| {"15991884|4361938": ["As advances in recent years (shown in Figure 1) continue to improve the cost, accuracy, and portability of eye tracking systems, eye trackers are becoming an ever more integral part of the daily routine of many [3]."]} | |
| {"14975368|4361938": ["Primarily used in laboratories under controlled conditions, several eye gaze enhanced computer interfaces have been suggested in the literature [2] but, despite their great potential, their successes are still limited to a few specific applications."]} | |
| {"35498686|4361938": []} | |
| {"35498686|62198990": []} | |
| {"15403451|5401262": ["An effective gaze tracking system is of great interest because it can enable two important applications: 1) multi-modal natural interaction [Morimoto and Mimica 2005; Zhai et al. 1999] and 2) understanding and analyzing human attention [Pantic et al. 2007].", "1999] and 2) understanding and analyzing human attention [Pantic et al. 2007]."]} | |
| {"43876807|62198990": ["An old, but still accurate review of the techniques used in eye tracking can be found in Young and Sheena (1975)."]} | |
| {"4100723|9913343": []} | |
| {"8779852|1334629": ["The third gaze estimation step is carried out on detected eye regions and either feature or appearance based methods are used for this purpose [1, 4].", "In this work, due to VOG approaches are more prominent to gaze estimation and remote camera systems are nonintrusive, appearance based VOG methods are investigated to estimate on-screen gaze direction.", "VOG is the mostly employed approach and uses images which are obtained from video cameras.", "Conversely, coil of wires embedded in contact lenses sometimes can be obstructive and uncomfortable for users [1].", "Dependent on the equipment used, estimation of on-screen gaze points can be mainly divided into three main categories: electro-oculography (EOG), scleral search coils (SSC) and video-oculography (VOG) [1].", "These systems (e.g., EOG Pointer and EOG Switch) do not block the user's field of view like VOG methods [2] and has minimal interference with eye movements."]} | |
| {"17036581|4361938": ["Eye tracking has been used for close to a century as a tool to study the cognitive processes of humans performing a wide variety of tasks ranging from reading to driving (for review see [Duchowski 2002])."]} | |
| {"17036581|62198990": []} | |
| {"206609316|62198990": []} | |
| {"2222849|9913343": ["Graphical passwords have long been investigated as a means of user authentication (see [2, 22] for reviews)."]} | |
| {"6750192|2037989": ["Methods usually track corneal reflection, distinct pupil shape in combination with edge-detection, characteristic light intensity of the pupil, or a 3D model of the eye to derive an estimate of an individual's pupil, iris, or eye position [14]."]} | |
| {"15412306|4361938": ["1 Hierarchy of eye tracking applications [15]"]} | |
| {"207181782|11074234": ["\u2026\ninnovation of the past few years is the adoption of Permission to make digital or hard copies of all \nor part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not \nmade or distributed for pro.t or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice\u2026"]} | |
| {"38682924|4361938": ["The first and the obvious one was a second order polynomial function in form: xs = Axx(2) e + Bxy 2 e +Cxxe + Dxye + Ex, (2) ys = Ayx(2) e + Byy 2 e +Cyxe + Dyye + Ey.", "The first and the obvious one was a second order polynomial function in form:\nxs = Axx2e + Bxy 2 e +Cxxe + Dxye + Ex, (2)\nys = Ayx2e + Byy 2 e +Cyxe + Dyye + Ey."]} | |
| {"17338387|62198990": []} | |
| {"11628965|62198990": ["The diameters of them are denoted by De and Di and set to 25 mm and 12 mm according to [41]."]} | |
| {"123451494|62198990": ["Users can feel inconvenient and be resistant to attaching of the electrode Contact lens based method The method combining contact-lens and coil systems on eye [4] belongs to this category.", "The method combining contact-lens and coil systems on eye [4] belongs to this category."]} | |
| {"12744898|62198990": ["of the eye and the cornea center (within 1 mm [23]), it can be assumed that the optical center of the eye and the cornea"]} | |
| {"242970|62198990": []} | |
| {"17754474|4361938": ["A number of reviews and special issues of journals that focus on this theme have been published (Maglio, Matlock, Campbell, Zhai & Smith, 2000; Porta, 2002; Duchowski, 2002; Duchowski, 2003; Vertegaal, 2003; Ruddarraju et al., 2003; Zhai, 2003; Richardson & Spivey, 2004; Selker, 2004)."]} | |
| {"37727273|62198990": []} | |
| {"14993575|4361938": ["Gaze-Based Selection of Standard-Size Menu Items Oleg pakov, Darius Miniotas Unit for Human-Computer \nInteraction University of Tampere FIN-33014 Tampere, Finland oleg@cs.uta.fi ABSTRACT With recent advances \nin eye tracking technology, eye gaze gradually gains acceptance as a pointing modality."]} | |
| {"2901726|10148683": ["\u2026\u2022 We use a Convolutional Neural Network based gaze di-\nrection classifier, which is robust against eye localization errors \u2022 The proposed approach outperforms state of the art algorithms in gaze direction classification \u2022 The algorithm achieves an average frame rate of 24 fps in desktop environment"]} | |
| {"6352995|4361938": ["As a proof of concept, this study shows the potential of eye movements for judgment of pilots performance and future training of novice pilots [8, 9, 10].", "Eye movement recording and analysis provide important techniques for understanding the nature of the driving task and are important for developing driver training strategies and accident countermeasures [8, 9, 10].", "Eye gaze tracking can provide insight into how the consumer disperses visual attention over different forms of advertising [8, 9, 10].", "Eye movements differ somewhat when reading silently from reading aloud: mean fixation durations are longer when reading aloud or while listening to a voice reading the same text than in silent reading [8, 9, 10].", "Eye movement analysis revealed that, consistent with previous findings, ad size, graphics, color, and copy all influence attention to advertisements [8, 9, 10].", "A prototypical application of gaze as an interactive modality is eye typing, particularly for handicapped users [8, 9, 10].", "Presently, possibly due to prohibitive cost, combined Eye gaze tracking and brain imaging equipment are not in widespread use, although such devices are beginning to appear [8, 9, 10].", "The diagnostic use of an eye tracker, as exemplified by the research reviewed here, can be considered the eye trackers mainstay application at the present time and probably in its near future [8, 9, 10]."]} | |
| {"2124039|5401262": ["A review of computer based human behavior recognition can be found in [35]."]} | |
| {"26102792|10148683": ["The prolific and interdisciplinary nature of research on eye gaze estimation in the past decades has resulted in the development of a wide range of techniques and applications [1-4]."]} | |
| {"3238368|62198990": []} | |
| {"207247711|62198990": ["When the light source is placed on-axis with the camera optical axis, the camera is able to detect the light reflected from the interior of the eye, and the image of the pupil appears bright [11] [12] (see Figure 3)."]} | |
| {"21903510|18948342": ["(a) A virtual lecture delivered with various gaze patterns [28]."]} | |