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the biogenesis of biological membranes that delineate the cell surface or act as intracellular space partition is a fundamental biological process and a remarkable evolutionary achievement .
the hydrophobic barrier of membranes is comprised of fatty acid ( fa)-derived acyl - chains , typically 16 or 18 carbon atoms in ... | summarymembrane phospholipids typically contain fatty acids ( fas ) of 16 and 18 carbon atoms .
this particular chain length is evolutionarily highly conserved and presumably provides maximum stability and dynamic properties to biological membranes in response to nutritional or environmental cues . here
, we sho... | Introduction
Results
Discussion
Experimental Procedures |
the online version of this article ( doi:10.1007/s10822 - 011 - 9519 - 9 ) contains supplementary material , which is available to authorized users .
life expectancy of man , and especially man in the western world , increased by more than 2 days per week for the whole previous century . much of this dramatic increase... | in its first 25 years jcamd has been disseminating a large number of techniques aimed at finding better medicines faster .
these include genetic algorithms , comfa , qsar , structure based techniques , homology modelling , high throughput screening , combichem , and dozens more that were a hype in their time and th... | Electronic supplementary material
Introduction
A brief history of tools
Where do we stand today?
Dealing with data, information, and knowledge: from hype to hope?
Electronic supplementary material |
our current picture of cell nuclear function is shifting from the idea of fully assembled molecular complexes towards molecules freely roaming in nuclear space ( pombo and cook 1996 ; phair and misteli 2000 ; bentley 2002 ) . here , transient interactions ( protein protein , protein dna , and protein rna ) result ... | cellular life can be described as a dynamic equilibrium of a highly complex network of interacting molecules .
for this reason , it is no longer sufficient to only know the identity of the participants in a cellular process , but questions such as where , when , and for how long also have to be addressed to unders... | Introduction
Observing single molecules in the nucleus, a possibility?
Nuclear mobility as seen by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Single RNA tracking in the nucleus
Single protein tracking in the nucleus
Imaging HIV in the living cella perspective
The life cycle of HIV |
liver cancer is a significant worldwide health problem and is the sixth most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world .
infection with hepatitis b or c virus is the major risk factor for liver cancer , which accounts for more than 85% of cases in developing countries .
the incidence rates of liver cancer are increasing... | objectivethe aim of this study was to assess serum levels of presurgical -fetoprotein ( afp ) and carbohydrate antigen 19 - 9 ( ca19 - 9 ) as prognostic markers in patients with hepatic carcinoma after liver transplantation ( lt).methodsa total of 226 patients were recruited for the analysis of serum afp and ca19 - 9 ... | Introduction
Patients and methods
Study population and data collections
Liver transplantation surgery
Immunosuppressive treatment
Patients follow-up and study endpoint
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics
Definition of the tumor marker type (TMT)
Predictors for survival
The proposed criteria for liver t... |
biddi making is a skilled job in which tobacco is rolled in a processed kendu leaf and tied with a cotton thread .
the kendu leaves are moistened and then cut into pieces of required size and shape .
tobacco mixed with hand and then the processed tobacco is wrapped and rolled in the prepared cut piece of kendu leaf .
t... | intorduction : the tobacco dusts get air borne during biddi making and it is inhaled by the biddi binders , which affects their health.results:in a follow - up study , 86 biddi binders ( male , 41 ; female , 45 ) were studied at a gap of 2 years .
a high respiratory morbidity was observed among males than females bo... | INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Medical study
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Medical study
Pulmonary function tests
Bronchodilator study
CONCLUSION |
techniques
have been prevalently employed for the identification and relative / absolute
quantification of proteins .
lc ms - based quantification approaches
can be roughly divided into two main categories : ( i ) labeling techniques
such as isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification ( itraq ) , ta... | the
rapidly expanding availability of high - resolution mass spectrometry
has substantially enhanced the ion - current - based relative quantification
techniques . despite the increasing interest in ion - current - based methods ,
quantitative sensitivity , accuracy , and false discovery rate
remain
the ma... | Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Data Sharing |
inflammatory bowel disease ( ibd ) is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract thought to be a result of dysregulated or aberrant immune response to intestinal flora and multiple environmental factors with regard to genetic predisposition .
exposure of intestinal epithelial cells ( iec ) to bacterial compon... | transforming growth factor ( tgf- ) is a multifunctional cytokine recognized as an important regulator of inflammatory responses .
the effect of inositol hexaphosphate ( ip6 ) , a naturally occurring phytochemical , on the mrna expression of tgf-1 , tgf-2 , tgf-3 and tri , trii , and triii receptors stimulated with... | 1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion and Conclusions |
enzymatic proteins can exhibit abnormal
activity in a wide variety
of diseases such as cancer and autoimmune disorders and , therefore ,
can be exploited for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes .
this anomalous activity can help to increase the specificity and
selectivity of drugs to diseased sites to reduce th... | many diseases can be characterized
by the abnormal activity exhibited
by various biomolecules , the targeting of which can provide therapeutic
and diagnostic utility .
recent trends in medicine and nanotechnology
have prompted the development of protease - sensitive nanomaterials
systems for therapeutic , ... | Introduction
Protease-responsive nanomaterial systems
for therapeutics
Protease-responsive nanomaterial systems
for diagnostics
Protease-responsive
nanomaterial systems for theranostics
Conclusion |
one of the major problems that humans face as we enter the twenty - first century is how to feed an overpopulated planet . currently , the world population is approximately six billion people , and it is estimated that with the current birth rate it will double by 2050 .
the consequence of such growth is that humans wi... | the completion of the arabidopsis thaliana ( mustard weed ) genome sequence constitutes a major breakthrough in plant biology .
it will revolutionize how we answer questions about the biology and evolution of plants as well as how we confront and resolve world - wide agricultural problems . | Historical perspective
The
The sequencing strategy
The DNA molecules
The proteome
The future
Figures and Tables |
haruta
et al . discovered some 20 years ago that gold known
for its inert nature in the bulk state exhibits a high reactivity
as catalyst for oxidation reactions even below ambient temperatures
if reduced to the size of a few nanometers .
since then , research on au cluster catalysis has become a subject
of... | adsorption and coadsorption of carbon
monoxide and oxygen on different
types of au clusters on r(15 3)c / w(110 ) and r(15 12)c / w(110 ) ,
respectively , are studied with respect to the catalytic behavior for
oxidation of co as well as of surface carbon .
carburization of the
w(110 ) surface results in ... | Introduction
Experiment
Adsorption of CO on Clean and Carburized W(110)
Adsorption
of CO on Au-Decorated Carburized
W(110)
Adsorption of Oxygen
Reaction Studies and Conclusions |
alzheimer s disease ( ad ) is the most common type of dementia , but a cure for ad has yet to be discovered .
however , it may be possible to prevent or delay the onset of ad by reducing modifiable risks .
education has been proposed as a protective factor that can reduce the risk of developing dementia .
the protectiv... | introductionthe aim of this study was to determine whether years of schooling influences regional cortical thicknesses and volumes in alzheimer s disease ( ad ) , mild cognitive impairment ( mci ) , and healthy age - matched controls.methodsusing an automated image analysis pipeline , 33 regional cortical thickness an... | Introduction
Methods
Subjects
Data acquisition
Image analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Control group
MCI group
AD group
Discussion
Conclusion
Conflict of interest
Open Access |
the impact of nutrition during development is recognized as an important underlying risk factor for an individual s susceptibility to disease in later life .
studies have consistently demonstrated that altering the nutrient supply of pregnant animals induces profound changes in the function of body systems , including ... | observational evidence suggests nutritional exposures during in utero development may have long - lasting consequences for health ; data from interventions are scarce . here
, we present a trial follow - up study to assess the association between prenatal food and micronutrient supplementation and childhood blood pr... | Introduction
Methods
Statistical analysis.
Results
Discussion
Supplementary Material |
styrene was listed in the twelfth edition of the national toxicology program 's ( ntp 's ) report on carcinogens ( ntp 2011 ) . in its report , ntp ( 2011 ) states :
styrene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans , sufficient evidence of c... | styrene was listed as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen in the twelfth edition of the national toxicology program 's report on carcinogens based on what we contend are erroneous findings of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans , sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals , ... | INTRODUCTION
NTP CRITERIA FOR LIMITED OR SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE
EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES
SPECIES-SPECIFIC EFFECTS IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
MODE-OF-ACTION DATA
LACK OF CONCORDANCE AMONG HUMAN, EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL, AND MODE-OF-ACTION DATA
CONCLUSIONS |
methotrexate ( mtx ) is the most common second - line therapeutic agent used to treat juvenile idiopathic arthritis ( jia ) worldwide .
regardless of age or disease subtype , considerable interindividual variability in clinical response and adverse reactions exists with mtx , and thus far , there have been... | although methotrexate is widely used in clinical practice there remains significant lack of understanding of its mechanisms of action and the factors that contribute to the variability in toxicity and response seen clinically .
in addition to differences in drug administration , factors that affect pharmacokinetic... | 1. Introduction
2. Developmental Pharmacogenetics
3. JIA Background
4. Cellular Effects of MTX
5. The Role of Methotrexate Polyglutamation
6. Methotrexate Pharmacogenetics and Clinical Outcomes
7. Systematc Approach to Address Methotrexate Disposition and Response in JIA
8. Conclusions |
foreign body aspiration ( fba ) is a common and life - threatening emergency in children .
the presentation varies from coughing , wheezing , recurrent pneumonia , and obstructive emphysema to respiratory distress .
occasionally , fba could present with pneumomediastinum ( pm ) , subcutaneous emphysema ( sce ) , or pne... | background : pneumomediastinum ( pm ) secondary to foreign body aspiration ( fba ) is rare in children .
although it is mainly benign , some cases may be fatal .
due to the rare nature of this clinical entity , proper assessment and management have been poorly studied so far . here , we characterized the presentat... | I
M
Study setting and population
Clinical variables
Diagnosis measures
Assessment of stratification
Intervention procedures
Statistical analysis
R
Patient characteristics
Clinical features
Assessment and management
Deceased cases in Grade III dyspnea
D
Financial support and sponsorship
Conflicts of interest |
the past 10 years have seen a dramatic increase in the number of structures of ribosomal particles determined by cryo - electron microscopy ( cryo - em ) and x - ray crystallography . from a crystallographic viewpoint ,
structures of ribosomal particles are now available from three different bacterial organisms [ esche... | the ribosome is a highly dynamic machine responsible for protein synthesis within the cell .
cryo - electron microscopy ( cryo - em ) and x - ray crystallography structures of ribosomal particles , alone and in complex with diverse ligands ( protein factors , rnas and small molecules ) , have revealed the dynamic na... | INTRODUCTION
RESULTS
Database content
Structural alignments
Querying and retrieval from the DARC site
Visualization of examples of DARC aligned maps and PDBs
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
FUNDING |
in 2014 , there were an estimated 2.6 million children younger than 15 years living with hiv and 190,000 children became infected .
hiv - infected children and adolescents have unique social and psychological issues that could affect their adherence to antiretroviral treatment ( art ) and health outcomes .
one particul... | objectives : using routinely collected data , we evaluated a nationally implemented intervention to assist health care workers and caregivers with hiv disclosure to children .
we assessed the impact of the intervention on child 's knowledge and health outcomes.methods:data were abstracted from national databases and... | INTRODUCTION
METHODS
Intervention Design and Evaluation Sites
Ethical Considerations
Data Collection
Data Analysis
RESULTS
Cohort Characteristics
Disclosure Process and HIV Knowledge
Correlates of Full Disclosure
Knowledge Changes During the Intervention
Clinical Outcomes
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS |
the discovery of mirror neurons that fire when an animal performs a goal - directed action or sees others perform the action gave rise to both monkey and human studies on the neural correlates of imitation ( rizzolatti and craighero , 2004 ; iacoboni and dapretto , 2006 ) . while the circuitry for motor imitation is de... | the mirror system hypothesis and investigations of birdsong are reviewed in relation to the significance for the development of human symbolic and language capacity , in terms of three fundamental forms of cognitive reference : iconic , indexical , and symbolic .
mirror systems are initially iconic but can progress ... | Mirror System Hypothesis
Birdsong Analogy
Human Language Maturation
PFC Development
Discussion
Summary
Conflict of Interest Statement |
in most protein - coding genes of eukaryotes the coding exons alternate with noncoding introns .
the nuclear pre - mrna is a transcript of the whole gene , including the introns .
however , before it is exported to the cytoplasm , the introns are removed through a process called pre - mrna splicing and the exons orderl... | conservation / mutation in the intronic initial and terminal hexanucleotides was studied in 26 orthologous cytokine receptor genes of mouse and human .
introns began and ended with the canonical dinucleotides gt and ag , respectively .
identical configurations were found in 57% of the 5 hexanucleotides and 28% of ... | 1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion |
medical doctors move across borders being motivated by higher salaries , better working conditions , new professional experience , and training and career opportunities . in europe ,
migration of medical doctors has been observed since the 1940s and has shown various dynamics over the years .
european integration has o... | this chapter aims at providing an insight into some major aspects linked to migration of medical doctors within europe .
the article describes main factors which contribute to doctors migration .
further , the current and future mobility trends in europe are discussed .
a major part of this chapter is dedicated ... | Introduction
Driving forces for physicians mobility in Europe
Current trends in inflows and outflows
Legal framework for cross-border professional mobility within Europe
Offices in charge of professional mobility and recognition of professional qualifications
Impact on healthcare systems and policy implications |
lumiracoxib ( cox-189 ) is a cyclooxygenase type 2 ( cox-2 ) inhibitor and non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drug ( nsaid ) used for the treatment of osteoarthritis and acute pain . as a group , nsaids , including both traditional non - selective nsaids and cox-2 selective inhibitors , have been associated with incre... | purposeto re - evaluate the cardiovascular risk of lumiracoxib compared with other non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) or placebo in patients with osteoarthritis.methodswe conducted a meta - analysis of randomised controlled trials of lumiracoxib versus placebo or other nsaids in patients with osteoar... | Introduction
Materials and methods
Data extraction
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of the studies included in the review
Randomised controlled trials of lumiracoxib versus placebo
Randomised controlled trials of lumiracoxib versus other NSAIDs
Discussion
Conclusions
Funding
Disclosures
Author contributions... |
the advent of next - generation sequencing and metagenomics has resulted in increasing numbers of ever - larger datasets describing the community structure and function of a variety of different environments , from the human gut ( arumugam et al . 2011 ; david et al . 2014 ) to arctic peat soils ( lipson et al . 201... | the advent of next - generation sequencing has allowed huge amounts of dna sequence data to be produced , advancing the capabilities of microbial ecosystem studies .
the current challenge is to identify from which microorganisms and genes the dna originated .
several tools and databases are available for annotatin... | INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
FUNDING |
congestive heart failure is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries , with an estimated prevalence of 1% to 2% in the general population , reaching 7% to 8% in individuals aged > 75 years.1 elevated blood pressure appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of both left ventricular ... | backgroundthe differing relations of steady and pulsatile components of central hemodynamics and aortic stiffness with cardiac dimensions and function have not been fully elucidated.methods and resultscentral hemodynamics and carotidfemoral pulse wave velocity ( cfpwv , a measure of aortic stiffness ) were measured by... | Introduction
Methods
Study Sample
Blood Pressure and Arterial Tonometry
Echocardiography
Statistical Analyses
Results
Study Sample
Central Hemodynamics, Aortic Stiffness, and LV Mass, Dimensions, and Wall Thickness
Central Hemodynamics, Aortic Stiffness, and LV Systolic and Diastolic Function
Discussion
Central Hemodyn... |
recent successes in gene transfer ( gt ) for ocular applications have revived long - standing hopes for the field . in the 1990s ,
gt was hailed as a miracle technology and was misleadingly referred to as gene therapy in spite of its experimental nature . despite high hopes , serious setbacks damaged gt 's reputati... | purpose : ocular gene transfer clinical trials are raising patient hopes for the treatment of choroideremia a blinding degenerative retinopathy .
phase i choroideremia gene transfer trials necessitate communicating about the risks of harm and potential benefits with patients while avoiding the sensationalism that h... | Introduction
Materials and Methods
Participants
Data collection
Data analysis
Study limitations
Results
Potential benefits of choroideremia GT
Risks of harm of choroideremia GT
Urgency: I would do
Time frames: I know it's in sight, but will it be in
Balancing risks of harm and potential benefits in light of uncertain... |
primary health care ( phc ) in the islamic republic of iran has experienced three 12-year periods : the first twelve years , i.e. 1972 through 1983 , gaining experiences and period and development of the program , the second 12-year period , i.e. 1984 through1995 , quantitative and qualitative development of the health... | objectives : health care providers in the rural centers offer the primary health services in the form of proficiencies and professions to the most required target population in the health system .
these services are provided in certain condition and population with a verity of limitations .
this study aimed to des... | INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
None
1. Instability and frequent changes
2. Involved in laws and regulations
3. Pressure and stress due to unbalanced workload and manpower
4. Helplessness and frustration in performing the tasks and duties
5. Deprivation of professional development
6. Sense of identity threat and low self-... |
binaries containing white dwarfs , neutron stars , and black holes in compact orbits are over - represented in globular clusters compared with their population in the galactic field . from this population
come a host of exotic objects such as ultracompact cataclysmic variables , non - flickering x - ray and uv sources ... | the galactic population of globular clusters are old , dense star systems , with a typical cluster containing 104 106 stars . as an old population of stars ,
globular clusters contain many collapsed and degenerate objects . as a dense population of stars ,
globular clusters are the scene of many interesting close... | Introduction
Globular Clusters
Observations
Relativistic Binaries
Dynamical Evolution
Prospects of Gravitational Radiation
Summary |
however , mgp has other properties that may relate to its biological role . it is synthesized in a wide variety of tissues during embryonic life [ 15 ] .
mgp is synthesized in embryonic kidney tubules and mgp protein and vitronectin colocalize at focal sites .
mgp is highly expressed in cancers of the ovary , testes , ... |
background . matrix gla protein ( mgp ) is a vitamin k - dependent , extracellular matrix protein .
mgp is a calcification inhibitor of arteries and cartilage .
however mgp is synthesized in many tissues and is especially enriched in embryonic tissues and in cancer cells .
the presence of mgp in those instance... | 1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions |
noncarious cervical lesions ( nccls ) are becoming an increasingly important factor when considering the long - term health of the dentition .
in fact , the occurrence of this condition is steadily increasing [ 14 ] . according to the present literature available ,
it is not possible to determine a unique etiolog... | at this time , restoration of noncarious cervical lesions ( nccls ) is a common occurrence in clinics nowadays .
some reasons for this are the growth of the elderly population , a smaller rate of tooth loss , and possibly the increase of some etiologic factors .
these factors include inadequate brushing techniques... | 1. Introduction
2. Identification of the Problem and Etiology
3. Removing (or Treating) the Causes
4. Conclusions |
over 90 percent of head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas ( hnsccs ) that arise from the mucosal lining of the upper aerodigestive tract .
hnscc is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide , with more than 500 000 new cases diagnosed each year .
it is estimated that these tumors accounted for 45 700 new... |
background . alterations in tgf- signaling are common in head and neck cancer ( hnscc ) .
mutations in tgf- type ii receptor ( tr - ii ) occur frequently in hnscc while tgf- type i receptor ( tr - i ) mutations are rare , suggesting that other molecular alterations in the tgf- pathway are likely . to identify abno... | 1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion |
strains and plasmids the e. coli strains and
plasmids used are described in supplemental table 1 , and the primers used for
construction of plasmid vectors are described in supplemental table 2 .
protein overexpression and purification all the proteins
used in this study were purified as fusion proteins with... | gram - negative bacteria utilize specialized machinery to translocate drugs
and protein toxins across the inner and outer membranes , consisting of a
tripartite complex composed of an inner membrane secondary or primary active
transporter ( imp ) , a periplasmic membrane fusion protein , and an outer
membr... | EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
Supplementary Material |
the medical and socio - economic burden of raising people with intellectual disability ( i d ) is a complex issue all over the world .
i d is a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior , which affects many of the everyday social and practical skills ... | background : although intellectual disability ( i d ) is a common disability in iran , there is no investigation on the spatial distribution pattern of these patients in national level and the spatial maps for recognition the areas with higher prevalence of ids and local neighborhoods of these regions or effect of soc... | INTRODUCTION
METHODS
The data
The map
The analysis stage
Explore on the spatial distribution of the prevalence of ID patients
Spatial distribution assessment
GWR
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS |
for instance , exhaustive search becomes unreasonable as the number of variables increases ; employing a multiple regression search produces over one billion possible models for data with 30 explanatory variables . in ecological studies ,
one of the commonly used methods for selection is stepwise regression , with forw... | we implement genetic algorithm based predictive model building as an alternative to the traditional stepwise regression .
we then employ the information complexity measure ( icomp ) as a measure of model fitness instead of the commonly used measure of r - square .
furthermore , we propose some modifications to the... | Introduction
Genetic Algorithms
Complexity of a Model
A Genetic Algorithm for Multiple Linear Regression Model Selection
Background
Model building via accelerated genetic algorithms
Conclusion
Conflict of Interest Statement |
although diabetes is highly prevalent worldwide , its presence among american indians and alaska natives ( ai / ans ) is particularly alarming . adjusting for age ,
ai / ans suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus at rates greater than two times those of non - hispanic whites and exhibit the highest prevalence of this dis... | the association of psychosocial factors ( psychological distress , coping skills , family support , trauma exposure , and spirituality ) with initial weight and weight loss among american indians and alaska natives ( ai / ans ) in a diabetes prevention translational project was investigated .
participants ( n = 3,13... | 1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions |
despite the complexity of language and learning disorders , individual genes are being defined which appear to influence the development of abilities that are necessary in speech , language , and reading .
most of the identified candidate genes involve reading disability , and although the evidence supporting some of t... | language and learning disorders such as reading disability and language impairment are recognized to be subject to substantial genetic influences , but few causal mutations have been identified in the coding regions of candidate genes .
association analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms have suggested the invol... | Introduction
Regulatory regions of genes influencing language and learning disorders
Mechanisms of epigenetic gene regulation
Mutations of genes affecting epigenetic mechanisms in humans and animal models
Approaches to the identification of epigenetic mechanisms in humans |
betagene participants are mexican - american adults ( both parents and three or more grandparents are mexican or of mexican descent ) who are 1 ) women who had gestational diabetes mellitus ( gdm ) within the previous 5 years , 2 ) siblings or cousins of those with a history of gdm , or 3 ) women with normal glucose le... | objectiveto examine the association between self - reported physical activity ( pa ) and diabetes - related quantitative traits.research design and methodsthe observational cohort was 1,152 mexican american adults with dual - energy x - ray absorptiometry , oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests , and self - rep... | RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Study participants
Testing procedures and assays
PA and dietary assessment
Data analysis
RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
Supplementary Material |
many tumors show an initial response to targeted therapies before genetic resistance emerges ; however , little is known about how tumor cells might tolerate therapy before genetic resistance dominates .
we show how braf - mutant melanoma cells rapidly become tolerant to plx4720 in areas of high stroma .
we demonstrate... | summaryintravital imaging of braf - mutant melanoma cells containing an erk / mapk biosensor reveals how the tumor microenvironment affects response to braf inhibition by plx4720 .
initially , melanoma cells respond to plx4720 , but rapid reactivation of erk / mapk is observed in areas of high stromal density .
th... | Significance
Introduction
Results
Discussion
Experimental Procedures |
all experiments were conducted in accordance with the national institutes of health guidelines for the care and use of experimental animals , and all procedures involving mice were preapproved by the committee on use and care of animals at the university of michigan .
generation of the pitx2 , pitx2 ,
ubc - creer , a... | purposethe homeodomain transcription factor , pitx2 , is at the apex of a genetic pathway required for corneal development , but the critical effector genes regulated by the pitx2 remain unknown .
the purpose of this study was to discover and validate pitx2-dependent mechanisms required for specifying cell lineages ... | Materials and Methods
Mouse Strains and Animal Husbandry
Laser Micro Dissection and Quantitative RT-PCR
Microarray Analysis
Embryo Processing and Histochemistry
Immunostaining and RNA In Situ Hybridization
Results
Tfap2b Expression During Corneal Development Requires PITX2
AP-2 Is Required for Normal Development of Cor... |
mismatch repair is one of the key dna repair systems in the cell that repair incorrectly formed base pairs and insertion / deletion loops during replication , significantly increasing the stability of the genome [ 15 ] .
additional importance comes from the contribution of defects in mmr proteins to cancer developmen... | mismatch repair proteins modulate the cytotoxicity of several chemotherapeutic agents .
we have recently proposed a
death conformation of the muts homologous proteins that is distinguishable from their repair conformation .
this conformation can be induced by a small molecule , reserpine , leading to dna... | 1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions |
biogenesis of most eukaryotic mrnas involves splicing and cleavage and polyadenylation ( 3 end processing ) ( derti et al . , 2012 , tian et al . , 2005 ) .
both mechanisms are required to produce functional mrnas and are also important to regulate gene expression by producing alternative mrna isoforms and for effici... | summarymany rna - binding proteins ( rbps ) regulate both alternative exons and poly(a ) site selection . to understand their regulatory principles
, we developed expressrna , a web platform encompassing computational tools for integration of iclip and rna motif analyses with rna - seq and 3 mrna sequencing .
thi... | Introduction
Results
Discussion
Experimental Procedures
Author Contributions |
tuberculosis ( tb ) is one of the most common communicable diseases world and continues to be a major global health problem .
it causes disease among millions of people each year , and , after hiv , it ranks as the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide . in the last 30 years ,
migration and... | backgroundtuberculosis is the second leading cause of death from infectious disease .
insufficient knowledge among doctors about tuberculosis is one of the reasons for the increased tuberculosis rates in several low - endemic countries .
the purpose of this study was to assess knowledge , experience , and attitude... | Background
Material and Methods
Study design
Statistical analyses
Results
Knowledge
Factors associated with knowledge
Discussion
Conclusions
Questionnaire
General information
Experiences and attitudes
Knowledge
Epidemiology and prevention
Diagnosis
Treatment |
neural stem cells ( nscs ) are multipotent cells that can give rise to various cell types in the central nervous system ( cns ) , including neurons , astrocytes , and oligodendrocytes ( alvarez - buylla et al . , 2002 ) .
in adult mammals , neurogenesis is limited to two brain regions ; the subventricular zone ( svz ) ... | in adult mammals , neural stem cells ( nscs ) are found in two niches of the brain ; the subventricular zone by the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus .
neurogenesis is a complex process that is tightly controlled on a molecular level .
recently , micrornas ( mirnas... | Introduction
Expression Profiling of miRNA in Neural Stem Cells
Loss of Function Studies of miRNAs
miR-124
miR-9
The Let-7-Family
Conclusion
Conflict of Interest Statement |
a total of 422 patients were recruited between 1998 and 2010 ; 168 were recruited at the london centre of pediatric endocrinology , based at great ormond street hospital for children and university college london ( ucl ) hospitals in london ; the remainder were referred from national ( n = 157 ) and international ( n =... | context : loss - of - function mutations in prok2 and prokr2 have been implicated in kallmann syndrome ( ks ) , characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia .
recent data suggest overlapping phenotypes / genotypes between ks and congenital hypopituitarism ( ch ) , including septo - optic dysplasia ( so... | Patients and Methods
Patients
Mutation analysis
Functional analysis of novel variants
Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of
Results
Mutation analysis
Patient with
Patients with
Patients with
Patients with other
Analysis of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in the
Discussion
Supplementary Material |
human cadaveric donor corneas not suitable for transplantation and preserved in optisol - gs ( baush & lomb , rochester , ny , usa ) were procured from the lions eye institute for transplant and research ( tampa , fl , usa ) , the national disease research interchange ( ndri ; philadelphia , pa , usa ) , eversight ( an... | purposehuman corneal endothelial cell ( hcec ) density decreases with age , surgical complications , or disease , leading to vision impairment .
such endothelial dysfunction is an indication for corneal transplantation , although there is a worldwide shortage of transplant - grade tissue . to overcome the current po... | Materials and Methods
Donor Tissue
Human Corneal Cell Culture
Immunohistochemistry
Flow Cytometry
RNA Isolation
Transendothelial Electrical Resistance (TEER)
Microarray Analysis
Statistical Analysis
Results
Isolation and In Vitro Expansion of HCECs
Identity and Function of HCECs In Vitro
Canonical HCECs Express a Subse... |
significant unmet needs exist in the treatment of major depressive disorder , such as suboptimal efficacy and residual cognitive dysfunction.a paradigm shift from the traditional monoamine therapeutics to approaches integrating glutamatergic function has occurred recently in antidepressant research , and has been esp... | monoamine - based treatments for depression have evolved greatly over the past several years , but shortcomings such as suboptimal efficacy , treatment lag , and residual cognitive dysfunction are still significant .
preclinical and clinical studies using compounds directly targeting glutamatergic neurotransmission ... | Clinical Implications
Introduction
Antidepressant Effects by Modulation of Glutamate Transmission
Modulation of Glutamate Transmission by 5-HT Receptors
Multimodal Antidepressants
Conclusions
Disclosures |
biologically functional proteins and/or protein domains / regions that appear to exist as an ensemble of reversible conformers with only little or no well defined secondary / tertiary structures , and are being recognized to contain amino acid sequences that fail to automatically fold into their fully compact functiona... | a number of proteins with intrinsically disordered ( i d ) regions / domains are reported to be found disproportionately higher in transcription factors .
available evidences suggest that presence of i d region / domain within a transcription factor plays an important role in its biological functions .
these i d s... | 1. Introduction
2. Factors Responsible for Bringing Ordered Conformation(s) in the ID Region/Domain of the Transcription Factors
3. Osmolyte-Induced Folding of Intrinsically Disordered Region/Domain of the Transcription Factors
4. Role of Site-Specific DNA Binding in the Induced Folding of Intrinsically Disordered Regi... |
traumatic spinal cord injury ( tsci ) causes permanent disability characterized by paralysis and loss of sensitivity as well as multiple metabolic and systemic alterations associated with the dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system . until now
, there is no effective treatment for both acute and chronic sci , despi... | functional recovery following spinal cord injury ( sci ) is limited by poor axonal and cellular regeneration as well as the failure to replace damaged myelin . employed separately ,
both the transplantation of the predegenerated peripheral nerve ( ppn ) and the transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells ( bmscs ) ... | 1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions |
non - hodgkin s lymphomas ( nhls ) comprise a heterogeneous group of malignancies of the lymphoid tissues . in the us , the great majority ( 80%85% ) present with a b - cell phenotype , while 15%20% of nhls are derived from t - cell subtypes and rarely from natural killer ( nk ) cells .
because of the high heterogeneit... | non - hodgkin s lymphoma ( nhl ) represents a heterogeneous group of malignancies with high diversity in terms of biology , clinical responses , and prognosis .
standard therapy regimens produce a 5-year relative survival rate of only 69% , with the critical need to increase the treatment - success rate of this pati... | Background
NHL and immunotherapy
Adoptive T-cell therapy for NHL
EpsteinBarr virus-specific T-cells for the treatment of NHL
Tumor-associated antigen-specific T-cells for the treatment of NHL
Transgenic TCR-engineered T-cells for the treatment of NHL
Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T-cells for the treatment of NHL... |
unless otherwise noted , all reagents were purchased from sigma aldrich ( st . louis , mo , usa ) and used without further purification .
boc - gly , merrifield resin and boc - lys - ome were purchased from bachem ( torrance , ca , usa ) .
boc - ala - oh , boc - lys - oh , boc - phe - oh and boc - val - oh were purcha... | the need for post - synthetic modifications and reactive prosthetic groups has long been a limiting factor in the synthesis and study of peptidic and peptidomimetic imaging agents . in this regard ,
the application of biologically and chemically orthogonal reactions to the design and development of novel radiotracer... | Experimental Section
Synthesis
Tetrazine stability determination |
the interviews were completed as the first stage of a realist review of the evidence of what supports effective working between health care providers and care homes in england .
realist review is a systematic , theory - driven approach for making sense of diverse evidence about complex interventions applied in differen... | objectivesto explore what commissioners of care , regulators , providers , and care home residents in england identify as the key mechanisms or components of different service delivery models that support the provision of national health service ( nhs ) provision to independent care homes.methodsqualitative , semistru... | Methods
Results
Relational Working
Provision of Age-Appropriate Care
Governance and Incentives
Context Mechanism Outcomes: What Works When In What Setting With What Outcomes?
Discussion
Conclusion |
ze wzgldu na skpo doniesie naukowych dotyczcych diagnostyki nerek za pomoc elastografii impulsu mocy promieniowania akustycznego oraz niejednoznaczno prezentowanych wynikw pomiarw prdkoci propagacji fali cinajcej autorzy postanowili wykorzysta fizyczne modele tkankowe nerek w celu sprawdzenia wiarygodnoci samej metody ... | aim of the studysince there have been only few works reporting the diagnosis of kidneys using acoustic radiation force impulse technique and those works do not provide consistent results of shear wave velocity measurements in renal tissue , we have decided to use kidney phantoms with known properties to examine the re... | Cel pracy
Materiay i metody
Wyniki
Wnioski
Introduction
Materials and methods
Phantoms preparation
Examination setup and procedure
Results
Acquired data
Shear wave velocities
Discussion
Conclusions
Conflict of interest |
neuropathic pain is a common condition that affects up to 8% of the european population.13 established treatments for neuropathic pain are limited as they provide only partial pain relief in an estimated 40%60% of patients , and many are associated with a variety of unwanted systemic effects and intensive daily regimen... | backgroundthe objective of this study was to assess the safety , tolerability , and preliminary efficacy of ngx-4010 , a capsaicin 8% patch , following pretreatment with three different topical anesthetics in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain.methodsthis open - label , multicenter study enrolled 117 patients w... | Background
Methods
Patients
Procedures
Safety
Efficacy
Results
Patients
Safety
Efficacy
Discussion |
in north america , no other solid tumor is as common or causes more deaths in children and adolescents than cancers of the brain [ 16 , 26 , 84 ] , with roughly three quarters of patients presenting at less than 15 years of age .
the prognosis for long - term survival is much better in children than in adults , with u... | purposein children and adolescents , dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors ( dnets ) of the brain present with seizures almost 100 % of the time , potentially creating significant long - term morbidity and disability despite the generally indolent course of the lesion .
these tumors also tend to be quite resistan... | Introduction
Search methods
Search results and analysis
Discussion
Conclusions |
urethral injury results from various acquired and congenital abnormalities , including trauma , infection , cancer , and hypospadias .
the reconstruction of urethral injuries remains a great challenge for urologists , owing to the difficulties of a successful urethroplasty that achieves desirable outcomes without compl... | backgroundmitigating urethral injury remains a great challenge for urologists due to lack of ideal biomaterials for urethroplasty .
the application of amniotic membrane ( am ) over other synthetic materials makes it a better potential source for urethral reconstruction .
we separated the basement layer of am to ob... | Background
Material and Methods
Animals and experimental groups
Preparation of denuded human amniotic scaffold
Characterizations of denuded human amniotic scaffold
Inoculation of primary rabbit urethral epithelium cells to dHAS
Histocompatibility comparison of dHAS and cell-seeded dHAS
Urethral reconstruction using cel... |
multicomponent reactions ( mcrs ) have appeared as an imperative means for the construction of diverse and complex organic molecules .
they have intrinsic advantages over two component reactions in several aspects including the simplicity of a one - pot procedures and possible structural variation .
the synthetic compe... | the present work deals with the synthesis and evaluation of biological activities of 4-aminoantipyrine derivatives derived from a three - component betti reaction .
the synthesis was initiated by the condensation of aromatic aldehyde , 4-aminoantipyrine , and 8-hydroxyquinoline in presence of fluorite as catalyst in... | 1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusion |
fragment - based drug
discovery ( fbdd ) has emerged as a powerful
approach to discover drug leads by exploring greater chemical diversity
space with smaller libraries .
the major
challenge , however , is to detect weak binding interactions between
drug - like fragments and their protein targets .
disulfide t... | a novel
fragment - based drug discovery approach is reported which
irreversibly tethers drug - like fragments to catalytic cysteines .
we
attached an electrophile to 100 fragments without significant alterations
in the reactivity of the electrophile .
a mass spectrometry assay discovered
three nonpeptidi... | Introduction
Results
Discussion and Conclusion
Experimental Section |
since watson and crick proposed its
three - dimensional structure , much effort
has been spent to understand its structure and dynamics .
crick double - helix from separated strands is
a biologically very important process observed during replication ,
translation , or dna repair .
also , recently , the rapidly... | a middle - resolution
coarse - grained model of dna is proposed .
the
dna chain is built of spherical and planar rigid bodies connected
by elastic virtual bonds .
the bonded part of the potential energy
function is fit to potentials of mean force of model systems .
the
rigid bodies are sets of neutral ... | Introduction
Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusions |
cataract surgery is one of the most commonly performed elective surgical procedures in most westernized countries . in the us medicare system , cataract is the second most expensive procedure after intravitreal injections of anti - vegf . with the growing number of older citizens , the need for eye care
is expected to ... | the aim of the present systematic review was to examine the benefits and harms associated with immediate sequential bilateral cataract surgery ( isbcs ) with specific emphasis on the rate of complications , postoperative anisometropia , and subjective visual function in order to formulate evidence - based national dan... | 1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Recommendations |
several types of monochromators have been developed for electron microscopy in this decade and are now available as a tool for material characterization .
they can reduce the energy spread of incident electrons to milli - electron - volt level .
monochromators can improve a diverse range of electron microscopy techniqu... | a few practical aspects of monochromators recently developed for transmission electron microscopy are briefly reviewed .
the basic structures and properties of four monochromators , a single wien filter monochromator , a double wien filter monochromator , an omega - shaped electrostatic monochromator and an alpha - ... | Introduction
Basic features of four monochromators
Monochromators used for EELS
Monochromators used for TEM imaging
Monochromators used for STEM imaging
Concluding remarks
Funding |
respiratory syncytial virus ( rsv ) is an enveloped negative sense single - strand rna virus of the paramyxoviridae family and pneumovirus genus .
rsv infection is most common in infants and young children : nearly all children are infected by 2 years of age .
rsv infection of infants can lead to serious respiratory d... | respiratory syncytial virus ( rsv ) most often causes severe respiratory disease in the very young and the elderly .
acute disease can also cause exacerbations of asthma in any age group .
recent findings provide insight into how the innate and adaptive immune systems respond to rsv infection and provide prelimina... | Introduction
Initial RSV Infection, Cell Signaling, and the Innate Immune System Response
Adaptive Immune System Response
Immune System Regulation During RSV Infection
Different Strains, Different Cells: Different Response
Conclusions |
the ecology of tularemia is represented by a literature that reflects the diversity of this complex zoonosis . like the literature of many other infections ,
the sheer volume of observations makes it difficult to organize and synthesize sets of working hypotheses for how the causative agent exists in nature .
an organi... | the epidemiology of tularemia has influenced , perhaps incorrectly skewed , our views on the ecology of the agent of tularemia .
in particular , the central role of lagomorphs needs to be reexamined .
diverse observations , some incidental , and some that are more generally reproducible , have not been synthesized... | Introduction
General Comments on the Ecology of Infectious Agents
The Role of Rabbits in Type a Ecology: Conflation with Epidemiologic Risk
Type B ecology: Driven by Water or by Rodents?
Why is Tularemia Relatively Rare?
Priorities for Tularemia Ecology Research
Conflict of Interest Statement |
paramphistomosis has been an ignored trematode infectious disease in ruminants however , it is distributed cosmopolitan and has appeared as an important cause of productivity loss ( 1 ) .
its economic loss may be greater than those caused by many other parasites ( 2 ) .
death due to immature paramphistomes is very high... | background : weak efficacy of different fasciolicidal compounds used for treatment of paramphistomosis has drawn the attention of many authors to alternative drugs . the purpose of this study was to assess , for the first time , the effect of the methanolic extract of balanites aegyptiaca fruits ( bae ) on adult param... | Introduction
Materials and Methods
Plant extract
Effect of B. aegyptiaca extract (BAE) on adult P. microbothrium
Light microscopy
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Results
Light microscopic observations of the tegument cross section of adult P. microbothrium
Normal fresh and control flukes
Treated flukes
Scanning elec... |
the mhi biobank is a longitudinal cohort with the aim to recruit 30,000 patients of the mhi for clinical and genetic research .
participants are recruited from different departments within the mhi and at its affiliated epic centre , the largest fitness centre in canada for coronary patients and research in primary and ... | hematological traits are important clinical parameters . to test the role of rare and low - frequency coding variants on hematological traits , we analyzed hemoglobin , hematocrit , white blood cell ( wbc ) and platelet count in 31,340 individuals genotyped on an exome array .
we identified several missense variants... | Methods
Study participants and phenotypes
Genotyping and quality-control steps
Trait modeling and study-level association testing
Meta-analysis and statistical significance
Functional characterization of CXCR2
Supplementary Material |
cardiac resynchronisation therapy ( crt ) has become an important treatment for patients with heart failure and left ventricular ( lv ) dyssynchrony [ 13 ] .
however , clinical non - response to crt is reported in 2535 % of patients .
although a large variety of causes for a suboptimal response have been cited , most ... | introductionnon response to cardiac resynchronisation therapy ( crt ) may be related to the position of the coronary sinus lead.methodswe studied the acute haemodynamic response ( ahr ) from alternative left ventricular ( lv ) endocardial pacing sites in clinical non - responders to crt .
ahr and the interval from q... | Introduction
Patients and methods
Results
Acute haemodynamic response of the total study population
Non-responders with LBBB
Non-responders with non-LBBB
Non-responders with right ventricular pacing
Epicardial vs endocardial haemodynamics
Haemodynamics during endocardial pacing from different locations
Haemodynamic eff... |
the interplay of kinetic
and thermodynamic factors in regulating
water partitioning between the condensed and gas phases in atmospheric
aerosol is a subject of ongoing investigation .
an assumption is frequently made
that the activation of aerosol to form cloud condensation nuclei at
supersaturated relative h... | we compare and contrast measurements of the mass accommodation
coefficient of water on a water surface made using ensemble and single
particle techniques under conditions of supersaturation and subsaturation ,
respectively .
in particular , we consider measurements made using an
expansion chamber , a continu... | Introduction
The Semi Analytical Model of Condensation and
Evaporation
Assessment of the Uncertainties Associated
with Key Thermophysical Quantities
Sensitivities of Measurements of Evaporation
and Condensation to Uncertainties in the Thermophysical Quantities
and Environmental Conditions
Conclusions |
bronchiectasis is a suppurative airway disease that has been defined as an abnormal and permanent bronchial dilatation.1 although the exact pathogenesis of bronchiectasis is still not clear , it is believed to be due to the development of a vicious cycle of chronic inflammation and altered response to infection by comp... | purposethe association between positive bronchodilator response ( bdr ) at baseline and the effect of long - term bronchodilator therapy has not been well elucidated in patients with bronchiectasis .
the aims of our study were to explore the association between positive bdr at baseline and lung - function improvemen... | Introduction
Materials and methods
Patients
Pulmonary function test
Definitions
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical characteristics of participants
Comparison of CT findings and effect of inhaler therapy between responders and poor responders
Association between positive BDR at baseline and being a responder followin... |
cyclic sulfamides and their analogues have been the subject of many organic and medicinal chemistry studies due to their interesting biological activities that include anti - hiv and serine protease [ 14 ] .
in addition , some cyclic sulfamide derivatives have been reported as nonhydrolyzable peptidomimetics [ 5 , 6 ] ... | herein , we describe an efficient one - step synthesis of new fused benzothiadiazepine-1,1-dioxides and macrocyclic sulfamides . the synthesis of these compounds was achieved in moderate yields starting from previously described n , n-disubstituted symmetric sulfamides and n - tert - butoxycarbonyl , n-alkyl sulfamide... | 1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Synthesis of New Macrocyclic Sulfamides
4. Conclusion
5. Experimental Section |
glaucoma is a complex , multifactorial , polygenetic disease that is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide .
trends indicate that by 2020 , as many as 80 million people will have glaucoma worldwide , with as many as 11 million being blinded .
the various subtypes of glaucoma share the common clinical pa... | purposeintraocular pressure ( iop ) is currently the only treatable phenotype associated with primary open angle glaucoma ( poag ) .
our group has developed the bxd murine panel for identifying genetic modulators of the various endophenotypes of glaucoma , including pigment dispersion , iop , and retinal ganglion ce... | Introduction
Methods
The BXD family of strains
BXD genotypes database and mapping algorithm
IOP measurements
TID grading
Heritability calculation
Stratification of IOP and TID by genotype and Pearson correlation
Simple interval mapping
Results and Discussion
IOP in BXD mice is not influenced by time during the light cy... |
plasmids pcdna3.1-app695myc plasmid has been described previously ( 21 ) . to generate pcdna3.1-sp - c99myc expression vector ,
an 18-residue - long signal peptide was amplified by pcr from the human app695 cdna and introduced into hindiii and ecori sites , followed by ligation with c - terminal 99 amino acids ( c99 )... | accumulation of senile plaques composed of amyloid -peptide ( a ) is a pathological hallmark of alzheimer disease ( ad ) , and a is generated through the sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein ( app ) by - and -secretase .
although oxidative stress has been implicated in the ad pathogenesis by inducing a p... | EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
Supplementary Material |
within the last two years , a number of retrospective epidemiological studies have found that chronic use of beta - blocking drugs is associated with lower recurrence and mortality of breast cancer,1,2 or reduced progression and mortality of breast cancer3,4 and malignant melanoma.5,6 three earlier studies also suggest... | there is growing evidence that the neurotransmitter norepinephrine ( ne ) and its sister molecule epinephrine ( epi ) ( adrenaline ) affect some types of cancer .
several recent epidemiological studies have shown that chronic use of beta blocking drugs ( which antagonize ne / epi receptors ) results in lower recurre... | Clinical and preclinical findings
Psychological stress and genetics
Etiological mechanisms
Drug studies and treatments |
the seminal discovery of adult brain plasticity in animals and humans has hugely influenced the theories and concepts applied in neurorehabilitation research and their translation into practice , in particular with regards to movement deficits in acquired brain injury [ 1 , 2 ] .
this work directly translated into new ... | functional reorganization forms the critical mechanism for the recovery of function after brain damage .
these processes are driven by inherent changes within the central nervous system ( cns ) triggered by the insult and further depend on the neural input the recovering system is processing .
therefore these proc... | 1. Background
2. Animal Models of Focal Ischemia versus Human Strokes
3. Capitalizing on Adult Brain Plasticity to Enhance Motor Recovery: Neural and Behavioral Considerations
4. Overt and Covert Movement: Alternative Ways of Stimulating the Motor System
5. Concluding Remarks |
emergency hematopoiesis defines the production of functional hematopoietic cells under nonhomeostatic , proinflammatory , or biologically stressed conditions [ 14 ] .
blood cell production is a tightly regulated process that , after birth and throughout life , starts in a conspicuous hematopoietic stem cell ( hsc ) sub... | reconstitution of the hematopoietic system during immune responses and immunological and neoplastic diseases or upon transplantation depends on the emergent differentiation of hematopoietic stem / progenitor cells within the bone marrow .
although in the last decade the use of dialyzable leukocyte extracts ( dle ) a... | 1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
4. Concluding Remarks |
the high incidence of infections and high rates of hospitalization , together with institutionalized long - term care ( ltc ) , highlights the important role of management to the decrease antibacterial susceptibility of organisms cultured from elderly patients .
the reservoir for these microorganisms may be the bacteri... | backgroundthe aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of multidrug - resistant escherichia coli and extended - spectrum -lactamases ( esbl ) pathogens isolated from asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infections ( utis ) , and the relationship between the phylogeny , antimicrobial resistance , and virule... | Background
Material and Methods
Part I. Point prevalence study, PPS
Part II. Continuing study
Bacterial isolates
Antimicrobial susceptibility
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening for extended-spectrum -lactamase genes and sequencing of bla genes
Virulence factor screening
Results
Discussion
Conclusions |
as protein structures become increasingly available and structural genomics provide structural models in a genome - wide strategy ( 1 ) , proteins with unassigned functions are accumulating and the number of protein structures in the protein data bank ( pdb ) is rapidly rising ( 2 ) .
the evolutionary classification da... | the fastscop is a web server that rapidly identifies the structural domains and determines the evolutionary superfamilies of a query protein structure .
this server uses 3d - blast to scan quickly a large structural classification database ( scop1.71 with < 95% identity with each other ) and the top 10 hit domains ,... | INTRODUCTION
METHOD AND IMPLEMENTATION
Input, output and options
Example analysis
RESULTS
CONCLUSION |
the case - j trial was a prospective , multicenter , randomized , open - label , active - controlled , two - arm parallel - group comparison with response - dependent dose titration and blinded assessment of end points conducted in high - risk japanese hypertensive patients .
the trial protocol was approved by the ethi... | objectivehypertensive patients have an increased risk of developing diabetes .
accumulating evidence suggests a close relation between metabolic disturbance and increased arterial stiffness . here , we examined the association between pulse pressure and the risk of new - onset diabetes in high - risk japanese hypert... | RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Outcome measurement
Statistical analysis
RESULTS
Baseline characteristics
Predictors of new-onset diabetes
CONCLUSIONS |
victoria is the second most populous state in australia ; it has a temperate climate , and the annual influenza season usually occurs during may september . each season , on behalf of the victorian government department of health , the victorian infectious diseases reference laboratory conducts surveillance for influe... | to estimate effectiveness of seasonal trivalent and monovalent influenza vaccines against pandemic influenza a ( h1n1 ) 2009 virus , we conducted a test - negative case
control study in victoria , australia , in 2010 .
patients seen for influenza - like illness by general practitioners in a sentinel surveillance ... | Methods
Sentinel Surveillance
Laboratory Testing
Ascertainment of Case-patients and Controls
Data Analysis and Calculation of Vaccine Effectiveness
Ethical Considerations
Results
Discussion |
staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of both community and hospital - acquired infection in the united states . among s. aureus
isolates observed in the united states , between 40% and 50% are methicillin - resistant ( mrsa ) , greatly reducing therapeutic options .
mrsa are responsible for several serious infect... | dalbavancin is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic recently approved by the united states food and drug administration ( fda ) for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections ( absssis ) .
it is active against gram - positive pathogens , including methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus ( mrsa ) , and minimum... | Introduction
Structure and Mechanism of Action
Microbiology and Resistance
Dosing, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics
In Vitro and Animal Data
Clinical Trials
Safety and Drug Interactions
Conclusion |
this is an investigator - initiated phase iii double - blind , randomized , placebo - controlled , two - arm crossover clinical study .
the study adhered to the guidelines of the declaration of helsinki , and the protocol and consent form were approved by the local investigational review board , the national ethics com... | objectivebecause many patients with diabetic macular edema ( dme ) do not respond to focal / grid laser photocoagulation , the only currently approved treatment , alternatives are needed .
based on encouraging preliminary findings , we aimed to assess efficacy and safety of the anti tumor necrosis factor ( tnf ) mo... | RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Patient eligibility and exclusion criteria
Study protocol
Outcome measures and statistical analysis
RESULTS
Primary study objective: changes in best corrected visual acuity
Secondary anatomic and vision-related objectives
Baseline versus 32-week evaluation measurements
Safety issues
CONCLUSI... |
since 1994 , bacterial artificial chromosome ( bac ) libraries have become an invaluable resource tool to initiate genomics research in theareas of genome sequencing , physical mapping , positional cloning , complex analysis of targeted genomic regions , and analysis of gene structure and function [ 18 ] .
more recentl... | we describe the construction and characterization of a publicly available bac library for the tea plant , camellia sinensis . using modified methods ,
the library was constructed with the aim of developing public molecular resources to advance tea plant genomics research .
the library consists of a total of 401,28... | 1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion |
the visual cortex has been traditionally considered as a stimulus - driven , unimodal system with a hierarchical organization , in which the early visual areas ( v1 , v2 ) tune to general features while the higher - tier ones ( v3a , v4v , v7 , hmt+ , and v8 ) respond selectively to the specific features of a visual st... | the visual cortex has been traditionally considered as a stimulus - driven , unimodal system with a hierarchical organization .
however , recent animal and human studies have shown that the visual cortex responds to non - visual stimuli , especially in individuals with visual deprivation congenitally , indicating th... | 1. Introduction
2. The Supramodal Nature of Visual Cortex
3. The Candidate Pathways That Nonvisual Signals Reach the Visual Cortex
4. Rewiring versus Unmasking of the Nonvisual Pathway after Visual Deprivation
5. Stimulus-Driven or Top-Down Control of the Nonvisual Processing in the Visual Cortex
6. Conclusions |
life - threatening emergencies can happen at any school , at any time . in december of 2008 ,
the kuwaiti press reported the tragic death of a 16-year - old boy , following an epileptic seizure due to lack of first - aid seizure management and trained professionals within the school premises , teachers precisely .
had ... |
background and objectives . attitudes toward students with epilepsy and epilepsy - related knowledge of teachers are crucial for child 's safety in the school .
the aim of this study was to evaluate teachers ' knowledge and attitudes toward epilepsy .
methods . this cross - sectional study included 824 teachers ... | 1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Knowledge Score
6. Attitude Score
7. Limitations
8. Conclusions and Recommendations |
complete resection is often curative for benign meningiomas and the progression - free survival of approximately 95% at 5 years and 90% at 10 years has been reported22,23 ) .
however , meningiomas that envelop critical neural or vascular structures can not be completely resected due to post - resective neurological det... | objectiveto study the clinical significance and relevant factors of radiation - induced intratumoral necrosis ( rin ) and peritumoral edema ( pte ) after gamma knife radiosurgery ( gkrs ) for intracranial meningiomas.methodswe retrospectively analyzed the data of 64 patients who underwent gkrs for intracranial meningi... | INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patient characteristics
Radiosurgical treatment
Local tumor control, radiation-induced intratumoral necrosis and peritumoral edema
Statistical analysis
RESULTS
Local tumor control
Radiation-induced intratumoral necrosis
Peritumoral edema
Radiation-induced intratumoral necrosis or peri... |
ginger ( zingiber officinale roscoe ) is a perennial herb belonging to the family zingiberaceae , primarily grown in asia and tropical regions , and is one of the most important and widely consumed herbs worldwide .
cultivated for its edible under - ground stem ( rhizome ) , ginger has been used since antiquity both as... | the rhizomes of zingiber officinale ( ginger ) have been used since ancient times as a traditional remedy for gastrointestinal complaints .
the most active ingredients in ginger are the pungent principles , particularly gingerols and shogaols .
various preclinical and clinical studies have evaluated ginger as an e... | Introduction
Ginger Chemistry and Pharmacological Effects
Presentations of Ginger
Clinical Effectiveness of Ginger
Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
Safety Issues of Ginger
Conclusion |
the use of flat detectors allows display of vessel anatomy with submillimeter resolution and a high contrast - to - noise ratio ( cnr ) . three - dimensional
( 3d ) cone beam imaging using a flat detector in a c - arc system was adopted and eventually displayed an image quality approaching that of ct with respect to co... | introductionto assess an optimized 3d imaging protocol for intracranial nitinol stents in 3d c - arm flat detector imaging .
for this purpose , an image quality simulation and an in vitro study was carried out.methodsnitinol stents of various brands were placed inside an anthropomorphic head phantom , using iodine c... | Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Reconstructed stent images inside a head phantom
High contrast limiting spatial resolution
Dose CTDI
Discussion
Conclusions |
the simultaneous measurement of expression levels of tens of
thousands of genes in a biological sample enabled by dna
microarray technology has provided a new and powerful way to
characterize the molecular basis of diseases such as cancer
[ 1 , 2 ] . in the past decade , mrna expression profiles of tumor
tiss... | genome - wide gene expression profile studies encompass increasingly large number of samples , posing a challenge to their presentation and interpretation without losing the notion that each transcriptome constitutes a complex biological entity .
much like pathologists who visually analyze information - rich histolo... | 1. INTRODUCTION
RESULTS
DISCUSSION |
riboswitches
are noncoding structural elements in the leader sequence
of select bacterial and eukaryal mrnas that regulate downstream gene
expression in a ligand - dependent fashion .
the first experimentally verified riboswitch was found in mrnas
that code for the expression of a cobalamin ( vitamin b12 ) tran... | riboswitches
represent a family of highly structured regulatory
elements found primarily in the leader sequences of bacterial mrnas .
they function as molecular switches capable of altering gene expression ;
commonly , this occurs via a conformational change in a regulatory
element of a riboswitch that res... | Introduction
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
Materials
and Methods |
open radical hysterectomy has been the standard treatment for early stage cervical cancer for decades .
recent advances in laparoscopic instrumentation , however , have made it possible to safely perform radical hysterectomy laparoscopically .
the first total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy ( tlrh ) with pelvic and p... | background and objectives : to compare intraoperative , pathologic and postoperative outcomes of robotic radical hysterectomy ( rrh ) to total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy ( tlrh ) in patients with early stage cervical carcinoma.methods:we prospectively analyzed cases of tlrh or rrh with pelvic lymphadenectomy pe... | INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Design
Patient Population
Data Collection
Surgeons
Robotic Laparoscopic Radical Hysterectomy Surgical Technique
Postoperative Care
Statistical Analysis
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION |
while it is remarkable
to consider the sheer wealth and architectural
diversity of natural products that can be produced from a relatively
small set of starting materials , equally striking is the number of
structures within that collection that can be envisioned to arise
via the union of a secondary metaboli... | although dimeric
natural products can often be synthesized in the
laboratory by directly merging advanced monomers , these approaches
sometimes fail , leading instead to non - natural architectures via incorrect
unions .
such a situation arose during our studies of the coccinellid
alkaloids , when attempts... | Introduction
Results and Discussion
Conclusion |
epithelia are sheets of cells that constitute the lining of most of the organs of the body such as the skin , the digestive and respiratory tracts , and the urogenital system and separate the inside of the body from the outside ( blanpain et al . , 2007 ) .
an epithelium can be composed of one ( simple epithelium ) o... | epithelia ensure many critical functions of the body , including protection against the external environment , nutrition , respiration , and reproduction .
stem cells ( scs ) located in the various epithelia ensure the homeostasis and repair of these tissues throughout the lifetime of the animal .
genetic lineage ... | Introduction
The skin epidermis
The mammary gland
The gut
The airway system
Perspectives |
mast cells are key agents in the direction of inflammatory processes throughout most tissues , especially at the mucosal interface .
immediately identifiable consequences of mast cell activity are the symptoms of atopic disease : itching , sneezing , and allergic asthma .
mast cells enact these processes through degran... | mast cells are central players in immune surveillance and activation , positioned at the host environment interface .
understanding the signaling events controlling mast cell function , especially those that maintain host homeostasis , is an important and still less understood area of mast cell - mediated disease .... | Introduction
Src Family Kinases are Integral to IgE Signaling
STAT5 Activity is Modulated by FcRI in a Fyn-Dependent Manner
Cytokine Regulation of FcRI Signaling
IgG-Mediated Mast Cell Activity
Closing Remarks
Conflict of Interest Statement |
the desire for the discovery of renewable liquid fuels , as well as commodity chemicals , has escalated due to the environmental impact , supply security , and decreasing total reserve of petroleum - based fuels and chemicals .
petroleum consumption reached 37.1 quadrillion btu in the united states in 2008 , of which... | the advancement of microbial processes for the production of renewable liquid fuels has increased with concerns about the current fuel economy .
the development of advanced biofuels in particular has risen to address some of the shortcomings of ethanol .
these advanced fuels have chemical properties similar to pet... | 1. Introduction
2. Current Biofuels Research
3. Synthetic Biology for Biofuels
4. Conclusions |
( irvingiaceae ) has become known as african
mango and is unrelated botanically to the common , or indian , mango
[ mangifera indica ( anacardiaceae ) ] .
the fruits of african mango are edible , and their
use in traditional medicine has been documented for the treatment
of gastrointestinal or hepatic disorders... | bioassay - guided fractionation of
a commercial sample of african
mango ( irvingia gabonensis ) that was
later shown to be contaminated with goji berry ( lycium sp . ) led to the isolation of a new pyrrole alkaloid , methyl 2-[2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1h - pyrrol-1-yl]propanoate , 1 , along with seven
known ... | Introduction
Materials
and Methods
Results and Discussion |
the thermochromism of simple dye molecules is a good indicator of changes in the dye environment polarity following changes in temperature . in many cases
thermochromic shifts in absorption and emission reflect the temperature induced changes in refractive index , n , and electric permittivity , , of the solvent as ob... | in a recent paper ( j fluoresc ( 2011 ) 21:15471557 ) a temperature induced modulation of coumarin 153 ( c153 ) fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield for the probe dissolved in the polar , nonspecifically interacting 1-chloropropane was reported .
this modulation was also observed in temperature dependencies of th... | Introduction
Methods
Results
Steady-State Results
Time-Resolved Results
Discussion
Conclusions |
ghrelin is a 28-amino - acid gastrointestinal peptide with appetite - stimulating , growth hormone - releasing and adipogenic properties [ 13 ] .
it was originally characterized as the endogenous ligand for the hypothalamic - pituitary growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a ( ghsr1a ) , stimulating the anterior g... | ghrelin is a powerful orexigenic gut hormone with growth hormone releasing activity .
it plays a pivotal role for long - term energy balance and short - term food intake .
it is also recognized as a potent signal for meal initiation .
ghrelin levels rise sharply before feeding onset , and are strongly suppressed... | 1. Introduction
2. Underlying Pathophysiology of Postprandial Ghrelin Regulation
3. Carbohydrate Ingestion and Postprandial Ghrelin Response
4. Protein Ingestion and Postprandial Ghrelin Response
5. Fat Ingestion and Postprandial Ghrelin Response
6. Effect of BMI on Nutrient-Related Ghrelin Regulation
7. Acute Effect o... |
gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide . despite decreasing incidence rates in western industrialized countries ,
gastric carcinoma remains in the top ten causes of tumor - related death in germany .
the incidence rate of stomach cancer in poland , also decreasing , is similar to that of german... | backgroundalthough studies comparing the surgical treatment of gastric carcinoma in japan and western industrialized countries have revealed differing survival rates , no studies to date have been performed comparing western and eastern europe .
this study aimed to compare demographics and surgical practice as well ... | Introduction
Patients and methods
Patients
Surgical procedures
Histopathology
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographics
Histopathology
Surgical treatment
Prognosis
Discussion
Conclusions |
outofhospital cardiac arrest ( ohca ) in children is an uncommon event , with incidence rates between 3.0 and 9.0 per 100 000/year.1 recent populationbased studies of children with ohca showed survival rates ranging from 4.7% to 16%.2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 children with ohca and initial shockable rhythms ( ventricular f... | backgroundthe effect of a subsequent treated shockable rhythm during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on the outcome of children who suffer outofhospital cardiac arrest with initial nonshockable rhythm is unclear .
we hypothesized that subsequent treated shockable rhythm in children with outofhospital cardiac arrest wo... | Introduction
Methods
Study Design
Study Setting
Data Collection and Quality Control
Study Endpoints
Statistical Analysis
Results
Discussion
Study Limitations
Conclusions
Sources of Funding
Disclosures |
neurological disorders pose a great challenge to healthcare in developing countries , as limited resources and manpower are not enough to tackle the increasing burden .
although brain tumor is not a frequent neurological disorder , still it contributes significantly to morbidity and is no longer rare in clinical practi... | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of diffusion weighted - magnetic resonance imaging ( dw - mri ) in the examination and classification of brain tumors , namely , glioma and meningioma .
our hypothesis was that as signal intensity variations on diffusion weighted ( dw ) images depend on histology an... | 1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussions
4. Conclusions |
gamma amino butyric acid type a receptors ( gabaars ) are a major source of fast inhibitory synaptic transmission in the cns and thus play a crucial role in regulating neuronal networks . altering the number of gabaars in a synapse through rapid receptor trafficking
trafficking of gabaars to and from the plasma membr... | the proinflammatory cytokine tnf contributes to cell death in central nervous system ( cns ) disorders by altering synaptic neurotransmission .
tnf contributes to excitotoxicity by increasing glua2-lacking ampa receptor ( ampar ) trafficking to the neuronal plasma membrane . in vitro , increased ampar on the neurona... | 1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion |
excessive sexual behaviors have been described and studied by clinicians and sexologists since the 19th century ( e.g. , von krafft - ebing , 1965 ) . at that time ,
excessive and uncontrolled sexual behaviors were often considered as satyriasis or don juanism in males and nymphomania in females .
initial research too... | background and aimsresearch on sexual addiction flourished during the last decade , promoted by the development of an increased number of online sexual activities . despite the accumulation of studies , however , evidence collected in clinical samples of treatment - seeking people remains scarce .
the aim of this st... | Introduction
Methods
Participants and procedure
Main outcome measures
Diagnosis of sexual addiction
Sexual behaviors
Psychiatric disorders
Ethics
Results
Diagnosis of sexual addiction
Sexual behaviors
Comorbid psychiatric and addictive disorders
Discussion
Conclusions
Authors contribution
Conflict of interest |
the term osteoimmunology and the study of osteoimmunology have developed due to the close interrelationship between the immune system and bone metabolism .
this is evident in immune - mediated diseases , such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease ( periodontitis ) , where there are local bone erosion and infl... | the field of osteoimmunology has emerged in response to the range of evidences demonstrating the close interrelationship between the immune system and bone metabolism .
this is pertinent to immune - mediated diseases , such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease , where there are chronic inflammation and lo... | 1. Introduction
2. Chronic Inflammation-Mediated Bone Loss
3. RANKL-RANK-OPG Axis
4. The ITAM Pathway in Osteoimmunology
5. Conclusion |
the mechanism of action of carbon tetrachloride ( ct)-induced hepatotoxicity has been linked to the metabolism of ct into the trichloromethyl radical and the trichloromethyl peroxy radical , and their subsequent reactions with lipids and proteins in the cell membrane , resulting in mda , where the rate of mda is mediat... | background : inhibitors of the nuclear enzyme poly ( adp - ribose ) polymerase ( parp-1 ) have been demonstrated to attenuate pathophysiologic conditions associated with oxidative stress , specifically with carbon tetrachloride ( ct)-induced hepatotoxicity.settings and design : in this investigation , we evaluated 3 p... | INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
None
Materials
Animals and treatment
Determination of PARP activity
Alanine transaminase activity
Glutathione assay
Lipid peroxidation assay
Superoxide dismutase assay
Determination of protein carbonyl content
Histopathology
Statistical analysis
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION |
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