar coating that can extend tool life five or more times.
+
+Titanium carbon nitride (TiCN) is another coating also superior to TiN.
+
+Diamond powder is used as an abrasive, most often for cutting tile, stone, and other very hard materials. Large amounts of heat are generated by friction, and diamond-coated bits often have to be water-cooled to prevent damage to the bit or the workpiece.
+
+Zirconium nitride
+
+has been used as a drill-bit coating for some tools under the
+
+Craftsman
+
+brand name.
+
+Al-Chrome
+
+Silicon Nitride
+
+(AlCrSi/Ti)N is a multilayer coating made of alternating nanolayer, developed using
+
+chemical vapor deposition
+
+technique, is used in drilling
+
+carbon fiber reinforced polymer
+
+(CFRP) and CFRP-Ti stack. (AlCrSi/Ti)N is a superhard ceramic coating, which performs better than other coated and uncoated drill.
+
+[
+
+3
+
+]
+
+[
+
+4
+
+]
+
+BAM coating is
+
+Boron
+
+-Aluminum-
+
+Magnesium
+
+BAlMgB14 is a superhard ceramic coating also used in composite drilling.
+
+[
+
+3
+
+]
+
+[
+
+5
+
+]
+
+Universal bits
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+General-purpose drill bits can be used in wood, metal, plastic, and most other materials.
+
+Twist drill bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+The twist drill bit is the type produced in largest quantity today. It comprises a cutting point at the tip of a cylindrical shaft with helical flutes; the flutes act as an
+
+Archimedean screw
+
+and lift
+
+swarf
+
+out of the hole.
+
+The modern-style twist drill bit was invented by Sir Joseph Whitworth in 1860. They were later improved by Steven A. Morse of
+
+East Bridgewater, Massachusetts
+
+, who experimented with the pitch of the twist.
+
+[
+
+6
+
+]
+
+[
+
+7
+
+]
+
+[
+
+8
+
+]
+
+The original method of manufacture was to cut two grooves in opposite sides of a round bar, then to twist the bar (giving the tool its name) to produce the helical flutes. Nowadays, the drill bit is usually made by rotating the bar while moving it past a
+
+grinding
+
+wheel to cut the
+
+flutes
+
+in the same manner as
+
+cutting helical gears
+
+.
+
+Twist drill bits range in diameter from 0.002 to 3.5 in (0.051 to 88.900 mm)
+
+[
+
+9
+
+]
+
+and can be as long as 25.5 in (650 mm).
+
+[
+
+10
+
+]
+
+The geometry and sharpening of the cutting edges is crucial to the performance of the bit. Small bits that become blunt are often discarded because sharpening them correctly is difficult and they are cheap to replace. For larger bits, special grinding jigs are available. A special
+
+tool grinder
+
+is available for sharpening or reshaping cutting surfaces on twist drill bits in order to optimize the bit for a particular material.
+
+Manufacturers can produce special versions of the twist drill bit, varying the geometry and the materials used, to suit particular machinery and particular materials to be cut. Twist drill bits are available in the widest choice of tooling materials. However, even for industrial users, most holes are drilled with standard
+
+high-speed steel
+
+bits.
+
+A 5 mm carbide bit displaying shallow point angle
+
+The most common twist drill bit (sold in general hardware stores) has a point angle of 118 degrees, acceptable for use in wood, metal, plastic, and most other materials, although it does not perform as well as using the optimum angle for each material. In most materials it does not tend to wander or dig in.
+
+A more aggressive angle, such as 90 degrees, is suited for very soft plastics and other materials; it would wear rapidly in hard materials. Such a bit is generally self-starting and can cut very quickly. A shallower angle, such as 150 degrees, is suited for drilling steels and other tougher materials. This style of bit requires a starter hole, but does not bind or suffer premature wear so long as a suitable feed rate is used.
+
+Drill bits with no point angle are used in situations where a blind, flat-bottomed hole is required. These bits are very sensitive to changes in lip angle, and even a slight change can result in an inappropriately fast cutting drill bit that will suffer premature wear.
+
+Long series
+
+drill bits are unusually long twist drill bits. However, they are not the best tool for routinely drilling deep holes, as they require frequent withdrawal to clear the flutes of swarf and to prevent breakage of the bit. Instead,
+
+gun drill
+
+(through coolant drill) bits are preferred for deep hole drilling.
+
+Twist drill bit cutting edges
+
+Twist drill bit with
+
+Morse taper
+
+shank
+
+11
+
+⁄
+
+32
+
+in (8.7313 mm) drill bits - long-series morse, plain morse, jobber
+
+Step drill bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+A
+
+step drill bit
+
+is a drill bit that has the tip ground down to a different diameter. The transition between this ground diameter and the original diameter is either straight, to form a counterbore, or angled, to form a countersink. The advantage to this style is that both diameters have the same flute characteristics, which keeps the bit from clogging when drilling in softer materials, such as aluminum; in contrast, a drill bit with a slip-on collar does not have the same benefit. Most of these bits are custom-made for each application, which makes them more expensive.
+
+[
+
+11
+
+]
+
+Unibit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+A pair of unibits
+
+A
+
+unibit
+
+(often called a
+
+step drill bit
+
+) is a roughly
+
+conical
+
+bit with a
+
+stairstep
+
+profile.
+
+[
+
+11
+
+]
+
+Due to its design, a single bit can be used for drilling a wide range of hole sizes. Some bits come to a point and are thus self-starting. The larger-size bits have blunt tips and are used for hole enlarging.
+
+Unibits are commonly used on sheet metal
+
+[
+
+11
+
+]
+
+and in general construction.  One drill bit can drill the entire range of holes necessary on a countertop, speeding up installation of fixtures. They are often used on softer materials, such as
+
+plywood
+
+, particle board,
+
+drywall
+
+, acrylic, and laminate.  They can be used on very thin sheet metal, but metals tend to cause premature bit wear and dulling.
+
+Unibits are ideal for use in electrical work where thin steel, aluminum or plastic boxes and chassis are encountered.  The short length of the unibit and ability to vary the diameter of the finished hole is an advantage in chassis or front panel work.  The finished hole can often be made quite smooth and burr-free, especially in plastic.
+
+An additional use of unibits is deburring holes left by other bits, as the sharp increase to the next step size allows the cutting edge to scrape burrs off the entry surface of the workpiece. However, the straight flute is poor at chip ejection, and can cause a burr to be formed on the exit side of the hole, more so than a spiral twist drill bit turning at high speed.
+
+The unibit was invented by Harry C. Oakes and
+
+patented
+
+in 1973.
+
+[
+
+12
+
+]
+
+It was sold only by the Unibit Corporation in the 1980s until the patent expired, and was later sold by other companies. Unibit is a trademark of
+
+Irwin Industrial Tools
+
+.
+
+Although it is claimed that the stepped drill was invented by Harry C. Oakes it was in fact conceived by George Godbold and first produced by Bradley Engineering, Wandsworth, London in the 1960s and named the Bradrad. It was marketed under this name until the patent was sold to Halls Ltd.uk by whom it is still produced.
+
+Hole saw
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Main article:
+
+Hole saw
+
+1.25 in (32 mm) hole saw bit
+
+Hole saws take the form of a short open cylinder with saw-teeth on the open edge, used for making relatively large holes in thin material. They remove material only from the edge of the hole, cutting out an intact disc of material, unlike many drills which remove all material in the interior of the hole.  They can be used to make large holes in wood, sheet metal and other materials.
+
+For metal
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Center and spotting drill bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Center drill bits, numbers 1 to 6
+
+Center drill bits
+
+, occasionally known as Slocombe drill bits, are used in
+
+metalworking
+
+to provide a starting hole for a larger-sized drill bit or to make a conical indentation in the end of a workpiece in which to mount a
+
+lathe center
+
+. In either use, the name seems appropriate, as the bit is either establishing the
+
+center
+
+of a hole or making a conical hole for a lathe
+
+center
+
+. However, the true purpose of a center drill bit is the latter task, while the former task is best done with a
+
+spotting drill bit
+
+(as explained in detail below). Nevertheless, because of the frequent lumping together of both the terminology and the tool use, suppliers may call center drill bits
+
+combined-drill-and-countersinks
+
+in order to make it unambiguously clear what product is being ordered. They are numbered from 00 to 10 (smallest to largest).
+
+Use in making holes for lathe centers
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Center drill bits are meant to create a conical hole for "between centers" manufacturing processes (typically lathe or cylindrical-grinder work). That is, they provide a location for a (live, dead, or driven) center to locate the part about an axis. A workpiece machined between centers can be safely removed from one process (perhaps turning in a lathe) and set up in a later process (perhaps a
+
+grinding
+
+operation) with a negligible loss in the co-axiality of features (usually
+
+total indicator reading
+
+(TIR) less than 0.002 in (0.05 mm); and TIR < 0.0001 in (0.003 mm) is held in cylindrical grinding operations, as long as conditions are correct).
+
+Use in spotting hole centers
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Traditional twist drill bits may tend to wander when started on an unprepared surface. Once a bit wanders off course it is difficult to bring it back on center. A center drill bit frequently provides a reasonable starting point as it is short and therefore has a reduced tendency to wander when drilling is started.
+
+While the above is a common use of center drill bits, it is a technically incorrect practice and should not be considered for production use. The correct tool to start a traditionally drilled hole (a hole drilled by a high-speed steel (HSS) twist drill bit) is a
+
+spotting drill bit
+
+(or a
+
+spot drill bit
+
+, as they are referenced in the U.S.). The included angle of the spotting drill bit should be the same as, or greater than, the conventional drill bit so that the drill bit will then start without undue stress on the bit's corners, which would cause premature failure of the bit and a loss of hole quality.
+
+Most modern solid-carbide bits should not be used in conjunction with a spot drill bit or a center drill bit, as solid-carbide bits are specifically designed to start their own hole. Usually, spot drilling will cause premature failure of the solid-carbide bit and a certain loss of hole quality. If it is deemed necessary to
+
+chamfer
+
+a hole with a spot or center drill bit when a solid-carbide drill bit is used, it is best practice to do so after the hole is drilled.
+
+[
+
+citation needed
+
+]
+
+When drilling with a hand-held drill the flexibility of the bit is not the primary source of inaccuracy—it is the user's hands.  Therefore, for such operations, a
+
+center punch
+
+is often used to spot the hole center prior to drilling a
+
+pilot hole
+
+.
+
+Core drill bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+HSS core drills in various sizes
+
+A magnetic core drilling machine making hole with annular cutter (core drill)
+
+The term
+
+core drill bit
+
+is used for two quite different tools.
+
+Enlarging holes
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+A bit used to enlarge an existing hole is called a core drill bit. The existing hole may be the result of a
+
+core
+
+from a
+
+casting
+
+or a stamped (punched) hole.  The name comes from its first use, for drilling out the hole left by a
+
+foundry core
+
+, a cylinder placed in a mould for a casting that leaves an irregular hole in the product. This core drill bit is solid.
+
+These core drill bits are similar in appearance to
+
+reamers
+
+as they have no cutting point or means of starting a hole. They have 3 or 4 flutes which enhances the finish of the hole and ensures the bit cuts evenly. Core drill bits differ from reamers in the amount of material they are intended to remove. A reamer is only intended to enlarge a hole a slight amount which, depending on the reamers size, may be anything from 0.1 millimeter to perhaps a millimeter. A core drill bit may be used to double the size of a hole.
+
+Using an ordinary two-flute twist drill bit to enlarge the hole resulting from a casting core will not produce a clean result, the result will possibly be out of round, off center and generally of poor finish. The two fluted drill bit also has a tendency to grab on any protuberance (such as
+
+flash
+
+) which may occur in the product.
+
+Extracting core
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Main article:
+
+Annular cutter
+
+A hollow cylindrical bit which will cut a hole with an
+
+annular
+
+cross-section and leave the inner cylinder of material (the "core") intact, often removing it, is also called a core drill bit or
+
+annular cutter
+
+. Unlike other drills, the purpose is often to retrieve the core rather than simply to make a hole. A diamond core drill bit is intended to cut an annular hole in the workpiece. Large bits of similar shape are used for geological work, where a deep hole is drilled in sediment or ice and the drill bit, which now contains an intact core of the material drilled with a diameter of several centimeters, is retrieved to allow study of the
+
+strata
+
+.
+
+Countersink bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Main article:
+
+Countersink
+
+A countersink is a conical hole cut into a manufactured object; a countersink bit (sometimes called simply countersink) is the cutter used to cut such a hole. A common use is to allow the head of a bolt or screw, with a shape exactly matching the countersunk hole, to sit flush with or below the surface of the surrounding material. (By comparison, a counterbore makes a flat-bottomed hole that might be used with a hex-headed capscrew.) A countersink may also be used to remove the burr left from a drilling or tapping operation.
+
+Ejector drill bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Used almost exclusively for deep hole drilling of medium to large diameter holes (approximately
+
+3
+
+⁄
+
+4
+
+–4 in or 19–102 mm diameter). An ejector drill bit uses a specially designed carbide cutter at the point. The bit body is essentially a tube within a tube. Flushing water travels down between the two tubes. Chip removal is back through the center of the bit.
+
+Gun drill bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Main article:
+
+Gun drill
+
+Gun drills are straight fluted drills which allow
+
+cutting fluid
+
+(either compressed air or a suitable liquid) to be injected through the drill's hollow body to the cutting face.
+
+Indexable drill bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Indexable drill bits are primarily used in
+
+CNC
+
+and other high precision or production equipment, and are the most expensive type of drill bit, costing the most per diameter and length.  Like
+
+indexable lathe tools
+
+and
+
+milling cutters
+
+, they use replaceable carbide or ceramic inserts as a cutting face to alleviate the need for a tool grinder.  One insert is responsible for the outer radius of the cut, and another insert is responsible for the inner radius.  The tool itself handles the point deformity, as it is a low-wear task.  The bit is hardened and coated against wear far more than the average drill bit, as the shank is non-consumable.  Almost all indexable drill bits have multiple coolant channels for prolonged tool life under heavy usage.  They are also readily available in odd configurations, such as straight flute, fast spiral, multiflute, and a variety of cutting face geometries.
+
+Typically indexable drill bits are used in holes that are no deeper than about 5 times the bit diameter. They are capable of quite high axial loads and cut very fast.
+
+Left-hand bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+An
+
+1
+
+⁄
+
+8
+
+-inch left-hand drill bit
+
+Left-hand bits are almost always twist bits and are predominantly used in the
+
+repetition
+
+engineering industry on screw machines or drilling heads. Left-handed drill bits allow a machining operation to continue where either the spindle cannot be reversed or the design of the machine makes it more efficient to run left-handed. With the increased use of the more versatile
+
+CNC machines
+
+, their use is less common than when specialized machines were required for machining tasks.
+
+Screw extractors
+
+are essentially left-hand bits of specialized shape, used to remove common right-hand
+
+screws
+
+whose heads are broken or too damaged to allow a screwdriver tip to engage, making use of a screwdriver impossible. The extractor is pressed against the damaged head and rotated counter-clockwise and will tend to jam in the damaged head and then turn the screw counter-clockwise, unscrewing it.  For screws that break off deeper in the hole, an extractor set will often include left handed drill bits of the appropriate diameters so that grab holes can be drilled into the screws in a left handed direction, preventing further tightening of the broken piece.
+
+Metal spade bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+A spade drill bit for metal is a two part bit with a tool holder and an insertable tip, called an insert. The inserts come in various sizes that range from
+
+7
+
+⁄
+
+16
+
+to 2.5 inches (11 to 64 mm). The tool holder usually has a coolant passage running through it.
+
+[
+
+13
+
+]
+
+They are capable of cutting to a depth of about 10 times the bit diameter. This type of drill bit can also be used to make stepped holes.
+
+Straight fluted bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Straight fluted drill bits do not have a helical twist like twist drill bits do. They are used when drilling
+
+copper
+
+or
+
+brass
+
+because they have less of a tendency to "dig in" or grab the material.
+
+Trepan
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+See also:
+
+Trepanning (drilling)
+
+and
+
+Cranial drill
+
+A trepan, sometimes called a BTA drill bit (after the Boring and Trepanning Association), is a drill bit that cuts an annulus and leaves a center core. Trepans usually have multiple carbide inserts and rely on water to cool the cutting tips and to flush chips out of the hole. Trepans are often used to cut large diameters and deep holes. Typical bit diameters are 6–14 in (150–360 mm) and hole depth from 12 in (300 mm) up to 71 feet (22 m).
+
+For wood
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Brad point bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+A 10.5 mm brad point drill bit
+
+The
+
+brad point drill bit
+
+(also known as
+
+lip and spur drill bit
+
+, and
+
+dowel drill bit
+
+) is a variation of the
+
+twist drill bit
+
+which is optimized for drilling in wood.
+
+Conventional twist drill bits tend to wander when presented to a flat workpiece. For metalwork, this is countered by drilling a pilot hole with a spotting drill bit. In wood, the brad point drill bit is another solution: the center of the drill bit is given not the straight chisel of the twist drill bit, but a spur with a sharp point, and four sharp corners to cut the wood. While drilling, the sharp point of the spur pushes into the soft wood to keep the drill bit in line.
+
+Metals are typically
+
+isotropic
+
+, so even an ordinary twist drill bit will shear the edges of the hole cleanly.
+
+Wood
+
+drilled across the grain, however, produces long strands of wood fiber. These long strands tend to pull out of the hole, rather than being cleanly cut at the hole edge. The brad point drill bit has the outside corner of the cutting edges leading, so that it cuts the periphery of the hole before the inner parts of the cutting edges plane off the base of the hole. By cutting the periphery first, the lip maximizes the chance that the fibers can be cut cleanly, rather than having to be pulled messily from the timber.
+
+Brad point drill bits are also effective in soft plastic. When using conventional twist drill bits in a handheld drill, where the drilling direction is not maintained perfectly throughout the operation, there is a tendency for hole edges to be "smeared" due to side friction and heat.
+
+In metal, the brad point drill bit is confined to drilling only the thinnest and softest
+
+sheet metals
+
+, ideally with a
+
+drill press
+
+. The bits have an extremely fast cutting tool geometry: no point angle, combined with a large (considering the flat cutting edge) lip angle, causes the edges to take a very aggressive cut with relatively little point pressure. This means these bits tend to bind in metal; given a workpiece of sufficient thinness, they have a tendency to punch through and leave the bit's cross-sectional geometry behind.
+
+Brad point drill bits are ordinarily available in diameters from 3–16 mm (0.12–0.63 in).
+
+Wood spade bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Spade bits are used for rough boring in wood. They tend to cause splintering when they emerge from the workpiece. Woodworkers avoid splintering by finishing the hole from the opposite side of the work. Spade bits are flat, with a centering point and two cutters. The cutters are often equipped with spurs in an attempt to ensure a cleaner hole. With their small shank diameters relative to their boring diameters, spade bit shanks often have flats forged or ground into them to prevent slipping in drill chucks. Some bits are equipped with long shanks and have a small hole drilled through the flat part, allowing them to be used much like a
+
+bell-hanger bit
+
+. Intended for high speed use, they are used with electric hand drills. Spade bits are also sometimes referred to as "paddle bits".
+
+Spade drill bits are ordinarily available in diameters from 6 to 36 mm, or
+
+1
+
+⁄
+
+4
+
+to
+
+1
+
++
+
+1
+
+⁄
+
+2
+
+inches.
+
+Spade bits
+
+Tiny spade bit
+
+Spoon bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Spoon bits consist of a grooved shank with a point shaped somewhat like the bowl of a spoon, with the cutting edge on the end. The more common type is like a gouge bit that ends in a slight point. This is helpful for starting the hole, as it has a center that will not wander or walk. These bits are used by chair-makers for boring or reaming holes in the seats and arms of chairs. Their design is ancient, going back to Roman times. Spoon bits have even been found in Viking excavations. Modern spoon bits are made of hand-forged carbon steel, carefully heat-treated and then hand ground to a fine edge.
+
+Spoon bits are the traditional boring tools used with a brace. They should never be used with a power drill of any kind. Their key advantage over regular brace bits and power drill bits is that the angle of the hole can be adjusted. This is very important in chairmaking, because all the angles are usually eyeballed. Another advantage is that they do not have a lead screw, so they can be drilled successfully in a chair leg without having the lead screw peek out the other side.
+
+When reaming a pre-bored straight-sided hole, the spoon bit is inserted into the hole and rotated in a clockwise direction with a carpenters' brace until the desired taper is achieved. When boring into solid wood, the bit should be started in the vertical position; after a "dish" has been created and the bit has begun to "bite" into the wood, the angle of boring can be changed by tilting the brace a bit out of the vertical. Holes can be drilled precisely, cleanly and quickly in any wood, at any angle of incidence, with total control of direction and the ability to change that direction at will.
+
+Parallel spoon bits are used primarily for boring holes in the seat of a
+
+Windsor chair
+
+to take the back spindles, or similar round-tenon work when assembling furniture frames in
+
+green woodworking
+
+work.
+
+The spoon bit may be honed by using a slipstone on the inside of the cutting edge; the outside edge should never be touched.
+
+Forstner bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+25 mm (1.0 in) Forstner bit
+
+Another Forstner bit
+
+Forstner bits were patented by
+
+Benjamin Forstner
+
+in 1886.
+
+[
+
+14
+
+]
+
+They bore precise, flat-bottomed holes in wood, in any orientation with respect to the wood grain. They can cut on the edge of a block of wood, and can cut overlapping holes; for such applications they are normally used in drill presses or lathes rather than in hand-held electric drills. Because of the flat bottom of the hole, they are useful for drilling through veneer already glued to add an inlay.
+
+The bit includes a center
+
+brad point
+
+which guides it throughout the cut (and incidentally spoils the otherwise flat bottom of the hole). The cylindrical cutter around the perimeter shears the wood fibers at the edge of the bore, and also helps guide the bit into the material more precisely. Forstner bits have radial cutting edges to plane off the material at the bottom of the hole. Bits may have two or more radial edges. Forstner bits have no mechanism to clear chips from the hole, and therefore must be pulled out periodically.
+
+Sawtooth bits are also available, which include many more cutting edges to the cylinder. These cut faster, but produce a more ragged hole. They have advantages over Forstner bits when boring into
+
+end grain
+
+.
+
+Bits are commonly available in sizes from 8–50 mm (0.3–2.0 in) diameter. Sawtooth bits are available up to 100 mm (4 in) diameter.
+
+Center bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+The center bit is optimized for drilling in wood with a
+
+hand brace
+
+. Many different designs have been produced.
+
+The center of the bit is a tapered screw thread. This screws into the wood as the bit is turned, and pulls the bit into the wood. There is no need for any force to push the bit into the workpiece, only the torque to turn the bit. This is ideal for a bit for a hand tool. The radial cutting edges remove a slice of wood of thickness equal to the pitch of the central screw for each rotation of the bit. To pull the bit from the hole, either the female thread in the wood workpiece must be stripped, or the rotation of the bit must be reversed.
+
+The edge of the bit has a sharpened spur to cut the fibers of the wood, as in the brad point drill bit. A radial cutting edge planes the wood from the base of the hole. In this version, there is minimal or no spiral to remove chips from the hole. The bit must be periodically withdrawn to clear the chips.
+
+Some versions have two spurs. Some have two radial cutting edges.
+
+Center bits do not cut well in the end grain of wood. The central screw tends to pull out, or to split the wood along the grain, and the radial edges have trouble cutting through the long wood fibers.
+
+Center bits are made of relatively soft steel, and can be sharpened with a file.
+
+A 19 mm (3/4 inch) center bit, made sometime before 1950
+
+Center bit tip detail
+
+Auger bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Further information:
+
+Auger (drill)
+
+The cutting principles of the auger bit are the same as those of the center bit above. The auger adds a long deep spiral flute for effective chip removal.
+
+Two styles of auger bit are commonly used in hand braces: the
+
+Jennings
+
+or Jennings-pattern bit has a self-feeding screw tip, two spurs and two radial cutting edges. This bit has a double flute starting from the cutting edges, and extending several inches up the shank of the bit, for waste removal. This pattern of bit was developed by Russell Jennings in the mid-19th century.
+
+The
+
+Irwin
+
+or solid-center auger bit is similar, the only difference being that one of the cutting edges has only a "vestigal flute" supporting it, which extends only about
+
+1
+
+⁄
+
+2
+
+in (13 mm) up the shank before ending. The other flute continues full-length up the shank for waste removal. The Irwin bit may afford greater space for waste removal, greater strength (because the design allows for a center shank of increased size within the flutes, as compared to the Jenning bits), or smaller manufacturing costs. This style of bit was invented in 1884, and the rights sold to Charles Irwin who patented and marketed this pattern the following year.
+
+Both styles of auger bits were manufactured by several companies throughout the early- and mid-20th century, and are still available new from select sources today.
+
+The diameter of auger bits for hand braces is commonly expressed by a single number, indicating the size in 16ths of an inch. For example, #4 is 4/16 or 1/4 in (6.35 mm), #6 is 6/16 or 3/8 in (9.53 mm), #9 is 9/16 in (14,29 mm), and #16 is 16/16 or 1 in (25,4 mm). Sets commonly consist of #4-16 or #4-10 bits.
+
+The bit shown in the picture is a modern design for use in portable power tools, made in the UK in about 1995. It has a single spur, a single radial cutting edge and a single flute. Similar auger bits are made with diameters from 6 mm (3/16 in) to 30 mm (1 3/16 in). Augers up to 600 mm (2.0 ft) long are available, where the chip-clearing capability is especially valuable for drilling deep holes.
+
+20 mm (0.79 in) auger bit for wood
+
+Auger bit tip detail
+
+Gimlet bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+The gimlet bit is a very old design. The bit is the same style as that used in the
+
+gimlet
+
+, a self-contained tool for boring small holes in wood by hand. Since about 1850, gimlets have had a variety of cutter designs, but some are still produced with the original version. The gimlet bit is intended to be used in a hand brace for drilling into wood. It is the usual style of bit for use in a brace for holes below about 7 mm (0.28 in) diameter.
+
+The tip of the gimlet bit acts as a tapered screw, to draw the bit into the wood and to begin forcing aside the wood fibers, without necessarily cutting them. The cutting action occurs at the side of the broadest part of the cutter. Most drill bits cut the base of the hole. The gimlet bit cuts the side of the hole.
+
+Gimlet bit for wood, made sometime before 1950.
+
+Gimlet bit tip detail
+
+Hinge sinker bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+30 mm hinge sinker bit
+
+The hinge sinker bit is an example of a custom drill bit design for a specific application. Many European kitchen cabinets are made from
+
+particle board
+
+or
+
+medium-density fiberboard
+
+(MDF) with a laminated
+
+melamine resin
+
+veneer. Those types of
+
+pressed wood
+
+boards are not very strong, and the screws of butt
+
+hinges
+
+tend to pull out. A specialist hinge has been developed which uses the walls of a 35 mm-diameter (1.4 in) hole, bored in the particle board, for support. This is a very common and relatively successful construction method.
+
+A Forstner bit could bore the mounting hole for the hinge, but particle board and MDF are very abrasive materials, and steel cutting edges soon wear. A
+
+tungsten carbide
+
+cutter is needed, but the complex shape of a forstner bit is difficult to manufacture in carbide, so this special drill bit with a simpler shape is commonly used. It has cutting edges of tungsten carbide brazed to a steel body; a center spur keeps the bit from wandering.
+
+Adjustable wood bits
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+An adjustable wood bit meant for use in a
+
+brace
+
+An adjustable wood bit, also known as an expansive wood bit, has a small center pilot bit with an adjustable, sliding cutting edge mounted above it, usually containing a single sharp point at the outside, with a
+
+set screw
+
+to lock the cutter in position. When the cutting edge is centered on the bit, the hole drilled will be small, and when the cutting edge is slid outwards, a larger hole is drilled. This allows a single drill bit to drill a wide variety of holes, and can take the place of a large, heavy set of different size bits, as well as providing uncommon bit sizes. A
+
+ruler
+
+or
+
+vernier scale
+
+is usually provided to allow precise adjustment of the bit size.
+
+These bits are available both in a version similar to an auger bit or brace bit, designed for low speed, high torque use with a brace or other hand drill (pictured to the right), or as a high speed, low torque bit meant for a power drill. While the shape of the cutting edges is different, and one uses screw threads and the other a twist bit for the pilot, the method of adjusting them remains the same.
+
+Other materials
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Diamond core bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Main article:
+
+Diamond core drill bit
+
+The diamond masonry mortar bit is a hybrid drill bit, designed to work as a combination router and drill bit. It consists of a steel shell, with the diamonds embedded in metal segments attached to the cutting edge. These drill bits are used at relatively low speeds.
+
+Masonry drill bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+The masonry bit shown here is a variation of the twist drill bit. The bulk of the tool is a relatively soft steel, and is machined with a
+
+mill
+
+rather than ground. An insert of
+
+tungsten carbide
+
+is
+
+brazed
+
+into the steel to provide the cutting edges.
+
+Masonry bits typically are used with a
+
+hammer drill
+
+, which hammers the bit into the material being drilled as it rotates; the hammering breaks up the masonry at the drill bit tip, and the rotating flutes carry away the dust. Rotating the bit also brings the cutting edges onto a fresh portion of the hole bottom with every hammer blow.  Hammer drill bits often use special shank shapes such as the
+
+SDS
+
+type, which allows the bit to slide within the chuck when hammering, without the whole heavy chuck executing the hammering motion.
+
+Masonry bits of the style shown are commonly available in diameters from 3 mm to 40 mm. For larger diameters, core bits are used. Masonry bits up to 1,000 mm (39 in) long can be used with hand-portable power tools, and are very effective for installing wiring and plumbing in existing buildings.
+
+A
+
+star drill bit
+
+, similar in appearance and function to a hole punch or chisel, is used as a hand powered drill in conjunction with a
+
+hammer
+
+to drill into
+
+stone
+
+and
+
+masonry
+
+. A star drill bit's cutting edge consists of several blades joined at the center to form a star pattern.
+
+25×500 mm
+
+SDS-plus
+
+masonry bit
+
+Masonry bit tip
+
+Rebar resistant bit with four carbide cutters
+
+Star drill
+
+Glass drill bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Glass bits have a spade-shaped carbide point. They generate high temperatures and have a very short life. Holes are generally drilled at low speed with a succession of increasing bit sizes. Diamond drill bits can also be used to cut holes in glass, and last much longer.
+
+Ceramic drill bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Ceramic drill bits are made to drill through glazed and unglazed ceramic tiles, for instance for installing bathroom fittings.
+
+PCB through-hole drill bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+A great number of holes with small diameters of about 1 mm or less must be drilled in
+
+printed circuit boards
+
+(PCBs) used by
+
+electronic equipment
+
+with
+
+through-hole
+
+components. Most PCBs are made of highly abrasive
+
+fiberglass
+
+, which quickly wears steel bits, especially given the hundreds or thousands of holes on most circuit boards. To solve this problem, solid
+
+tungsten carbide
+
+twist bits, which drill quickly through the board while providing a moderately long life,  are almost always used. Carbide PCB bits are estimated to outlast high-speed steel bits by a factor of ten or more.  Other options sometimes used are diamond or diamond-coated bits.
+
+In industry, virtually all drilling is done by
+
+automated machines
+
+, and the bits are often automatically replaced by the equipment as they wear, as even solid carbide bits do not last long in constant use. PCB bits, of narrow diameter, typically mount in a
+
+collet
+
+rather than a
+
+chuck
+
+, and come with standard-size shanks, often with pre-installed stops to set them at an exact depth every time when being automatically chucked by the equipment.
+
+Very high rotational speeds—30,000 to 100,000
+
+RPM
+
+or even higher—are used; this translates to a reasonably fast linear speed of the cutting tip in these very small diameters. The high speed, small diameter, and the brittleness of the material, make the bits very vulnerable to breaking, particularly if the angle of the bit to the workpiece changes at all, or the bit contacts any object. Drilling by hand is not practical, and many general-purpose drilling machines designed for larger bits rotate too slowly and wobble too much to use carbide bits effectively.
+
+Resharpened and easily available PCB drills have historically been used in many prototyping and home PCB labs, using a high-speed rotary tool for small-diameter bits (such as a Moto-Tool by Dremel) in a stiff drill-press jig.  If used for other materials these tiny bits must be evaluated for equivalent cutting speed vs material resistance to the cut (hardness), as the bit's
+
+rake angle
+
+and expected feed per revolution are optimised for high-speed automated use on fiberglass PCB substrate.
+
+Two
+
+PCB
+
+drill bits
+
+A box of
+
+#76
+
+(0.02 in or 0.51 mm)
+
+PCB
+
+drill bits
+
+Installer bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Fishing bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Installer bits, also known as
+
+bell-hanger
+
+bits or
+
+fishing
+
+bits, are a type of twist drill bit for use with a hand-portable power tool. The key distinguishing feature of an installer bit is a transverse hole drilled through the web of the bit near the tip. Once the bit has penetrated a wall, a wire can be threaded through the hole and the bit pulled back out, pulling the wire with it. The wire can then be used to pull a cable or pipe back through the wall. This is especially helpful where the wall has a large cavity, where threading a
+
+fish tape
+
+could be difficult. Some installer bits have a transverse hole drilled at the shank end as well. Once a hole has been drilled, the wire can be threaded through the shank end, the bit released from the chuck, and all pulled forward through the drilled hole. These bits are made for cement, block and brick; they are not for drilling into wood. Sinclair Smith of
+
+Brooklyn, New York
+
+was issued
+
+U.S. patent 597,750
+
+for this invention on January 25, 1898.
+
+Installer bits are available in various materials and styles for drilling wood, masonry and metal.
+
+A
+
+3
+
+⁄
+
+8
+
+in × 18 in (9.5 mm × 457.2 mm) installer bit
+
+Closeup of installer bit. The fishing hole is visible in the flute in the center of the picture.
+
+Flexible shaft bit
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Another, different, bit also called an installer bit has a very long flexible shaft, typically up to 72 inches (1.8 m) long, with a small twist bit at the end. The shaft is made of
+
+spring steel
+
+instead of hardened
+
+steel
+
+, so it can be flexed while drilling without breaking. This allows the bit to be curved inside walls, for example to drill through
+
+studs
+
+from a
+
+light switch
+
+box without needing to remove any material from the wall. These bits usually come with a set of special tools to aim and flex the bit to reach the desired location and angle, although the problem of seeing where the operator is drilling still remains.
+
+This flexible installer bit is used in the US, but does not appear to be routinely available in Europe.
+
+Drill bit shank
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Main article:
+
+Drill bit shank
+
+Different shapes of shank are used. Some are simply the most appropriate for the chuck used; in other cases particular combinations of shank and chuck give performance advantages, such as allowing higher torque, greater centering accuracy, or efficient hammering action.
+
+See also
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Drill and tap size chart
+
+Drill bit shank
+
+Drill bit sizes
+
+Drill rod
+
+Endmill
+
+References
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Citations
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+^
+
+"Practical demonstration of square-hole bit, YouTube video"
+
+. Youtube.com. 18 October 2011.
+
+Archived
+
+from the original on 2021-12-12
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2014-05-10
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K.; Alting, Leo (1994),
+
+Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide
+
+, Industrial Press Inc., pp.
+
+43–
+
+48,
+
+ISBN
+
+0-8311-3049-0
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+Swan et al (September 7, 2018). "Tool Wear of Advanced Coated Tools in Drilling of CFRP." ASME. J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. November 2018; 140(11): 111018.
+
+^
+
+Nguyen, Dinh et al "Tool Wear of Superhard Ceramic Coated Tools in Drilling of CFRP/Ti stacks." Proceedings of the ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. Volume 2: Processes; Materials. Erie, Pennsylvania, USA. June 10–14, 2019. V002T03A089. ASME.
+
+^
+
+Nguyen, Dinh et al "Tool Wear of Superhard Ceramic Coated Tools in Drilling of CFRP/Ti Stacks." Proceedings of the ASME 2019 14th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. Volume 2: Processes; Materials. Erie, Pennsylvania, USA. June 10–14, 2019. V002T03A089. ASME.
+
+^
+
+Judge, Arthur W (1947).
+
+Engineering Workshop Practice
+
+(New and Revised ed.). The Caxton Publishing Company Ltd. pp. Vol i 136.
+
+^
+
+Modern machinery
+
+, vol. 5, Modern Machining Publishing Company, 1899, p. 68.
+
+^
+
+"US Patent: 38,119 - Twist Drill Bit"
+
+.
+
+www.datamp.org
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Oberg et al. 2000
+
+, pp. 829, 846
+
+^
+
+Oberg et al. 2000
+
+, p. 846
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+c
+
+Gillespie, Laroux (2008),
+
+Countersinking Handbook
+
+, Industrial Press Inc., pp.
+
+78–
+
+79,
+
+ISBN
+
+978-0-8311-3318-4
+
+.
+
+^
+
+U.S. patent 3,758,222
+
+^
+
+McMaster-Carr, p. 2438, 116th edition.
+
+^
+
+CA patent 23548
+
+, Benjamin Forstner, "Auger", published 1886-03-06
+
+Cited references
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; Horton, Holbrook L.; Ryffel, Henry H. (2000),
+
+Machinery's Handbook
+
+(26th ed.), New York: Industrial Press Inc.,
+
+ISBN
+
+0-8311-2635-3
+
+.
+
+External links
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Wikimedia Commons has media related to
+
+Drill bits
+
+.
+
+Nomenclature
+
+v
+
+t
+
+e
+
+Metalworking
+
+v
+
+t
+
+e
+
+Machining
+
+and computing
+
+Computer-aided
+
+engineering
+
+2.5D
+
+CAD
+
+CAM
+
+G-code
+
+Numerical control (NC and CNC)
+
+Stewart platform
+
+Drilling
+
+and
+
+threading
+
+Die head
+
+Drill
+
+Drill bit
+
+Drill bit shank
+
+Drill bit sizes
+
+Drilling
+
+List of drill and tap sizes
+
+Tap and die
+
+Tap wrench
+
+Threading
+
+Grinding and
+
+lapping
+
+Abrasive
+
+Abrasive machining
+
+Angle grinder
+
+Bench grinder
+
+Coated abrasive
+
+Cylindrical grinder
+
+Diamond plate
+
+Flick grinder
+
+Grinding
+
+Grinding dresser
+
+Grinding machine
+
+Grinding wheel
+
+Jig grinder
+
+Lapping
+
+Sanding
+
+Sharpening stone
+
+Spark testing
+
+Surface grinder
+
+Tool and cutter grinder
+
+Machining
+
+Boring
+
+Broaching
+
+Electrical discharge machining
+
+Electrochemical machining
+
+Electron-beam machining
+
+End mill
+
+Engraving
+
+Facing
+
+Hobbing
+
+Jig borer
+
+Machine tool
+
+Machining
+
+Metal lathe
+
+Milling
+
+Milling cutter
+
+Pantograph
+
+Photochemical machining
+
+Planer
+
+Reamer
+
+Rotary transfer machine
+
+Shaper
+
+Skiving
+
+Turning
+
+Ultrasonic machining
+
+Machine tools
+
+Angle plate
+
+Chuck
+
+Collet
+
+Fixture
+
+Indexing head
+
+Jig
+
+Lathe center
+
+Machine taper
+
+Magnetic switchable device
+
+Mandrel
+
+Rotary table
+
+Wiggler
+
+Terminology
+
+Cutting fluid
+
+Machining vibrations
+
+Speeds and feeds
+
+Swarf
+
+Tolerance
+
+Tool and die making
+
+Tramp oil
+
+Workpiece
+
+Casting
+
+Fabrication
+
+Forming
+
+Jewellery
+
+Machining
+
+Metallurgy
+
+Smithing
+
+Tools and terminology
+
+Welding
+
+v
+
+t
+
+e
+
+Cutting
+
+and
+
+abrasive
+
+tools
+
+Adze
+
+Axe
+
+Blade
+
+Bolt cutter
+
+Broach
+
+Burnisher
+
+Ceramic tile cutter
+
+Chisel
+
+Countersink
+
+Cutting tool
+
+Diagonal pliers
+
+Diamond blade
+
+Diamond tool
+
+Disc cutter
+
+Drawknife
+
+Drill bit
+
+Emery cloth
+
+File
+
+Froe
+
+Glass cutter
+
+Grater
+
+Grinding wheel
+
+Honing steel
+
+Knife
+
+Laser
+
+Lawn mower
+
+Machete
+
+Meat slicer
+
+Mezzaluna
+
+Milling cutter
+
+Nail clipper
+
+Nibbler
+
+Oxy-fuel cutting torch
+
+Pencil sharpener
+
+Pipecutter
+
+Pizza cutter
+
+Plasma cutter
+
+Plane
+
+Pocket knife
+
+Putty knife
+
+Rasp
+
+Razor
+
+Razor strop
+
+Reamer
+
+Sandpaper
+
+Saw
+
+Abrasive saw
+
+Bandsaw
+
+Chainsaw
+
+Circular saw
+
+Concrete saw
+
+Coping saw
+
+Fretsaw
+
+Hacksaw
+
+Hand saw
+
+Hole saw
+
+Miter saw
+
+Wire saw
+
+Scalpel
+
+Scissors
+
+Scraper
+
+Card
+
+Hand
+
+Paint
+
+Sharpening jig
+
+Sharpening stone
+
+Snips
+
+Steel wool
+
+Surform
+
+Switchblade
+
+Tool bit
+
+Utility knife
+
+Water jet cutter
+
+Wire brush
+
+Wire stripper
+
+Types of tools
+
+Cleaning
+
+Cutting and abrasive
+
+Forestry
+
+Garden
+
+Hand
+
+Kitchen
+
+Machine and metalworking
+
+Masonry
+
+Measuring and alignment
+
+Mining
+
+Power
+
+Textile
+
+Woodworking
+
+Retrieved from "
+
+https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drill_bit&oldid=1334067283
+
+"

knowledge_base/raw_text/wiki_Drill_string.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_string
+
+Drill pipe that transmits drilling fluid
+A photograph of a broken segment of drill string
+A
+drill string
+on a
+drilling rig
+is a column, or string, of
+drill pipe
+that transmits
+drilling fluid
+(via the
+mud pumps
+) and torque (via the
+kelly drive
+or
+top drive
+) to the
+drill bit
+. The term is loosely applied to the assembled collection of the smuggler pool,
+drill collars
+, tools and drill bit. The drill string is hollow so that
+drilling fluid
+can be pumped down through it and circulated back up the
+annulus
+(the void between the drill string and the casing/open hole).
+Components
+[
+edit
+]
+With
+roughneck
+and fish tail bit on drill collar, 1938, Climax-Molybdenum Co. plant,
+Iowa Colony, Texas
+The drill string is typically made up of three sections:
+Bottom hole assembly (BHA)
+Transition pipe, which is often heavyweight drill pipe (HWDP)
+Drill pipe
+Bottom hole assembly (BHA)
+[
+edit
+]
+The Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) is made up of: a
+drill bit
+, which is used to break up the rock
+formations
+;
+drill collars
+, which are heavy, thick-walled tubes used to apply weight to the drill bit; and
+drilling stabilizers
+, which keep the assembly centered in the hole. The BHA may also contain other components such as a
+downhole motor
+and
+rotary steerable system
+(RSS),
+measurement while drilling
+(MWD), and
+logging while drilling
+(LWD) tools.  The components are joined using rugged threaded connections. Short "subs" are used to connect items with dissimilar threads.
+Transition pipe
+[
+edit
+]
+Heavyweight drill pipe (HWDP) may be used to make the transition between the drill collars and drill pipe. The function of the HWDP is to provide a flexible transition between the drill collars and the drill pipe. This helps to reduce the number of fatigue failures seen directly above the BHA. A secondary use of HWDP is to add additional weight to the drill bit. HWDP is most often used as weight on the bit in deviated wells. The HWDP may be directly above the collars in the angled section of the well, or the HWDP may be found before the kick-off point in a shallower section of the well.
+Drill pipe
+[
+edit
+]
+Drill pipe makes up the majority of the drill string back up to the surface.  Each drill pipe comprises a long tubular section with a specified outside diameter (e.g.
+3
++
+1
+⁄
+2
+-inch, 4 inch, 5 inch,
+5
++
+1
+⁄
+2
+-inch, 5 7/8 inch, 6 5/8 inch). At each end of the drill pipe, tubular larger-diameter portions called the tool joints are located. One end of the drill pipe has a male ("pin") connection whilst the other has a female ("box") connection. The tool joint connections are threaded which allows for the mating of each drill pipe segment to the next segment.
+Running a drill string
+[
+edit
+]
+Most components in a drill string are manufactured in 31-foot lengths (range 2) although they can also be manufactured in 46 foot lengths (range 3). Each 31-foot component is referred to as a joint. Typically two, three or four joints are joined to make a stand. Modern onshore rigs are capable of handling ~90 ft stands (often referred to as a triple).
+Pulling the drill string out of or running the drill string into the hole is referred to as
+tripping
+. Drill pipe, HWDP and collars are typically racked  back in stands in to the monkeyboard which is a component of the derrick if they are to be run back into the hole again after, say, changing the bit.  The disconnect point ("break") is varied each subsequent round trip so that after three trips every connection has been broken apart and later made up again with fresh pipe dope applied.
+Stuck drill string
+[
+edit
+]
+A stuck drill string can be caused by many situations.
+Packing-off due to cuttings settling back into the wellbore when circulation is stopped.
+Differentially when there is a large difference between formation pressure and wellbore pressure. The drill string is pushed against one side of the well bore. The force required to pull the string along the wellbore in this occurrence is a function of the total contact surface area, the pressure difference and the friction factor.
+Keyhole sticking occurs mechanically as a result of pulling up into doglegs when tripping.
+Adhesion due to not moving it for a significant amount of time.
+Once the tubular member is stuck, there are many techniques used to extract the pipe. The tools and expertise are normally supplied by an oilfield service company. Two popular tools and techniques are the oilfield jar and the surface
+resonant
+vibrator. Below is a history of these tools along with how they operate.
+Jars
+[
+edit
+]
+History
+[
+edit
+]
+8 inch drilling jar (red and white) on casings
+The mechanical success of
+cable tool drilling
+has greatly depended on a device called jars, invented by a spring pole driller, William Morris, in the salt well days of the 1830s. Little is known about Morris except for his invention and that he listed Kanawha County (now in West Virginia) as his address. Morris received a patent
+[
+1
+]
+for this unique tool in 1841 for
+artesian well
+drilling.  Later, using jars, the cable tool system was able to efficiently meet the demands of drilling wells for oil.
+The jars were improved over time, especially at the hands of the oil drillers, and reached the most useful and workable design by the 1870s, due to another patent received in 1868 by Edward Guillod of Titusville, Pennsylvania, which addressed the use of steel on the jars' surfaces that were subject to the greatest wear.
+[
+2
+]
+Many years later, in the 1930s, very strong steel alloy jars were made.
+A set of jars consisted of two interlocking links which could telescope.  In 1880 they had a play of about 13 inches such that the upper link could be lifted 13 inches before the lower link was engaged. This engagement occurred when the cross-heads came together. Today, there are two primary types, hydraulic and mechanical jars. While their respective designs are quite different, their operation is similar. Energy is stored in the drillstring and suddenly released by the jar when it fires. Jars can be designed to strike up, down, or both. In the case of jarring up above a stuck bottom hole assembly, the driller slowly pulls up on the drillstring but the BHA does not move. Since the top of the drillstring is moving up, this means that the drillstring itself is stretching and storing energy. When the jars reach their firing point, they suddenly allow one section of the jar to move axially relative to a second, being pulled up rapidly in much the same way that one end of a stretched spring moves when released. After a few inches of movement, this moving section slams into a steel shoulder,
+imparting an impact load.
+In addition to the mechanical and hydraulic versions, jars are classified as drilling jars or fishing jars. The operation of the two types is similar, and both deliver approximately the same impact blow, but the drilling jar is built such that it can better withstand the rotary and vibrational loading associated with drilling. Jars are designed to be reset by simple string manipulation and are capable of repeated operation or firing before being recovered from the well. Jarring effectiveness is
+determined by how rapidly you can impact weight into the jars. When jarring without a compounder or accelerator you rely only on pipe stretch to lift the drill collars upwards after the jar releases to create the upwards impact in the jar. This accelerated upward movement will often be reduced by the friction of the working string along the sides of the well bore, reducing the speed of upwards movement of the drill collars which impact into the jar. At shallow depths jar impact is not achieved because of lack of pipe stretch in the working string.
+When pipe stretch alone cannot provide enough energy to free a fish, compounders or accelerators are used. Compounders or accelerators are energized when you over pull on the working string and compress a compressible fluid through a few feet of stroke distance and at the same time activate the fishing jar. When the fishing jar releases the stored energy in the compounder/acclerator lifts the drill collars upwards at a high speed creating a high impact in the jar.
+System dynamics
+[
+edit
+]
+Jars rely on the principle of stretching a pipe to build elastic potential energy such that when the jar trips it relies on the masses of the drill pipe and collars to gain velocity and subsequently strike the anvil section of jar. This impact results in a force, or blow, which is converted into energy.
+Surface resonant vibrators
+[
+edit
+]
+History
+[
+edit
+]
+Oilfield Surface Resonant Vibrator
+The concept of using vibration to free stuck objects from a wellbore originated in the 1940s, and probably stemmed from the 1930s use of vibration to drive piling in the Soviet Union. The early use of vibration for driving and extracting piles was confined to low-frequency operation; that is, frequencies less than the fundamental
+resonant frequency
+of the system and consequently, although effective, the process was only an improvement on conventional hammer equipment. Early patents and teaching attempted to explain the process and mechanism involved, but lacked a certain degree of sophistication. In 1961, A. G. Bodine obtained a patent
+[
+3
+]
+that was to become the "mother patent" for oil field tubular extraction using sonic techniques. Mr. Bodine introduced the concept of
+resonant
+vibration
+that effectively eliminated the reactance portion of
+mechanical impedance
+, thus leading to the means of efficient sonic power transmission. Subsequently, Mr. Bodine obtained additional patents directed to more focused applications of the technology.
+The first published work on this technique was outlined in a 1987
+Society of Petroleum Engineers
+(SPE) paper presented at the International Association of Drilling Contractors in Dallas, Texas
+[
+4
+]
+detailing the nature of the work and the operational results that were achieved. The cited work involving liner, tubing, and drill pipe extraction and was very successful. Reference Two
+[
+5
+]
+presented at the Society of Petroleum Engineers Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition in Anaheim, California, November 2007 explains the
+resonant
+vibration
+theory in more detail as well as its use in extracting long lengths of mud stuck tubulars.
+System dynamics
+[
+edit
+]
+Surface Resonant Vibrators rely on the principle of counter rotating eccentric weights to impart a
+sinusoidal
+harmonic motion
+from the surface into the work string at the surface. Reference Three (above) provides a full explanation of this technology. The frequency of rotation, and hence
+vibration
+of the pipe string, is tuned to the
+resonant frequency
+of the system. The system is defined as the surface resonant vibrator, pipe string, fish and retaining media. The resultant forces imparted to the fish is based on the following logic:
+The delivery forces from the surface are a result of the static overpull force from the rig, plus the dynamic force component of the rotating eccentric weights
+Depending on the static overpull force component, the resultant force at the fish can be either tension or compression due to the sinusoidal force wave component from the oscillator
+Initially during startup of a vibrator, some force is necessary to lift and lower the entire load mass of the system. When the vibrator tunes to the
+resonant frequency
+of the system, the
+reactive
+load
+impedance
+cancels out to zero by virtue of the
+inductance reactance
+(mass of the system) equaling the compliance or stiffness reactance (elasticity of the tubular). The remaining impedance of the system, known as the resistive load impedance, is what is retaining the stuck pipe.
+During resonant vibration, a
+longitudinal
+sine wave travels down the pipe to the fish with an attendant pipe mass that is equal to a quarter
+wavelength
+of the
+resonant
+vibrating
+frequency
+.
+A phenomenon known as
+fluidization
+of soil grains takes place during
+resonant
+vibration
+whereby the granular material constraining the stuck pipe is transformed into a fluidic state that offers little resistance to movement of bodies through the media. In effect, it takes on the characteristics and properties of a liquid.
+During pipe vibration, Dilation and Contraction of the pipe body, known as
+Poisson's ratio
+, takes place such that when the stuck pipe is subjected to axial strain due to stretching, its diameter will contract. Similarly, when the length of pipe is compressed, its
+diameter
+will expand. Since a length of pipe undergoing vibration experiences alternate
+tensile
+and
+compressive
+forces as waves along its longitudinal axis (and therefore longitudinal strains), its
+diameter
+will expand and contract in unison with the applied tensile and compressive waves. This means that for alternate moments during a
+vibration
+cycle the pipe may actually be physically free of its bond.
+See also
+[
+edit
+]
+Deepwater drilling
+Down-the-hole drill
+References
+[
+edit
+]
+^
+US 2243
+, Morris, William, "Manner of uniting augers to sinkers for boring artesian wells", published 4 September 1841
+^
+US 78958
+, Guillod, Edward, "Improvement in the construction of drilling-jars", published 16 June 1868,  assigned to Bryan Dillingham & Co.
+^
+US 2972380
+, Bodine Jr., Albert G., "Acoustic method and apparatus for moving objects held tight within a surrounding medium", published 21 February 1961
+^
+O. Gonzalez, "Retrieving Stuck Liners, Tubing, Casing And Drillpipe With Vibratory Resonant Techniques" Society of Petroleum Engineers Paper # 14759
+^
+O. Gonzalez, Henry Bernat, Paul Moore, "The Extraction of Mud Stuck Tubing Using Vibratory Resonant Techniques" Society of Petroleum Engineers Paper # 109530
+External links
+[
+edit
+]
+Stuck Pipe Retrieval Using Surface Resonant Vibration Techniques
+Drill Pipe Data and Dimensions
+Retrieved from "
+https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drill_string&oldid=1342461221
+"

knowledge_base/raw_text/wiki_Drilling_mud.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,737 @@
+Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_mud
+
+Aid for drilling boreholes into the ground
+This article is about fluids used when drilling a well. For fluids used with
+drill bits
+during metal working, see
+cutting fluid
+.
+Driller pouring
+anti-foaming agent
+down the drilling string on a drilling rig
+Baryte powder used for preparation of water-based mud
+In
+geotechnical engineering
+,
+drilling fluid
+, also known as
+drilling mud
+or
+drilling slurry
+, is used to aid the drilling of
+boreholes
+into the earth. Used while drilling
+oil
+and
+natural gas
+wells and on exploration
+drilling rigs
+, drilling fluids are also used for much simpler boreholes, such as
+water wells
+.
+The two main categories of drilling fluids are water-based muds (WBs), which can be dispersed and non-dispersed, and non-aqueous muds, usually called oil-based muds (OBs). Along with their formatives, these are used along with appropriate polymer and clay additives for drilling various oil and gas formations. Gaseous drilling fluids, typically utilizing air or natural gas, sometimes with the addition of foaming agents, can be used when downhole conditions permit.
+The main functions of liquid drilling fluids are to exert
+hydrostatic pressure
+to prevent
+formation fluids
+from entering into the well bore, and carrying out drill cuttings as well as suspending the drill cuttings while drilling is paused such as when the drilling assembly is brought in and out of the hole. The drilling fluid also keeps the
+drill bit
+cool and clears out cuttings beneath it during drilling. The drilling fluid used for a particular job is selected to avoid formation damage and to limit corrosion.
+Composition
+[
+edit
+]
+Liquid fluids are composed of natural and synthetic material in a mixed state,
+[
+1
+]
+which can be of two types:
+[
+2
+]
+Aqueous
+;
+[
+3
+]
+usually with substances added that control viscosity, along with lubricants, corrosion inhibitors, salts, and pH-control agents.
+[
+1
+]
+Oil; which could be usually using
+hydrocarbon
+oil,
+[
+1
+]
+Water-based drilling mud most commonly consists of
+bentonite
+clay
+(gel) with additives such as
+barium sulfate
+(baryte) to increase density, and
+calcium carbonate
+(chalk) or
+hematite
+. Various
+thickeners
+are used to influence the
+viscosity
+of the fluid, e.g.
+xanthan gum
+,
+guar gum
+,
+glycol
+,
+carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)
+, polyanionic cellulose (PAC), or
+starch
+. In turn,
+deflocculants
+are used to reduce viscosity of clay-based muds; anionic
+polyelectrolytes
+(e.g.
+acrylates
+,
+polyphosphates
+,
+lignosulfonates
+(Lig) or
+tannic acid
+derivates such as
+Quebracho
+) are frequently used.
+Red mud
+was the name for a
+Quebracho
+-based mixture, named after the color of the red tannic acid salts; it was commonly used in the 1940s to 1950s but was made obsolete when lignosulfonates became available. Some other common additives include lubricants, shale inhibitors, fluid loss additives(CMC and PAC) (to control loss of drilling fluids into permeable formations). A weighting agent such as baryte is added to increase the overall density of the drilling fluid so that sufficient bottom hole pressure can be maintained thereby preventing an unwanted (and often dangerous) influx of formation fluids.
+[
+4
+]
+Types
+[
+edit
+]
+Source:
+[
+5
+]
+Many types of drilling fluids are used on a day-to-day basis. Some wells require different types to be used in different parts of the hole, or that some types be used in combination with others. The various types of fluid generally fall into broad categories:
+[
+6
+]
+Air: Compressed air is pumped either down the bore hole's annular space or down the
+drill string
+itself.
+Air/water: Air with water added to increase
+viscosity
+, flush the hole, provide more cooling, and/or to control dust.
+Air/polymer: A specially formulated chemical, typically a type of
+polymer
+, is added to the water and air mixture to create specific conditions. A foaming agent is a good example of a polymer.
+Water: Water is sometimes used by itself. In offshore drilling, seawater is typically used while drilling the top section of the hole.
+Water-based mud (WBM): Most water-based mud systems begin with water, then clays and other chemicals are added to create a homogeneous blend with viscosity between chocolate milk and a malt. The clay is usually a combination of native clays that are suspended in the fluid while drilling, or specific types of clay processed and sold as additives for the WBM system. The most common type is
+bentonite
+, called "gel" in the oilfield. The name likely refers to the fluid viscosity as very thin and free-flowing (like chocolate milk) while being pumped, but when pumping is stopped, the static fluid congeals to a "gel" that resists flow. When adequate pumping force is applied to "break the gel," flow resumes and the fluid returns to its free-flowing state. Many other chemicals (e.g.
+potassium formate
+) are added to a WBM system to achieve desired effects, including: viscosity control, shale stability, enhance drilling rate of penetration, and cooling and lubricating of equipment.
+Oil-based mud (OBM): Oil-based mud has a petroleum-based fluid such as diesel fuel. Oil-based muds are used for increased lubricity, enhanced shale inhibition, and greater cleaning abilities with less viscosity. Oil-based muds also withstand greater heat without breaking down. The use of oil-based muds has special considerations of cost, environmental concerns such as disposal of cuttings in an appropriate place, and the exploratory disadvantages of using oil-based mud, especially in
+wildcat wells
+. Using an oil-based mud interferes with the geochemical analysis of cuttings and cores and with the determination of
+API gravity
+because the base fluid cannot be distinguished from oil that is returned from the formation.
+Synthetic-based fluid (SBM) (otherwise known as low-toxicity oil-based mud or LTOBM): Synthetic-based fluid is a mud in which the base fluid is a synthetic oil. This is most often used on offshore rigs because it has the properties of an oil-based mud, but the toxicity of the fluid fumes are much less. This is important when the drilling crew works with the fluid in an enclosed space such as an offshore drilling rig. Synthetic-based fluid poses the same environmental and analysis problems as oil-based fluid.
+[
+7
+]
+On a
+drilling rig
+, mud is pumped from the
+mud pits
+through the drill string, where it jets out of nozzles on the drill bit, thus clearing away cuttings and cooling the drill bit in the process. The mud then carries the crushed or cut rock ("cuttings") up the annular space ("annulus") between the drill string and the sides of the hole being drilled, up through the surface
+casing,
+where it emerges from the top. Cuttings are then filtered out with either a
+shale shaker
+or the newer shale conveyor technology, and the mud returns to the
+mud pits.
+The mud pits allow the drilled "fines" to settle and the mud to be treated by adding chemicals and other substances.
+Fluid pit
+The returning mud may contain natural gases or other flammable materials which will collect in and around the shale shaker/conveyor area or in other work areas. Because of the risk of a fire or an explosion, special monitoring sensors and
+explosion-proof certified
+equipment are commonly installed, and workers are trained in safety precautions. The mud is then pumped back down the hole and further re-circulated. The mud properties are tested, with periodic treating in the mud pits to ensure it has desired properties to optimize drilling efficiency and provide borehole stability.
+Function
+[
+edit
+]
+The functions of a
+drilling mud
+can be summarized as follows:
+[
+5
+]
+Remove well cuttings
+[
+edit
+]
+Mud pit
+Drilling fluid carries the rock excavated by the drill bit up to the surface. Its ability to do so depends on cutting size, shape, and density, and speed of fluid traveling up the well (
+annular velocity
+). These considerations are analogous to the ability of a stream to carry sediment. Large sand grains in a slow-moving stream settle to the stream bed, while small sand grains in a fast-moving stream are carried along with the water. The mud viscosity and gel strength are important properties, as cuttings will settle to the bottom of the well if the
+viscosity
+is too low.
+Fly ash
+absorbent for fluids in mud pits
+Other properties include:
+Most drilling muds are
+thixotropic
+(viscosity increases when static). This characteristic keeps the cuttings suspended when the mud is not flowing, for example, when replacing the drill bit.
+Fluids that have
+shear thinning
+and elevated viscosities are efficient for hole cleaning.
+Higher annular velocity improves cutting transport. Transport ratio (transport velocity / lowest annular velocity) should be at least 50%.
+High-density fluids may clean holes adequately even with lower annular velocities (by increasing the buoyancy force acting on cuttings).
+Higher rotary drill-string speeds introduce a circular component to the annular flow path. This helical flow around the drill string causes drill cuttings near the wall, where poor hole cleaning conditions occur, to move into higher transport regions of the annulus. Increased rotation speed is one of the best methods for increasing hole cleaning in high-angle and horizontal wells.
+Suspend and release cuttings
+[
+edit
+]
+One of the functions of drilling mud is to carry
+cuttings
+out of the hole.
+Source:
+[
+5
+]
+Drilling mud must suspend drill cuttings and weight materials under a wide range of conditions.
+Drill cuttings that settle can cause bridges and fill, which can cause stuck pipe and
+lost circulation
+.
+Heavy material that settles is referred to as sag, which causes a wide variation in the density of well fluid. This more frequently occurs in high-angle and hot wells.
+High concentrations of drill solids are detrimental to drilling efficiency because they increase mud weight and viscosity, which in turn increases maintenance costs and increased dilution.
+Drill cuttings that are suspended must be balanced with properties in cutting removal by
+solids control equipment
+.
+For effective solids controls, drill solids must be removed from mud on the 1st circulation from the well. If re-circulated, cuttings break into smaller pieces and are more difficult to remove.
+A test must be conducted to compare the solids content of mud at the flow line and suction pit (to determine whether cuttings are being removed).
+Control formation pressures
+[
+edit
+]
+If formation pressure increases, mud density should be increased to balance pressure and keep the wellbore stable. The most common weighting material is
+baryte
+. Unbalanced formation pressure will cause an unexpected influx (also known as a kick) of formation fluids into the wellbore possibly leading to a
+blowout
+from pressurized formation fluid.
+Hydrostatic pressure = density of drilling fluid * true vertical depth * acceleration of gravity. If hydrostatic pressure is greater than or equal to formation pressure, formation fluid will not flow into the wellbore.
+Well being under control means no uncontrollable flow of formation fluids into the wellbore.
+Hydrostatic pressure also controls the stress from
+tectonic
+forces, which can render wellbores unstable even when formation fluid pressure is balanced.
+If formation pressures exposed in the open borehole are subnormal, air, gas, mist, stiff foam, or low-density mud (oil base) can be used.
+In practice, mud density should be limited to the minimum necessary for well control and wellbore stability. If too great it may fracture the formation.
+Seal permeable formations
+[
+edit
+]
+Mud column pressure must exceed formation pressure; in this condition
+mud filtrate
+invades permeable formations and a filter cake of mud solids is deposited on the wellbore wall.
+Mud is designed to deposit thin, low permeability filter cake to limit the invasion.
+Problems can occur if a thick filter cake is formed: tight hole conditions, poor log quality, stuck pipe, lost circulation and formation damage.
+In highly permeable formations with large pore throats, whole mud may invade the formation, depending on mud solids size:
+Use bridging agents to block large openings so mud solids can form a seal.
+For effectiveness, bridging agents must be over the half size of pore spaces / fractures.
+Bridging agents include
+calcium carbonate
+and ground cellulose.
+Depending on the mud system in use, a number of additives can improve the filter cake (e.g.
+bentonite
+, natural & synthetic polymer,
+asphalt
+and
+gilsonite
+).
+Maintain wellbore stability
+[
+edit
+]
+Chemical composition and mud properties must combine to provide a stable wellbore. The density of the mud must be within the necessary range to balance the mechanical forces.
+In high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) wells, drilling fluid selection and management are critical to maintaining wellbore integrity and preventing instability under extreme downhole conditions.
+[
+8
+]
+Wellbore instability = sloughing formations, which can cause tight hole conditions, bridges and fill on trips (same symptoms indicate hole cleaning problems).
+Wellbore stability = hole maintains size and cylindrical shape.
+If the hole is enlarged, it becomes weak and difficult to stabilize, and problems such as low annular velocities, poor hole cleaning, solids loading and poor formation evaluation may result.
+In sand and
+sandstones
+formations, hole enlargement can occur from mechanical actions (hydraulic forces & nozzles velocities). Formation damage is reduced by a conservative hydraulics system. A good quality filter cake containing
+bentonite
+is known to limit bore hole enlargement.
+In
+shales
+when using water-based mud, chemical differences can cause interactions between mud & shale that lead to weakening of the native rock. Highly fractured, dry, brittle shales can be extremely unstable, leading to mechanical problems.
+Various chemical inhibitors can control mud/shale interactions (calcium,
+potassium
+, salt, polymers, asphalt,
+glycols
+and oil – best for water-sensitive formations)
+Oil- (and synthetic-oil-) based drilling fluids can be used to drill water-sensitive
+shales
+in areas with difficult drilling conditions.
+To add inhibition, emulsified brine phase (
+calcium chloride
+) drilling fluids are used to reduce water activity and creates osmotic forces to prevent adsorption of water by
+shales
+.
+Minimizing formation damage
+[
+edit
+]
+Skin damage or any reduction in natural formation porosity and permeability (washout) constitutes formation damage
+skin damage is the accumulation of residuals on the perforations and that causes a pressure drop through them.
+Most common damage;
+Mud or drill solids invade the formation matrix, reducing porosity and causing skin effect
+Swelling of formation clays within the reservoir, reduced
+permeability
+Precipitation of solids due to mixing of
+mud filtrate
+and formations fluids resulting in the precipitation of insoluble salts
+Mud filtrate and formation fluids form an emulsion, reducing reservoir porosity
+Specially designed drill-in fluids or workover and completion fluids, minimize formation damage.
+Cool, lubricate, and support the bit and drilling assembly
+[
+edit
+]
+Heat is generated from mechanical and hydraulic forces at the bit and when the drill string rotates and rubs against casing and wellbore.
+Cool and transfer heat away from source and lower to temperature than bottom hole.
+If not, the bit, drill string and
+mud motors
+would fail more rapidly.
+Lubrication based on the
+coefficient of friction
+. ("Coefficient of friction" is how much friction on side of wellbore and collar size or drill pipe size to pull stuck pipe) Oil- and synthetic-based mud generally lubricate better than water-based mud (but the latter can be improved by the addition of lubricants).
+Amount of lubrication provided by drilling fluid depends on type & quantity of drill solids and weight materials + chemical composition of system.
+Poor lubrication causes high torque and drag, heat checking of the drill string, but these problems are also caused by key seating, poor hole cleaning and incorrect bottom hole assemblies design.
+Drilling fluids also support portion of drill-string or casing through buoyancy. Suspend in drilling fluid, buoyed by force equal to weight (or density) of mud, so reducing hook load at derrick.
+Weight that
+derrick
+can support limited by mechanical capacity, increase depth so weight of drill-string and casing increase.
+When running long, heavy string or casing, buoyancy possible to run casing strings whose weight exceed a rig's hook load capacity.
+Transmit hydraulic energy to tools and bit
+[
+edit
+]
+Hydraulic energy provides power to
+mud motor
+for bit rotation and for MWD (
+measurement while drilling
+) and LWD (
+logging while drilling
+) tools. Hydraulic programs base on bit nozzles sizing for available mud pump horsepower to optimize jet impact at bottom well.
+Limited to:
+Pump power
+Pressure loss inside drillstring
+Maximum allowable surface pressure
+Optimum flow rate
+Drill string pressure loses higher in fluids of higher densities, plastic viscosities and solids.
+Low solids, shear thinning drilling fluids such as polymer fluids, more efficient in transmit hydraulic energy.
+Depth can be extended by controlling mud properties.
+Transfer information from MWD & LWD to surface by pressure pulse.
+Ensure adequate formation evaluation
+[
+edit
+]
+Chemical and physical mud properties as well as wellbore conditions after drilling affect formation evaluation.
+Mud loggers examine cuttings for mineral composition, visual sign of hydrocarbons and recorded mud logs of
+lithology
+, ROP, gas detection or geological parameters.
+Wireline logging measure – electrical, sonic, nuclear and magnetic
+resonance
+.
+Potential productive zone are isolated and performed formation testing and drill stem testing.
+Mud helps not to disperse of cuttings and also improve cutting transport for mud loggers determine the depth of the cuttings originated.
+Oil-based mud, lubricants, asphalts will mask hydrocarbon indications.
+So mud for drilling core selected base on type of evaluation to be performed (many coring operations specify a bland mud with minimum of additives).
+Control corrosion (in acceptable level)
+[
+edit
+]
+Drill-string and casing in continuous contact with drilling fluid may cause a form of
+corrosion
+.
+Dissolved gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide,
+hydrogen sulfide
+) cause serious corrosion problems;
+Cause rapid,
+catastrophic failure
+May be deadly to humans after a short period of time
+Low
+pH
+(acidic) aggravates corrosion, so use corrosion
+coupons
+[
+clarification needed
+]
+to monitor corrosion type, rates and to tell correct chemical inhibitor is used in correct amount.  A corrosion coupon is a small piece of metal exposed to the process so to evaluate the effect the corrosive conditions would have on other equipment of similar composition.
+Mud aeration, foaming and other O
+2
+trapped conditions cause corrosion damage in short period time.
+When drilling in high H
+2
+S, elevated the pH fluids + sulfide scavenging chemical (zinc).
+Facilitate cementing and completion
+[
+edit
+]
+Cementing is critical to effective zone and well completion.
+During casing run, mud must remain fluid and minimize pressure surges so fracture induced lost circulation does not occur.
+Temperature of water used for cement must be within tolerance of cementers performing task, usually 70 degrees, most notably in winter conditions.
+Mud should have thin, slick filter cake, with minimal solids in filter cake, wellbore with minimal cuttings, caving or bridges will prevent a good casing run to bottom. Circulate well bore until clean.
+To cement and completion operation properly, mud displace by flushes and cement. For effectiveness;
+Hole near gauges, use proper hole cleaning techniques, pumping sweeps at TD, and perform wiper trip to shoe.
+Mud low viscosity, mud parameters should be tolerant of formations being drilled, and drilling fluid composition, turbulent flow – low viscosity high pump rate, laminar flow – high viscosity, high pump rate.
+Mud non-progressive gel strength
+[
+clarification needed
+]
+Negative environmental consequences
+[
+edit
+]
+Unlined drilling fluid sumps were commonplace before the environmental consequences were recognized.
+Drilling mud is, in varying degrees, toxic. It is also difficult and expensive to dispose of it in an environmentally friendly manner.
+A
+Vanity Fair article
+described the conditions at
+Lago Agrio
+, a large oil field in Ecuador where drillers were effectively unregulated.
+[
+5
+]
+[
+9
+]
+Water-based drilling fluid has very little toxicity, made from water, bentonite and baryte, all clay from mining operations, usually found in Wyoming and in Lunde, Telemark.
+There are specific chemicals that can be used in water-based drilling fluids that alone can be corrosive and toxic, such as hydrochloric acid. However,
+when mixed into water-based drilling fluids, hydrochloric acid only decreases the pH of the water to a more manageable level.
+Caustic (sodium hydroxide), anhydrous lime, soda ash, bentonite, baryte and polymers are the most common chemicals used in water-based drilling fluids. 
+Oil Base Mud and synthetic drilling fluids can contain high levels of benzene, and other chemicals
+Most common chemicals added to OBM Muds:
+Baryte
+Bentonite
+Diesel
+Emulsifiers
+Water
+Factors influencing performance
+[
+edit
+]
+Some factors affecting drilling fluid performance are:
+[
+10
+]
+Fluid Rheology
+[
+11
+]
+The change of drilling fluid viscosity
+The change of drilling fluid density
+The change of mud pH
+Corrosion or fatigue of the drill string
+[
+12
+]
+Thermal stability of the drilling fluid
+[
+13
+]
+Differential sticking
+Classification
+[
+edit
+]
+They are classified based on their fluid phase, alkalinity, dispersion and the type of chemicals used.
+Dispersed systems
+[
+edit
+]
+Freshwater mud
+: Low pH mud (7.0–9.5) that includes spud, bentonite, natural, phosphate treated muds, organic mud and organic colloid treated mud. high pH mud example alkaline tannate treated muds are above 9.5 in pH.
+Water based drilling mud that represses hydration and dispersion of clay.Water-based muds are the most commonly used type of drilling fluids. They are made from water and various additives including clays, polymers, and weighing agents. WBM is primarily used in shallow wells and is effective in preventing the swelling and disintegrating of the shale formation.
+– There are 4 types: high pH lime muds, low pH gypsum, seawater and saturated salt water muds.
+Non-dispersed systems
+[
+edit
+]
+Low solids mud
+: These muds contain less than 3–6% solids by volume and weight less than 9.5 lbs/gal. Most muds of this type are water-based with varying quantities of bentonite and a polymer.
+Emulsions
+: The two types used are oil in water (oil emulsion muds) and water in oil (invert oil emulsion muds).
+Oil based mud
+:
+Oil based muds
+contain oil as the continuous phase and water as a contaminant, and not an element in the design of the mud. They typically contain less than 5% (by volume) water. Oil-based muds are usually a mixture of diesel fuel and asphalt, however can be based on produced crude oil and mud
+Synthetic-based Muds (SBM)
+: Synthetic-based muds are made from synthetic fluids and are used in deep wells with extreme temperatures. SBM has excellent lubricating properties and is less toxic than OBM.
+Air and Foam-based Mud
+: Air and foam-based muds use air or nitrogen to create a foam that carries the drill cuttings to the surface. These types of drilling fluids are used in wells where the formation is highly porous and prone to caving.
+High-density Muds
+:High-density muds are used in wells with high pressures and temperatures. They are made from barite and other weighing agents and are used to control the pressure in the well and prevent blowouts.
+Non-damaging Muds
+: Non-damaging muds are designed to prevent damage to the formation being drilled. They are typically used in wells where the formation is susceptible to damage from drilling mud
+Mud engineer
+[
+edit
+]
+Main article:
+Mud engineer
+Mud pit with fly ash
+"Mud engineer" is the name given to an oil field service company individual who is charged with maintaining a drilling fluid or completion fluid system on an oil and/or gas
+drilling rig
+.
+[
+14
+]
+This individual typically works for the company selling the chemicals for the job and is specifically trained with those products, though independent mud engineers are still common. The role of the
+mud engineer
+, or more properly
+drilling fluids engineer
+, is critical to the entire drilling operation because even small problems with mud can stop the whole operations on rig. The internationally accepted shift pattern at off-shore drilling operations is personnel (including mud engineers) work on a 28-day shift pattern, where they work for 28 continuous days and rest the following 28 days. In Europe this is more commonly a 21-day shift pattern.
+In offshore drilling, with new technology and high total day costs, wells are being drilled extremely fast. Having two mud engineers makes economic sense to prevent down time due to drilling fluid difficulties. Two mud engineers also reduce insurance costs to oil companies for environmental damage that oil companies are responsible for during drilling and production. A senior mud engineer typically works in the day, and a junior mud engineer at night.
+The cost of the drilling fluid is typically about 10% (may vary greatly) of the total cost of drilling a well, and demands competent mud engineers. Large cost savings result when the mud engineer and fluid performs adequately.
+The mud engineer is not to be confused with
+mudloggers
+, service personnel who monitor gas from the mud and collect well bore samples.
+Compliance engineer
+[
+edit
+]
+The compliance engineer is the most common name for a relatively new position in the oil field, emerging around 2002 due to new environmental regulations on synthetic mud in the United States. Previously, synthetic mud was regulated the same as water-based mud and could be disposed of in offshore waters due to low toxicity to marine organisms. New regulations restrict the amount of synthetic oil that can be discharged. These new regulations created a significant burden in the form of tests needed to determine the "ROC" or retention on cuttings, sampling to determine the percentage of crude oil in the drilling mud, and extensive documentation. No type of oil/synthetic based mud (or drilled cuttings contaminated with OBM/SBM) may be dumped in the North Sea. Contaminated mud must either be shipped back to shore in skips or processed on the rigs.
+A new monthly toxicity test is also now performed to determine sediment toxicity, using the
+amphipod
+Leptocheirus plumulosus
+. Various concentrations of the drilling mud are added to the environment of captive
+L. plumulosus
+to determine its effect on the animals.
+[
+15
+]
+The test is controversial for two reasons:
+These animals are not native to many of the areas regulated by them, including the Gulf of Mexico
+The test has a very large standard deviation, and samples that fail badly may pass easily upon retesting
+[
+16
+]
+See also
+[
+edit
+]
+Directional drilling
+Driller (oil)
+Drilling fluid decanter centrifuge
+Drilling rig
+Environmental issues in Venezuela
+Formation evaluation
+Heavy metals
+Landfarming
+Mercury
+Mud Gas Separator
+Mud systems
+MWD (measurement while drilling)
+Oil well control
+Roughneck
+Underbalanced drilling
+References
+[
+edit
+]
+^
+a
+b
+c
+Fink, Johannes (2011).
+Petroleum Engineer's Guide to Oil Field Chemicals and Fluids
+. Elsevier Science. p. 1-2.
+ISBN
+9780123838452
+.
+^
+Caenn, Ryen; Darley, HCH; Gray, George R. (29 September 2011).
+Composition and Properties of Drilling and Completion Fluids
+. Elsevier Science.
+ISBN
+9780123838599
+.
+^
+"Oilfield Review Spring 2013: 25, no. 1"
+.
+www.slb.com
+. Schlumberger. 2013
+. Retrieved
+27 June
+2023
+.
+^
+Rabia, Hussain (1986).
+Oilwell Drilling Engineering : Principles and Practice
+. Springer. pp.
+106–
+111.
+ISBN
+0860106616
+.
+^
+a
+b
+c
+d
+Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Volume II: Drilling Engineering
+. Society of Petroleum Engineers. 2007. pp.
+90–
+95.
+ISBN
+978-1-55563-114-7
+.
+^
+Oilfield Glossary
+^
+"drilling mud"
+.
+asiagilsonite
+. 18 July 2023
+. Retrieved
+2023-07-30
+.
+^
+"HPHT Wellbore Construction"
+.
+Jagtech
+. Jagtech AS
+. Retrieved
+22 January
+2026
+.
+^
+Langewiesche, William.
+"Jungle Law"
+.
+The Hive
+. Retrieved
+2017-08-28
+.
+^
+"According the change of drilling fluid to understand under well condition"
+.
+Drilling Mud Cleaning System
+. 27 December 2012
+. Retrieved
+26 September
+2013
+.
+{{
+cite web
+}}
+:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (
+link
+)
+^
+Clark, Peter E. (1995-01-01). "Drilling Mud Rheology and the API Recommended Measurements".
+SPE Production Operations Symposium
+. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
+doi
+:
+10.2118/29543-MS
+.
+ISBN
+9781555634483
+.
+^
+CJWinter.
+"The Advantages Of Cold Root Rolling"
+.
+www.cjwinter.com
+. Archived from
+the original
+on 2021-05-22
+. Retrieved
+2017-08-28
+.
+^
+"10 Tips To Improve Drilling Fluid Performance"
+(PDF)
+.
+Drilling Contractor
+. Retrieved
+2017-08-28
+.
+^
+Moore, Rachel (2017-07-05).
+"How to become a mud engineer"
+. Career Trend.
+^
+"Methods for Assessing the Chronic Toxicity of Marine and Estuarine Sediment-associated Contaminants with the Amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus—First Edition"
+. U.S.
+Environmental Protection Agency
+. Archived from
+the original
+on 15 April 2014
+. Retrieved
+14 April
+2014
+.
+^
+Orszulik, Stefan (2016-01-26).
+Environmental Technology in the Oil Industry
+. Springer.
+ISBN
+9783319243344
+.
+Further reading
+[
+edit
+]
+Okoro, Emmanuel Emeka; Ochonma, Chidiebere; Omeje, Maxwell; Sanni, Samuel E.; Emetere, Moses E.; Orodu, Kale B.; Igwilo, Kevin C. (17 Dec 2019).
+"Radiological and toxicity risk exposures of oil based mud: health implication on drilling crew in Niger Delta"
+.
+Environmental Science and Pollution Research
+.
+27
+(5). Springer Science and Business Media LLC:
+5387–
+5397.
+doi
+:
+10.1007/s11356-019-07222-3
+.
+ISSN
+0944-1344
+.
+PMID
+31848949
+.
+S2CID
+209380825
+.
+ASME Shale Shaker Committee (2005).
+The Drilling Fluids Processing Handbook
+.
+ISBN
+0-7506-7775-9
+.
+Kate Van Dyke (1998).
+Drilling Fluids, Mud Pumps, and Conditioning Equipment
+.
+G. V. Chilingarian & P. Vorabutr (1983).
+Drilling and Drilling Fluids
+.
+G. R. Gray, H. C. H. Darley, & W. F. Rogers (1980).
+The Composition and Properties of Oil Well Drilling Fluids
+.
+DCS Shale Shaker SUPPLIER.
+The Drilling Fluids cleaning system
+.
+Retrieved from "
+https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drilling_fluid&oldid=1334250217
+"

knowledge_base/raw_text/wiki_Offshore_drilling.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,1587 @@
+Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_drilling
+
+Mechanical process where a wellbore is drilled below the seabed
+
+Holstein, an oil drilling platform at Green Canyon in the
+
+Gulf of Mexico
+
+, approximately 100 miles from land.
+
+Offshore drilling
+
+is a mechanical process where a
+
+wellbore
+
+is drilled below the seabed. It is typically carried out in order to explore for and subsequently extract
+
+petroleum
+
+that lies in rock formations beneath the seabed.  Most commonly, the term is used to describe drilling activities on the
+
+continental shelf
+
+, though the term can also be applied to drilling in
+
+lakes
+
+,
+
+inshore waters
+
+and
+
+inland seas
+
+.
+
+Offshore drilling presents all environmental challenges, both offshore and onshore from the produced
+
+hydrocarbons
+
+and the materials used during the drilling operation. Controversies include the ongoing
+
+US offshore drilling debate
+
+.
+
+[
+
+1
+
+]
+
+There are many different types of facilities from which offshore drilling operations take place. These include bottom founded drilling rigs (
+
+jackup barges
+
+and swamp
+
+barges
+
+), combined drilling and production facilities either bottom founded or floating platforms, and deepwater mobile offshore drilling units (MODU) including
+
+semi-submersibles
+
+or
+
+drillships
+
+. These are capable of operating in water depths up to 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). In shallower waters the mobile units are anchored to the seabed; however, in water deeper than 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), the semi-submersibles and drillships are maintained at the required drilling location using
+
+dynamic positioning
+
+.
+
+History
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Offshore oil well drilling platform, Continental Oil Co., Gulf of Mexico, 1955.
+
+Around 1891, the first submerged oil wells were drilled from platforms built on piles in the fresh waters of the
+
+Grand Lake St. Marys
+
+in
+
+Ohio
+
+.  The wells were developed by small local companies such as Bryson, Riley Oil, German-American and Banker's Oil.
+
+[
+
+2
+
+]
+
+Around 1896, the first submerged oil wells in salt water were drilled in the portion of the
+
+Summerland field
+
+extending under the
+
+Santa Barbara Channel
+
+in
+
+California
+
+.  The wells were drilled from piers extending from land out into the channel.
+
+[
+
+3
+
+]
+
+[
+
+4
+
+]
+
+Other notable early submerged drilling activities occurred on the Canadian side of
+
+Lake Erie
+
+in the 1900s and
+
+Caddo Lake
+
+in
+
+Louisiana
+
+in the 1910s.  Shortly thereafter wells were drilled in tidal zones along the
+
+Texas
+
+and Louisiana
+
+gulf coast
+
+.  The
+
+Goose Creek Oil Field
+
+near
+
+Baytown, Texas
+
+is one such example.  In the 1920s drilling activities occurred from concrete platforms in
+
+Venezuela
+
+'s
+
+Lake Maracaibo
+
+.
+
+[
+
+5
+
+]
+
+One of the oldest subsea wells is the
+
+Bibi Eibat
+
+well, which came on stream in 1923 in
+
+Azerbaijan
+
+.
+
+[
+
+6
+
+]
+
+[
+
+7
+
+]
+
+The well was located on an artificial island in a shallow portion of the
+
+Caspian Sea
+
+.  In the early 1930s, the
+
+Texas Company
+
+developed the first mobile steel barges for drilling in the
+
+brackish
+
+coastal areas of the
+
+Gulf of Mexico
+
+.
+
+In 1937,
+
+Pure Oil
+
+and its partner
+
+Superior Oil
+
+used a fixed platform to develop a field 1 mile (1.6 km) offshore of
+
+Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana
+
+in 14 feet (4.3 m) of water.
+
+In 1938,
+
+Humble Oil
+
+built  a mile-long wooden trestle with railway tracks into the sea at McFadden Beach on the Gulf of Mexico, placing a derrick at its end – this was later destroyed by a hurricane.
+
+[
+
+8
+
+]
+
+Worker on an offshore drilling rig.
+
+In 1945, concern for American control of its offshore oil reserves caused President
+
+Harry Truman
+
+to issue an Executive Order unilaterally extending American territory to the edge of its continental shelf, an act that effectively ended the
+
+3-mile limit
+
+"
+
+freedom of the seas
+
+" regime.
+
+[
+
+9
+
+]
+
+In 1946,
+
+Magnolia
+
+drilled at a site 18 miles (29 km) off the coast, erecting a platform in 18 feet (5.5 m) of water off
+
+St. Mary Parish, Louisiana
+
+.
+
+[
+
+10
+
+]
+
+In early 1947,
+
+Superior Oil
+
+erected a drilling and production platform in 20 feet (6.1 m) of water some 18 miles (29 km) off Vermilion Parish, La.  But it was
+
+Kerr-Magee
+
+, as operator for partners
+
+Phillips Petroleum
+
+and
+
+Stanolind Oil & Gas
+
+that completed its historic Ship Shoal Block 32 well in October 1947, months before Superior actually drilled a discovery from their Vermilion platform farther offshore. In any case, that made Kerr-McGee's well the first oil discovery drilled out of sight of land.
+
+When offshore drilling moved into deeper waters of up to 30 metres (98 ft), fixed platform rigs were built, until demands for drilling
+
+equipment
+
+was needed in the 100 feet (30 m) to 120 metres (390 ft) depth of the Gulf of Mexico, the first
+
+jack-up rigs
+
+began appearing from specialized offshore drilling contractors.
+
+[
+
+11
+
+]
+
+Offshore drilling rig, c. 1968.
+
+The first
+
+semi-submersible
+
+resulted from an unexpected observation in 1961.
+
+[
+
+12
+
+]
+
+Blue Water Drilling Company owned and operated the four-column submersible Blue Water Rig No.1 in the Gulf of Mexico for
+
+Shell Oil Company
+
+. As the pontoons were not sufficiently buoyant to support the weight of the rig and its consumables, it was towed between locations at a draught midway between the top of the pontoons and the underside of the deck.
+
+It was noticed that the motions at this draught were very small, and Blue Water Drilling and Shell jointly decided to try operating the rig in the floating mode. The concept of an anchored, stable floating deep-sea platform had been designed and tested back in the 1920s by
+
+Edward Robert Armstrong
+
+for the purpose of operating aircraft with an invention known as the 'seadrome'. The first purpose-built drilling
+
+semi-submersible
+
+Ocean Driller
+
+was launched in 1963 by
+
+ODECO
+
+. Since then, many semi-submersibles have been purpose-designed for the drilling industry mobile offshore fleet.
+
+Comparison of deepwater
+
+semi-submersible
+
+and
+
+drillship
+
+.
+
+The first offshore
+
+drillship
+
+was the
+
+CUSS 1
+
+developed for the
+
+Mohole
+
+project to drill into the Earth's crust.
+
+[
+
+13
+
+]
+
+As of June 2010, there were over 620 mobile offshore drilling rigs (jackups, semisubs, drillships, barges, etc.) available for service in the worldwide offshore rig fleet.
+
+[
+
+14
+
+]
+
+One of the world's deepest hubs is currently the
+
+Perdido
+
+in the Gulf of Mexico, floating in 2,438 meters (7,999 ft) of water. It is operated by
+
+Royal Dutch Shell
+
+and was built at a cost of $3 billion.
+
+[
+
+15
+
+]
+
+The deepest operational platform is the Petrobras America Cascade FPSO in the Walker Ridge 249 field in 2,600 meters (8,500 ft) of water.
+
+[
+
+16
+
+]
+
+Drilling platforms
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Main article:
+
+Oil platform
+
+Types of offshore oil and gas structures.
+
+See also:
+
+Fixed platform
+
+,
+
+Compliant tower
+
+,
+
+Tension-leg platform
+
+, and
+
+Spar (platform)
+
+Offshore drilling is usually done from platforms generically known as mobile offshore drilling units (MODU), which can be of one of several formats, depending on the water depth:
+
+Jackup rig
+
+Submersible drilling rig
+
+Semi-submersible platform
+
+Drillship
+
+Beyond the MODUs mentioned above, offshore developments also employ a range of
+
+fixed
+
+and floating
+
+drilling platforms
+
+that also support drilling, production, or both. Key types include:
+
+Fixed platforms
+
+- These are rigid structures whose legs are anchored directly into the
+
+seabed
+
+, supporting a deck which holds
+
+drilling rigs
+
+,
+
+production facilities
+
+, and even living quarters. These platforms are generally constructed from
+
+steel
+
+, creating “jacket” platforms, or
+
+concrete
+
+, creating “gravity-based structures.” Steel-jacket platforms consist of tubular steel members piled into the seabed, while concrete
+
+caisson
+
+platforms may incorporate large concrete bases and internal
+
+buoyancy tanks
+
+.
+
+[
+
+17
+
+]
+
+Fixed platforms are cost-effective for shallow to moderate water depths, as their practical depth limit is usually a few hundred meters.
+
+[
+
+18
+
+]
+
+[
+
+19
+
+]
+
+Compliant Towers
+
+- Compliant Towers or CTs are tall, slender, and flexible tower structures anchored to the seabed by piles, but designed to withstand significant lateral deflection under environmental loads like
+
+wind
+
+,
+
+waves
+
+, and
+
+currents
+
+.
+
+[
+
+20
+
+]
+
+Their flexibility allows them to operate in much deeper waters than conventional fixed jackets, commonly in the range of several hundred to about 900m.
+
+[
+
+17
+
+]
+
+Tension-Leg Platforms
+
+- This type of platform is a floating structure stabilized by vertical, tensioned tendons, also known as tethers, that anchor it to the seabed. Because the tendons are very stiff vertically, they eliminate most vertical motion, enabling
+
+wellheads
+
+and production equipment to be located on the deck rather than
+
+subsea
+
+.
+
+[
+
+18
+
+]
+
+[
+
+21
+
+]
+
+TLPs are well suited for deep-water environments, often hundreds of thousands of meters, and “mini-TLP” variants like Seastar platforms have been developed for smaller
+
+fields
+
+.
+
+[
+
+18
+
+]
+
+[
+
+19
+
+]
+
+Spar Platforms
+
+- Spar platforms consist of a large-diameter, vertical cylindrical
+
+hull
+
+or hard tank that provides
+
+buoyancy
+
+, with a deck on top, and is
+
+moored
+
+to the seabed using conventional mooring lines like through chains or wires.
+
+[
+
+22
+
+]
+
+There are several types of this platform, notably classic,
+
+truss
+
+, and cell spars, which vary in hull configuration and internal
+
+ballast
+
+arrangements.
+
+[
+
+23
+
+]
+
+The
+
+deep-draft
+
+design of spar platforms gives them excellent stability in very deep waters, making them suitable for ultra-deep production and drilling.
+
+[
+
+18
+
+]
+
+Floating Production Systems (FPS) - FPS are floating platforms like
+
+semi-submersibles
+
+that are equipped for both production and, occasionally, drilling.
+
+[
+
+22
+
+]
+
+These units are anchored by either
+
+mooring lines
+
+, usually cables and chains, or maintained in position by
+
+dynamic positioning systems
+
+.
+
+[
+
+24
+
+]
+
+FPS units can operate in ultra-deep waters, which is around thousands of feet.
+
+[
+
+24
+
+]
+
+Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) Units
+
+- An FPSO is a ship-shaped vessel that processes
+
+hydrocarbons
+
+from subsea wells and stores its oil in its
+
+hull
+
+.
+
+[
+
+18
+
+]
+
+It is moored to the seabed, often via a turret mooring system, allowing it to “weathervane” in response to environmental forces.
+
+[
+
+21
+
+]
+
+Periodically,
+
+shuttle tankers
+
+offload stored oil, which is advantageous in remote or frontier deepwater areas where pipeline infrastructure is limited or absent.
+
+[
+
+18
+
+]
+
+Main offshore fields
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Notable offshore fields include:
+
+Northstar Island
+
+, an artificial island in the Beaufort Sea north of Alaska, is a site of oil and gas drilling.
+
+the
+
+North Sea
+
+the
+
+Gulf of Mexico
+
+(offshore
+
+Texas
+
+,
+
+Louisiana
+
+,
+
+Mississippi
+
+, and
+
+Alabama
+
+)
+
+California
+
+(in the
+
+Los Angeles Basin
+
+and
+
+Santa Barbara Channel
+
+, part of the Ventura Basin)
+
+the Caspian Sea (notably some major fields offshore
+
+Azerbaijan
+
+)
+
+the
+
+Campos
+
+and
+
+Santos Basins
+
+off the coasts of
+
+Brazil
+
+Newfoundland
+
+and
+
+Nova Scotia
+
+(
+
+Atlantic Canada
+
+)
+
+several fields off
+
+West Africa
+
+most notably west of
+
+Nigeria
+
+and
+
+Angola
+
+offshore fields in
+
+South East Asia
+
+and
+
+Sakhalin
+
+, Russia
+
+major offshore oil fields are located in the
+
+Persian Gulf
+
+such as Safaniya, Manifa and Marjan which belong to Saudi Arabia and are developed by
+
+Saudi Aramco
+
+.
+
+[
+
+25
+
+]
+
+fields in
+
+India
+
+(Mumbai High, K G Basin-East Coast Of India, Tapti Field,
+
+Gujarat
+
+, India)
+
+the
+
+Taranaki Basin
+
+in
+
+New Zealand
+
+the
+
+Kara Sea
+
+north of Siberia
+
+[
+
+26
+
+]
+
+the
+
+Arctic Ocean
+
+off the coasts of
+
+Alaska
+
+and Canada's
+
+Northwest Territories
+
+[
+
+27
+
+]
+
+Challenges
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Being far from land can create many challenges, from logistics to safety concerns.
+
+Offshore oil and gas production is more challenging than land-based installations due to the remote and harsher environment. Much of the innovation in the offshore petroleum sector concerns overcoming these challenges, including the need to provide very large production facilities. Production and drilling facilities may be very large and a large investment, such as the
+
+Troll A platform
+
+standing on a depth of 300 meters (980 ft).
+
+[
+
+28
+
+]
+
+Another type of offshore platform may float with a
+
+mooring
+
+system to maintain it on location. While a floating system may be lower cost in deeper waters than a fixed platform, the dynamic nature of the platforms introduces many challenges for the drilling and production facilities.
+
+The ocean can add several thousand meters or more to the fluid column. The addition increases the equivalent circulating density and downhole pressures in drilling wells, as well as the energy needed to lift produced fluids for separation on the platform.
+
+The trend today is to conduct more of the production operations
+
+subsea
+
+, by separating water from oil and re-injecting it rather than pumping it up to a platform, or by flowing to onshore, with no installations visible above the sea. Subsea installations help to exploit resources at progressively deeper waters—locations which had been inaccessible—and overcome challenges posed by sea ice such as in the
+
+Barents Sea
+
+. One such challenge in shallower environments is
+
+seabed gouging by drifting ice features
+
+(means of protecting offshore installations against ice action includes burial in the seabed).
+
+Offshore manned facilities also present logistics and human resources challenges. An offshore oil platform is a small community in itself with cafeteria, sleeping quarters, management and other support functions. In the North Sea, staff members are transported by helicopter for a two-week shift. They usually receive higher salary than onshore workers do. Supplies and waste are transported by ship, and the supply deliveries need to be carefully planned because storage space on the platform is limited. Today, much effort goes into relocating as many of the personnel as possible onshore, where management and technical experts are in touch with the platform by video conferencing. An onshore job is also more attractive for the aging workforce in the
+
+petroleum industry
+
+, at least in the western world. These efforts among others are contained in the established term
+
+integrated operations
+
+. The increased use of subsea facilities helps achieve the objective of keeping more workers onshore. Subsea facilities are also easier to expand, with new separators or different modules for different oil types, and are not limited by the fixed floor space of an above-water installation.
+
+Effects on the environment
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+See also:
+
+Ecological effects of oil platforms
+
+Offshore oil production involves environmental risks, most notably
+
+oil spills
+
+from oil tankers or pipelines transporting oil from the platform to onshore facilities, and from leaks and accidents on the platform (e.g.
+
+Deepwater Horizon oil spill
+
+and
+
+Ixtoc I oil spill
+
+).
+
+[
+
+29
+
+]
+
+Produced water
+
+is also generated, which is water brought to the surface along with the oil and gas; it is usually highly
+
+saline
+
+and may include dissolved or unseparated hydrocarbons.
+
+See also
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Energy portal
+
+Oceans portal
+
+Deep sea mining
+
+Deepwater drilling
+
+Drillship
+
+Jackup rig
+
+Offshore geotechnical engineering
+
+Offshore oil and gas in the United States
+
+Oil platform
+
+Oil well
+
+Semi-submersible platform
+
+Shallow water drilling
+
+Submarine pipeline
+
+Subsea
+
+Vertebrae bend restrictor
+
+References
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+^
+
+Compton, Glenn,
+
+10 Reasons Not to Drill for Oil Offshore of Florida
+
+,
+
+The Bradenton Times
+
+, January 14, 2018
+
+^
+
+"Drilling on Grand Lake St Marys in 1891"
+
+.
+
+Energy Global News
+
+. 2019-06-30
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2020-08-20
+
+.
+
+^
+
+History of the Offshore Oil and Gas Development in Louisiana
+
+Archived
+
+2010-06-13 at the
+
+Wayback Machine
+
+at the Mineral Management Services, Dept of the Interior
+
+^
+
+"National Ocean Industries Association"
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2010-08-06
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2010-06-14
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"About Offshore Drilling"
+
+.
+
+www.engenya.com
+
+. Engenya GmbH
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2020-08-24
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Mir-Babayev, Mir Yusif (2002).
+
+"Azerbaijan's Oil History - A Chronology Leading up to the Soviet Era"
+
+.
+
+Azerbaijan International
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2026-01-03
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Smil, Vaclav (2017).
+
+Energy transitions: global and national perspectives
+
+(Second ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC. pp.
+
+42–
+
+43.
+
+ISBN
+
+978-1-4408-5324-1
+
+.
+
+[By 1806] the Absheron region had many shallow wells from which lighter oil was collected in order to produce kerosene (by thermal distillation) used for local lighting as well as for export by camels (in skins) and in wooden barrels on small ships. In 1837 Russians built the first commercial oil-distilling factory in Balakhani, and nine years later they sank the world's first (21 m deep) exploratory oil well in Bibi-Heybat [sic] and thus opened up what was later classified as the world's first giant oilfield (that is, one having at least 500 million barrels of recoverable crude oil). Baku was thus the place where the modern oil era began in 1846.
+
+^
+
+Morton, Michael Quentin (June 2016).
+
+"Beyond Sight of Land: A History of Oil Exploration in the Gulf of Mexico"
+
+.
+
+GeoExpro
+
+.
+
+30
+
+(3):
+
+60–
+
+63
+
+. Retrieved
+
+8 November
+
+2016
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Overview– Convention & Related Agreements"
+
+.
+
+www.un.org
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2020-08-20
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Offshore Drilling: History and Overview"
+
+.
+
+Offshore Energy
+
+. 2010-06-25
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2020-08-24
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"About Offshore Drilling"
+
+.
+
+www.engenya.com
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2020-08-24
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Tyler Priest (October 17, 2014).
+
+"
+
+Offshore at 60: The Blue Water Breakthrough
+
+"
+
+.
+
+PennWell
+
+. Retrieved
+
+October 16,
+
+2021
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Géosciences Montpellier – The project Mohole in 1961"
+
+.
+
+www.gm.univ-montp2.fr
+
+(in French)
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2020-08-20
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"RIGZONE – Offshore Rig Data, Onshore Fleet Analysis"
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 8 April 2015
+
+. Retrieved
+
+20 April
+
+2015
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Hays, Kristen (31 March 2010).
+
+"UPDATE 1-Shell starts production at Perdido"
+
+.
+
+Reuters
+
+. Retrieved
+
+20 April
+
+2015
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Off-Shore Drilling"
+
+.
+
+IssolareEnergy Available?
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2021-05-10
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2020-08-24
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+"Types of offshore platforms"
+
+.
+
+Strukts
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2025-11-20
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+c
+
+d
+
+e
+
+f
+
+"Offshore Production Facilities"
+
+.
+
+www.api.org
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2025-11-20
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+"What are fixed platforms?"
+
+.
+
+Oil & Gas IQ
+
+. 2018-12-17
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2025-11-20
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Offshore Oil and Gas platforms"
+
+(PDF)
+
+.
+
+IMIA
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2025-11-20
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+"What Are MOPUs and FPSOs?"
+
+.
+
+Oil & Gas IQ
+
+. 2024-12-01
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2025-11-20
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+Khalifeh, Mahmoud; Saasen, Arild (2020), Khalifeh, Mahmoud; Saasen, Arild (eds.),
+
+"Different Categories of Working Units"
+
+,
+
+Introduction to Permanent Plug and Abandonment of Wells
+
+, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp.
+
+137–
+
+163,
+
+doi
+
+:
+
+10.1007/978-3-030-39970-2_5
+
+,
+
+ISBN
+
+978-3-030-39970-2
+
+, retrieved
+
+2025-11-20
+
+{{
+
+citation
+
+}}
+
+:  CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (
+
+link
+
+)
+
+^
+
+"Types of Offshore Platforms: Comprehensive Technical Analysis"
+
+.
+
+Strukts
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2025-11-20
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+Lore, Gary L.; Ross, Katherine M.; Bascle, Barbara J.; Nixon, Lesley D.; Klazynski, Ralph J. (2025-11-09).
+
+"Assessment of Conventionally Recoverable Hydrocarbon Resources of the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Continental Shelf"
+
+(PDF)
+
+.
+
+Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
+
+. New Orleans (published June 1999)
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2025-11-20
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Contracts let for Marjan oil field development. (Saudi Arabian Oil Co. Bids out offshore development contracts) (Saudi Arabia) – MEED Middle East Economic Digest"
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2012-11-05
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2011-02-26
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Russian Rosneft announces major oil, gas discovery in Arctic Kara Sea"
+
+. Platts
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2017-08-18
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Year 2006 National Assessment – Alaska Outer Continental Shelf"
+
+(PDF)
+
+. Dept Interior BEOM. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+(PDF)
+
+on 2012-09-16
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2017-08-18
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Speight, James G. (2014).
+
+Handbook of Offshore Oil and Gas Operations
+
+. Elsevier.
+
+ISBN
+
+978-0-08-087819-5
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Debate Over Offshore Drilling
+
+(internet video).
+
+CBS News
+
+. 2008. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2008-08-24
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2008-09-27
+
+.
+
+External links
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Wikimedia Commons has media related to
+
+Mobile offshore drilling units
+
+.
+
+Center for Biological Diversity v Dept of the Interior
+
+17Apr2009 DC Appellate Decision stopping offshore Alaska Oil Leases.
+
+IODP-USIO: Publications: Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
+
+"New Oil from the Deep Ocean Floor."
+
+Popular Science
+
+, October 1975, pp. 106–108.
+
+Retrieved from "
+
+https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Offshore_drilling&oldid=1330893999
+
+"

knowledge_base/raw_text/wiki_Oil_well.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2565 @@
+Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well
+
+Well drilled to extract crude oil and/or gas
+
+This article
+
+needs additional citations for
+
+verification
+
+.
+
+Please help
+
+improve this article
+
+by
+
+adding citations to reliable sources
+
+. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
+
+Find sources:
+
+"Oil well"
+
+–
+
+news
+
+·
+
+newspapers
+
+·
+
+books
+
+·
+
+scholar
+
+·
+
+JSTOR
+
+(
+
+December 2023
+
+)
+
+(
+
+Learn how and when to remove this message
+
+)
+
+The
+
+pumpjack
+
+, such as this one located south of
+
+Midland
+
+, is a common sight in
+
+West Texas
+
+.
+
+An
+
+oil well
+
+is a drillhole
+
+boring
+
+in
+
+Earth
+
+that is designed to bring
+
+petroleum
+
+oil
+
+hydrocarbons
+
+to the surface. Usually some
+
+natural gas
+
+is released as
+
+associated petroleum gas
+
+along with the oil. A well that is designed to produce only gas may be termed a
+
+gas well
+
+. Wells are created by drilling down into an
+
+oil or gas reserve
+
+and if necessary equipped with extraction devices such as
+
+pumpjacks
+
+. Creating the wells can be an expensive process, costing at least hundreds of thousands of dollars, and costing much more when in difficult-to-access locations, e.g.,
+
+offshore
+
+. The process of modern drilling for wells first started in the 19th century but was made more efficient with advances to oil
+
+drilling rigs
+
+and technology during the 20th century.
+
+Wells are frequently sold or exchanged between different oil and gas companies as an asset – in large part because during a drop in the price of oil and gas, a well may be unproductive, but if prices rise, even low-production wells may be economically valuable. Moreover, new methods, such as
+
+hydraulic fracturing
+
+(a process of injecting gas or liquid to force more oil or natural gas production) have made some wells viable. However,
+
+peak oil
+
+and
+
+climate policy
+
+surrounding
+
+fossil fuels
+
+have made fewer of these wells and costly techniques viable.
+
+However, neglected or poorly maintained
+
+wellheads
+
+present environmental issues: they may leak
+
+methane
+
+or other toxic substances into local air, water and soil systems. This pollution often becomes worse when wells are
+
+abandoned or orphaned
+
+– i.e.,  where a well is no longer economically viable, so are no longer maintained by their (former) owners. A 2020 estimate by Reuters suggested that there were at least 29 million abandoned wells internationally, creating a significant source of
+
+greenhouse gas emissions
+
+worsening climate change.
+
+[
+
+1
+
+]
+
+[
+
+2
+
+]
+
+History
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Early oil field exploitation in
+
+Pennsylvania
+
+, around 1862
+
+Galician
+
+oil wells, c. 1881
+
+Oil well pumped by horse power in
+
+Romania
+
+, 1896
+
+Burning of natural gases at an oil drilling site, presumably at
+
+Pangkalan Brandan
+
+, East Coast of Sumatra – c. 1905
+
+Anglo-Persian Oil Company workers, 1908
+
+The earliest known oil wells were drilled in
+
+China
+
+in 347 CE. These wells had depths of up to about 240 metres (790 ft) and were drilled using
+
+bits
+
+attached to
+
+bamboo
+
+poles.
+
+[
+
+3
+
+]
+
+The oil was burned to evaporate
+
+brine
+
+producing
+
+salt
+
+. By the 10th century, extensive
+
+bamboo
+
+pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs. The ancient records of China and
+
+Japan
+
+are said to contain many allusions to the use of natural gas for lighting and heating. Petroleum was known as
+
+burning water
+
+in Japan in the 7th century.
+
+[
+
+4
+
+]
+
+[
+
+5
+
+]
+
+According to Kasem Ajram, petroleum was
+
+distilled
+
+by the
+
+Persian
+
+alchemist
+
+Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi
+
+(Rhazes) in the 9th century, producing chemicals such as
+
+kerosene
+
+in the
+
+alembic
+
+(
+
+al-ambiq
+
+),
+
+[
+
+6
+
+]
+
+[
+
+7
+
+]
+
+and which was mainly used for
+
+kerosene lamps
+
+.
+
+[
+
+8
+
+]
+
+Arab and Persian chemists
+
+also distilled crude oil in order to produce
+
+flammable
+
+products for military purposes. Through
+
+Islamic Spain
+
+, distillation became available in
+
+Western Europe
+
+by the 12th century.
+
+[
+
+9
+
+]
+
+Some sources claim that from the 9th century,
+
+oil fields
+
+were exploited in the area around modern
+
+Baku
+
+,
+
+Azerbaijan
+
+, to produce
+
+naphtha
+
+for the
+
+petroleum industry
+
+. These places were described by
+
+Marco Polo
+
+in the 13th century, who described the output of those oil wells as hundreds of shiploads. When Marco Polo in 1264 visited Baku, on the shores of the
+
+Caspian Sea
+
+, he saw oil being collected from seeps. He wrote that "on the confines toward Geirgine there is a fountain from which oil springs in great abundance, in as much as a hundred shiploads might be taken from it at one time."
+
+[
+
+10
+
+]
+
+In 1846, Baku (settlement
+
+Bibi-Heybat
+
+) the first ever well was drilled with percussion tools to a depth of 21 metres (69 ft) for
+
+oil exploration
+
+. In 1846–1848, the first modern oil wells were drilled on the
+
+Absheron Peninsula
+
+north-east of Baku, by Russian engineer Vasily Semyonov applying the ideas of Nikolay Voskoboynikov.
+
+[
+
+11
+
+]
+
+Ignacy Łukasiewicz
+
+, a
+
+Polish
+
+[
+
+12
+
+]
+
+[
+
+13
+
+]
+
+pharmacist
+
+and
+
+petroleum industry
+
+pioneer drilled one of the world's first modern oil wells in 1854 in
+
+Polish
+
+village
+
+Bóbrka, Krosno County
+
+,
+
+[
+
+14
+
+]
+
+and in 1856 built one of the world's first
+
+oil refineries
+
+.
+
+[
+
+15
+
+]
+
+In North America, the first commercial oil well entered operation in
+
+Oil Springs, Ontario
+
+in 1858, while the first offshore oil well was drilled in 1896 in the
+
+Summerland Oil Field
+
+on the California Coast.
+
+[
+
+16
+
+]
+
+The earliest oil wells in modern times were drilled percussively, by repeatedly raising and dropping a bit on the bottom of a
+
+cable
+
+into the borehole. In the 20th century, cable tools were largely replaced with
+
+rotary drilling
+
+, which could drill boreholes to much greater depths and in less time.
+
+[
+
+17
+
+]
+
+The record-depth
+
+Kola Borehole
+
+used a mud motor while drilling to achieve a depth of over 12,000 metres (12 km; 39,000 ft; 7.5 mi).
+
+[
+
+18
+
+]
+
+Until the 1970s, most oil wells were essentially vertical, although
+
+lithological
+
+variations cause most wells to deviate at least slightly from true vertical (see
+
+deviation survey
+
+). However, modern
+
+directional drilling
+
+technologies allow for highly deviated wells that can, given sufficient depth and with the proper tools, actually become horizontal. This is of great value as the
+
+reservoir
+
+rocks that contain hydrocarbons are usually horizontal or nearly horizontal; a horizontal wellbore placed in a production zone has more surface area in the production zone than a vertical well, resulting in a higher production rate. The use of deviated and horizontal drilling has also made it possible to reach reservoirs several kilometers or miles away from the drilling location (extended reach drilling), allowing for the production of hydrocarbons located below locations that are difficult to place a drilling rig on, environmentally sensitive, or populated.
+
+Life of a well
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Planning
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+In the planning phase, different resources are identified for extraction.
+
+For a production well, the target is picked to optimize production from the well and manage reservoir drainage.
+
+For an exploration or appraisal well, the target is chosen to confirm the existence of a viable hydrocarbon reservoir or to learn its extent.
+
+For an injection well, the target is selected to locate the point of injection in a permeable zone that may support disposing of water or gas and/or pushing hydrocarbons into nearby production wells.
+
+The target (the endpoint of the well) will be matched with a surface location (the starting point of the well), and a
+
+trajectory
+
+between the two will be designed. There are many considerations to take into account when designing the trajectory such as the clearance from any nearby wells (anti-collision) or future wellpaths.
+
+One aspect of the planning phase is the type of drill bit that will be selected for the site.
+
+Before a well is drilled, a geologic target is identified by a
+
+geologist
+
+or geophysicist to meet the objectives of the well.
+
+When the well path is identified, a team of geoscientists and engineers will develop a set of presumed characteristics of the subsurface path that will be drilled through to reach the target.  These properties may include
+
+lithology
+
+pore pressure
+
+, fracture gradient, wellbore stability,
+
+porosity
+
+and
+
+permeability
+
+. These assumptions are used by a well engineering team designing the casing and
+
+completion
+
+programs for the well. Also considered in the detailed planning are selection of the drill bits,
+
+bottom hole assembly
+
+, and the
+
+drilling fluid
+
+. Step-by-step procedures are written to provide guidelines for executing the well in a safe and cost-efficient manner.
+
+With the interplay with many of the elements in a well's design,  trajectories and designs often go through several iterations before the plan is finalized.
+
+Drilling
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+See also:
+
+Boring (earth)
+
+and
+
+Oil well control
+
+An annotated schematic of an oil well during a drilling phase
+
+The well is created by
+
+drilling
+
+a hole 12 cm to 1 meter (5 in to 40 in) in diameter into the earth with a drilling rig that rotates a
+
+drill string
+
+with a bit attached. At depths during the process, sections of steel pipe (
+
+casing
+
+), slightly smaller in diameter than the borehole at that point, are placed in the hole. Cement slurry will be pumped down the inside to rise in the annulus between the borehole and the outside of the casing. The casing provides structural integrity to that portion of the newly drilled wellbore, in addition to isolating potentially dangerous high pressure zones from lower-pressure ones, and from the surface.
+
+With these zones safely isolated and the formation protected by the casing, the well can be drilled deeper (into potentially higher-pressure or more-unstable formations) with a smaller bit, and then cased with a smaller size pipe. Modern wells generally have two to as many as five sets of subsequently smaller hole sizes, each cemented with casing.
+
+To drill the well
+
+Well casings
+
+The rotating drill bit, aided by the weight of the
+
+drill string
+
+above it, cuts into the rock. There are different types of drill bits; some cause the rock to disintegrate by compressive failure, while others shear slices off the rock as the bit turns.
+
+Drilling fluid
+
+, a.k.a. "mud", is pumped down the inside of the drill pipe and exits at the drill bit. The principal components of drilling fluid are usually water and clay, but it also typically contains a complex mixture of fluids, solids and chemicals that must be carefully tailored to provide the correct physical and chemical characteristics required to safely drill the well. Particular functions of the drilling mud include cooling the bit, lifting rock cuttings to the surface, preventing destabilisation (spalling) of the rock in the wellbore, and overcoming the pressure of fluids inside the rock so that these fluids do not enter the wellbore. Some oil wells are drilled with air or foam as the drilling fluid.
+
+Mud log
+
+in process, a common way to study the lithology when drilling oil wells
+
+The generated rock "
+
+cuttings
+
+" are swept up by the drilling fluid as it circulates back to the surface inside the casing and outside of the drill pipe. The fluid then goes through "
+
+shakers
+
+" that screen the cuttings out of the fluid, which is returned to the pit for reuse. Watching for abnormalities in the returning cuttings and monitoring pit volume or rate of returning fluid are imperative to catch "kicks" early. A "kick" is when the formation pressure at the depth of the bit is greater than the hydrostatic head of the mud above, which if not controlled temporarily by closing the
+
+blowout preventers
+
+followed by increasing the density of the drilling fluid would allow formation fluids to enter the annulus uncontrollably.
+
+The
+
+drill string
+
+to which the bit is attached is gradually lengthened as the well gets deeper by screwing in additional 9 m (30 ft) sections or "joints" of pipe under the
+
+kelly
+
+or top drive at the surface. This process is called "making a connection". The operation called "tripping" is when pulling the bit out of the hole to replace the bit (tripping out), and running back in with a new bit (tripping in). Joints are usually combined for more efficient tripping by creating stands of multiple joints. A conventional triple, for example, has three joints at a time racked vertically in the derrick. Some modern rigs, called "super singles", trip pipe one at a time, laying it out on racks as they go.
+
+This process is all facilitated by a
+
+drilling rig
+
+, which contains all necessary equipment to circulate the drilling fluid, hoist and rotate the pipe, remove cuttings from the drilling fluid, and generate on-site power for these operations.
+
+Completion
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Main article:
+
+Completion (oil and gas wells)
+
+Modern drilling rig in Argentina
+
+After drilling and casing the well, it must be 'completed'. Completion is the process in which the well is prepared to produce
+
+oil
+
+or gas.
+
+In a cased-hole completion, small
+
+perforations
+
+are made in the portion of the
+
+casing
+
+across the production zone, to provide a path for the oil to flow from the surrounding rock into the production tubing. In open hole completion, often a 'sand screen' or 'gravel pack' is installed in the last-drilled but uncased reservoir section. These maintain structural integrity of the wellbore in the absence of casing, while still allowing flow from the reservoir into the borehole. Screens also control the migration of formation sands into production tubulars, which can lead to washouts and other problems, particularly from unconsolidated sand formations.
+
+A hydraulic fracturing operation at a
+
+Marcellus Shale
+
+well
+
+After a flow path is made, acids and fracturing fluids may be pumped into the well to
+
+fracture
+
+, clean, or otherwise prepare and stimulate the reservoir rock to allow optimal production of hydrocarbons into the wellbore. Usually the area above the producing section of the well is packed off inside the casing, and connected to the surface via a smaller diameter pipe called tubing. This arrangement provides a redundant barrier to leaks of hydrocarbons as well as allowing damaged sections to be replaced. Also, the smaller cross-sectional area of the tubing gives reservoir fluids an increased velocity to minimize liquid fallback that would create additional back pressure, and shields the casing from corrosive well fluids.
+
+In many wells, the natural pressure of the subsurface reservoir is high enough for the oil or gas to flow to the surface. However, this is not always the case, especially in depleted fields where the pressures have been lowered by other producing wells, or in low-permeability oil reservoirs. Installing a smaller diameter tubing may be enough to help the production, but artificial lift methods may also be needed. Common solutions include surface
+
+pump jacks
+
+,  downhole hydraulic pumps or gas lift assistance. Many new systems in recent years have been introduced for well completion. Multiple
+
+packer
+
+systems with frac ports or port collars in an all-in-one system have cut completion costs and improved production, especially in the case of horizontal wells. These new systems allow casing to run into the lateral zone equipped with proper packer/frac-port placement for optimal hydrocarbon recovery.
+
+Production
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+See also:
+
+Extraction of petroleum
+
+A schematic of a typical oil well being produced by a
+
+pumpjack
+
+, which is used to produce the remaining recoverable oil after natural pressure is no longer sufficient to raise oil to the surface
+
+The production stage is the most important stage of a well's life: when the oil and gas are produced. By this time, the oil rigs and
+
+workover rigs
+
+used to drill and complete the well will have moved off the wellbore, and the top is usually outfitted with a collection of valves called a
+
+Christmas tree
+
+or production tree. These valves regulate pressures, control flows, and allow access to the wellbore in case further completion work is needed. From the outlet valve of the production tree, the flow can be connected to a distribution network of pipelines and tanks to supply the product to refineries, natural gas compressor stations, or oil export terminals.
+
+As long as the pressure in the reservoir remains high enough, the production tree is all that is required to produce the well. If the pressure depletes and it is considered economically viable, an artificial lift method mentioned in the completions section can be employed.
+
+Workovers
+
+are often necessary in older wells, which may need smaller diameter tubing, scale or paraffin removal, acid matrix jobs, or completion in new zones of interest in a shallower reservoir. Such remedial work can be performed using workover rigs – also known as
+
+pulling units
+
+,
+
+completion rigs
+
+or "service rigs" – to pull and replace tubing, or by the use of
+
+well intervention
+
+techniques utilizing
+
+coiled tubing
+
+. Depending on the type of lift system and wellhead a rod rig or flushby can be used to change a pump without pulling the tubing.
+
+Enhanced recovery methods such as water flooding, steam flooding, or CO
+
+2
+
+flooding may be used to increase reservoir pressure and provide a "sweep" effect to push hydrocarbons out of the reservoir. Such methods require the use of injection wells (often chosen from old production wells in a carefully determined pattern), and are used when facing problems with reservoir pressure depletion or high oil viscosity, sometimes being employed early in a field's life. In certain cases – depending on the reservoir's geomechanics – reservoir engineers may determine that ultimate recoverable oil may be increased by applying a waterflooding strategy early in the field's development rather than later. Such enhanced recovery techniques are often called Secondary or "
+
+tertiary recovery
+
+".
+
+Abandonment
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+This section is an excerpt from
+
+Orphan wells
+
+.
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Abandoned oil well in the
+
+Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge
+
+Orphan
+
+, orphaned, or abandoned wells are oil or gas wells that have been abandoned by
+
+fossil fuel extraction industries
+
+. These wells may have been deactivated due to becoming uneconomic, failure to transfer ownerships (especially at
+
+bankruptcy of companies
+
+), or neglect, and thus no longer have legal owners responsible for their care. Decommissioning wells effectively can be expensive, costing several thousands of dollars for a shallow land well to millions of dollars for an offshore one.
+
+[
+
+19
+
+]
+
+Thus the burden may fall on government agencies or surface landowners when a business entity can no longer be held responsible.
+
+[
+
+20
+
+]
+
+Orphan wells are a potent contributor of
+
+greenhouse gas emissions
+
+, such as
+
+methane emissions
+
+, contributing to
+
+climate change
+
+. Much of this leakage can be attributed to failure to have them plugged properly or leaking plugs. A 2020 estimate of abandoned wells in the United States was that methane emissions released from abandoned wells produced greenhouse gas impacts equivalent to three weeks of US oil consumption each year.
+
+[
+
+20
+
+]
+
+The scale of leaking abandoned wells is well understood in the US and Canada because of public data and regulation; however, a
+
+Reuters
+
+investigation in 2020 could not find good estimates for Russia, Saudi Arabia and China—the next biggest oil and gas producers.
+
+[
+
+20
+
+]
+
+However, they estimate there are 29 million abandoned wells internationally.
+
+[
+
+20
+
+]
+
+[
+
+21
+
+]
+
+Abandoned wells have the potential to contaminate land, air and water, potentially harming ecosystems, wildlife, livestock, and humans.
+
+[
+
+20
+
+]
+
+[
+
+22
+
+]
+
+For example, many wells in the United States are situated on farmland, and if not maintained could contaminate soil and groundwater with toxic contaminants.
+
+[
+
+20
+
+]
+
+Types of wells
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+By produced fluid
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Crude oil from a well
+
+A natural gas well in the southeast
+
+Lost Hills Field
+
+, California
+
+Wells that produce crude
+
+oil
+
+Wells that produce crude oil
+
+and
+
+natural gas
+
+, or
+
+Wells that
+
+only
+
+produce natural gas.
+
+Natural gas, in a raw form known as
+
+associated petroleum gas
+
+, is almost always a by-product of producing oil.
+
+[
+
+23
+
+]
+
+The short, light-gas carbon chains come out of solution when undergoing pressure reduction from the
+
+reservoir
+
+to the surface, similar to uncapping a bottle of soda where the carbon dioxide
+
+effervesces
+
+. If it escapes into the atmosphere intentionally it is known as
+
+vented gas
+
+, or if unintentionally as
+
+fugitive gas
+
+.
+
+Unwanted natural gas can be a disposal problem at wells that are developed to produce oil. If there are no pipelines for natural gas near the
+
+wellhead
+
+it may be of no value to the oil well owner since it cannot reach the consumer markets.  Such unwanted gas may then be burned off at the well site in a practice known as
+
+production flaring
+
+, but due to the energy resource waste and environmental damage concerns this practice is becoming less common.
+
+[
+
+24
+
+]
+
+Often, unwanted (or 'stranded' gas without a market) gas is returned back into the reservoir with an 'injection' well for storage or for
+
+re-pressurizing
+
+the producing formation. Another solution is to convert the natural gas to a
+
+liquid
+
+fuel.
+
+Gas to liquid
+
+(GTL) is a developing technology that converts stranded natural gas into synthetic gasoline, diesel or jet fuel through the
+
+Fischer–Tropsch
+
+process developed in World War II Germany. Like oil, such dense liquid fuels can be transported using conventional tankers for trucking to refineries or users. Proponents claim GTL fuels burn cleaner than comparable petroleum fuels. Most major international oil companies are in advanced development stages of GTL production, e.g. the 140,000 bbl/d (22,000 m
+
+3
+
+/d)
+
+Pearl GTL
+
+plant in Qatar. In locations such as the United States with a high natural gas demand, pipelines are usually favored to take the gas from the well site to the
+
+end consumer
+
+.
+
+By location
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Onshore drilling site in
+
+East Timor
+
+Wells can be located:
+
+Onshore, or
+
+Offshore
+
+Offshore wells can further be subdivided into
+
+Wells with subsea wellheads, where the top of the well is sitting on the ocean floor under water, and often connected to a pipeline on the ocean floor.
+
+Wells with 'dry' wellheads, where the top of the well is above the water on a platform or jacket, which also often contains processing equipment for the produced fluid.
+
+While the location of the well will be a large factor in the type of equipment used to drill it, there is actually little downhole difference in the well itself. An offshore well targets a reservoir that happens to be underneath an ocean. Due to logistics and specialized equipment needed, drilling an offshore well is far more costly than a comparable onshore well.
+
+[
+
+25
+
+]
+
+These wells dot the Southern and Central Great Plains, Southwestern United States, and are the most common wells in the Middle East.
+
+By purpose
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+A
+
+derrick
+
+being raised
+
+Another way to classify oil wells is by their purpose in contributing to the development of a resource. They can be characterized as:
+
+wildcat wells
+
+that are drilled where little or no known geological information is available. The site may have been selected because of wells drilled some distance from the proposed location but to an underground structure that appeared similar to the proposed site. Individuals who drill wildcat wells are known as '
+
+wildcatters
+
+'.
+
+exploration wells
+
+are drilled purely for exploratory (information gathering) purposes in a new area. The site selection is usually based on seismic data, satellite surveys, etc. Details gathered in this well include the presence of hydrocarbon in the drilled location, the amount of fluid present and the depth at which oil or gas occurs.
+
+appraisal wells
+
+may be needed to assess characteristics (such as flow rate, reservoir quantity) of a proven hydrocarbon accumulation. Such wells reduce uncertainty about the characteristics and properties of the hydrocarbon present in the field.
+
+production wells
+
+are drilled primarily for producing oil or gas, once the producing structure and characteristics are determined.
+
+development wells
+
+are wells drilled for the production of oil or gas already proven by appraisal drilling to be suitable for exploitation.
+
+abandoned wells
+
+are wells permanently plugged in the drilling phase for technical reasons, or that had failed to locate commercially valuable hydrocarbons.
+
+At a producing well site, active wells may be further categorized as:
+
+oil producers
+
+producing predominantly
+
+liquid hydrocarbons
+
+, but most include some
+
+associated gas
+
+.
+
+gas producers
+
+producing almost entirely gaseous hydrocarbons, consisting mostly of
+
+natural gas
+
+.
+
+water injectors
+
+injecting water
+
+into the formation to maintain
+
+reservoir
+
+pressure, or simply to dispose of water produced with the hydrocarbons because even after treatment, it would be too oily and too saline to be considered clean for dumping overboard offshore, let alone into a fresh water resource in the case of onshore wells. Water injection into the producing zone frequently has a beneficial element of reservoir management; however, often produced water disposal is into shallower zones safely beneath any fresh water zones.
+
+aquifer producers
+
+intentionally producing water for re-injection to manage pressure. If possible this water will come from the reservoir itself. Using aquifer produced water rather than water from other sources is to preclude chemical incompatibility that might lead to reservoir-plugging precipitates.  These wells will generally be needed only if produced water from the oil or gas producers is insufficient for reservoir management purposes.
+
+gas injectors
+
+injecting gas into the reservoir often as a means of disposal or sequestering for later production, but also to maintain reservoir pressure.
+
+Lahee classification
+
+[
+
+26
+
+]
+
+New Field Wildcat
+
+(NFW) – far from other producing fields and on a structure that has not previously produced.
+
+New Pool Wildcat
+
+(NPW) – new pools on already producing structure.
+
+Deeper Pool Test
+
+(DPT) – on already producing structure and pool, but on a deeper pay zone.
+
+Shallower Pool Test
+
+(SPT) – on already producing structure and pool, but on a shallower pay zone.
+
+Outpost
+
+(OUT) – usually two or more locations from nearest productive area.
+
+Development Well
+
+(DEV) – can be on the extension of a pay zone, or between existing wells (
+
+Infill
+
+).
+
+Cost
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Offshore drilling is the most expensive form of drilling and this form of drilling can also be more costly when emergency cleanup operations are required.
+
+The cost to drill a well depends mainly on the daily rate of the drilling rig, the extra services required to drill the well, the duration of the well program (including downtime and weather time), and the remoteness of the location (logistic supply costs).
+
+[
+
+27
+
+]
+
+The daily rates of offshore drilling rigs vary by their depth capability and availability. Rig rates reported by an industry web service
+
+[
+
+28
+
+]
+
+show that deepwater drilling rigs are over twice the daily cost of the shallow water fleet, and rates for jack-up fleet can vary by factor of 3 depending upon capability.
+
+With deepwater drilling rig rates in 2015 of around $520,000/day,
+
+[
+
+28
+
+]
+
+and similar additional spread costs, a deepwater well of a duration of 100 days can cost around US$100 million.
+
+[
+
+29
+
+]
+
+With high-performance jack-up rig rates in 2015 of around $177,000/day
+
+[
+
+28
+
+]
+
+with similar service costs, a high pressure, high-temperature well of duration 100 days can cost about US$30 million.
+
+Onshore wells can be considerably cheaper, particularly if the field is at a shallow depth, where costs range from less than $4.9 million to $8.3 million, and the average completion costing $2.9 million to $5.6 million per well.
+
+[
+
+30
+
+]
+
+Completion makes up a larger portion of onshore well costs than offshore wells, which generally have the added cost burden of a surface platform.
+
+[
+
+31
+
+]
+
+The total costs mentioned do not include those associated with the risk of explosion and leakage of oil. Those costs include the cost of protecting against such disasters, the cost of the cleanup effort, and the hard-to-calculate cost of damage to the company's image.
+
+[
+
+32
+
+]
+
+Impacts on wildlife
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Oil well located inside the
+
+Delta National Wildlife Refuge
+
+The impacts of oil exploration and drilling are often irreversible, particularly for wildlife.
+
+[
+
+33
+
+]
+
+Research indicates that caribou in
+
+Alaska
+
+show a marked avoidance of areas near oil wells and seismic lines due to disturbances.
+
+[
+
+33
+
+]
+
+Drilling often destroys wildlife habitat, causing wildlife stress, and breaks up large areas into smaller isolated ones, changing the environment, and forcing animals to migrate elsewhere.
+
+[
+
+34
+
+]
+
+[
+
+33
+
+]
+
+It can also bring in new species that compete with or prey on existing animals.
+
+[
+
+34
+
+]
+
+Even though the actual area taken up by oil and gas equipment might be small, negative effects can spread. Animals like mule deer and
+
+elk
+
+try to stay away from the noise and activity of drilling sites, sometimes moving miles away to find peace. This movement and avoidance can lead to less space for these animals affecting their numbers and health.
+
+[
+
+35
+
+]
+
+The
+
+Sage-grouse
+
+is another example of an animal that tries to avoid areas with drilling, which can lead to fewer of them surviving and reproducing.
+
+[
+
+34
+
+]
+
+Different studies show that drilling in their habitats negatively impacts sage-grouse populations. In
+
+Wyoming
+
+, sage grouse studied between 1984 and 2008 show a roughly 2.5 percent annual population decline in males, correlating with the density of oil and gas wells.
+
+[
+
+36
+
+]
+
+Factors such as sagebrush cover and precipitation seemed to have little effect on count changes. These results align with other studies highlighting the detrimental impact of oil and gas development on sage-grouse populations.
+
+See also
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Fracking
+
+– Fracturing bedrock by pressurized liquid
+
+Offshore drilling
+
+– Mechanical process where a wellbore is drilled below the seabed
+
+Oil well control
+
+– Management of oil wells
+
+Oil spill
+
+– Release of petroleum into the environment
+
+Petroleum industry
+
+– Extraction and sale of petroleum products
+
+Thermomechanical cuttings cleaner
+
+References
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+^
+
+Groom N (2020-06-17).
+
+"Special Report: Millions of abandoned oil wells are leaking methane, a climate menace"
+
+.
+
+Reuters
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2021-04-07
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Geller D (13 July 2020).
+
+"More Exposures from Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells Come Into Focus"
+
+.
+
+Verisk
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 30 March 2023
+
+. Retrieved
+
+14 April
+
+2021
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"A timeline from the histories of ASTM Committee D02 and the petroleum industry"
+
+.
+
+ASTM International
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2004-06-04.
+
+^
+
+Chisholm, Hugh
+
+, ed. (1911).
+
+"Petroleum"
+
+.
+
+Encyclopædia Britannica
+
+(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
+
+^
+
+Robert James Forbes (1958).
+
+Studies in Early Petroleum History
+
+. Brill Archive. p. 180.
+
+^
+
+Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992).
+
+The Miracle of Islam Science
+
+(2nd ed.). Knowledge House Publishers.
+
+ISBN
+
+0-911119-43-4
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Russell, James M. (1 November 2018).
+
+Plato's Alarm Clock: And Other Amazing Ancient Inventions
+
+. Michael O'Mara Books.
+
+ISBN
+
+978-1-78243-935-6
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Zayn Bilkadi (
+
+University of California, Berkeley
+
+), "The Oil Weapons",
+
+Saudi Aramco World
+
+, January–February 1995, pp. 20–27
+
+^
+
+Joseph P. Riva Jr. and Gordon I. Atwater.
+
+"petroleum"
+
+.
+
+Encyclopædia Britannica
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2008-06-30
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Steil, Tim.
+
+Fantastic Filling Stations
+
+. Voyageur Press. p. 18.
+
+ISBN
+
+978-1610606295
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"A Brief History of Oil and Gas Drilling"
+
+.
+
+Visions of Azerbaijan Magazine
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2021-12-27
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Magdalena Puda-Blokesz
+
+,
+
+Ignacy Łukasiewicz: ojciec światowego przemysłu naftowego, działacz polityczny i patriota, filantrop i społecznik, przede wszystkim Człowiek
+
+Archived
+
+2014-10-27 at the
+
+Wayback Machine
+
+^
+
+Ludwik Tomanek
+
+, Ignacy Łukasiewicz twórca przemysłu naftowego w Polsce, wielki inicjator – wielki jałmużnik.  Miejsce Piastowe: Komitet Uczczenia Pamięci Ignacego Łukasiewicza. 1928
+
+^
+
+"Skansen Przemysłu Naftowego w Bóbrce / Museum of Oil Industry at Bobrka"
+
+.
+
+www.geo.uw.edu.pl
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on May 19, 2007.
+
+^
+
+Frank, Alison Fleig (2005).
+
+Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia (Harvard Historical Studies)
+
+. Harvard University Press.
+
+ISBN
+
+0-674-01887-7
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Canada Cool I North America's first commercial oil – Oil Springs"
+
+.
+
+Canada Cool
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2020-09-04
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Location – Leverage Oilfield and Industrial Supply"
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2020-09-04
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"How did the ingenious use of bamboo poles help drill the first oil wells?"
+
+.
+
+OilNow
+
+. 2020-05-31
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2020-10-16
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Kaiser MJ (2019).
+
+Decommissioning forecasting and operating cost estimation: Gulf of Mexico well trends, structure inventory and forecast models
+
+. Cambridge, MA: Gulf Professional Publishing.
+
+doi
+
+:
+
+10.1016/C2018-0-02728-0
+
+.
+
+ISBN
+
+978-0-12-818113-3
+
+.
+
+S2CID
+
+239358078
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+c
+
+d
+
+e
+
+f
+
+Groom N (2020-06-17).
+
+"Special Report: Millions of abandoned oil wells are leaking methane, a climate menace"
+
+.
+
+Reuters
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2021-04-07
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Geller D (13 July 2020).
+
+"More Exposures from Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells Come Into Focus"
+
+.
+
+Verisk
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 30 March 2023
+
+. Retrieved
+
+8 April
+
+2021
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Allison E, Mandler B (14 May 2018).
+
+"Abandoned Wells. What happens to oil and gas wells when they are no longer productive?"
+
+.
+
+Petroleum and Environment
+
+. American Geosciences Institute.
+
+^
+
+Croft, Cameron P.
+
+"How Do You Process Natural Gas?"
+
+.
+
+croftsystems.net/
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2020-09-04
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Emam, Eman A. (December 2015).
+
+"Gas Flaring in Industry: an Overview"
+
+(PDF)
+
+.
+
+large.stanford.edu/
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Crude Oil and Natural Gas Drilling Activity"
+
+.
+
+Energy Information Administration
+
+. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 21 May 2019
+
+. Retrieved
+
+4 November
+
+2019
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Drilling Well Classification System
+
+^
+
+International, Petrogav.
+
+Drilling Course for Hiring on Onshore Drilling Rigs
+
+. Petrogav International.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+c
+
+Rigzone – Rig day rates :
+
+http://www.rigzone.com/data/dayrates/
+
+^
+
+Center, Petrogav International Oil & Gas Training (2020-07-02).
+
+The technological process on Offshore Drilling Rigs for fresher candidates
+
+. Petrogav International.
+
+^
+
+"Trends in U.S. Oil and Natural Gas Upstream Costs"
+
+(PDF)
+
+.
+
+Energy Information Administration
+
+. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2016
+
+. Retrieved
+
+4 November
+
+2019
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"The Cost of Oil & Gas Wells"
+
+.
+
+OilScams.org
+
+. Oil Scams. 2018
+
+. Retrieved
+
+4 November
+
+2019
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"How Much Does an Oil & Gas Well Cost?| Oil & Gas Investing Advice"
+
+.
+
+oilscams.org
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2020-09-04
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+c
+
+Lauren Bettino, Hank Moylan, Victoria Stukas (3 December 2015).
+
+"Impacts of Oil Drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge"
+
+.
+
+UMass Amherst
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2024-03-21
+
+.
+
+This article provides an in-depth analysis of the potential impacts of oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
+
+{{
+
+cite web
+
+}}
+
+:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
+
+link
+
+)
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+c
+
+"Development of Oil and Gas"
+
+.
+
+Wyoming Game and Fish Department
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2024-03-21
+
+.
+
+This resource provides comprehensive information on the impacts of oil and gas development on wildlife habitats within Wyoming.
+
+^
+
+"Study Quantifies Drilling Impacts on Mule Deer"
+
+.
+
+High Country News
+
+. 18 August 2015
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2024-03-21
+
+.
+
+This article discusses a study that quantifies the impacts of oil and gas drilling on mule deer populations.
+
+^
+
+Green, Adam W.; Aldridge, Cameron L.; O'Donnell, Michael S. (2016).
+
+"Impacts of Oil and Gas Development on Sage-Grouse Populations in Wyoming"
+
+.
+
+The Journal of Wildlife Management
+
+.
+
+81
+
+(1). Wildlife Society Bulletin:
+
+46–
+
+57.
+
+doi
+
+:
+
+10.1002/jwmg.21179
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2024-03-21
+
+.
+
+This study examines the decline of sage-grouse populations in Wyoming
+
+External links
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Wikimedia Commons has media related to
+
+Oil wells
+
+.
+
+Halliburton Technical Papers
+
+Archived
+
+2018-02-02 at the
+
+Wayback Machine
+
+Freemyer Industrial Pressure
+
+Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary
+
+The History of the Oil Industry
+
+Archived
+
+2013-04-02 at the
+
+Wayback Machine
+
+"Black Gold"
+
+Popular Mechanics
+
+, January 1930 – photo article on oil drilling in the 1920s and 1930s
+
+"World's Deepest Well"
+
+Popular Science
+
+, August 1938, article on the late 1930s technology of drilling oil wells
+
+Brief history of oil and gas production
+
+Mir-Babayev M.F. "Brief history of the first drilled oil well; and the people involved".
+
+Oil-Industry History
+
+(US), 2017, v. 18 #1, pp. 25–34
+
+v
+
+t
+
+e
+
+Petroleum industry
+
+Petroleum
+
+Primary energy
+
+Benchmarks
+
+Argus Sour
+
+Bonny Light
+
+Brent
+
+Dubai
+
+Indian Basket
+
+Indonesian
+
+Isthmus-34 Light
+
+Japan Cocktail
+
+OPEC Reference Basket
+
+Tapis
+
+Urals
+
+West Texas Intermediate
+
+Western Canadian Select
+
+Data
+
+Natural gas
+
+Consumption
+
+Production
+
+Reserves
+
+Imports
+
+Exports
+
+Price
+
+Petroleum
+
+Consumption
+
+Production
+
+Reserves
+
+Imports
+
+Exports
+
+Posted oil price
+
+Price
+
+of gasoline and diesel
+
+Exploration
+
+Core sampling
+
+Geophysics
+
+Integrated asset modelling
+
+Petroleum engineering
+
+Reservoir simulation
+
+Reservoir modeling
+
+Petroleum geology
+
+Petrophysics
+
+Reflection seismology
+
+Seismic inversion
+
+Seismic source
+
+Drilling
+
+Blowout
+
+Completion
+
+Squeeze job
+
+Differential sticking
+
+Directional drilling
+
+Geosteering
+
+Drill stem test
+
+Drilling engineering
+
+Drilling fluid
+
+invasion
+
+Lost circulation
+
+Measurement
+
+Shale oil extraction
+
+Ljungström method
+
+Tracers
+
+Underbalanced drilling
+
+Well logging
+
+Production
+
+Petroleum fiscal regime
+
+Concessions
+
+Production sharing agreements
+
+Artificial lift
+
+Gas lift
+
+Pumpjack
+
+Submersible pump (ESP)
+
+Downstream
+
+Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
+
+Gas reinjection
+
+Steam injection
+
+Midstream
+
+Petroleum product
+
+Pipeline
+
+Refining
+
+Upstream
+
+Water injection
+
+Well intervention
+
+XT
+
+History
+
+1967 Oil Embargo
+
+1973 oil crisis
+
+1979 oil crisis
+
+1980s oil glut
+
+1990 oil price shock
+
+2000s energy crisis
+
+2010s oil glut
+
+2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
+
+Nationalization
+
+GECF
+
+OPEC
+
+Seven Sisters
+
+Standard Oil
+
+Canada
+
+France
+
+India
+
+Iraq
+
+Norway
+
+Saudi Arabia
+
+United States
+
+Venezuela
+
+Provinces
+
+and fields
+
+List of natural gas fields
+
+List of oil fields
+
+Caspian Sea
+
+Daqing Oil Field
+
+East Midlands Oil Province
+
+East Texas
+
+Gulf of Mexico
+
+Niger Delta
+
+North Sea
+
+Permian Basin
+
+Persian Gulf
+
+Prudhoe Bay
+
+Russia
+
+Venezuela
+
+Shengli Oil Field
+
+Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
+
+Other topics
+
+Abbreviations
+
+Classification
+
+sweet oil
+
+sour oil
+
+Oil shale gas
+
+Orphan wells
+
+Peak oil
+
+fossil fuel phase-out
+
+timing
+
+Petrocurrency
+
+Petrodollar recycling
+
+Petrofiction
+
+Shale band
+
+Shale gas
+
+Swing producer
+
+Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
+
+light crude
+
+heavy crude
+
+oil sands
+
+oil shale
+
+tight oil
+
+Companies and
+
+organisations
+
+Major
+
+petroleum
+
+companies
+
+Supermajors
+
+BP
+
+Chevron
+
+Eni
+
+ExxonMobil
+
+Shell
+
+TotalEnergies
+
+National oil
+
+companies
+
+Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
+
+ANCAP
+
+Bharat Petroleum
+
+China National Offshore Oil Corporation
+
+China National Petroleum Corporation
+
+Ecopetrol
+
+Equinor
+
+Gazprom
+
+Hindustan Petroleum
+
+Indian Oil Corporation
+
+Iraq National Oil Company
+
+KazMunayGas
+
+Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
+
+Lotos
+
+Naftogaz
+
+National Iranian Oil Company
+
+National Iranian South Oil Company
+
+NNPC Limited
+
+Oil & Gas Development Company
+
+Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
+
+Orlen
+
+PDVSA
+
+Pemex
+
+Pertamina
+
+Petrobangla
+
+Petrobras
+
+PetroChina
+
+Petronas
+
+Petrovietnam
+
+PTT Public Company Limited
+
+QatarEnergy
+
+Rosneft
+
+Saudi Aramco
+
+Sinopec
+
+SOCAR
+
+Sonangol
+
+Sonatrach
+
+TPAO
+
+YPF
+
+Energy trading
+
+Enron
+
+Glencore
+
+Gunvor
+
+Mercuria
+
+Naftiran Intertrade
+
+Trafigura
+
+Vitol
+
+Others
+
+APA Corporation
+
+Cenovus Energy
+
+Cepsa
+
+ConocoPhillips
+
+Devon Energy
+
+Eneos Holdings
+
+Galp Energia
+
+Hess Corporation
+
+Husky Energy
+
+Imperial Oil
+
+Lukoil
+
+Marathon Oil
+
+Marathon Petroleum
+
+Occidental Petroleum
+
+OMV
+
+Phillips 66
+
+Port Harcourt Refining Company
+
+Reliance Industries
+
+Repsol
+
+Suncor Energy
+
+Sunoco
+
+Surgutneftegas
+
+TechnipFMC
+
+TNK-BP
+
+Tullow Oil
+
+Tüpraş
+
+Valero Energy
+
+Major
+
+services
+
+companies
+
+Amec Foster Wheeler
+
+Baker Hughes
+
+Cameron International
+
+CGG
+
+CH2M
+
+Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
+
+China Oilfield Services
+
+Enbridge
+
+GE Power
+
+Halliburton
+
+Nabors Industries
+
+Naftiran Intertrade
+
+NOV Inc.
+
+Petrofac
+
+Saipem
+
+Schlumberger
+
+Snam
+
+Subsea 7
+
+TC Energy
+
+Transocean
+
+Valaris Limited
+
+Weatherford International
+
+John Wood Group
+
+Others
+
+American Petroleum Institute
+
+Canadian petroleum companies
+
+Intercontinental Exchange Futures
+
+International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
+
+International Energy Agency
+
+Society of Petroleum Engineers
+
+World Petroleum Council
+
+Category
+
+Authority control databases
+
+National
+
+United States
+
+France
+
+BnF data
+
+Japan
+
+Israel
+
+Other
+
+NARA
+
+Yale LUX
+
+Retrieved from "
+
+https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_well&oldid=1322891704
+
+"

knowledge_base/raw_text/wiki_Petroleum_engineering.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2295 @@
+Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_engineering
+
+Extracting crude oil and natural gas
+
+For petroleum refinery engineering, see
+
+Process engineering
+
+.
+
+Example of a map used by reservoir engineers to determine where to drill a well. This screenshot is of a structure map generated by contour map software for an 8500 ft deep gas and
+
+oil reservoir
+
+in the Earth field,
+
+Vermilion Parish
+
+, Erath, Louisiana. The left-to-right gap near the top of the
+
+contour map
+
+indicates a
+
+fault line
+
+. This fault line is between the blue/green contour lines and the purple/red/yellow contour lines. The thin red circular contour line in the middle of the map indicates the top of the oil reservoir. Because gas floats above oil, the thin red contour line marks the gas/oil contact zone.
+
+This article is part of
+
+a series
+
+on
+
+Engineering
+
+Engineering branches
+
+Aerospace
+
+Agricultural
+
+Architectural
+
+Biomedical
+
+Chemical
+
+Civil
+
+Computer
+
+Data
+
+Design
+
+Electrical
+
+Electronics
+
+Energy
+
+Environmental
+
+Industrial
+
+Manufacturing
+
+Marine
+
+Materials
+
+Mechanical
+
+Mechatronics
+
+Mining
+
+Nuclear
+
+Petroleum
+
+Process
+
+Robotics
+
+Software
+
+Structural
+
+Systems
+
+Engineering software lists
+
+Additive manufacturing
+
+Aerospace engineering
+
+Automotive engineering
+
+Bioinformatics
+
+Building information modeling
+
+Chemical engineering
+
+Chemical process simulators
+
+Civil engineering
+
+Computer-aided engineering
+
+Computer-aided manufacturing
+
+Computational chemistry
+
+Computational fluid dynamics
+
+Computational physics
+
+Data science
+
+Discrete event simulation
+
+Electronic design automation
+
+Electromagnetic simulation
+
+Finite element analysis
+
+Free electronics circuit
+
+Gene prediction
+
+Genetic engineering
+
+Hardware description language simulators
+
+Hydrology
+
+Mathematical
+
+Mechanical engineering
+
+Molecular design
+
+Molecular mechanics modeling
+
+Nanostructure modeling
+
+Nuclear engineering
+
+Nucleic acid simulation
+
+Numerical analysis
+
+Numerical libraries
+
+Open-source AI
+
+Open-source libraries
+
+Optimization
+
+Plasma physics
+
+Power engineering
+
+Programming tools
+
+Protein structure prediction
+
+RNA structure prediction
+
+Robotics simulation
+
+Scientific simulation
+
+Sequence alignment
+
+Structural alignment
+
+Structural engineering
+
+System dynamics
+
+Wind energy
+
+Engineering glossaries
+
+Aerospace
+
+Civil
+
+Electrical, electronics
+
+Mechanical
+
+Structural
+
+See also
+
+Engineering education
+
+Engineering ethics
+
+Engineering management
+
+History of engineering
+
+List of engineering awards
+
+List of engineering branches
+
+List of engineering journals and magazines
+
+List of engineering schools
+
+List of engineering societies
+
+Lists of engineers
+
+Outline of engineering
+
+Engineering portal
+
+Engineering books on Wikibooks
+
+v
+
+t
+
+e
+
+Petroleum engineering
+
+is a field of
+
+engineering
+
+concerned with the activities related to the production of
+
+hydrocarbons
+
+, which can be either
+
+crude oil
+
+or
+
+natural gas or both
+
+.
+
+[
+
+1
+
+]
+
+Exploration and production are deemed to fall within the
+
+upstream
+
+sector of the oil and gas industry.
+
+Exploration
+
+, by
+
+earth scientists
+
+, and petroleum engineering are the oil and gas industry's two main subsurface disciplines, which focus on maximizing economic recovery of hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs.
+
+Petroleum geology
+
+and
+
+geophysics
+
+focus on provision of a static description of the hydrocarbon reservoir rock, while petroleum engineering focuses on estimation of the recoverable volume of this resource using a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil, water and gas within porous rock at very high pressure.
+
+The combined efforts of
+
+geologists
+
+and petroleum engineers throughout the life of a hydrocarbon accumulation determine the way in which a reservoir is developed and depleted, and usually they have the highest impact on field economics. Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many other related disciplines, such as geophysics, petroleum geology,
+
+formation evaluation
+
+(
+
+well logging
+
+),
+
+drilling
+
+,
+
+economics
+
+,
+
+reservoir simulation
+
+,
+
+reservoir engineering
+
+, well engineering,
+
+artificial lift
+
+systems, completions and
+
+petroleum production engineering
+
+.
+
+Recruitment to the industry has historically been from the disciplines of
+
+physics
+
+,
+
+mechanical engineering
+
+,
+
+chemical engineering
+
+and
+
+mining engineering
+
+. Subsequent development training has usually been done within oil companies.
+
+Overview
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+The profession got its start in 1914 within the
+
+American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers
+
+(AIME).  The first Petroleum Engineering degree was conferred in 1915 by the
+
+University of Pittsburgh
+
+.
+
+[
+
+2
+
+]
+
+Since then, the profession has evolved to solve increasingly difficult situations. Improvements in computer modeling, materials and the application of statistics, probability analysis, and new technologies like
+
+horizontal drilling
+
+and
+
+enhanced oil recovery
+
+, have drastically improved the toolbox of the petroleum engineer in recent decades. Automation,
+
+[
+
+3
+
+]
+
+sensors,
+
+[
+
+4
+
+]
+
+and robots
+
+[
+
+5
+
+]
+
+[
+
+6
+
+]
+
+are being used to propel the industry to more efficiency and safety.
+
+Deep-water, arctic and desert conditions are usually contended with. High temperature and high pressure (HTHP) environments have become increasingly commonplace in operations and require the petroleum engineer to be savvy in topics as wide-ranging as thermo-hydraulics, geomechanics, and intelligent systems.
+
+The
+
+Society of Petroleum Engineers
+
+(SPE) is the largest
+
+professional society
+
+for petroleum engineers and publishes much technical information and other resources to support the oil and gas industry. It provides free online education (webinars), mentoring, and access to SPE Connect, an exclusive platform for members to discuss technical issues, best practices, and other topics. SPE members also are able to access the SPE Competency Management Tool to find knowledge and skill strengths and opportunities for growth.
+
+[
+
+7
+
+]
+
+SPE publishes peer-reviewed journals, books, and magazines.
+
+[
+
+8
+
+]
+
+SPE members receive a complimentary subscription to the
+
+Journal of Petroleum Technology
+
+and discounts on SPE's other publications.
+
+[
+
+9
+
+]
+
+SPE members also receive discounts on registration fees for SPE organized events and training courses.
+
+[
+
+9
+
+]
+
+SPE provides scholarships and fellowships to undergraduate and graduate students.
+
+According to the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics, petroleum engineers are required to have a bachelor's degree in engineering, generally a degree focused on petroleum engineering is preferred, but degrees in mechanical, chemical, and civil engineering are satisfactory as well.
+
+[
+
+10
+
+]
+
+Petroleum engineering education is available at many universities in the
+
+United States
+
+and throughout the world - primarily in oil producing regions.
+
+U.S. News & World Report
+
+maintains a list of the Best Undergraduate Petroleum Engineering Programs.
+
+[
+
+11
+
+]
+
+SPE and some private companies offer training courses.
+
+[
+
+12
+
+]
+
+[
+
+13
+
+]
+
+[
+
+14
+
+]
+
+Some oil companies have considerable in-house petroleum engineering training classes.
+
+[
+
+15
+
+]
+
+[
+
+16
+
+]
+
+Petroleum engineering salaries
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Petroleum engineering has historically been one of the highest-paid engineering disciplines, although there is a tendency for mass layoffs when oil prices decline and waves of hiring as prices rise. In 2020, the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported the median pay for petroleum engineers was US$137,330, or roughly $66.02 per hour.
+
+[
+
+17
+
+]
+
+The same summary projects there will be 3% job growth in this field from 2019 to 2029.
+
+[
+
+17
+
+]
+
+SPE annually conducts a
+
+salary survey
+
+. In 2017, SPE reported that the average SPE professional member reported earning US$194,649 (including salary and bonus).
+
+[
+
+18
+
+]
+
+The average base pay reported in 2016 was $143,006.
+
+[
+
+18
+
+]
+
+Base pay and other compensation was on average was highest in the United States where the base pay was US$174,283. Drilling and production engineers tended to make the best base pay, US$160,026 for drilling engineers and US$158,964 for production engineers. Average base pay ranged from US$96,382-174,283.
+
+[
+
+19
+
+]
+
+There are still significant gender pay gaps, plus or minus 5% of the US average pay gap which was 18% difference in 2017.
+
+[
+
+20
+
+]
+
+[
+
+19
+
+]
+
+Also in 2016,
+
+U.S. News & World Report
+
+named petroleum engineering the top college major in terms of highest median annual wages of college-educated workers (age 25–59).
+
+[
+
+21
+
+]
+
+The 2010 National Association of Colleges and Employers survey showed petroleum engineers as the highest paid 2010 graduates, at an average annual salary of $125,220.
+
+[
+
+22
+
+]
+
+For individuals with experience, salaries can range from $170,000 to $260,000. They make an average of $112,000 a year and about $53.75 per hour. In a 2007 article, Forbes.com reported that petroleum engineering was the 24th best paying job in the United States.
+
+[
+
+23
+
+]
+
+Sub-disciplines
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Petroleum engineers divide themselves into several types:
+
+[
+
+1
+
+]
+
+Reservoir engineers
+
+work to optimize production of oil and gas via proper placement, production rates, and enhanced oil recovery techniques.
+
+Drilling engineers
+
+manage the technical aspects of drilling exploratory, production and injection wells.
+
+Drilling fluid engineers
+
+A mud engineer (correctly called a Drilling Fluids Engineer, but most often referred to as the "Mud Man") works on an oil well or gas well drilling rig, and is responsible ensuring the properties of the drilling fluid, also known as drilling mud, are within designed specifications.
+
+Completion engineers
+
+(also known as subsurface engineers) work to design and oversee the implementation of techniques aimed at ensuring wells are drilled stably and with the maximum opportunity for oil and gas production.
+
+Production engineers
+
+manage the interface between the reservoir and the well, including perforations, sand control, downhole flow control, and downhole monitoring equipment; evaluate
+
+artificial lift
+
+methods; and select surface equipment that separates the produced fluids (oil, natural gas, and water).
+
+Petrophysicists
+
+gather information about subsurface properties to build wellbore stability models and study rock properties
+
+Education
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Petroleum Engineering, like most forms of engineering, requires a strong foundation in
+
+physics
+
+,
+
+chemistry
+
+, and
+
+mathematics
+
+.
+
+[
+
+24
+
+]
+
+Other fields pertinent to petroleum engineering include
+
+geology
+
+, formation evaluation, fluid flow in porous media, well drilling technology,
+
+economics
+
+,
+
+geostatistics
+
+, etc.
+
+[
+
+24
+
+]
+
+[
+
+25
+
+]
+
+Petroleum Geostatistics
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Geostatistics
+
+as applied to petroleum engineering uses statistical analysis to characterize reservoirs and create flow simulations that quantify uncertainties of the location of oil and gas.
+
+[
+
+26
+
+]
+
+Petroleum Geology
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Petroleum geology
+
+is an interdisciplinary field composed of
+
+geophysics
+
+,
+
+geochemistry
+
+, and
+
+paleontology
+
+.
+
+[
+
+27
+
+]
+
+The main focus of petroleum geology is the exploration and appraisal of reservoirs containing
+
+hydrocarbons
+
+via technical forms of analysis.
+
+[
+
+27
+
+]
+
+Well Drilling Technology
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Well drilling technology is primarily the focus for drilling engineers. The two forms of well drilling are percussion and rotary drilling, rotary being the most common of the two. An important aspect of drilling is the
+
+drill bit
+
+, which creates a
+
+borehole
+
+of approximately three and a half to thirty inches in diameter. The three classes of drill bits,
+
+roller cone
+
+, fixed cutter, and hybrid, each use teeth to break up the rock.
+
+[
+
+28
+
+]
+
+To optimize drilling efficiency and cost, drilling engineers make use of drilling simulators that allow them to identify drilling conditions.
+
+[
+
+29
+
+]
+
+Drilling technologies including horizontal drilling and
+
+directional drilling
+
+have been developed to obtain hydrocarbons profitably from
+
+impermeable
+
+and
+
+coal-bed methane
+
+accumulations.
+
+Professional associations
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Society of Petroleum Engineers
+
+American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers
+
+See also
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Engineering portal
+
+Petroleum industry
+
+Petroleum geology
+
+Seismic to simulation
+
+Society of Petroleum Engineers
+
+SPE Certified Petroleum Professional
+
+References
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+"Petroleum Engineers: Occupational Outlook Handbook: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
+
+.
+
+www.bls.gov
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2018-02-06
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Petroleum Engineering"
+
+.
+
+Britannica
+
+. Retrieved
+
+3 February
+
+2012
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Drilling Automation"
+
+.
+
+Journal of Petroleum Technology
+
+. December 14, 2017.
+
+^
+
+"JPT Flow Sensor Technology Seeks to Replace the Coriolis Meter"
+
+.
+
+www.spe.org
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2017-12-14
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"JPT Competing Companies Building Robots to Place Receivers"
+
+.
+
+www.spe.org
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2017-12-14
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"JPT Robot Removes Operators From Extreme Environments"
+
+.
+
+www.spe.org
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2017-12-14
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"SPE Member Resource Guide"
+
+(PDF)
+
+.
+
+Society of Petroleum Engineers
+
+. Retrieved
+
+December 12,
+
+2017
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Publications | The Society of Petroleum Engineers"
+
+.
+
+www.spe.org
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2017-12-14
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+"Professional Membership Benefits | Society of Petroleum Engineers"
+
+.
+
+www.spe.org
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2017-12-14
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Petroleum Engineers: Occupational Outlook Handbook: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
+
+.
+
+www.bls.gov
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2018-02-06
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Best Undergraduate Petroleum Engineering Programs (Doctorate)"
+
+.
+
+U.S. News & World Report
+
+. February 6, 2018.
+
+^
+
+"PEICE – Practical Professional Career Training for the Oil & Gas Industry"
+
+.
+
+www.peice.com
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2017-12-14
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"PetroSkills Oil and Gas Training | World's Petroleum Training"
+
+.
+
+www.petroskills.com
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2017-12-14
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Online Training, Online Courses, Web-based Learning Management System - Learning Management Express(LMX) - NexLearn"
+
+.
+
+www.oilandgastraining.com
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2017-12-15
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2017-12-14
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Energy Pipeline: Noble Energy's outdoor training facility brings industry to community's fingertips"
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2017-12-14
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Oil and Gas Training & Career Development | Schlumberger"
+
+.
+
+www.slb.com
+
+. Archived from
+
+the original
+
+on 2017-12-18
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2017-12-14
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+"Petroleum Engineers : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
+
+.
+
+www.bls.gov
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2021-04-28
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+"Oil and Gas Pay | Salary Survey | Society of Petroleum Engineers"
+
+.
+
+www.spe.org
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2017-12-14
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+"2017 SPE Membership Salary Survey Highlight Report-November 2017"
+
+(PDF)
+
+.
+
+Society of Petroleum Engineers
+
+. January 3, 2018
+
+. Retrieved
+
+January 3,
+
+2018
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Highlights of women's earnings in 2017 : BLS Reports: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
+
+.
+
+www.bls.gov
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2021-04-28
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"Top 10 College Majors That Earn the Highest Salaries"
+
+.
+
+U.S. News & World Report
+
+. February 6, 2018.
+
+^
+
+"NACE"
+
+. Naceweb.org
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2011-12-18
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"America's Best- And Worst-Paying Jobs"
+
+.
+
+Forbes
+
+. 2007-06-04
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2011-12-18
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+Cunha, Luciane B.; Cunha, J. C. (2004-01-01).
+
+Petroleum Engineering Education - Challenges and Changes for the Next 20 Years
+
+. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
+
+doi
+
+:
+
+10.2118/90556-MS
+
+.
+
+ISBN
+
+9781555631512
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Petroleum Engineering: Principles and Practice
+
+. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012-12-06.
+
+ISBN
+
+9789401096010
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Chambers, Richard L.; Yarus, Jeffrey M. (2006-11-01).
+
+"Practical Geostatistics - An Armchair Overview for Petroleum Reservoir Engineers"
+
+.
+
+Journal of Petroleum Technology
+
+.
+
+58
+
+(11):
+
+78–
+
+86.
+
+doi
+
+:
+
+10.2118/103357-JPT
+
+.
+
+ISSN
+
+0149-2136
+
+.
+
+^
+
+a
+
+b
+
+Selley, Richard C.; Sonnenberg, Stephen A. (2014-11-08).
+
+Elements of Petroleum Geology
+
+. Academic Press.
+
+ISBN
+
+9780123860323
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Ma, Tianshou; Chen, Ping; Zhao, Jian (2016-12-01).
+
+"Overview on vertical and directional drilling technologies for the exploration and exploitation of deep petroleum resources"
+
+.
+
+Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources
+
+.
+
+2
+
+(4):
+
+365–
+
+395.
+
+Bibcode
+
+:
+
+2016GGGG....2..365M
+
+.
+
+doi
+
+:
+
+10.1007/s40948-016-0038-y
+
+.
+
+ISSN
+
+2363-8427
+
+.
+
+^
+
+Boonyapaluk, P.; Hareland, G.; Rampersad, P. R. (1994-01-01).
+
+Drilling Optimization Using Drilling Data and Available Technology
+
+. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
+
+doi
+
+:
+
+10.2118/27034-MS
+
+.
+
+ISBN
+
+9781555634704
+
+.
+
+Bibliography
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Bradley, Howard B. (1987).
+
+Petroleum Engineering Handbook
+
+.
+
+Richardson, Texas
+
+:
+
+Society of Petroleum Engineers
+
+.
+
+ISBN
+
+1-55563-010-3
+
+.
+
+External links
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+
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+]
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+Retrieved from "
+
+https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_engineering&oldid=1336387109
+
+"

knowledge_base/raw_text/wiki_Rate_of_penetration.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_of_penetration
+
+In the
+drilling industry
+, the
+rate of penetration
+(
+ROP
+),
+[
+1
+]
+also known as
+penetration rate
+or
+drill rate
+, is the speed at which a
+drill bit
+breaks the
+rock
+under it to deepen the
+borehole
+.  It is normally measured in feet per minute or meters per hour, but sometimes it is expressed in minutes per foot.
+Generally, ROP increases in fast drilling formation such as
+sandstone
+(positive drill break) and decreases in slow drilling formations such as
+shale
+(reverse break). ROP decreases in shale due to
+diagenesis
+and overburden stresses. Over pressured zones can give twice of ROP as expected which is an indicative of a
+well kick
+. Drillers need to stop and do the bottoms up.
+See also
+[
+edit
+]
+Drilling rig
+References
+[
+edit
+]
+^
+"How to Optimize the Rate of Penetration in Drilling"
+.
+esimtech.com
+. 24 April 2024
+. Retrieved
+5 February
+2025
+.
+External resources
+[
+edit
+]
+Rate of penetration
+v
+t
+e
+Retrieved from "
+https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rate_of_penetration&oldid=1274179815
+"

knowledge_base/raw_text/wiki_Weight_on_bit.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_on_bit
+
+Weight on bit
+[
+1
+]
+(WOB), as expressed in the
+oil industry
+, is the amount of downward force exerted on the
+drill bit
+and is normally measured in thousands of pounds.
+Weight on bit is provided by drill collars, which are thick-walled tubular pieces machined from solid bars of steel, usually plain carbon steel but sometimes of nonmagnetic nickel-copper alloy or other nonmagnetic premium alloys. Gravity acts on the large mass of the collars to provide the downward force needed for the bits to efficiently break rock. To accurately control the amount of force applied to the bit, the driller carefully monitors the surface weight measured while the bit is just off the bottom of the wellbore. Next, the drillstring (and the drill bit), is slowly and carefully lowered until it touches bottom. After that point, as the driller continues to lower the top of the drillstring, more and more weight is applied to the bit, and correspondingly less weight is measured as hanging at the surface. If the surface measurement shows 20,000 pounds [9080 kg] less weight than with the bit off bottom, then there should be 20,000 pounds force on the bit (in a vertical hole). Some downhole Measurement While Drilling (MWD) sensors can measure weight-on-bit more accurately and transmit the data to the surface.
+[
+2
+]
+References
+[
+edit
+]
+^
+"ETool : Oil and Gas Well Drilling and Servicing | Occupational Safety and Health Administration"
+.
+^
+"Oilfield Glossary: Term 'drill collar'
+"
+.
+www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com
+. Archived from
+the original
+on 2004-01-24.
+v
+t
+e
+Retrieved from "
+https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weight_on_bit&oldid=1153477785
+"

knowledge_base/raw_text/wiki_Well_completion.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,1349 @@
+Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_completion
+
+Last operation for oil and gas wells
+
+An editor has determined that
+
+sufficient sources exist
+
+to establish the subject's
+
+notability
+
+.
+
+Please help
+
+improve this article
+
+by
+
+adding citations to reliable sources
+
+. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
+
+Find sources:
+
+"Completion" oil and gas wells
+
+–
+
+news
+
+·
+
+newspapers
+
+·
+
+books
+
+·
+
+scholar
+
+·
+
+JSTOR
+
+(
+
+December 2024
+
+)
+
+(
+
+Learn how and when to remove this message
+
+)
+
+Well completion
+
+is the process of making a
+
+well
+
+ready for production (or injection) after drilling operations. This principally involves preparing the bottom of the hole to the required specifications, running in the
+
+production tubing
+
+and its associated down hole tools as well as perforating and stimulating as required. Sometimes, the process of running in and cementing the
+
+casing
+
+is also included. After a well has been drilled, should the drilling fluids be removed, the well would eventually close in upon itself. Casing ensures that this will not happen while also protecting the wellstream from outside incumbents, like water or sand.
+
+[
+
+1
+
+]
+
+Perforated shoe
+
+Lower completion (downhole completion)
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+This refers to the portion of the well across the production or injection zone. The well designer has many tools and options available to design the lower completion (downhole completion) according to the conditions of the
+
+reservoir
+
+. Typically, the lower completion is set across the productive zone using a liner hanger system, which anchors the lower completion to the production casing string. The broad categories of lower completion are listed below.
+
+Barefoot completion
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+This type is the most basic, but can be a good choice for hard rock, multi-laterals and underbalance drilling. It involves leaving the productive reservoir section without any tubulars. This effectively removes control of flow of fluids from the formation; it is not suitable for weaker formations which might require sand control, nor for formations requiring selective isolation of oil, gas and water intervals. However, advances in interventions such as coiled tubing and tractors means that barefoot wells can be successfully produced.
+
+Open hole
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+The production casing is set above the zone of interest before drilling the zone. The zone is open to the well bore. In this case little expense is generated with perforations. Log interpretation is not critical. The well can be deepened easily and it is easily converted to screen and liner. However, excessive gas and water production is difficult to control, and may require frequent clean outs. Also the interval cannot be selectively stimulated.
+
+Open hole completion
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+This designation refers to a range of completions where no casing or liner is cemented in place across the production zone. In competent formations, the zone might be left entirely bare, but some sort of sand-control and/or flow-control means are usually incorporated.
+
+Openhole completions have seen significant uptake in recent years, and there are many configurations, often developed to address specific reservoir challenges. There have been many recent developments that have boosted the success of openhole completions, and they also tend to be popular in horizontal wells, where cemented installations are more expensive and technically more difficult. The common options for openhole completions are:
+
+Pre-holed liner
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Also often called
+
+pre-drilled liner
+
+. The liner is prepared with multiple small drilled holes, then set across the production zone to provide wellbore stability and an intervention conduit. Pre-holed liner is often combined with openhole packers, such as swelling elastomers, mechanical packers or external casing packers, to provide zonal segregation and isolation. It is now quite common to see a combination of pre-holed liner, solid liner and swelling elastomer packers to provide an initial isolation of unwanted water or gas zones. Multiple sliding sleeves can also be used in conjunction with openhole packers to provide considerable flexibility in zonal flow control for the life of the wellbore.
+
+This type of completion is also being adopted in some water injection wells, although these require a much greater performance envelope for openhole packers, due to the considerable pressure and temperature changes that occur in water injectors.
+
+Openhole completions (in comparison with cemented pipe) require better understanding of formation damage, wellbore clean-up and fluid loss control. A key difference is that perforating penetrates through the first 6–18 inches (15–46 centimetres) of formation around the wellbore, whilst openhole completions require the reservoir fluids to flow through all of the filtrate-invaded zone around the wellbore and lift-off of the mud filter cake.
+
+Many openhole completions will incorporate fluid loss valves at the top of the liner to provide well control whilst the upper completion is run.
+
+There are an increasing number of ideas coming into the market place to extend the options for openhole completions; for example, electronics can be used to actuate a self-opening or self-closing liner valve. This might be used in an openhole completion to improve clean-up, by bringing the well onto production from the toe-end for 100 days, then self-opening the heel-end. Inflow control devices and intelligent completions are also installed as openhole completions.
+
+Pre-holed liner may provide some basic control of solids production, where the wellbore is thought to fail in aggregated chunks of rubble, but it is not typically regarded as a sand control completion.
+
+Slotted liner
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Slotted liners can be selected as an alternative to pre-holed liner, sometimes as a personal preference or from established practice on a field. It can also be selected to provide a low cost control of sand/solids production. The slotted liner is machined with multiple longitudinal slots, for example 2 mm × 50 mm, spread across the length and circumference of each joint. Recent advances in laser cutting means that slotting can now be done much cheaper to much smaller slot widths and in some situation slotted liner is now used for the same functionality as sand control screens.
+
+Openhole sand control
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+This is selected where the liner is required to mechanically hold back the movement of formation sand. There are many variants of openhole sand control, the three popular choices being stand-alone screens, openhole gravel packs (also known as external gravel packs, where a sized sand 'gravel' is placed as an annulus around the sand control screen) and expandable screens. Screen designs are mainly wire-wrap or premium; wire-wrap screens use spiral-welded corrosion-resistant wire wrapped around a drilled basepipe to provide a consistent small helical gap (such as 0.012-inch (0.30 mm), termed 12 gauge). Premium screens use a woven metal cloth wrapped around a basepipe. Expandable screens are run to depth before being mechanically swaged to a larger diameter. Ideally, expandable screens will be swaged until they contact the wellbore wall.
+
+Horizontal open hole completions
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+This is the most common open hole completion used today. It is basically the same described on the vertical open hole completion but on a horizontal well it enlarges significantly the contact with the reservoir, increasing the production or injection rates of your well. Sand control on a horizontal well is completely different from a vertical well. We can no longer rely on the gravity for the gravel placement. Most service companies uses an alpha and beta wave design to cover the total length of the horizontal well with gravel. It's known that very long wells (around 6000 ft) were successfully gravel packed in many occasions, including deepwater reservoirs in Brazil.
+
+Liner completions
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+In this case the casing is set above the primary zone. An un-cemented screen and liner assembly is installed across the pay section. This technique minimizes formation damage and gives the ability to control sand. It also makes cleanout easy. Perforating expense is also low to non-existent. However, gas and water build up is difficult to control and selective stimulation not possible the well can't be easily deepened and additional rig time may be needed.
+
+Perforated liner
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Casing is set above the producing zone, the zone is drilled and the liner casing is cemented in place. The liner is then perforated for production. This time additional expense in perforating the casing is incurred, also log interpretation is critical and it may be difficult to obtain good quality cement jobs.
+
+Perforated casing
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Production casing is cemented through the zone and the pay section is selectively perforated. Gas and water are easily controlled as is sand. The formation can be selectively stimulated and the well can be deepened. This selection is adaptable to other completion configurations and logs are available to assist casing decisions. Much better primary casing. It can however cause damage to zones and needs good log interpretation. The perforating cost can be very high.
+
+Cased hole completion
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+This involves running
+
+casing
+
+and a liner down through the production zone, and cementing it in place. Connection between the well bore and the formation is made by
+
+perforating
+
+. Because perforation intervals can be precisely positioned, this type of completion affords good control of fluid flow, although it relies on the quality of the cement to prevent fluid flow behind the liner. As such it is the most common form of completion...
+
+Conventional completions
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Casing flow
+
+: means that the producing fluid flow has only one path to the surface through the casing.
+
+Casing and tubing flow
+
+: means that there is tubing within the casing that allows fluid to reach the surface. This tubing can be used as a kill string for chemical injection. The tubing may have a "no-go" nipple at the end as a means of pressure testing.
+
+Pumping flow
+
+: the tubing and pump are run to a depth beneath the working fluid. The pump and rod string are installed concentrically within the tubing. A tubing anchor prevents tubing movement while pumping.
+
+Tubing flow
+
+: a tubing string and a production packer are installed. The packer means that all the flow goes through the tubing. Within the tubing you can mount a combination of tools that will help to control fluid flow through the tubing.
+
+Gas lift
+
+well
+
+: gas is fed into valves installed in mandrels in the tubing strip. The hydrostatic head is lowered and the fluid is gas lifted to the surface.
+
+Single-well alternate completions
+
+: in this instance there is a well with two zones. In order to produce from both the zones are isolated with packers. Blast joints may be used on the tubing within the region of the perforations. These are thick walled subs that can withstand the fluid abrasion from the producing zone. This arrangement can also work if you have to produce from a higher zone given the depletion of a lower zone. The tubing may also have flow control mechanism.
+
+Single-well concentric kill string
+
+: within the well a small diameter concentric kill string is used to circulate kill fluids when needed.
+
+Single-well 2-tubing completion
+
+: in this instance 2 tubing strings are inserted down 1 well. They are connected at the lower end by a circulating head. Chemicals can be circulated down one tube and production can continue up the other.
+
+Completion components
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+The upper completion refers to all components from the bottom of the
+
+production tubing
+
+upwards. Proper design of this "completion string" is essential to ensure the
+
+well
+
+can flow properly given the
+
+reservoir
+
+conditions and to permit any operations as are deemed necessary for enhancing production and safety.
+
+Wellhead with situation control
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Main article:
+
+Wellhead
+
+This is the pressure containing equipment at the surface of the well where casing strings are suspended and the
+
+blowout preventer
+
+or
+
+Christmas tree
+
+is connected.
+
+Christmas tree
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Main article:
+
+Christmas tree (oil well)
+
+This is the main assembly of valves that controls flow from the
+
+well
+
+to the
+
+process plant
+
+(or the other way round for injection wells) and allows access for chemical squeezes
+
+[
+
+clarification needed
+
+(definition)
+
+]
+
+and
+
+well interventions
+
+.
+
+Tubing hanger
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Main article:
+
+Tubing hanger
+
+This component sits in the upper portion of the
+
+wellhead
+
+, within the tubing head
+
+flange
+
+and serves as the main support for the
+
+production tubing
+
+. The tubing hanger may be manufactured with rubber or polymer sealing rings to isolate the tubing from the annulus. The tubing hanger is secured within the tubing head flange with
+
+lag bolts
+
+. These lag bolts apply a downward pressure on the tubing hanger to compress the sealing
+
+gaskets
+
+and to prevent the tubing from being hydrostatically or mechanically ejected from the annulus.
+
+[
+
+2
+
+]
+
+Production tubing
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Main article:
+
+Production tubing
+
+Production tubing is the main conduit for transporting hydrocarbons from the
+
+reservoir
+
+to surface (or injection material the other way). It runs from the tubing hanger at the top of the
+
+wellhead
+
+down to a point generally just above the top of the production zone. Production tubing is available in various diameters, typically ranging from 2 inches to 4.5 inches. Production tubing may be manufactured using various grades of alloys to achieve specific hardness, corrosion resistance or tensile strength requirements. Tubing may be internally coated with various rubber or plastic coatings to enhance corrosion and/or erosion resistance.
+
+Downhole safety valve (DHSV)
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Main article:
+
+Downhole safety valve
+
+This component is intended as a last-resort method of protecting the surface from the uncontrolled release of hydrocarbons. It is a cylindrical valve with either a ball or flapper closing mechanism. It is installed in the production tubing and is held in the open position by a
+
+high-pressure
+
+hydraulic line from surface contained in a
+
+6.35 mm (
+
+1
+
+⁄
+
+4
+
+in) control line that is attached to the DHSV's hydraulic chamber and terminated at surface to a hydraulic actuator. The high pressure is needed to overcome the production pressure in the tubing upstream of the choke on the tree. The valve will operate if the umbilical HP line is cut or the wellhead/tree is destroyed.
+
+This valve allows fluids to pass up or be pumped down the production tubing. When closed the DHSV forms a barrier in the direction of hydrocarbon flow, but fluids can still be pumped down for well kill operations. It is placed as far below the surface as is deemed safe from any possible surface disturbance including cratering caused by the wipeout of the platform. Where hydrates are likely to form (most production is at risk of this), the depth of the SCSSV (surface-controlled, sub-surface safety valve) below the
+
+seabed
+
+may be as much as 1 km: this will allow for the geothermal temperature to be high enough to prevent hydrates from blocking the valve.
+
+Annular safety valve
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+On wells with
+
+gas lift
+
+capability, many operators consider it prudent to install a valve, which will isolate the
+
+A
+
+annulus for the same reasons a DHSV may be needed to isolate the
+
+production tubing
+
+in order to prevent the inventory of natural gas downhole from becoming a hazard as it became on
+
+Piper Alpha
+
+.
+
+Side pocket mandrel
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+This is a welded/machined product which contains a "side pocket" alongside the main tubular conduit. The side pocket, typically 1" or 1½" diameter is designed to contain
+
+gas lift
+
+valve, which allows flow of High pressure gas into the tubing there by reducing the tubing pressure and allowing the hydrocarbons to move upwards.
+
+Electrical submersible pump
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Main article:
+
+Submersible pump
+
+This device is used for
+
+artificial lift
+
+to help provide energy to drive hydrocarbons to surface if reservoir pressure is insufficient. Electrical Submersible Pumps, or ESPs, are installed at the bottom of the production tubing or inside the production tubing (Through Tubing ESP). Being electrically powered, ESPs require an electrical communications conduit to be run from surface, through a specialized wellhead and tubing hanger, to provide the required power to function. During installation, the power cable is spliced into the ESP then attached to the outside of the tubing by corrosion resistant metal bands as it is run in the hole. Specialized guards, called cannon guards, may be installed over each tubing collar to prevent the cable from rubbing on the casing walls which can cause premature cable failure. Installation and workover processes require careful consideration to prevent any damage to the power cable. Like many other artificial lift methods, the ESP reduces the bottom hole pressure at the tubing bottom to allow hydrocarbons to flow into the tubing.
+
+Landing nipple
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+A completion component fabricated as a short section of heavy wall tubular with a machined internal surface that provides a seal area and a locking profile. Landing nipples are included in most completions at predetermined intervals to enable the installation of flow-control devices, such as plugs and chokes. Three basic types of landing nipple are commonly used: no-go nipples, selective-landing nipples and ported or safety-valve nipples.
+
+Sliding sleeve
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Main article:
+
+Sliding sleeve
+
+The sliding sleeve is hydraulically or mechanically actuated to allow communication between the tubing and the 'A'
+
+annulus
+
+. They are often used in multiple reservoir wells to regulate flow to and from the zones.
+
+Production packer
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Main article:
+
+Production packer
+
+The packer isolates the annulus between the
+
+tubing
+
+and the inner
+
+casing
+
+and the foot of the well. This is to stop reservoir fluids from flowing up the full length of the casing and damaging it. It is generally placed close to the foot of the tubing, shortly above the production zone.
+
+Downhole gauges
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+This is an electronic or
+
+fiberoptic
+
+sensor to provide continuous monitoring of downhole pressure and temperature. Gauges either use a 1/4" control line clamped onto the outside of the tubing string to provide an electrical or fiberoptic communication to surface, or transmit measured data to surface by acoustic signal in the tubing wall. The information obtained from these monitoring devices can be used to model reservoirs or predict the life or problems in a specific wellbore.
+
+Perforated joint
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+This is a length of
+
+tubing
+
+with holes punched into it. If used, it will normally be positioned below the packer and will offer an alternative entry path for reservoir fluids into the tubing in case the shoe becomes blocked, for example, by a stuck
+
+perforation
+
+gun.
+
+Formation isolation valve
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+This component, placed towards the foot of the completion string, is used to provide two way isolation from the formation for completion operations without the need for
+
+kill weight fluids
+
+. Their use is sporadic as they do not enjoy the best reputation for reliability when it comes to opening them at the end of the completion process.
+
+Centralizer
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+In highly deviated wells, this component may be included towards the foot of the completion. It consists of a large collar, which keeps the completion string centralised within the hole while cementing.
+
+Wireline entry guide
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+This component is often installed at the end of the tubing, or "the shoe". It is intended to make pulling out wireline tools easier by offering a guiding surface for the toolstring to re-enter the tubing without getting caught on the side of the shoe.
+
+Perforating and stimulating
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+In cased hole completions (the majority of wells), once the completion string is in place, the final stage is to make a connection between the wellbore and the formation. This is done by running
+
+perforation guns
+
+to blast holes in the
+
+casing
+
+or liner to make a connection. Modern perforations are made using shaped explosive charges, similar to the armor-penetrating charge used on antitank rockets (bazookas).
+
+Sometimes once the
+
+well
+
+is fully completed, further stimulation is necessary to achieve the planned productivity. There are a number of stimulation techniques.
+
+Acidizing
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+This involves the injection of chemicals to eat away at any skin damage, "cleaning up" the formation, thereby improving the flow of reservoir fluids. A strong acid (usually
+
+hydrochloric acid
+
+) is used to dissolve rock formations, but this acid does not react with the
+
+Hydrocarbons
+
+. As a result, the Hydrocarbons are more accessible. Acid can also be used to clean the wellbore of some
+
+scales
+
+that form from mineral laden produced water.
+
+Fracturing
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+This means creating and extending fractures from the
+
+perforation
+
+tunnels deeper into the formation, increasing the surface area for formation fluids to flow into the
+
+well
+
+, as well as extending past any possible damage near the wellbore. This may be done by injecting fluids at high pressure (
+
+hydraulic fracturing
+
+), injecting fluids laced with round granular material (
+
+proppant
+
+fracturing), or using explosives to generate a high pressure and high speed gas flow (TNT or PETN up to 1,900,000 psi (13,000,000 kPa)  ) and (propellant stimulation up to 4,000 psi (28,000 kPa)  ).
+
+Acidizing and fracturing (combined method)
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+This involves use of explosives and injection of chemicals to increase acid-rock contact.
+
+Nitrogen circulation
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Sometimes, productivity may be hampered due to the residue of completion fluids, heavy
+
+brines
+
+, in the wellbore. This is particularly a problem in
+
+gas
+
+wells
+
+. In these cases,
+
+coiled tubing
+
+may be used to pump
+
+nitrogen
+
+at high pressure into the bottom of the borehole to circulate out the
+
+brine
+
+.
+
+See also
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Oil well
+
+– Well drilled to extract crude oil and/or gas
+
+Well intervention
+
+– Operation on a deteriorating oil well
+
+References
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+^
+
+"How Does Well Completion Work?"
+
+.
+
+www.rigzone.com
+
+. Retrieved
+
+2018-07-05
+
+.
+
+^
+
+"tubing_hanger"
+
+.
+
+glossary.slb.com
+
+.
+
+External links
+
+[
+
+edit
+
+]
+
+Intelligent completion technology
+
+Defining Completions: The science of oil and gas well construction
+
+v
+
+t
+
+e
+
+Petroleum industry
+
+Petroleum
+
+Primary energy
+
+Benchmarks
+
+Argus Sour
+
+Bonny Light
+
+Brent
+
+Dubai
+
+Indian Basket
+
+Indonesian
+
+Isthmus-34 Light
+
+Japan Cocktail
+
+OPEC Reference Basket
+
+Tapis
+
+Urals
+
+West Texas Intermediate
+
+Western Canadian Select
+
+Data
+
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+
+Consumption
+
+Production
+
+Reserves
+
+Imports
+
+Exports
+
+Price
+
+Petroleum
+
+Consumption
+
+Production
+
+Reserves
+
+Imports
+
+Exports
+
+Posted oil price
+
+Price
+
+of gasoline and diesel
+
+Exploration
+
+Core sampling
+
+Geophysics
+
+Integrated asset modelling
+
+Petroleum engineering
+
+Reservoir simulation
+
+Reservoir modeling
+
+Petroleum geology
+
+Petrophysics
+
+Reflection seismology
+
+Seismic inversion
+
+Seismic source
+
+Drilling
+
+Blowout
+
+Completion
+
+Squeeze job
+
+Differential sticking
+
+Directional drilling
+
+Geosteering
+
+Drill stem test
+
+Drilling engineering
+
+Drilling fluid
+
+invasion
+
+Lost circulation
+
+Measurement
+
+Shale oil extraction
+
+Ljungström method
+
+Tracers
+
+Underbalanced drilling
+
+Well logging
+
+Production
+
+Petroleum fiscal regime
+
+Concessions
+
+Production sharing agreements
+
+Artificial lift
+
+Gas lift
+
+Pumpjack
+
+Submersible pump (ESP)
+
+Downstream
+
+Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
+
+Gas reinjection
+
+Steam injection
+
+Midstream
+
+Petroleum product
+
+Pipeline
+
+Refining
+
+Upstream
+
+Water injection
+
+Well intervention
+
+XT
+
+History
+
+1967 Oil Embargo
+
+1973 oil crisis
+
+1979 oil crisis
+
+1980s oil glut
+
+1990 oil price shock
+
+2000s energy crisis
+
+2010s oil glut
+
+2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
+
+Nationalization
+
+GECF
+
+OPEC
+
+Seven Sisters
+
+Standard Oil
+
+Canada
+
+France
+
+India
+
+Iraq
+
+Norway
+
+Saudi Arabia
+
+United States
+
+Venezuela
+
+Provinces
+
+and fields
+
+List of natural gas fields
+
+List of oil fields
+
+Caspian Sea
+
+Daqing Oil Field
+
+East Midlands Oil Province
+
+East Texas
+
+Gulf of Mexico
+
+Niger Delta
+
+North Sea
+
+Permian Basin
+
+Persian Gulf
+
+Prudhoe Bay
+
+Russia
+
+Venezuela
+
+Shengli Oil Field
+
+Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
+
+Other topics
+
+Abbreviations
+
+Classification
+
+sweet oil
+
+sour oil
+
+Oil shale gas
+
+Orphan wells
+
+Peak oil
+
+fossil fuel phase-out
+
+timing
+
+Petrocurrency
+
+Petrodollar recycling
+
+Petrofiction
+
+Shale band
+
+Shale gas
+
+Swing producer
+
+Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
+
+light crude
+
+heavy crude
+
+oil sands
+
+oil shale
+
+tight oil
+
+Companies and
+
+organisations
+
+Major
+
+petroleum
+
+companies
+
+Supermajors
+
+BP
+
+Chevron
+
+Eni
+
+ExxonMobil
+
+Shell
+
+TotalEnergies
+
+National oil
+
+companies
+
+Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
+
+ANCAP
+
+Bharat Petroleum
+
+China National Offshore Oil Corporation
+
+China National Petroleum Corporation
+
+Ecopetrol
+
+Equinor
+
+Gazprom
+
+Hindustan Petroleum
+
+Indian Oil Corporation
+
+Iraq National Oil Company
+
+KazMunayGas
+
+Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
+
+Lotos
+
+Naftogaz
+
+National Iranian Oil Company
+
+National Iranian South Oil Company
+
+NNPC Limited
+
+Oil & Gas Development Company
+
+Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
+
+Orlen
+
+PDVSA
+
+Pemex
+
+Pertamina
+
+Petrobangla
+
+Petrobras
+
+PetroChina
+
+Petronas
+
+Petrovietnam
+
+PTT Public Company Limited
+
+QatarEnergy
+
+Rosneft
+
+Saudi Aramco
+
+Sinopec
+
+SOCAR
+
+Sonangol
+
+Sonatrach
+
+TPAO
+
+YPF
+
+Energy trading
+
+Enron
+
+Glencore
+
+Gunvor
+
+Mercuria
+
+Naftiran Intertrade
+
+Trafigura
+
+Vitol
+
+Others
+
+APA Corporation
+
+Cenovus Energy
+
+Cepsa
+
+ConocoPhillips
+
+Devon Energy
+
+Eneos Holdings
+
+Galp Energia
+
+Hess Corporation
+
+Husky Energy
+
+Imperial Oil
+
+Lukoil
+
+Marathon Oil
+
+Marathon Petroleum
+
+Occidental Petroleum
+
+OMV
+
+Phillips 66
+
+Port Harcourt Refining Company
+
+Reliance Industries
+
+Repsol
+
+Suncor Energy
+
+Sunoco
+
+Surgutneftegas
+
+TechnipFMC
+
+TNK-BP
+
+Tullow Oil
+
+Tüpraş
+
+Valero Energy
+
+Major
+
+services
+
+companies
+
+Amec Foster Wheeler
+
+Baker Hughes
+
+Cameron International
+
+CGG
+
+CH2M
+
+Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
+
+China Oilfield Services
+
+Enbridge
+
+GE Power
+
+Halliburton
+
+Nabors Industries
+
+Naftiran Intertrade
+
+NOV Inc.
+
+Petrofac
+
+Saipem
+
+Schlumberger
+
+Snam
+
+Subsea 7
+
+TC Energy
+
+Transocean
+
+Valaris Limited
+
+Weatherford International
+
+John Wood Group
+
+Others
+
+American Petroleum Institute
+
+Canadian petroleum companies
+
+Intercontinental Exchange Futures
+
+International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
+
+International Energy Agency
+
+Society of Petroleum Engineers
+
+World Petroleum Council
+
+Category
+
+Retrieved from "
+
+https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Completion_(oil_and_gas_wells)&oldid=1315646449
+
+"

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processed/ddr/15_9_19_B_daily_summary.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
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processed/ddr/15_9_19_S_daily_summary.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
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processed/ddr/15_9_F_10_daily_summary.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
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+15_9_F_10_2009_06_03.xml,NO 15/9-F-10,NO 15/9-F-10,2009-06-01 22:00:00+00:00,2009-06-03T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:23+02:00,2009-04-06T06:00:00+02:00,2009-06-03,StatoilHydro,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_10_2009_06_04.xml,NO 15/9-F-10,NO 15/9-F-10,2009-06-02 22:00:00+00:00,2009-06-04T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:23+02:00,2009-04-06T06:00:00+02:00,2009-06-03,StatoilHydro,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_10_2009_06_05.xml,NO 15/9-F-10,NO 15/9-F-10,2009-06-03 22:00:00+00:00,2009-06-05T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:24+02:00,2009-04-06T06:00:00+02:00,2009-06-03,StatoilHydro,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_10_2009_06_06.xml,NO 15/9-F-10,NO 15/9-F-10,2009-06-04 22:00:00+00:00,2009-06-06T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:24+02:00,2009-04-06T06:00:00+02:00,2009-06-03,StatoilHydro,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_10_2009_06_07.xml,NO 15/9-F-10,NO 15/9-F-10,2009-06-05 22:00:00+00:00,2009-06-07T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:24+02:00,2009-04-06T06:00:00+02:00,2009-06-03,StatoilHydro,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_10_2009_06_08.xml,NO 15/9-F-10,NO 15/9-F-10,2009-06-06 22:00:00+00:00,2009-06-08T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:24+02:00,2009-04-06T06:00:00+02:00,2009-06-03,StatoilHydro,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_10_2009_06_09.xml,NO 15/9-F-10,NO 15/9-F-10,2009-06-07 22:00:00+00:00,2009-06-09T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:24+02:00,2009-04-06T06:00:00+02:00,2009-06-03,StatoilHydro,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_10_2009_06_10.xml,NO 15/9-F-10,NO 15/9-F-10,2009-06-08 22:00:00+00:00,2009-06-10T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:24+02:00,2009-04-06T06:00:00+02:00,2009-06-03,StatoilHydro,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_10_2009_06_11.xml,NO 15/9-F-10,NO 15/9-F-10,2009-06-09 22:00:00+00:00,2009-06-11T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:24+02:00,2009-04-06T06:00:00+02:00,2009-06-03,StatoilHydro,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_10_2009_06_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-10,NO 15/9-F-10,2009-06-10 22:00:00+00:00,2009-06-12T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:24+02:00,2009-04-06T06:00:00+02:00,2009-06-03,StatoilHydro,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_10_2009_06_13.xml,NO 15/9-F-10,NO 15/9-F-10,2009-06-11 22:00:00+00:00,2009-06-13T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:24+02:00,2009-04-06T06:00:00+02:00,2009-06-03,StatoilHydro,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_10_2009_06_14.xml,NO 15/9-F-10,NO 15/9-F-10,2009-06-12 22:00:00+00:00,2009-06-14T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:24+02:00,2009-04-06T06:00:00+02:00,2009-06-03,StatoilHydro,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_10_2009_06_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-10,NO 15/9-F-10,2009-06-13 22:00:00+00:00,2009-06-15T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:24+02:00,2009-04-06T06:00:00+02:00,2009-06-03,StatoilHydro,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_10_2009_06_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-10,NO 15/9-F-10,2009-06-14 22:00:00+00:00,2009-06-16T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:25+02:00,2009-04-06T06:00:00+02:00,2009-06-03,StatoilHydro,Maersk Drilling

processed/ddr/15_9_F_11_A_activities.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+file,well_name,wellbore_name,report_start,report_end,act_start,act_end,md_m,md_uom,phase,activity_code,state,state_detail,comments,duration_hours
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-14T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-15T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-14 10:00:00+00:00,2013-05-14 13:00:00+00:00,2616.0,m,fixed,drilling -- drill,ok,success,"Drilled and oriented 8 1/2"" hole from 2586m MD to 2616m MD with 1600-2000 lpm, 102-123 bar, 60 rpm, 11-14 kNm, 3-6 MT, 1.33 sg ECD.
+
+Average ROP: 10 m/hr.",3.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-14T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-15T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-14 13:00:00+00:00,2013-05-14 15:00:00+00:00,2616.0,m,fixed,interruption -- other,ok,operation failed,"Experienced false fire alarm and ESD. Secured well and observed on trip tank. 
+
+Restarted power supply to drilling systems and Baker unit. Observed hydraulic leak in top drive during power outage on rig floor.",2.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-14T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-15T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-14 15:00:00+00:00,2013-05-14 15:30:00+00:00,2536.0,m,fixed,interruption -- other,ok,operation failed,"Pulled out of hole with 8 1/2"" bottom hole assembly from 2616m MD to 2536m MD.",0.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-14T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-15T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-14 15:30:00+00:00,2013-05-14 22:00:00+00:00,2536.0,m,fixed,interruption -- other,ok,operation failed,"Inspected top drive for hydraulic leak. Repaired leaking connection on hydraulic hose.
+
+Meanwhile: Performed general maintanence and housekeeping.",6.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-15T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-16T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-14 22:00:00+00:00,2013-05-15 01:30:00+00:00,2536.0,m,fixed,interruption -- maintain,ok,operation failed,"Repaired leaking connection on hydraulic hose on top drive.
+
+Meanwhile: Performed general maintanence and housekeeping.",3.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-15T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-16T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-15 01:30:00+00:00,2013-05-15 02:30:00+00:00,2576.0,m,fixed,drilling -- trip,ok,success,"Held tool box talk prior to RIH.
+Installed PS-21 power slips.
+Ran in hole with 8 1/2"" bottom hole assembly from 2536 m MD to 2576 m MD.",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-15T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-16T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-15 02:30:00+00:00,2013-05-15 03:00:00+00:00,2617.0,m,fixed,drilling -- ream,ok,success,"Washed down with 8 1/2"" BHA from 2576 m MD to 2617 m MD with 1800 liter/min, 98 bar, 20 rpm, 7-10 kNm.
+Made up TDS and performed survey.",0.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-15T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-16T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-15 03:00:00+00:00,2013-05-15 03:30:00+00:00,2617.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,Recorded slow circulation rates.,0.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-15T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-16T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-15 03:30:00+00:00,2013-05-15 09:30:00+00:00,2772.0,m,fixed,drilling -- drill,ok,success,"Drilled and oriented 8 1/2"" hole from 2617 m MD to  2772 m MD with 2400 liter/min, 102-123 bar, 140 rpm, 12-16 kNm, 4-6 MT, 1.36 sg ECD.
+
+Average ROP: 26 m/hr.",6.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-15T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-16T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-15 09:30:00+00:00,2013-05-15 22:00:00+00:00,3000.0,m,fixed,drilling -- drill,ok,success,"Drilled and oriented 8 1/2"" hole from 2772 m MD to  3000 m MD with 2000-2400 liter/min, 109-179 bar, 140-180 rpm, 11-18 kNm, 4-11 MT, 1.352-1,373 sg ECD.
+
+Average ROP: 18 m/hr.",12.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_17.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-16T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-17T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-15 22:00:00+00:00,2013-05-16 17:30:00+00:00,3302.0,m,fixed,drilling -- drill,ok,success,"Drilled and oriented 8 1/2"" hole from 3000 m MD to 3302 m MD with 2160-2319 liter/min, 151-173 bar, 180-190 rpm, 13-27 kNm, 2-9 MT, 1.34-1,37 sg ECD.
+
+Average ROP: 15,5 m/hr.",19.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_17.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-16T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-17T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-16 17:30:00+00:00,2013-05-16 22:00:00+00:00,3302.0,m,fixed,drilling -- circulating conditioning,ok,success,"Performed survey at 3300 meter MD.
+Circulated 3 x bottoms up to clean hole with 1800-2300 liter/min, 165-173 bar, 120 rpm, 12-16 kNm, 1,36 sg ECD.
+
+Meanwhile:
+Prepared and rigged up for wireline job.",4.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-17T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-18T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-16 22:00:00+00:00,2013-05-16 23:00:00+00:00,3302.0,m,fixed,drilling -- circulating conditioning,ok,success,"Continued to circulate hole clean with 1800-2300 liter/min, 165-173 bar, 120 rpm, 12-16 kNm, 1,36 sg ECD.
+
+Meanwhile:
+Prepared and rigged up for wireline job.
+Held pre-job meeting prior to wireline job.",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-17T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-18T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-16 23:00:00+00:00,2013-05-16 23:30:00+00:00,3302.0,m,fixed,drilling -- pressure detection,ok,success,"Flow checked well, OK.",0.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-17T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-18T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-16 23:30:00+00:00,2013-05-17 03:30:00+00:00,3302.0,m,fixed,formation evaluation -- log,ok,success,"Rigged up logging equipment.
+Made up CSES assembly and connected to TDS.",4.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-17T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-18T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-17 03:30:00+00:00,2013-05-17 06:00:00+00:00,3302.0,m,fixed,formation evaluation -- log,ok,success,"RIH with gyro inside 5 1/2"" DP string from surface to 2133 meter.
+
+Meanwhile:
+Moved string every 30 minutes.
+Monitored well on trip tank.",2.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-17T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-18T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-17 06:00:00+00:00,2013-05-17 07:00:00+00:00,3302.0,m,fixed,formation evaluation -- log,ok,success,"Closed wireline stuffing box.
+Pumped gyro down inside 5 1/2"" DP string with 600-700 liter/min, 27-32 bar.",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-17T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-18T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-17 07:00:00+00:00,2013-05-17 09:00:00+00:00,3302.0,m,fixed,formation evaluation -- log,ok,success,"Logged interval from 3144 m MD to 2580 m MD.
+
+Meanwhile:
+Moved string every 30 minutes.
+Monitored well on trip tank.",2.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-17T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-18T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-17 09:00:00+00:00,2013-05-17 12:00:00+00:00,3302.0,m,fixed,formation evaluation -- log,ok,success,"Rigged down logging equipment.
+Broke out CSES assembly and disconnected from TDS.",3.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_20.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-19T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-20T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-19 19:00:00+00:00,2013-05-19 22:00:00+00:00,3376.0,m,fixed,drilling -- drill,ok,success,"Drilled and oriented 8 1/2"" hole from 3301 m MD to 3376 m MD with 2290 liter/min, 181-185
+bar, 180 rpm, 17-21 kNm, 4-7 MT, 1.38-1,42 sg ECD.
+
+Average ROP: 25 m/hr.",3.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_21.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-20T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-21T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-19 22:00:00+00:00,2013-05-20 08:30:00+00:00,3561.0,m,fixed,drilling -- drill,ok,success,"Drilled and oriented 8 1/2"" hole from 3376 m MD to 3561m MD with 2290 liter/min, 181-185 bar, 180 rpm, 16-19 kNm, WOB 2-7 MT, 1.39-1,45 sg ECD.
+Average ROP: 18 m/hr.
+
+At 3380 meter commenced weighing up mud system from 1,28 sg to 1,32 sg.
+At 05:00 hrs. restricted ROP to 15 meter/hr due to increase in ECD.
+Top Hugin formation at 3561 meter.",10.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_21.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-20T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-21T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-20 08:30:00+00:00,2013-05-20 13:30:00+00:00,3646.0,m,fixed,drilling -- drill,ok,success,"Drilled and oriented 8 1/2"" hole from 3561 m MD to 3646 m MD with 2290 liter/min, 185-189 bar, 180 rpm, 16-19 kNm, WOB 6-11 MT, 1.42-1,43 sg ECD.
+Average ROP: 17 m/hr.
+
+TDS not able to maintain rpm due to loss of power.",5.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_21.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-20T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-21T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-20 13:30:00+00:00,2013-05-20 14:00:00+00:00,3646.0,m,fixed,interruption -- other,ok,equipment failure,Worked with solving TDS power loss problem.,0.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_21.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-20T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-21T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-20 14:00:00+00:00,2013-05-20 22:00:00+00:00,3749.0,m,fixed,drilling -- drill,ok,success,"Drilled and oriented 8 1/2"" hole from 3646 m MD to 3749 m MD with 2290 liter/min, 189-191 bar, 180 rpm, 17-21 kNm, WOB 6-13 MT, 1.42-1,43 sg ECD.
+Average ROP: 13 m/hr.
+
+Experienced drilling braek at 3647 meter.
+Performed flow check for 15 minutes, well stable.",8.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-21T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-22T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-20 22:00:00+00:00,2013-05-20 23:00:00+00:00,3762.0,m,fixed,drilling -- drill,ok,success,"Drilled and oriented 8 1/2"" hole from 3749 m MD to 3762 m MD with 2290 liter/min, 189-191 bar, 180 rpm, 17-21 kNm, WOB 6-13 MT, 1.42-1,43 sg ECD.
+Average ROP: 13 m/hr.
+Obtained survey at TD.",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-21T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-22T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-20 23:00:00+00:00,2013-05-21 04:00:00+00:00,3731.0,m,fixed,drilling -- circulating conditioning,ok,success,"Circulated hole clean with 1800 liter/min down and 2300 liter/min up, 130-188 bar, 125 rpm, 17- 19 kNm, 1,42 sg ECD. 
+After 1 x bottoms up racked back 1 stand.
+Circulated total 3 x bottoms up.",5.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-21T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-22T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-21 04:00:00+00:00,2013-05-21 05:00:00+00:00,3707.0,m,fixed,drilling -- survey,ok,success,"Relogged interval from 3730 m MD to 3707 m MD with 2300 liter/min, 193 bar.",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-21T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-22T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-21 05:00:00+00:00,2013-05-21 05:30:00+00:00,3707.0,m,fixed,formation evaluation -- log,ok,success,"Performed sticky test with drill string static for 20 minutes, observed 5 Ton overpull.
+
+Meanwhile:
+Held pre-job meeting prior to taking pressure points.",0.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-21T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-22T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-21 05:30:00+00:00,2013-05-21 15:30:00+00:00,3628.0,m,fixed,formation evaluation -- log,ok,success,"Recorded pressure points in interval between 3711,5 m MD and 3596,3 m MD
+Total pressure points recorded, 19.
+
+Commenced waiting 48 hours prior to take new pressure points.",10.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-21T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-22T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-21 15:30:00+00:00,2013-05-21 19:00:00+00:00,3005.0,m,fixed,drilling -- trip,ok,success,"Waited prior to take new pressure points.
+
+Meanwhile:
+Pumped OOH with 8 1/2"" BHA on 5 1/2"" DP from 3628 m MD to 3005 m MD at 1000 liter/min, 42 bar, max speed 21 meter/min.",3.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-21T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-22T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-21 19:00:00+00:00,2013-05-21 22:00:00+00:00,2494.0,m,fixed,drilling -- trip,ok,success,"Waited prior to take new pressure points.
+
+Meanwhile:
+POOH with 8 1/2"" BHA on 5 1/2"" DP from 3005 m MD to 2494 m MD, max pulling speed 8 meter/min.",3.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_23.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-22T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-23T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-21 22:00:00+00:00,2013-05-22 01:00:00+00:00,2494.0,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Waited prior to take new pressure points.
+
+Meanwhile:
+Circulated bottoms up with 1000 liter/min, 36 bar.
+Cleaned and tidied on drillfloor.
+Prepared maintenance work on drilling equipment.",3.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_23.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-22T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-23T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-22 01:00:00+00:00,2013-05-22 02:00:00+00:00,2494.0,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Waited prior to take new pressure points.
+
+Meanwhile:
+Flow checked well, ok.
+Cleaned and tidied on drillfloor.
+Prepared maintenance work on drilling equipment.",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_23.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-22T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-23T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-22 02:00:00+00:00,2013-05-22 22:00:00+00:00,2494.0,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Waited prior to take new pressure points.
+
+Monitored well on trip tank.
+
+Meanwhile:
+Cleaned and tidied on drillfloor and in all drilling areas.
+Performed maintenance work on drawworks.
+Replaced Bypass Actuator Valve for downlink system.
+Worked with 5 yearly maintenance on stand pipe valve S6.
+Performed toubleshooting and maintenance jobs on TDS.
+Worked with installation of BHA Wash Tool control system.
+Circulated well every 6th hour with 1100 liter/min, 43-46 bar.",20.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-23T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-22 22:00:00+00:00,2013-05-23 10:00:00+00:00,2494.0,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Waited prior to take new pressure points.
+
+Monitored well on trip tank.
+
+Meanwhile:
+Cleaned and tidied on drillfloor and in all drilling areas.
+Worked with 5 yearly maintenance on stand pipe valve S6 and S9. Completed valve S6.
+Performed toubleshooting and maintenance jobs on TDS, VFD faults.
+Worked with installation of BHA Wash Tool control system.
+Circulated well every 6th hour with 1100 liter/min, 43-46 bar.",12.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-23T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-23 10:00:00+00:00,2013-05-23 13:30:00+00:00,3746.0,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"RIH with 8 1/2"" BHA from 2494 m MD to 3746 m MD.
+Filled pipe at 3020 meter.",3.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-23T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-23 13:30:00+00:00,2013-05-23 14:30:00+00:00,3762.0,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Washed down from 3746 m MD to 3762 m MD with 2220 liter/min, 194 bar, 20 rpm, 13-17 kNm.
+Tagged bottom at 3762 m MD.",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-23T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-23 14:30:00+00:00,2013-05-23 16:00:00+00:00,3762.0,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Circulated and conditioned mud with 2300 liter/min, 2160 bar, 100 rpm 16-20 kNm, max gas 0,43%.
+Performed sticky test with string static for 20 minutes, no overpull observed.
+
+Meanwhile:
+Held pre-job meeting prior to take pressure points.",1.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-23T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-23 16:00:00+00:00,2013-05-23 18:30:00+00:00,3602.0,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Recorded pressure points in interval between 3681 m MD and 3602 m MD
+Total pressure points recorded, 5.",2.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-23T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-23 18:30:00+00:00,2013-05-23 22:00:00+00:00,2896.0,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Pumped OOH with 8 1/2"" BHA on 5 1/2"" DP from 3602 m MD to 2896 m MD at 1000 liter/min, 48-50 bar.",3.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-23 22:00:00+00:00,2013-05-23 23:30:00+00:00,2563.0,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Pumped OOH with 8 1/2"" BHA on 5 1/2"" DP from 2896 m MD to 2563 m MD at 1000 liter/min, 48-50 bar.",1.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-23 23:30:00+00:00,2013-05-24 00:00:00+00:00,2563.0,m,fixed,drilling -- trip,ok,success,"Flowchecked well for 15 minutes inside 14"" casing shoe, static.",0.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24 00:00:00+00:00,2013-05-24 05:00:00+00:00,182.0,m,fixed,drilling -- trip,ok,success,"POOH with 8 1/2"" BHA on 5 1/2"" DP from 2563 m MD to 182m MD at restricted speed due to swab simulations.
+Held pre-job meeting prior to change handling equipment.",5.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24 05:00:00+00:00,2013-05-24 05:30:00+00:00,182.0,m,fixed,drilling -- trip,ok,success,"Performed flowcheck prior to pull BHA through BOP.
+Changed handling equipment.",0.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24 05:30:00+00:00,2013-05-24 08:00:00+00:00,45.0,m,fixed,drilling -- trip,ok,success,"POOH with 8 1/2"" BHA from 182 m MD to 45 m MD.
+Held toolbox talk prior to handle radioactive source.",2.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24 08:00:00+00:00,2013-05-24 08:30:00+00:00,45.0,m,fixed,drilling -- trip,ok,success,Removed radioactive source.,0.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24 08:30:00+00:00,2013-05-24 09:30:00+00:00,45.0,m,fixed,drilling -- trip,ok,success,Plugged into OnTrack and verifyed  tool string.,1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24 09:30:00+00:00,2013-05-24 11:30:00+00:00,0.0,m,fixed,drilling -- trip,ok,success,"POOH and laid down 8 1/2"" BHA from 45 m MD to surface.",2.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24 11:30:00+00:00,2013-05-24 12:30:00+00:00,0.0,m,fixed,drilling -- drill,ok,success,"Cleaned and cleared drillfloor.
+Performed Pre-job meeting prior to rig up and run 3 1/2"" DP stinger.
+Changed to 3 1/2"" handling equipment.",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24 12:30:00+00:00,2013-05-24 17:30:00+00:00,2255.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"Made up and RIH with muleshoe on 3 1/2"" from surface to 380 m MD.
+Changed to 5 1/2"" DP handling equipment.",5.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24 17:30:00+00:00,2013-05-24 20:30:00+00:00,3200.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"RIH with 3 1/2"" stinger on 5 1/2"" DP from 380 m MD to 3200 m MD. 
+Average tripping speed 940 meter/hour.
+Filled pipe at 2570 meters.",3.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24 20:30:00+00:00,2013-05-24 21:00:00+00:00,3762.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"Connected TDS and washed down with 3 1/2"" stinger from 3200 m MD with 500 liter/min, 30 bar, tagged bottom at 3762 m MD.",0.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24 21:00:00+00:00,2013-05-24 21:30:00+00:00,3754.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"Laid out single.
+Made up side entry sub assembly with DPSV's.",0.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24 21:30:00+00:00,2013-05-24 22:00:00+00:00,3754.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"Circulated and conditioned mud with 2400 liter/min, 233 bar, 60 rpm, 13-16 kNm, reciprocated pipe from 3754 m MD to 3720 m MD.",0.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-24 22:00:00+00:00,2013-05-25 00:30:00+00:00,3754.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"Circulated and conditioned mud with 2400 liter/min, 233 bar, 60 rpm, 13-16 kNm, reciprocated pipe from 3754 m MD to 3720 m MD. 
+Stopped and flow checked well for 15 mintes at 01:15 hrs, well static.
+Performed pre-job meeting prior to cement job while circulating.",2.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25 00:30:00+00:00,2013-05-25 02:30:00+00:00,3754.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"Pumped 13,3 m3 of 1,50 sg spacer with 800 liter/min, 39 bar.
+Mixed and pumped 13,2 m3 of 1,90 sg cement slurry with 650 liter/min. 
+Displaced the cement to the rig floor with 890 liters of drill water. 
+Pumped 1,8 m3 of 1,50 sg spacer with rig pumps.
+Zeroed volume counters.
+Displaced the cement with 31 m3 of 1,32 sg mud at 2500 liter/min, 132-247 bar, 30 rpm, 12-14 kNm.",2.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25 02:30:00+00:00,2013-05-25 04:30:00+00:00,3325.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"Pulled out of cement to 3325 m MD. 
+Theoretical TOC at 3484 m MD.",2.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25 04:30:00+00:00,2013-05-25 05:00:00+00:00,3325.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"Installed two sponge balls.
+Circulated 1,5 x string volume with 2400 liter/min, 230 bar, 50 rpm, 10 kNm.",0.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25 05:00:00+00:00,2013-05-25 05:30:00+00:00,3080.0,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Waited on cement.
+
+Meanwhile:
+POOH wet with 3 1/2"" stinger from 3325 m MD to 3080 m MD.",0.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25 05:30:00+00:00,2013-05-25 07:00:00+00:00,3040.0,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Waited on cement.
+
+Meanwhile:
+Circulated out remaining spacer with 2450 liter/min, 217 bar, 50 rpm, 11 kNm, reciprocated string from 3080 m MD to 3040 m MD. Observed spacer in returns.",1.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25 07:00:00+00:00,2013-05-25 08:30:00+00:00,2370.0,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Waited on cement.
+
+Meanwhile:
+POOH wet with 3 1/2"" stinger from 3040 m MD to 2370 m MD.
+Cleaned and cleared drillfloor.",1.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25 08:30:00+00:00,2013-05-25 09:30:00+00:00,2370.0,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Waited on cement.
+
+Meanwhile:
+Cleaned and cleared drillfloor.
+Removed PS-21 power slips and installed master bushings.
+Picked up and made up BOP test tool.",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25 09:30:00+00:00,2013-05-25 10:30:00+00:00,139.2,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Waited on cement.
+
+Meanwhile:
+RIH with BOP test tool from surface to 139,2 meter.
+Landed BOP test tool in wellhead.",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25 10:30:00+00:00,2013-05-25 17:00:00+00:00,139.2,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Waited on cement.
+
+Meanwhile:
+Tested BOP pipe rams and annular preventers to 20 bar / 5 min and 345 bar / 10 min.
+Tested kelly hose, upper / lower IBOP's, kill and choke lines to 20 bar / 5 min and 345 bar / 10 min.",6.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25 17:00:00+00:00,2013-05-25 18:30:00+00:00,2370.0,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Waited on cement.
+
+Meanwhile:
+POOH with BOP test tool from 139,2 m MD to surface and laid down same.",1.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25 18:30:00+00:00,2013-05-25 19:30:00+00:00,3280.0,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Waited on cement.
+
+Meanwhile:
+RIH with 3 1/2"" stinger from 2370 m MD to 3280 m MD.
+Average tripping speed 910 meter/hour.",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25 19:30:00+00:00,2013-05-25 22:00:00+00:00,3280.0,m,fixed,interruption -- wait,ok,success,"Waited on cement.
+
+Meanwhile:
+Circulated and reduced MW from 1,32 sg to 1,28 sg with 2500-2941 liter/min, 225-282 bar, 61 rpm, 7-10 kNm, reciprocated pipe from 3280 m MD to 3242 m MD.",2.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-25 22:00:00+00:00,2013-05-26 01:00:00+00:00,3280.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"Circulated and reduced MW from 1,32 sg to 1,28 sg with 2500-2941 liter/min, 225-282 bar, 61 rpm, 7-10 kNm, reciprocated pipe from 3280 m MD to 3242 m MD.",3.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26 01:00:00+00:00,2013-05-26 02:00:00+00:00,3389.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"RIH with 3 1/2"" cement stinger from 3280 m MD to 3365 m MD.
+Established circulation and washed down from 3365 m MD to TOC at 3389 m MD with 500 liter/min, 25 bar. 
+Tagged cement with 10 Ton.",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26 02:00:00+00:00,2013-05-26 03:00:00+00:00,2968.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"POOH wet with 3 1/2"" stinger from 3389 m MD to 2968 m MD.",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26 03:00:00+00:00,2013-05-26 04:00:00+00:00,2968.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"Spotted 10 m3 1,32 sg HI-Vis pill.",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26 04:00:00+00:00,2013-05-26 07:00:00+00:00,2760.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"POOH with 3 1/2"" cement stinger on 5 1/2"" DP from 2968 m MD to 2760 m MD.
+Circulated and conditioned mud with 2410 liter/min, 190 bar, 50 rpm, 6-8 kNm, reciprocated pipe from 2760 m MD to 2520 m MD. 
+
+Performed pre-job meeting prior to cement job while circulating.",3.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26 07:00:00+00:00,2013-05-26 09:00:00+00:00,2760.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"Pumped 22 m3 of 1,50 sg spacer followed by 1,3 m3 mud with 800 liter/min, 35 bar.
+Mixed and pumped 13,5 m3 of 2,00 sg cement slurry with 670 liter/min. 
+Displaced the cement to the rig floor with 890 liters of drill water. 
+Pumped 2,0 m3 of 1,50 sg spacer with rig pumps.
+Zeroed volume counters.
+Displaced the cement with 24 m3 of 1,32 sg mud at 2530 liter/min, 110-215 bar, 30 rpm, 5-8 kNm.",2.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26 09:00:00+00:00,2013-05-26 12:00:00+00:00,2500.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"Checked for back flow, no back flow observed.
+Broke out and laid down pump in assembly.
+POOH with 3 1/2"" cement stinger on 5 1/2"" DP from 2760 m MD to 2500 m MD.
+Installed two sponge balls.
+Circulated bottoms up with 2660 liter/min, 222 bar, 60 rpm, 6-8 kNm. Observed traces of cement, diverted 68 M3 interface to slop pit.",3.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26 12:00:00+00:00,2013-05-26 12:30:00+00:00,2500.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"Flow checked well, static.
+Pumped slug.",0.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26 12:30:00+00:00,2013-05-26 17:00:00+00:00,380.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"POOH with 3 1/2"" cement stinger on 5 1/2"" DP from 2500 m MD to 380 m MD.
+Average tripping speed 471 meter/hour.",4.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26 17:00:00+00:00,2013-05-26 19:30:00+00:00,0.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"POOH and laid down 3 1/2"" cement stinger from 380 m MD to surface.",2.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26 19:30:00+00:00,2013-05-26 21:00:00+00:00,0.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"Rigged down 3 1/2"" handling equipment.
+Cleaned and cleared rigfloor.
+Function tested blind shear ram.",1.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26 21:00:00+00:00,2013-05-26 22:00:00+00:00,0.0,m,fixed,drilling -- trip,ok,success,"Performed pre-job meeting prior to pick up BHA.
+Picked up 12 1/4"" drilling BHA and RIH.",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-28T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26 22:00:00+00:00,2013-05-26 22:30:00+00:00,14.3,m,fixed,drilling -- trip,ok,success,"Picked up 12 1/4"" drilling BHA and RIH to 14,3 meter.
+Observed hydraulic leak on TDS, stopped operation.",0.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-28T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-26 22:30:00+00:00,2013-05-27 07:30:00+00:00,14.3,m,fixed,interruption -- other,ok,equipment failure,"Replaced faulty alignment cylinder on TDS.
+
+Meanwhile:
+Prepared to rig up handling equipment for pick up and rack casing.
+Held pre-job meeting prior to pick up 12 1/4"" BHA.",9.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-28T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27 07:30:00+00:00,2013-05-27 11:00:00+00:00,32.3,m,fixed,drilling -- trip,ok,success,"Picked up 12 1/4"" drilling BHA and RIH from 14,3 m MD to 32,3 m MD.
+Baker plugged into ON TRACK. Unable to get contact between Co-pilot and ASS. 
+Troubleshooted and replaced TSC box.",3.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-28T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27 11:00:00+00:00,2013-05-27 12:00:00+00:00,93.0,m,fixed,drilling -- trip,ok,success,"RIH with 12 1/4"" BHA on 6 5/8"" HWDP from 32,2 m MD to 93 m m MD.
+Removed masterbushings and installed PS-21 power slips.",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-28T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27 12:00:00+00:00,2013-05-27 13:30:00+00:00,207.0,m,fixed,drilling -- trip,ok,success,"Picked up and broke out connection between accelerator and HWDP, installed Totco ring.
+Made up connection and continued to RIH with 12 1/4"" BHA on 6 5/8"" HWDP from 93 m MD to 207 m MD.
+Observed leak on TDS, stopped operation.",1.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-28T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27 13:30:00+00:00,2013-05-27 16:30:00+00:00,207.0,m,fixed,interruption -- other,ok,equipment failure,"Discovered leak on TDS oil cooler, isolated hydraulic system and dismantled cooler.",3.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-28T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27 16:30:00+00:00,2013-05-27 21:00:00+00:00,2494.0,m,fixed,drilling -- trip,ok,success,"RIH with 12 1/4"" BHA on 5 1/2"" DP from 207 m MD to 2494 m MD.
+Filled pipe every 1000 meters.
+Average tripping speed 508 meter/hour.",4.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-28T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27 21:00:00+00:00,2013-05-27 22:00:00+00:00,2494.0,m,fixed,drilling -- other,ok,success,"Performed choke drill.
+Observed hydraulic oil leak on TDS, stopped operation.",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_29.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-28T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-29T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-27 22:00:00+00:00,2013-05-28 01:30:00+00:00,2494.0,m,fixed,interruption -- other,ok,equipment failure,"Isolated TDS hydraulically.
+Repaired leaking hydraulic pipe fitting and installed overhauled hydraulic cooler.",3.5
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_29.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-28T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-29T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-28 01:30:00+00:00,2013-05-28 02:30:00+00:00,2531.0,m,fixed,drilling -- ream,ok,success,"Washed down with 12 1/4"" BHA from 2494 m MD to TOC with 1450-3400 liter/min, 27-168 bar, 90-170 rpm, 6-12 kNm, WOB 0-8 Ton.
+Observed hard cement at 2531 m MD",1.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_29.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-28T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-29T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-28 02:30:00+00:00,2013-05-28 06:30:00+00:00,2575.0,m,fixed,drilling -- drill,ok,success,"Drilled cement from 2531 m MD to 2575 m MD with 2807 liter/min, 164-168 bar, 155 rpm, 9-13 kNm, WOB 6-13 MT.",4.0
+15_9_F_11_A_2013_05_29.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 A,NO 15/9-F-11 A,2013-05-28T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-29T00:00:00+02:00,2013-05-28 06:30:00+00:00,2013-05-28 12:30:00+00:00,2627.0,m,fixed,drilling -- drill,ok,success,"Drilled cement and new formation with restricted ROP 5 meter/hour from 2575 m MD to 2627m MD with 2807 liter/min, 164-168 bar, 155 rpm, 9-13 kNm, WOB 6-13 MT.
+At 11:30 hrs observed 50% new formation in returns.
+At 14:30 hrs observed 100% new formation in returns.
+Continue reporting on well F-11 B.",6.0

processed/ddr/15_9_F_11_A_daily_summary.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
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processed/ddr/15_9_F_11_B_daily_summary.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
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+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_04.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-02 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-04T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:37+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_05.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-03 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-05T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:37+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_06.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-04 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-06T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:37+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_07.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-05 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-07T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:37+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_08.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-06 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-08T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:38+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_09.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-07 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-09T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:38+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_10.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-08 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-10T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:38+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_11.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-09 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-11T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:38+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-10 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-12T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:38+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_13.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-11 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-13T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:38+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_14.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-12 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-14T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:38+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-13 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-15T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:38+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-14 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-16T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:38+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_17.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-15 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-17T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:38+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-16 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-18T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:39+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_19.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-17 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-19T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:39+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_20.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-18 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-20T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:39+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_21.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-19 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-21T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:39+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-20 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-22T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:39+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_23.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-21 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-23T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:39+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2013_07_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2013-07-22 22:00:00+00:00,2013-07-24T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:39+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2015_10_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2015-10-23 22:00:00+00:00,2015-10-25T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:40+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2015_10_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2015-10-24 22:00:00+00:00,2015-10-26T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:40+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2015_10_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2015-10-25 23:00:00+00:00,2015-10-27T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:40+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2015_10_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2015-10-26 23:00:00+00:00,2015-10-28T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:40+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2015_10_29.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2015-10-27 23:00:00+00:00,2015-10-29T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:40+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2015_10_30.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2015-10-28 23:00:00+00:00,2015-10-30T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:40+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2015_10_31.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2015-10-29 23:00:00+00:00,2015-10-31T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:40+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2015_11_01.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2015-10-30 23:00:00+00:00,2015-11-01T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:40+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2015_11_02.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2015-10-31 23:00:00+00:00,2015-11-02T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:40+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2015_11_03.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2015-11-01 23:00:00+00:00,2015-11-03T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:40+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_04_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-04-13 22:00:00+00:00,2016-04-15T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:41+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_04_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-04-14 22:00:00+00:00,2016-04-16T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:41+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_04_17.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-04-15 22:00:00+00:00,2016-04-17T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:41+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_04_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-04-16 22:00:00+00:00,2016-04-18T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:41+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_04_19.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-04-17 22:00:00+00:00,2016-04-19T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:41+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_04_21.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-04-19 22:00:00+00:00,2016-04-21T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:41+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_04_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-04-20 22:00:00+00:00,2016-04-22T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:41+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_04_23.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-04-21 22:00:00+00:00,2016-04-23T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:41+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_04_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-04-22 22:00:00+00:00,2016-04-24T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:41+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_04_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-04-23 22:00:00+00:00,2016-04-25T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:41+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_09_19.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-09-17 22:00:00+00:00,2016-09-19T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:42+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_09_20.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-09-18 22:00:00+00:00,2016-09-20T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:42+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_09_21.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-09-19 22:00:00+00:00,2016-09-21T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:42+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_09_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-09-20 22:00:00+00:00,2016-09-22T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:42+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_09_23.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-09-21 22:00:00+00:00,2016-09-23T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:42+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_09_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-09-22 22:00:00+00:00,2016-09-24T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:42+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_09_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-09-23 22:00:00+00:00,2016-09-25T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:42+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_09_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-09-24 22:00:00+00:00,2016-09-26T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:42+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_09_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-09-25 22:00:00+00:00,2016-09-27T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:42+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_09_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-09-26 22:00:00+00:00,2016-09-28T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:42+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_09_29.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-09-27 22:00:00+00:00,2016-09-29T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:42+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_10_21.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-10-19 22:00:00+00:00,2016-10-21T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:43+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_B_2016_10_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-11 B,NO 15/9-F-11 B,2016-10-20 22:00:00+00:00,2016-10-22T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:43+02:00,2013-05-28T14:30:00+02:00,2013-06-12,Statoil,Maersk Drilling

processed/ddr/15_9_F_11_daily_summary.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+file,well_name,wellbore_name,report_start,report_end,create_date,spud_date,drill_complete,operator,drill_contractor
+15_9_F_11_2013_03_08.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11,2013-03-06 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-08T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:25+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_2013_03_09.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11,2013-03-07 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-09T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:25+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_2013_03_10.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11,2013-03-08 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-10T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:25+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_2013_03_11.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11,2013-03-09 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-11T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:25+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_2013_03_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11,2013-03-10 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-12T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:25+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_2013_03_13.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11,2013-03-11 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-13T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:25+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_2013_03_14.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11,2013-03-12 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-14T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:25+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_2013_03_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11,2013-03-13 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:25+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_2013_03_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11,2013-03-14 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-16T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:25+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_2013_03_17.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11,2013-03-15 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-17T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:25+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_2013_03_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11,2013-03-16 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-18T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:25+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_2013_03_19.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11,2013-03-17 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-19T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:26+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_2013_03_20.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11,2013-03-18 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-20T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:26+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_2013_03_21.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11,2013-03-19 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-21T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:26+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_2013_03_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11,2013-03-20 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-22T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:26+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_2013_03_23.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11,2013-03-21 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-23T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:26+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_03_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-03-22 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-24T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:26+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_2013_03_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11,2013-03-22 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-24T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:26+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_03_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-03-23 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-25T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:26+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_03_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-03-24 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-26T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:26+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_03_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-03-25 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-27T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:27+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_03_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-03-26 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-28T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:27+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_03_29.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-03-27 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-29T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:27+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_03_30.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-03-28 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-30T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:27+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_03_31.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-03-29 23:00:00+00:00,2013-03-31T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:27+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_04_01.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-03-30 23:00:00+00:00,2013-04-01T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:27+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_04_02.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-03-31 22:00:00+00:00,2013-04-02T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:27+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_04_03.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-04-01 22:00:00+00:00,2013-04-03T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:27+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
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+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_04_11.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-04-09 22:00:00+00:00,2013-04-11T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:28+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_04_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-04-10 22:00:00+00:00,2013-04-12T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:28+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_04_13.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-04-11 22:00:00+00:00,2013-04-13T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:28+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_04_14.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-04-12 22:00:00+00:00,2013-04-14T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:28+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_04_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-04-13 22:00:00+00:00,2013-04-15T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:29+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_04_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-04-14 22:00:00+00:00,2013-04-16T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:29+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
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+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_04_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-04-20 22:00:00+00:00,2013-04-22T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:29+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
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+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_04_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-04-26 22:00:00+00:00,2013-04-28T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:30+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
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+15_9_F_11_T2_2013_05_05.xml,NO 15/9-F-11,NO 15/9-F-11 T2,2013-05-03 22:00:00+00:00,2013-05-05T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:30+02:00,2013-03-07T17:30:00+01:00,2013-05-09,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
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processed/ddr/15_9_F_12_daily_summary.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+file,well_name,wellbore_name,report_start,report_end,create_date,spud_date,drill_complete,operator,drill_contractor
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+15_9_F_12_2007_06_23.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-06-21 22:00:00+00:00,2007-06-23T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:44+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_06_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-06-22 22:00:00+00:00,2007-06-24T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:44+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_06_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-06-23 22:00:00+00:00,2007-06-25T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:44+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_06_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-06-24 22:00:00+00:00,2007-06-26T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:44+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_06_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-06-25 22:00:00+00:00,2007-06-27T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:44+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_06_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-06-26 22:00:00+00:00,2007-06-28T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:44+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_06_29.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-06-27 22:00:00+00:00,2007-06-29T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:44+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_06_30.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-06-28 22:00:00+00:00,2007-06-30T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:44+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_01.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-06-29 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-01T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:44+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_02.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-06-30 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-02T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:44+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_03.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-01 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-03T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:45+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_04.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-02 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-04T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:45+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_05.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-03 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-05T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:45+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_06.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-04 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-06T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:45+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_07.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-05 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-07T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:45+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_08.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-06 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-08T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:45+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_09.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-07 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-09T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:45+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_10.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-08 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-10T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:45+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_11.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-09 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-11T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:45+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-10 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-12T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:45+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_13.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-11 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-13T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:45+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_14.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-12 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-14T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:45+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-13 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-15T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:46+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-14 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-16T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:46+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_17.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-15 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-17T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:46+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-16 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-18T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:46+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_19.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-17 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-19T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:46+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_20.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-18 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-20T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:46+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_21.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-19 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-21T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:46+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-20 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-22T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:46+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_23.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-21 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-23T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:46+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-22 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-24T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:46+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-23 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-25T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:46+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-24 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-26T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:46+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-25 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-27T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:47+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-26 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-28T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:47+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_29.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-27 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-29T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:47+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_30.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-28 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-30T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:47+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_07_31.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-29 22:00:00+00:00,2007-07-31T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:47+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_01.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-30 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-01T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:47+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_02.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-07-31 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-02T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:47+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_03.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-01 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-03T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:47+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_04.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-02 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-04T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:47+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_05.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-03 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-05T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:48+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_06.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-04 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-06T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:48+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_07.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-05 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-07T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:48+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_08.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-06 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-08T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:48+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_09.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-07 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-09T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:48+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_10.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-08 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-10T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:48+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_11.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-09 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-11T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:48+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-10 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-12T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:48+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_13.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-11 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-13T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:49+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_14.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-12 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-14T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:49+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-13 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-15T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:49+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-14 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-16T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:49+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_17.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-15 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-17T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:49+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-16 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-18T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:49+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_19.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-17 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-19T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:49+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_20.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-18 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-20T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:49+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_21.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-19 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-21T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:49+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-20 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-22T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:49+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_23.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-21 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-23T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:50+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-22 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-24T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:50+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-23 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-25T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:50+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-24 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-26T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:50+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-25 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-27T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:50+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-26 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-28T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:50+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_29.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-27 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-29T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:50+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_30.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-28 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-30T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:50+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_08_31.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-29 22:00:00+00:00,2007-08-31T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:50+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_09_01.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-30 22:00:00+00:00,2007-09-01T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:50+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_09_02.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-08-31 22:00:00+00:00,2007-09-02T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:51+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_09_03.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-09-01 22:00:00+00:00,2007-09-03T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:51+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_09_04.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-09-02 22:00:00+00:00,2007-09-04T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:51+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_09_05.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-09-03 22:00:00+00:00,2007-09-05T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:51+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_09_06.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-09-04 22:00:00+00:00,2007-09-06T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:51+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_09_07.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-09-05 22:00:00+00:00,2007-09-07T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:51+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_09_08.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-09-06 22:00:00+00:00,2007-09-08T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:51+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_09_09.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-09-07 22:00:00+00:00,2007-09-09T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:52+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_09_10.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-09-08 22:00:00+00:00,2007-09-10T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:52+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_09_11.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-09-09 22:00:00+00:00,2007-09-11T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:52+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_09_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-09-10 22:00:00+00:00,2007-09-12T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:52+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_09_13.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-09-11 22:00:00+00:00,2007-09-13T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:52+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_09_14.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-09-12 22:00:00+00:00,2007-09-14T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:52+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_09_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-09-13 22:00:00+00:00,2007-09-15T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:52+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_10_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-10-10 22:00:00+00:00,2007-10-12T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:52+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2007_12_31.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-12-29 23:00:00+00:00,2007-12-31T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:52+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_01.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-12-30 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-01T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:53+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_02.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2007-12-31 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-02T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:53+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_03.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-01 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-03T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:53+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_04.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-02 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-04T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:53+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_05.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-03 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-05T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:53+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_06.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-04 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-06T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:53+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_07.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-05 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-07T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:53+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_08.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-06 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-08T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:53+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_09.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-07 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-09T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:53+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_10.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-08 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-10T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:53+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_11.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-09 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-11T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:54+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-10 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-12T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:54+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_13.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-11 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-13T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:54+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_14.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-12 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-14T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:54+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-13 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-15T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:54+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-14 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-16T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:54+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_17.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-15 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-17T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:54+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-16 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-18T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:54+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_19.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-17 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-19T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:55+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_20.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-18 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-20T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:55+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_21.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-19 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-21T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:55+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-20 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-22T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:55+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_23.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-21 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-23T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:55+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-22 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-24T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:55+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-23 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-25T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:55+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-24 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-26T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:55+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-25 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-27T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:56+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-26 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-28T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:56+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_29.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-27 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-29T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:56+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_30.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-28 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-30T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:56+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_01_31.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-29 23:00:00+00:00,2008-01-31T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:56+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_02_01.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-30 23:00:00+00:00,2008-02-01T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:56+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_02_02.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-01-31 23:00:00+00:00,2008-02-02T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:56+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_02_03.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-02-01 23:00:00+00:00,2008-02-03T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:56+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_02_04.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-02-02 23:00:00+00:00,2008-02-04T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:56+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_02_05.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-02-03 23:00:00+00:00,2008-02-05T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:56+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2008_02_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2008-02-10 23:00:00+00:00,2008-02-12T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:57+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2009_03_14.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2009-03-12 23:00:00+00:00,2009-03-14T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:57+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2009_03_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2009-03-13 23:00:00+00:00,2009-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:57+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2009_03_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2009-03-14 23:00:00+00:00,2009-03-16T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:57+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2009_03_17.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2009-03-15 23:00:00+00:00,2009-03-17T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:57+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2009_03_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2009-03-16 23:00:00+00:00,2009-03-18T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:57+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_12_2010_09_21.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2010-09-19 22:00:00+00:00,2010-09-21T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:57+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_12_2010_09_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2010-09-20 22:00:00+00:00,2010-09-22T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:58+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_12_2010_09_23.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2010-09-21 22:00:00+00:00,2010-09-23T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:58+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_12_2010_09_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2010-09-22 22:00:00+00:00,2010-09-24T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:58+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_12_2014_11_23.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2014-11-21 23:00:00+00:00,2014-11-23T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:58+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_12_2014_11_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2014-11-22 23:00:00+00:00,2014-11-24T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:58+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_12_2014_11_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2014-11-23 23:00:00+00:00,2014-11-25T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:58+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_12_2014_11_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2014-11-24 23:00:00+00:00,2014-11-26T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:58+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_12_2014_11_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2014-11-25 23:00:00+00:00,2014-11-27T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:58+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_12_2014_11_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2014-11-26 23:00:00+00:00,2014-11-28T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:51:59+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Altus Intervention
+15_9_F_12_2016_08_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2016-08-13 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-15T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:59+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_12_2016_08_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2016-08-14 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-16T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:59+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_12_2016_08_17.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2016-08-15 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-17T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:59+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_12_2016_08_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2016-08-16 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-18T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:59+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_12_2016_08_19.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2016-08-17 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-19T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:59+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_12_2016_08_20.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2016-08-18 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-20T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:59+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_12_2016_08_21.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2016-08-19 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-21T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:59+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_12_2016_08_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2016-08-20 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-22T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:51:59+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_12_2016_08_23.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2016-08-21 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-23T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:00+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_12_2016_08_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2016-08-22 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-24T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:00+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_12_2016_08_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2016-08-23 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-25T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:00+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_12_2016_08_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2016-08-24 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-26T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:00+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_12_2016_08_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2016-08-25 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-27T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:00+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_12_2016_08_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2016-08-26 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-28T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:00+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_12_2016_08_29.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2016-08-27 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-29T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:00+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_12_2016_10_20.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2016-10-18 22:00:00+00:00,2016-10-20T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:00+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_12_2016_10_21.xml,NO 15/9-F-12,NO 15/9-F-12,2016-10-19 22:00:00+00:00,2016-10-21T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:00+02:00,2007-03-15T00:00:00+01:00,2007-08-26,Statoil,Maersk Drilling

processed/ddr/15_9_F_14_daily_summary.csv

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+file,well_name,wellbore_name,report_start,report_end,create_date,spud_date,drill_complete,operator,drill_contractor
+15_9_F_14_2007_11_06.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-11-04 23:00:00+00:00,2007-11-06T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:01+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_11_07.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-11-05 23:00:00+00:00,2007-11-07T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:01+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_11_08.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-11-06 23:00:00+00:00,2007-11-08T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:01+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_11_09.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-11-07 23:00:00+00:00,2007-11-09T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:01+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_11_10.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-11-08 23:00:00+00:00,2007-11-10T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:01+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_11_11.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-11-09 23:00:00+00:00,2007-11-11T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:01+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_11_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-11-10 23:00:00+00:00,2007-11-12T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:01+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_11_13.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-11-11 23:00:00+00:00,2007-11-13T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:02+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_11_14.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-11-12 23:00:00+00:00,2007-11-14T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:02+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_11_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-11-13 23:00:00+00:00,2007-11-15T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:02+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_11_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-11-14 23:00:00+00:00,2007-11-16T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:02+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_12_04.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-12-02 23:00:00+00:00,2007-12-04T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:02+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_12_05.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-12-03 23:00:00+00:00,2007-12-05T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:02+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_12_06.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-12-04 23:00:00+00:00,2007-12-06T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:02+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_12_07.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-12-05 23:00:00+00:00,2007-12-07T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:02+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_12_08.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-12-06 23:00:00+00:00,2007-12-08T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:02+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_12_09.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-12-07 23:00:00+00:00,2007-12-09T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:02+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_12_10.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-12-08 23:00:00+00:00,2007-12-10T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:03+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_12_11.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-12-09 23:00:00+00:00,2007-12-11T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:03+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2007_12_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2007-12-10 23:00:00+00:00,2007-12-12T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:03+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_04_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-04-25 22:00:00+00:00,2008-04-27T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:03+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_04_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-04-26 22:00:00+00:00,2008-04-28T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:03+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_04_29.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-04-27 22:00:00+00:00,2008-04-29T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:03+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_04_30.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-04-28 22:00:00+00:00,2008-04-30T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:03+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_01.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-04-29 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-01T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:03+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_11.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-09 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-11T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:04+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-10 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-12T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:04+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_13.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-11 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-13T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:04+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_14.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-12 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-14T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:04+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-13 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-15T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:04+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-14 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-16T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:04+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_17.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-15 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-17T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:04+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-16 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-18T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:04+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_19.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-17 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-19T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:04+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_20.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-18 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-20T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:05+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
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+15_9_F_14_2008_05_23.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-21 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-23T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:05+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-22 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-24T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:05+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-23 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-25T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:05+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-24 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-26T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:05+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-25 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-27T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:05+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-26 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-28T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:05+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_29.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-27 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-29T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:06+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_30.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-28 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-30T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:06+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_05_31.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-29 22:00:00+00:00,2008-05-31T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:06+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_01.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-30 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-01T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:06+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_02.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-05-31 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-02T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:06+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_03.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-01 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-03T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:06+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_04.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-02 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-04T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:06+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_05.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-03 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-05T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:06+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_06.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-04 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-06T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:06+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_07.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-05 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-07T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:07+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_08.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-06 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-08T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:07+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_09.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-07 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-09T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:07+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_10.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-08 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-10T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:07+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_11.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-09 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-11T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:07+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-10 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-12T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:07+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_13.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-11 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-13T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:07+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_14.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-12 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-14T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:07+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-13 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-15T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:07+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-14 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-16T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:07+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_17.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-15 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-17T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:07+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-16 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-18T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:08+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_19.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-17 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-19T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:08+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_20.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-18 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-20T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:08+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_21.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-19 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-21T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:08+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_22.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-20 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-22T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:08+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_23.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-21 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-23T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:08+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_24.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-22 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-24T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:08+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_25.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-23 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-25T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:08+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_26.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-24 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-26T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:08+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_27.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-25 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-27T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:08+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-26 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-28T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:08+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_29.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-27 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-29T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:08+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_06_30.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-28 22:00:00+00:00,2008-06-30T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:09+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_07_01.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-29 22:00:00+00:00,2008-07-01T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:09+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_07_02.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-06-30 22:00:00+00:00,2008-07-02T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:09+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_07_03.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-07-01 22:00:00+00:00,2008-07-03T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:09+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_07_04.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-07-02 22:00:00+00:00,2008-07-04T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:09+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_07_05.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-07-03 22:00:00+00:00,2008-07-05T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:09+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_07_06.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-07-04 22:00:00+00:00,2008-07-06T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:09+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_07_07.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-07-05 22:00:00+00:00,2008-07-07T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:09+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_07_08.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-07-06 22:00:00+00:00,2008-07-08T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:09+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_07_09.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-07-07 22:00:00+00:00,2008-07-09T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:10+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_07_10.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-07-08 22:00:00+00:00,2008-07-10T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:10+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2008_07_11.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2008-07-09 22:00:00+00:00,2008-07-11T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:10+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2009_03_07.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2009-03-05 23:00:00+00:00,2009-03-07T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:10+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2009_03_08.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2009-03-06 23:00:00+00:00,2009-03-08T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:10+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2009_03_09.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2009-03-07 23:00:00+00:00,2009-03-09T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:10+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2009_03_10.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2009-03-08 23:00:00+00:00,2009-03-10T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:10+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2009_03_11.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2009-03-09 23:00:00+00:00,2009-03-11T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:10+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2009_03_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2009-03-10 23:00:00+00:00,2009-03-12T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:10+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2009_03_13.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2009-03-11 23:00:00+00:00,2009-03-13T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:10+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2009_03_14.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2009-03-12 23:00:00+00:00,2009-03-14T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:10+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,StatoilHydro,Mærsk Contractors
+15_9_F_14_2010_09_11.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2010-09-09 22:00:00+00:00,2010-09-11T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:11+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_14_2010_09_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2010-09-10 22:00:00+00:00,2010-09-12T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:11+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_14_2010_09_13.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2010-09-11 22:00:00+00:00,2010-09-13T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:11+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_14_2010_09_14.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2010-09-12 22:00:00+00:00,2010-09-14T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:11+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_14_2010_09_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2010-09-13 22:00:00+00:00,2010-09-15T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:11+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_14_2010_09_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2010-09-14 22:00:00+00:00,2010-09-16T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:11+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_14_2010_09_17.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2010-09-15 22:00:00+00:00,2010-09-17T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:11+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_14_2010_09_18.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2010-09-16 22:00:00+00:00,2010-09-18T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:11+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_14_2010_09_19.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2010-09-17 22:00:00+00:00,2010-09-19T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:11+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_14_2010_09_20.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2010-09-18 22:00:00+00:00,2010-09-20T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:11+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_14_2010_09_21.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2010-09-19 22:00:00+00:00,2010-09-21T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:11+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_14_2012_01_28.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2012-01-26 23:00:00+00:00,2012-01-28T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:12+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_14_2012_01_29.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2012-01-27 23:00:00+00:00,2012-01-29T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:12+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_14_2012_01_30.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2012-01-28 23:00:00+00:00,2012-01-30T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:12+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_14_2012_01_31.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2012-01-29 23:00:00+00:00,2012-01-31T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:12+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_14_2012_02_01.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2012-01-30 23:00:00+00:00,2012-02-01T00:00:00+01:00,2018-05-03T13:52:12+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Aker Well Service
+15_9_F_14_2016_07_31.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-07-29 22:00:00+00:00,2016-07-31T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:12+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_08_01.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-07-30 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-01T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:12+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_08_02.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-07-31 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-02T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:12+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_08_03.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-08-01 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-03T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:12+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_08_04.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-08-02 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-04T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:12+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_08_05.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-08-03 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-05T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:13+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_08_06.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-08-04 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-06T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:13+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_08_07.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-08-05 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-07T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:13+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_08_08.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-08-06 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-08T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:13+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_08_09.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-08-07 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-09T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:13+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_08_10.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-08-08 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-10T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:13+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_08_11.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-08-09 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-11T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:13+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_08_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-08-10 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-12T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:13+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_08_13.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-08-11 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-13T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:13+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_08_14.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-08-12 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-14T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:14+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_08_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-08-13 22:00:00+00:00,2016-08-15T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:14+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_09_12.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-09-10 22:00:00+00:00,2016-09-12T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:14+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_09_13.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-09-11 22:00:00+00:00,2016-09-13T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:14+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_09_14.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-09-12 22:00:00+00:00,2016-09-14T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:14+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_09_15.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-09-13 22:00:00+00:00,2016-09-15T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:14+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_09_16.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-09-14 22:00:00+00:00,2016-09-16T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:14+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_10_19.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-10-17 22:00:00+00:00,2016-10-19T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:14+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling
+15_9_F_14_2016_10_20.xml,NO 15/9-F-14,NO 15/9-F-14,2016-10-18 22:00:00+00:00,2016-10-20T00:00:00+02:00,2018-05-03T13:52:14+02:00,2007-11-04T00:00:00+01:00,2008-06-15,Statoil,Maersk Drilling