---
dataset_info:
- config_name: corpus
  features:
  - name: passage_id
    dtype: string
  - name: title
    dtype: string
  - name: content
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 36755279
    num_examples: 38741
  download_size: 20357329
  dataset_size: 36755279
- config_name: hard_negatives
  features:
  - name: passage_id
    dtype: string
  - name: question
    dtype: string
  - name: pos_score
    dtype: float64
  - name: neg_1_id
    dtype: string
  - name: neg_1_score
    dtype: float64
  - name: neg_2_id
    dtype: string
  - name: neg_2_score
    dtype: float64
  - name: neg_3_id
    dtype: string
  - name: neg_3_score
    dtype: float64
  - name: neg_4_id
    dtype: string
  - name: neg_4_score
    dtype: float64
  - name: neg_5_id
    dtype: string
  - name: neg_5_score
    dtype: float64
  - name: neg_6_id
    dtype: string
  - name: neg_6_score
    dtype: float64
  - name: neg_7_id
    dtype: string
  - name: neg_7_score
    dtype: float64
  - name: neg_8_id
    dtype: string
  - name: neg_8_score
    dtype: float64
  - name: neg_9_id
    dtype: string
  - name: neg_9_score
    dtype: float64
  - name: neg_10_id
    dtype: string
  - name: neg_10_score
    dtype: float64
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 123482169
    num_examples: 329990
  download_size: 77478214
  dataset_size: 123482169
- config_name: queries
  features:
  - name: passage_id
    dtype: string
  - name: question
    dtype: string
  - name: title
    dtype: string
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 36635279
    num_examples: 329990
  download_size: 12596688
  dataset_size: 36635279
configs:
- config_name: corpus
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: corpus/train-*
- config_name: hard_negatives
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: hard_negatives/train-*
- config_name: queries
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: queries/train-*
license: cc-by-4.0
task_categories:
- sentence-similarity
language:
- az
tags:
- retrieval
- lquad
- azerbaijani
pretty_name: LDQuAd v2 Retrieval Dataset
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
---
# LDQuAd v2 Retrieval Dataset

A retrieval dataset built from [LocalDoc/LDQuAd_v2](https://huggingface.co/datasets/LocalDoc/LDQuAd_v2) — a question-answer dataset over Azerbaijani-language Wikipedia content. Designed for training and evaluating information retrieval, semantic search, and RAG pipelines in Azerbaijani.

## Dataset Configs

The dataset consists of three configs that can be joined via `passage_id`:

### `corpus`

The passage collection — one row per unique content passage.

| Column | Description |
|---|---|
| `passage_id` | Unique identifier of the passage (SHA-256 prefix) |
| `title` | Wikipedia article title |
| `content` | The text passage |

### `queries`

One question per passage, each as a separate row.

| Column | Description |
|---|---|
| `passage_id` | Links to the relevant passage in `corpus` |
| `title` | Wikipedia article title |
| `question` | The question in Azerbaijani |

### `hard_negatives`

BM25-mined hard negatives scored by a cross-encoder reranker ([BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3](https://huggingface.co/BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3)). Each row contains up to 10 hard negative passage IDs with their reranker scores.

| Column | Description |
|---|---|
| `passage_id` | Positive passage ID (links to `corpus`) |
| `question` | The question text in Azerbaijani |
| `pos_score` | Reranker score of the positive passage |
| `neg_{k}_id` | passage_id of the k-th hard negative |
| `neg_{k}_score` | Reranker score of the k-th hard negative |

## Source Dataset

Based on [LocalDoc/LDQuAd_v2](https://huggingface.co/datasets/LocalDoc/LDQuAd_v2) which contains 351,000 question-answer pairs derived from Azerbaijani-language content. Passages were filtered by content length (200–10,000 characters) and deduplicated before building the retrieval corpus.

## Hard Negative Mining Pipeline

1. Unique passages were extracted and deduplicated by content
2. For each question, top-100 candidates were retrieved using BM25
3. The positive passage was excluded from candidates
4. Each candidate was scored with a cross-encoder reranker (BAAI/bge-reranker-v2-m3)
5. Candidates with scores above 95% of the positive score were filtered out as likely false negatives
6. Top-10 remaining negatives were kept, sorted by score (hardest first)

## Example

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

corpus = load_dataset("LocalDoc/ldquad_v2_retrieval", "corpus")["train"]
queries = load_dataset("LocalDoc/ldquad_v2_retrieval", "queries")["train"]
hard_negs = load_dataset("LocalDoc/ldquad_v2_retrieval", "hard_negatives")["train"]

# Build lookups
passage_lookup = {row["passage_id"]: row for row in corpus}
neg_lookup = {row["passage_id"]: row for row in hard_negs}

# Pick a query
q = queries[0]
print(f"Question: {q['question']}")

# Positive passage
pos = passage_lookup[q["passage_id"]]
print(f"Positive: {pos['content'][:200]}...")

# Hard negatives
hn = neg_lookup[q["passage_id"]]
print(f"Positive score: {hn['pos_score']:.4f}")

for k in range(1, 4):
    nid = hn[f"neg_{k}_id"]
    nscore = hn[f"neg_{k}_score"]
    if nid:
        neg = passage_lookup[nid]
        print(f"Neg-{k} [score={nscore:.4f}]: {neg['content'][:200]}...")
```

### Example Output

```
Question: 2006/2007-ci il Azərbaycan kubokunda "Xəzər Lənkəran" hansı mərhələdə yarışa qoşuldu?

✅ Positive [score=6.3750]:
2006/2007-ci il Azərbaycan kubokuna "Xəzər Lənkəran" 1/8 final mərhələsində qoşuldu.
Lənkəran təmsilçisi "Bakılı" klubunu 4:0 və 3:0 məğlub edərək növbəti mərhələyə keçdi.
1/4 final mərhələsində Lənkəran təmsilçisinin rəqibi "Bakı FK" oldu...

❌ Neg-1 [score=5.9414]:
Daha dəqiq olan Lənkəran təmsilçisi 3:5 hesablı qələbə qazandı və növbəti mərhələyə
keçdi. 1/4 final mərhələsində rəqib Bakının "Rəvan" klubu oldu. "Xəzər Lənkəran"
hər iki oyunda qalib gəldi (1:2 və 4:1) və növbəti mərhələyə keçdi...

❌ Neg-2 [score=3.2168]:
Rəqib Gəncənin "Kəpəz" klubu oldu. Reqlamentə əsasən cütlüyün taleyi 1 oyunda həll
olundu. 1:0 hesablı qələbə qazanan "Xəzər Lənkəran" növbəti mərhələyə keçdi...

❌ Neg-3 [score=2.6895]:
Ölkə birinciliyində Yakuba Bamba və Edmond Ntiamoah 5, Rəşad Abdullayev və Mario
Serjio Souza 4, Emin Quliyev, Nadir Nəbiyev və Junior Osvaldo 3, Elmar Baxşıyev 2...
```

## Contact

For more information, questions, or issues, please contact LocalDoc at [v.resad.89@gmail.com].